Romanticism (also called the Romantic era or the Romantic period)

-an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th
century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
-characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and
nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical.
-It had a significant and complex effect on politics, and while for much of the Romantic period it was
associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of nationalism was perhaps more
significant.
-Romanticisim restoration of the ideological, patriotic, and religious values that the 18th century
rationalists had tried to suppress. They exalted Christianity, throne, and country as supreme values.
-Characteristics of romanticism: Rejection of neoclassicism, Subjectivism, Attraction of the nocturnal and
mysterious, Flight from the world.
-Emphasised imagination and emotion, valued individuals, looked for freedom, represented common people,
interested in supernatural.
The Romantic Age
-Values of Romanticism
Rejection of: simplicity, proportion and restraint.
Romantics valued: Feeling, Intuition, Passion, Imagination, Spontaneity
Revolutions and Rights
1776-- American Revolution
1789-- French Revolution
Democracy, republicanism, equality before the law
Congresses, presidencies, constitutions--results of those conflicts
The Revolution in America
American colonists resentment of British control
Declaration of Independence, 1776
Principles of Enlightenment--John Lockes Treatise on Civil Government
Thomas Jefferson: equality, civil rights and popular sovereignty from philosophes
Federalist Papers: authority of state; rights of individual--did not address slavery
The Revolution in France
Louis XVI: Middle class delegates: Oath of the Tennis Court
July 14: Bastille prison attached
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen-- from Rousseaus thoughts
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
1793, beheading of monarchs
Reign of Terror began
The Napoleonic Era
1799--disillusioned citizens
New hero: Napoleon Bonaparte
Dreams of imperial glory
Crowned himself emperor in 1804

Campaign to conquer Europe

Defeated in 1814 at Waterloo
Imprisoned for the rest of his life in St. Helena
Napoleon and the Arts
Imitated Roman emperors--Paris imperial capital like Rome
Power advertised by arts and buildings
Louvre--museum to pieces stolen from conquered countries
Triumphal arches and columns
La Madeleine--Greek temple
Jacques-Louis David--Painter to the Empire
Coronation scene and equestrian painting
Benoists Portrait of a Black Woman
Counterpoint to Canovas sculpture of Napoleons sister as Venus
Colonial Revolutionaries
1793--Toussaint LOuverture led Haitis revolt against the French--Napoleon imprisoned him.
Simon Bolivar--wanted to create a United States of South America. Obtained freedom for Venezuela,
Colombia and Peru.
The Romantic Hero
Romantics preferred feeling and imagination to intellect and reason. Attracted to the picturesque in nature
and the past; prized creativity and cast off neoclassical restraint and laws.
1775-1850
Beethoven
Suffering romantic genius
Deafness at 25
Pianist in Vienna, able to sell his compositions
Symphony No. 3 Eroica was the bridge between Classical style and romantic style
Added piccolo and trombone to the symphonic orchestra
Symphony Number 5 in C Minor
Confrontation with fate: Fate knocking at the door
Motif: Term for short musical idea
Musical Virtuosos
Paganini: violin
Chopin: piano
Schumann: Songs and symphonies
Clara Schumann: Lieder (songs)
Brahms: symphonies
Goethe and Faust
Faust: romantic masterpiece drama in two parts
Delacroix illustrated a French translation
Schubert composed songs

Gounod: opera Faust: Ambition to burst all human constraint and indulge unquenched desire for experience
Delacroix and the Byronic Hero
French more attracted to sensuality of Lord Byron: Don Juan, life of sexual freedom, political idealism and
exotic travel.
Intellectual and moral freedom
Eugene Delacroix rebelled against the academy
Color, drama and exotic themes
Death of Sardanapalus and Liberty Leading the People
Orgy of egoism, violence and sexuality
When threatened by rebellion he destroys his possessions and himself
Revolution of 1830 overthrew the Bourbon king
Unity of the classes
Elements of Romanticism
Heroic individualism: Faust and Lord Byron
Protest against political and social injustice
Attraction for nature and medieval times
Fascination with evil and the exotic
Sensibility that responded to historical circumstances
Romantic Social Protest: William Blake
Sympathetic observer of those enslaved by the industrial city
Condemned the ills of urban existence
Romantic Feminism
Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women : Compared women to soldiers
Revolutions did not liberate women. Napoleons legal code denied women the right to hold property
Western nations did not allow women to vote
Goya and Spain
Goyas paintings depicted the senseless brutality of war
Executions of the Third of May 1808
Christ-like martyr in white
Lamp: enlightenment (irony)
The Sleep of Reason Brings Forth Monsters, Romantic fascination with evil
The Romantics and Nature
Romantic landscapes
Constable: The Hay Wain rustic landscapes
Turner: The Slave Ship Rain, Steam and Speed: The Great Western Railway
Effects of fog and smoke
Romantic Exotism
Middle classes become strong
Drawn to exotic and grotesque
Colonies overseas: Africa and Asia
Fascination with Arabic customs and dress
Ingres: Disciple of David--The Turkish Bath

Classical figures
Berliozs Symphonie Fantastique
Innovated with program music (composition that tells a story or describes a place)
Story of Irish actress who rejected him
Fifth movement: musician is dead and his beloved joins the celebration in a witches dance
The macabre
The Romantic Novel
Fascination with evil and the demonic: The Gothic novel
Edgar Allan Poe
Charlotte and Emily Bronte
Mary Shelleys Frankenstein
Hero who suffers a conflict between his God-like ambitions and moral blindness
Urdu Lyric in North India
-Urdu literature is a vast field of immense knowledge and rich literary works by famous poets and writers.
Though Hindi and Urdu have the same root, they have developed and evolved on distinct lines.
-Urdu Literature History One the sweetest language in the world, the history and origin of Urdu literature is
vivid, colorful and harmoniously conjoined that has led to the development of this language. The style of
writing the Urdu language has developed tremendously with the domination of Ghazals and nazms, the most
dominant forms of verses.
-Urdu Poetry in India The Urdu language is a concoction of many languages and tongues. Urdu is a
Turkish word, which literally means camp. Delving into history, we see that when Delhi was ruled over by
the Muslim sultanate in the late 12th century, the languages spoken around Delhi (mainly Brij Basha and
Sauraseni) got heavily immersed with Persian, spoken by the Muslim rulers. At the same time, other
languages such as Turkish and Arabic also arrived in India.
-Modern Urdu poetry, of which this is the first comprehensive selection, has its own tradition of the new. It
has developed through stages of a variegated literary history. This history has absorbed both the native and
non- native elements of writing in Arabic and Persian, and the Urdu language has survived through several
crises and controversies.
Realism, Naturalism and Symbolism
Realism & Naturalism were allied artistic movements that developed in Europe (mainly in France) during the
mid 19th century.
They began as a rejection of the Romantic movement, with its idealization of Nature and its emphasis on
inner emotional and spiritual life.
The goal was, rather, to give an objective portrayal of reality and to show human life in its ordinary, social
milieu.
Features of Realist and Naturalist Art :
Takes as its subject the everyday lives of people from all strata of society.
In both painting and literature, an emphasis of physical details; in literature, a focus on social realities and
detached depictions of human thought and action.

Willfully addresses sordid and unpleasant aspects of human life, especially scenarios of social injustice, and
the difficulties occasioned by the industrialization of society.
Realism
Literature written in Spain during the second half of the 19th century, following the Realist movement which
predominated in Europe. As artistic style rebelled against "art for art's sake" and literary imagination grew
tired of fanciful and colorful depictions, artists and authors began to focus more objectively on people,
actions, and society.
Naturalism
Naturalism adopts a materialist and determinist concept of people as not morally responsible for their actions
and the situations in which they are found, because these are determined by the environment and heredity.
While the realist writer is conscious of what occurs, the naturalist investigates its cause and
effect.
Symbolism
Main themes of symbolism:
Poetry as a revelation of the mystery that surrounds reality
The voyant poets who discovers the unknown, that is perceivable through illuminations (Rimbaud)
The renewal of the expression: word-revelation, word-music, use of the analogy and of the symbol.
REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_literature
https://www.scribd.com/search?filetype=presentation&num_pages=4100&page=1&content_type=documents&query=revolution%20in%20europe%20and%20america
https://www.scribd.com/document/205852609/Romanticism
https://www.scribd.com/doc/314588332/Romanticism-Realism-Naturalism