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Abstract
Vertical and inclined piles are used in seismic areas where they could be subjected to oblique harmonic vibration loads. The effect of closely
spaced battered piles on the pilesoilpile interaction has not yet been fully recognized. A simple analytical method, based on the elasto-dynamic
theory by Novak and his associates, is used in the present study to characterize vertical and inclined isolated cylindrical piles subjected to inclined
harmonic vibrations. The free eld movement of the ground in the vicinity of the piles is determined using an approximate approach based on the
interference of the cylindrical wave eld originating along each pile shaft and spreading radially outward. In calculating the interaction factor
between two battered piles, an analysis has been carried out to demonstrate the effect of the presence of a neighboring pile (receiver) while the
rst pile (source) is loaded. In this situation, it has been found that the movement of the source pile head is decreased when a receiver pile is
present. Also, the effects of the pilepile distance, the group geometry, the length of the piles, and the inclined angle for each or all of the piles
have been studied and the corresponding results will be presented.
& 2013 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Inclined pile group; Pilesoilpile interaction; Closed-form solution; Elasto-dynamic theory; Harmonic vibration
1. Introduction
Vertical piles are used in foundations to carry vertical and
lateral loads. When the horizontal load per pile exceeds the
value suitable for vertical piles, batter piles are used along with
vertical piles to enhance the lateral stiffness and the capacity of
the foundation.
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ghazavi_ma@kntu.ac.ir (M. Ghazavi),
p_ravanshenas@dena.kntu.ac.ir (P. Ravanshenas),
helnaggar@eng.uwo.ca (M.H. El Naggar).
Peer review under responsibility of The Japanese Geotechnical Society.
0038-0806 & 2013 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.08.009
790
Ph K h u P sin
Pv K v w P cos
(
)
K h Ph =u k h ich
K v Pv =w kv icv
2
791
Fig. 2. Source batter pile subjected to harmonic force P Poexp(it) under load angle .
where SU1 and SU2 are real and imaginary parts of the layer
reaction in the horizontal direction and T is given by
4K 1 bn0 K 1 an0 an0 K 1 bn0 K 0 an0 bn0 K 0 bn0 K 1 an0
b0 K 0 bn0 K 1 an0 an0 K 1 bn0 K 0 an0 bn0 an0 K 0 bn0 K 0 an0
4a
s
a0 i
21 n
a0 i
; a0 p
bn0 p ;
4b
12
1 i2DS
1 i2DS
T
EP I P
d4 U 11 z
k1 mp 2 ik 2 cU 11 z 0
dz4
For horizontal harmonic vibrations, the horizontal displacement assumes u11(z) U11(z).exp(it), and the solution for
Eq. (5) is given by
Ra biz
Ra biz
Rc diz
Rc diz
U 11 z AU
BU
CU
DU
11 e
11 e
11 e
11 e
6
Considering appropriate boundary conditions gives
(
)
U 11 0
U
z1 )
) AU
11 d 11 0;
11 dUdz11 0
8
9
< 11 dUdz11 0
=
) a d; b c
z0 )
3
d
U
11
: V 11 EP I P dz3 Ph ;
BU
11
CU
11
Ph
;
E P I P R3 a bic di2 a bi3
Ph
E P I P R3 c di3 c dia bi2
7a
7b
where
(
R
k1 mp 2 2 k2 c2
4EP I P 2
1=8
;
792
8
< arctan
: a cos
k 2 c
k1 mp 2 ; 0o o =2
4 sin 4 ; b
cos
sin
8
k1 G SU1
>
>
>
>
>
>
< k2 G SU2
Soil ) cms 2DS K S ; with : G SU2 a0 ; ; DS 0
>
>
>
K S E S
>
>
>
: Fixed head piles 3:1097 log EP =ES 0:7413
(
Pile )
cmp 2DP K P
K P Fixed head piles
12E P I P
L3
10
11
cr GSU2 k2
0:5 )
13
The equilibrium of the pilesoil system at a certain depth can
be expressed as (Novak, 1974)
mp
d2 w11 z; t
dw11 z; t
d2 w11 z; t
cp
k w w11 z; t 0
E P AE
2
dt
dt
dz2
14
where
s
kw mp 2 icp
E P AP
15
16
W
where AW
11 and B11 are the integration constants determined
from the boundary conditions. They are
W
p11 z E P AP dWdz11 z E P AP AW
11 expzB11 expz
p11 z L k b w11 z L
17
For a two-pile group, with only one pile (source pile) loaded
vertically, a general approximation method is proposed, as
illustrated schematically in Fig. 4.
The complex vertical stiffness per unit length of the pile is
(Novak and Aboul-Ella 1978)
kw 2G1 i2DS an0
K 1 an0 n
ia0
; a p
K 0 an0 0
1 i2DS
12
4. Pilesoilpile interaction
The pilesoilpile interaction may be determined using the
following denition:
18
In the proposed method, four steps are used to determine the
interaction factor between two batter piles, as shown in Fig. 5.
These steps will be described subsequently.
Fig. 5. Four steps for determination of interaction factor for two batter
identical piles.
793
Fig. 6. a) Illustration of a two-pile group with spacing s/d and departure angle ; b) geometry of batter pile groups with four piles and batter angle .
19
sin 1 cos 1 w
wt
The resultant displacement of the ground adjacent to the source
pile, , is given by
q
20
u2t w2t
As illustrated in Fig. 5(b), this resultant displacement is
inclined at angle with the normal axis (deection angle),
which is given by
ut
tan
21
wt
Considering the loading direction of the source pile (p), the
direction of the soil stiffness (), and the inclination of the
source pile (1), the deection angle () is given by
tan
22
23
s 0:5 D a s
ia s
S 0
0
0:5 exp
0:5
H s=d; 0 2
exp
d
d
24b
s
s
s 0:5
2
H s=d;
exp DS a0 0:5 exp ia0 0:5
2
d
d
d
24c
where
d
V La
3:4
a0
;
VS
1
VS
24d
794
26
ut
wt
28
ut
h ut
h ut
wt
v wt
v wt
29
or
30
tan 1 tan h =v
1 tan h =v tan 2
31
t is noted that v and h are not equal; thus, based on Eq. (31),
it is concluded that a .
4.3. Ground displacement along local axis of receiver batter
pile [(ut,wt) to (u,w)]
Following the calculation of the ground displacements
adjacent to the receiver pile, these values must be projected
to the local axis of the receiver batter pile, as shown in Fig. 7.
Lateral displacement u and axial displacement w at the
receiver pile head are obtained from
"
#"
#
cos 2 sin 2
ut
u
32
sin 2 cos 2
wt
w
The interaction factor for two batter piles along their own
horizontal and vertical axes
h u=u and v w=w
33
35
v sin 1 v cos 1 w
wt
By combining Eqs. (32) and (35), the following equation can
be obtained:
"
#"
#
h cos 1 h sin 1
cos 2 sin 2
u
sin 2 cos 2
v sin 1 v cos 1 w
u
u
u
or III
w
w
w
36
In Eq. (36), matrix [I] represents the inuence of the batter
angle of the receiver batter pile and matrix [II] shows both the
inuence of the batter angle of the source pile and the presence
of the receiver pile. For the two batter piles with an equal
"
#
h cos 2 v sin 2
h 2 v sin 2
u
u
h v
2 sin 2
v cos 2 h sin 2
w
w
"
or
uu
uw
#
u
wu
ww
37
EP I P
38
The particular solution, UP(z), and the homogeneous solution, UG(z), are obtained in a similar manner to that used for
computing U11(z). The horizontal amplitude of the receiver
pile displacement, U21(z), is obtained from
U 21 z H s=d; U P z U G z
(
Ra biz
Rc diz
U P z zBU
CU
21 e
21 e
)
U Ra biz
U Rc diz
U G z B21 e
C21 e
39
U
where BU
21 and C21 are new integration constants determined
from the boundary conditions of the receiver pile (i.e., zero
force and rotation at the pile head). These are
BU
21
k 1 ik2 cp =EP I P U
B11 ;
4R3 a bi3
CU
21
k1 ik 2 cp =E P I P U
C 11
4R3 c di3
795
40
U
Considering Eq. (40), BU
21 and C21 are determined from
"
#" U #
Ra bi
Rc di
B21
3
3
3
3
CU
R a bi R c di
21
"
#" U #
B21
1
1
41
2
2
2
2
3R a bi 3R c di
CU
21
U 21
U 11
42
Fig. 8. Interaction factors for horizontal displacement of pile 2 due to horizontal force on pile 1 for 01, s/d 5, L/d 15, EP/ES 1000, S/P 0.7.
796
V z
AW
11 expz
2
W
W
BW
11 expz A21 expz B21 expz
44
where
kv icv
kv mP 2 icv
45
W
AW
21 and B21 are new integration constants determined from
the boundary conditions of the receiver pile which are
1 p21 z 0 p0 0
2 K b w21 z L p21 z L
46
w21
w11
47
Fig. 9. Interaction factors for vertical displacement of pile 2 due to horizontal force on pile 1, 01, s/d5, L/d 15, EP/ES 1000, S/P 0.7.
797
Fig. 10. Comparison between various components of interaction factor (I.F) in matrix form represented by Eq. (37) with presence and absence of receiver batter pile
and for 451, 1 2 151, and S/d8.
798
Fig. 11. Comparison between various components of interaction factor (I.F) in matrix form represented by Eq. (37) with presence and absence of receiver batter pile
and for 451, 1 01, 2 151, and S/d 8.
799
Fig. 12. Comparison between various components of interaction factor (I.F) in matrix form represented by Eq. (37) with presence of receiver batter pile and for
451, 1 01, 2 01, 10 and 201, and S/d 5.
800
Fig. 13. Comparison between various components of interaction factor (I.F) in matrix form represented by Eq. (37) with presence of receiver batter pile and for
451, 1 2 01, 101 and 201, and S/d 5.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, the behavior of a two-batter pile group
subjected to an inclined external force has been investigated
using an analytical solution. Parametric studies have been
performed to determine the interaction factor with various pile
properties, pile geometries, pile distances, soil properties,
dimensionless frequencies, and batter angles for the source
and receiver piles. The effect of the absence or presence of the
receiver pile in a two-pile group has also been investigated.
The general ndings in this research may be outlined as
follows:
Appendix
801
802
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