Transcript Lighting VI SI Version

Transcript Lighting VI--SI -Version
Slide 1: Lighting VI Calculating Required Lamps with the Lumen Method-SI Units
Welcome to Lighting VI Calculating Required Lamps with the Lumen Method-SI Units.
This is the sixth course in the lighting series. If you have not already done so, please participate in Lighting I - V, prior
to taking this course.
Slide 2: Welcome
For best viewing results, we recommend that you maximize your browser window now. The screen controls allow you
to navigate through the eLearning experience. Using your browser controls may disrupt the normal play of the course.
Click on the attachments to download supplemental information for this course. Click the Notes tab to read a
transcript of the narration.
Slide 3: Objectives
At the conclusion of this course, you will be able to
Name the factors which can affect light levels in a space
Employ the lumen method of lighting calculation, and you will be able to
Describe how to appropriately measure the light levels in a space
Slide 4: Lumen Method Calculations
a.k.a. Zonal Cavity Method
The lumen method of lighting calculation determines the average illuminance in a given space as opposed to the
Point Method which determines the light level at a specific point within a space.
Lighting VI SI Version
2012 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners.
Slide 5: What It Does
The Lumen Method calculates illuminance on a horizontal surface.

Slide 6: What It Does NOT Do
The Lumen Method does not calculate illuminance on a vertical or a slanted surface.
Slide 7: Effect of Surface Orientation
Since illumination is an expression of density, and light is directional in nature, it follows that the position and
orientation of a surface has a great deal to do with the illuminance level it receives.
Slide 8: Effect of Surface Orientation
When comparing diagrams A and B, the surfaces have different orientations.

Surface area and distance from light source to the center of the surface are the same, however, diagram surface A
intercepts more light rays, and therefore, higher lux levels.
When comparing diagrams A and C, the surfaces have same area and orientation but the distance from light source
is different.
Diagram surface A intercepts more light rays, and therefore, higher lux levels.
Slide 9: The Work Plane
In order to begin calculating the number of fixtures required to appropriately light a space, one must first determine
the work plane.
In this simple illustration, we show a typical room with 4 walls, a floor and a ceiling. The work plane could be the
floor.
An example of an area where the work plane is the floor might be an office hallway or hotel hallway.
Slide 10: The Work Plane
The work plane might be at desk height in an office or classroom.
Wherever the work plane is, it is the imaginary plane on which the work in the area takes place.
The total lumens which reach the work plane is dependent upon:
Fixture efficiency and candlepower distribution
Room proportion
Surface reflectance
Fixture mounting height above the work plane
We will discuss each of these factors in this course.
Slide 11: Measuring Light Levels
If you are measuring the actual light levels in a space, the measurements should be taken at the work plane level in
several places, and the result calculated as an average. Here the arrows indicate examples of the light meter position
and orientation.
Slide 12: Room Cavities
Lets define the various areas and geometries of a room so that we can use the results in our calculations. For our
purposes, we must determine the room cavity. The room shown with luminaires recessed above the ceiling, and the
floor as the work plane, is described as a room with a single cavity. The light must travel the entire height of the
room in order to reach the work plane.

In a room with luminaires recessed above the ceiling in which the work plane is at desk height, the room is said to
have two cavities: the room cavity and the floor cavity.
The room cavity is the area that the light must travel to the work plane.
In a room with luminaires suspended from the ceiling in which the work plane is at desk height, the room is said to
have three cavities: the ceiling cavity, the room cavity and the floor cavity.
Again, the room cavity is the area that the light must travel to the work plane.
Slide 15: Lumen Method Calculation Worksheet
Now that we have an understanding of some room terminology, lets walk through the lumen method procedure.
This process will allow you to estimate the number of fixtures required to provide a particular light level in a space.
Please refer to the Lumen Method Calculation Worksheet . We will work through the form to complete the steps.
Slide 16: Section 1 Project Information
Section 1 is Project Information.
Fill in the Project Name and the type of activity that will take place in the room.
For our example, we will be illuminating a commercial office area with an open office plan. Workers in this area use
computers as well as performing paper based tasks.
Slide 17: Section 1 Target Light Level

Next, we will determine the recommended light level for the type of facility and activity which takes place in the
space.
For this step, we will need to reference the authority in the country for which the project is being designed. In North
America, the Illuminating Engineering Society publishes recommended lux and footcandle levels. We will use them
in this class. In your country, different guides may apply, but once you have determined the target light level, the
rest of the lumen method would still apply.
Slide 18: Section 1 - IES Selection Procedure
The IESNA Lighting Handbook 9th Edition Design Guides implemented a formal system for incorporating various
criteria into the illuminance level selection process instead of simply designating a range of lux or footcandle levels
for a particular application.
Scrolling through the Commercial Interior Design Guides shows a myriad of different facility types and the types of
activities that may occur within those facilities. If we select the section for Offices, we will see a variety of tasks
performed in commercial offices. With each task is a reference of specific criteria, color coded based on
importance, for each area. For our example, we will use Intermittent VDT use. For this task, the very important
criteria are the occurrence of direct glare, the luminance of room surfaces, and reflected glare. Direct glare is light
traveling from the source, directly to the eye. An example of this would be looking directly at the sun.
Reflected glare is just that: glare that is reflected off of a surface and into the eye. Computer monitors,
especially those with shiny screens, reflect the light from natural or man-made light sources into the users eyes.
Luminance of Room Surfaces can affect the perceived brightness of a space. For example, white walls and light
colored furniture give the impression of brightness in a room. For a workplace environment, highlighting Points of
Interest is considered unimportant. The chart then displays (2) "Category of Value" designations.
Slide 19: Illuminance Recommendations

The chart also makes reference to this Category of Value in Lux for both horizontal and vertical surfaces within this
space. Referencing the IESNA Illuminance Recommendations, we find that Category of Value E is a
recommendation of 500 lux or 50 footcandles for the horizontal surface, and Category of Value B is a
recommendation of 50 lux or 5 footcandles for the vertical surfaces. Although there are many variables which may
cause a lighting designer to select an illumination value different than this (for example: specific task requirements,
age of workers, color scheme of the area, secondary tasks performed, etc) we will use the recommended light
level of 500 lux/50 footcandles for our example.
Slide 20: Illuminance Recommendations
Well need to add this information to our worksheet.
Slide 21: Section 1 Select Fixture

Next, identify a light fixture to be used to illuminate the space.
For our example, we have selected a 20 cm diameter recessed downlight with a single 42W triple tube compact
fluorescent lamp in the vertical position.
Slide 22: Section 1 Gather Fixture Data
By viewing the specification sheet for this fixture, we can find the remaining data required for Step One of our Lumen
Method calculation. This information is generally found on the reverse side of a fixture specification sheet.
Slide 23: Worksheet Step 1-Complete

Okay, that completes the worksheet section one, now lets move on to the second section.
Slide 24: Step 2 Gather Room Data

Worksheet section 2 is about room data.
Slide 25: Room Surfaces

Remember, the Lumen Method of light level calculation is only used for square or rectangular areas.
The surfaces of these room types are grouped this way:
Ceiling
Floor, and
Walls as a single surface
Slide 26: Reflectance of Room Surfaces
Now, we need to determine the reflectances for room surfaces. Each surface group can have a single reflectance
value.
Here are some examples of common reflectance values. They are percentage values. The most reflective
surface would be 1.00 or 100% reflective. Paint manufacturers often publish the reflective value of their paints.

The types of wall surface in a room will affect the reflectance for that room. If you have a room that has different
wall surfaces, just average the reflectances.
For a commercial office, the values most often used are 80/50/20, as percentages, and are most always referred to in
the order shown, ceiling, wall and floor.
For our example, we will use these standard reflectances.

Slide 30: Room Area
Next, we calculate the area of the room or workplane.
10
For our example, our room is 12 metres x 6 metres, or 72 square metres.

Slide 31: Worksheet Step 2-Complete
Once we have entered the dimensions and selected the units, step 2 is complete.
Slide 32: Step 3 Calculate RCR
Now we move on to step three, calculate the room cavity ratioor RCR. The RCR takes into account room
proportions and the location of the lighting fixtures in relation to the work plane.

To Calculate RCR (Room Cavity Ratio) you need the following information:
The height of the room cavity (hRC)
The height of the ceiling cavity (hCC), and
The height of the floor cavity (hFC)
11
Slide 34: Defining the Workplane

At the beginning of this lesson, we discussed how room cavities are determined when we defined the term
workplane.
In our commercial office example, we will consider desk height to be the workplane. This height is 0.8m above the
finished floor.
Slide 35: Recessed Lighting Fixtures
Our example is using recessed light fixtures to light the area.
This area has a wall height of 3 meters
12
With these figures we can calculate the room cavities.

The formula used to determine the cavity height for a room with recessed fixtures is shown.
Ceiling height minus the work surface height equals the cavity height.
Slide 37: Suspended Lighting Fixtures
If the fixtures in this room are not recessed, we must also take into account the height of the ceiling cavity by
adjusting the formula as shown.
Ceiling height minus the ceiling cavity height minus the floor cavity height equals the cavity height.
13

With these figures, perform the simple calculation shown to determine the Room Cavity Ratio (RCR)
Five times the Cavity Height of 2.2 multiplied by the sum of the room length and width, divided by the rooms area.
Generally speaking, lighting calculations are carried out two decimal places.
That was step three, now lets move on to step four.

Slide 39: Step 4 Calculate the CU
Now its time for step four calculate the coefficient of utilizationalso known as CU.
Slide 40: What is CU?

What exactly is CU?
There is a way to determine the total number of lumens that get to the workplane:
Accounting for direct light from the luminaires
Accounting for inter-reflected light from walls, ceiling, and floor
14
A Coefficient of Utilization CU - is the calculation bundled into one number.

CU is based upon the photometric output of a specific fixture. The optics of each fixture distribute the light
differently and an individual fixtures CU table reflects those differences.
You can obtain the CU table for a given fixture from the fixture manufacturer. Most often, the data is published on
the back of the fixture specification sheet.
The table will look much like this one for the 42w compact fluorescent fixture we have selected for our example. This
table provides data for a variety of Ceiling Reflectances and Wall Reflectances.
Most CU tables only offer a single Floor Reflectance value, generally 20%. In our example, we determined that the
reflectances are the commercial standard 80/50/20.
First, locate the 80% Ceiling Reflectance indicator in the table row marked: CC (the symbol is the Greek letter
rho, denoting reflectance). Within this column in the row directly below the Ceiling reflectance value marked W,
locate the sub-column with the Wall Reflectance of 50%. With these values, along with the previously calculated RCR
of 2.75, we can narrow the Coefficient of Utilization down to a range of 57 to 61%.
We then need to extrapolate the range to calculate more precisely: Fill in the blanks with the figures from the CU
table:
On the table, the lower RCR range value is 2, with a Coefficient of Utilization of 0.61
On the table, the higher RCR range value is 3, with a Coefficient of Utilization of 0.57
Our calculated RCR value is 2.75, and we need to find the Coefficient of Utilization that lies between 61% &
57%
Do the math as shown with the numbers from the table and these formulas:
15
Divide the value of the actual RCR, (minus the value of the Low RCR) by the value of the High RCR, minus
the value of the Low RCR, to equal X
Then, subtract the value of CU2 from the value of CU1 to equal Y
Finally, subtract the value of X times Y from the value of CU1 to get the actual CU of our example with a
RCR of 2.75
The answer for our example is 58% or 0.58
Slide 43: Step 5 Determine Light Loss Factors

Now, lets proceed on to step 5 light loss factors.
There are eight factors in this sectionbut after we complete step 5we are at the final step of our calculations.
Slide 44: Fixture Testing

Fixture testing is performed according to standards set by governing bodies to make sure that fixtures can be
compared on an apples to apples basis.
Testing standards do not always replicate reality
Real-life operating conditions are not static
16
The performance of a fixture in an actual installation may be different due to variations in operating conditions.
These variations fall into two categories:
Recoverable
Non-recoverable
Slide 45: Recoverable Factors
Recoverable factors are those which decrease the output of the light system over time due to such things as dirt
accumulation and a decrease in lamp output.
These factors include:
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD)
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD)
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD), and
Lamp Burn Out (LBO)
Recoverable factors can be overcome by an effective maintenance program.
Slide 46: Non-Recoverable Factors
Loss factors that are due to the fixture design are considered to be non-recoverable.
Luminaire Ambient Temperature (LAT)
Voltage Variation (VV)
Luminaire Surface Depreciation (LSD), and
Ballast Factor (BF)
Slide 47: Defining and Calculating Factors
We will define all the Recoverable and Non-Recoverable factors then we will describe how to calculate each one.
Let's start with the non-recoverable factors.
Slide 48: LLF: Luminaire Ambient Temperature
Luminaire Ambient Temperature is a non-recoverable factor. Photometric tests of indoor luminaires are carried out in
an open space with still air at 25 degrees Celsius or 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Actual installation conditions may be
quite different. Fluorescent fixtures are directly affected by ambient temperature. This factor should be considered for
linear and compact fluorescent installations in spaces with unusual temperature conditions. For our example, we will
assume that there are no unusual temperature conditions and therefore, record our value as 1.0
Slide 49: LLF: Voltage Variation
Voltage Variation is another non-recoverable factor. The voltage supplied to a fixture may vary considerably in most
commercial installations. A 1% voltage variation can cause approximately 3% lumen output variation in incandescent
sources.Unless the potential voltage variation can be determined and assumed to be constant, voltage variation is
usually assumed to be one.
Slide 50: LLF: Luminaire Surface Depreciation
17
Luminaire Surface Depreciation (LSD) is the next factor well look at. Changes in the characteristics of fixture optical
components cause light loss over the life of a fixture. A good example of this effect is the yellowing of polycarbonate
lenses due to the UV output of light sources. As our selected fixture does not have any surfaces that may be prone to
permanent depreciation, we will input a value of 1.0
Slide 51: LLF: Ballast Factor
The ballast factor represents the ratio of the light output produced by a commercial manufacturers ballast to that
produced by a reference ballast used in a photometric test of the fixture. Real ballasts may produce less light than
the test ballast. The ballast factor is given on the specification sheets for fluorescent lighting fixtures. For HID fixtures,
the ballast factor is 1. Our spec sheet states that the ballast factor for our fixture operating at 120v is 0.98.
Now lets examine the recoverable factors.

Slide 52: Recoverable Factors
Recoverable factors include:
Lamp Burn Out (LBO)
Slide 53: LLF: Luminaire/Room Surface Dirt Depreciation
The first recoverable factor were going to discuss is Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD).
Fixture light output can decrease significantly due to dirt accumulation on the lamps, reflector
and transmitting surfaces of the Luminaire. This effect is dependent on the amount of dirt particulate in a space.
Typically, air in commercial office buildings may be clean, while manufacturing areas may be relatively dirty.
Another factor is Room Surface Dirt Depreciation. This also depends on the environment.
18
Room surfaces such as painted walls or acoustic ceiling tiles lose their initial reflective properties due to dirt
accumulation.
Slide 54: Types of Environments
This chart published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America describes various types of
environments and how they should be classified based upon generated dirt, ambient dirt, removal or filtration and
adhesion.
Examples of each environment are listed.
Since the environment we are considering for our sample calculation is a commercial office, we will select a CLEAN
environment.
Slide 55: Maintenance Category

From this chart, also published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, select a Maintenance
Category based upon the type of Luminaire.
The luminaire we have selected for our example is a recessed downlight with an open aperture making this fixture a
Maintenance Category: IV.
19
Slide 56: Frequency of Maintenance

To complete the determination, we need to know the frequency of periodic maintenance (in months). The length of
the interval between luminaire maintenance can have a significant effect on the efficiency of a lighting system. Basic
maintenance includes cleaning the luminaires, as well as replacing burned out lamps or lamps nearing end of life.
This is based on client preference, but the best recommendation for periodic maintenance will be based upon the
average life of the light source. We recommend to group re-lamp all fixtures at approximately 80% of their rated
life.
Slide 57: Frequency of Maintenance
In our example, the rated life for a 42w triple tube compact fluorescent is 16,000 hours. 80% lamp life is 12,800
hours. If the user burns these fixtures for 20 hours per day, 6 days per week, assuming 4 weeks per month, that
gives us a total of 480 hours per month. The lamps will have reached 80% of their expected life at around 26.6
months of operation. We will use a maintenance period of 27 months.
Slide 58: Combining the Data
Now we can use charts to determine the total factor for LLD (Luminaire Dirt Depreciation).
All we need to do is apply the values determined for:
Type of Environment, (we selected a clean (C) environment
Maintenance Category of the fixture (we selected a maintenance category IV), and
Schedule of periodic maintenance in months (and we determined a 27 month interval of periodic
maintenance)
20
Slide 59: Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Charts

These are the charts for the six maintenance categories. Select the Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) factor from the
appropriate curve.
Slide 60: Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Charts

Weve selected the chart representing Maintenance Category IV as previously determined by our calculations.
We then select a 27 month cleaning period and follow the line upward until it meets the environmental category
selected CLEAN (C). Follow that intersection to vertical axis to find the value, in this case 0.78.
Slide 61: LLF: Luminaire Dirt Depreciation
Add the value 0.78 to the worksheet as shown.
21
Slide 62: LLF: Room Surface Dirt Depreciation

The next factor is Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD). This factor accounts for dirt accumulation on room
surfaces. This increases over time. As dust accumulation increases surface reflectance decreases. Less
inter-reflection results in less light falling on the workplane.
To find the Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD), we need to use the percentage of expected dirt depreciation
based on the type of environment and the cleaning interval already selected.
Slide 64: Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Chart
Here we are using another chart published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
We already calculated the RCR as 2.75. We are using a direct fixture. If we look up this type of fixture in the IES
22
Handbook, the Expected Fixture Dirt Depreciation will be 0.88 dirt depreciation or 12%. Now we can find the Room
Surface Dirt Depreciation Value based upon those values: We are in between values, so use your best judgment.
For our example, we will use a factor of 0.97.
Add this to the worksheet.
Slide 66: LLF: Lamp Lumen Depreciation

Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) is our next factor. A light source starts with an initial lumen output. As the lamp ages,
lumen output decreases. A lamp lumen depreciation factor takes into account this lumen decrease. Refer to the
lamp manufacturers data for specific information. In this case, the initial lumen output of a 42W Triple Tube compact
fluorescent lamp is 3200 lumens. The Design Lumens or the output at 40% of lamp life is 2720. This indicates a
15% depreciation.
Slide 67: LLF: Lamp Lumen Depreciation
In this formula, all the multipliers are based on the percentage of light remaining, so the depreciation value we will
enter is 85%, or 0.85. Technically, this is lumen maintenance, rather than depreciation. One is the inverse of the
other.
Slide 68: LLF: Lamp Burn Out

Our last factor is the lamp burn out rate. Lamp Burn Out (LBO) predicts the number of lamps that will burn out before
the time of scheduled replacement.
For our example calculation, we will assume that 2% of lamps will fail before the 27 month initial maintenance period.
23
Enter 0.98 for Lamp Burn Out.

Slide 69: Total Light Loss Factor
Multiply all factors together to determine the total Light Loss Factor for the sample fixture in this sample environment.
The correct Total Light Loss Factor is 0.6176 rounded up to 0.62
That was step 5.

Slide 70: Step 6 Calculate
At last, we have all of the data necessary to calculate the number of fixtures required to provide the required
illumination at the work plane.
Using the formula shown, we can calculate the number of fixtures required.

Heres the calculation.
24
The result is 34.91 fixtures?!?!?!

Obviously, some rounding of this figure will be necessary! Well round up to 36. Enter this on the sheet.
Non-prime numbers are preferable since it is easier to lay out the lamps. By following these six steps, you can
calculate the number of lamps and fixtures required to illuminate a space to particular requirements. This enables you
to calculate the cost of replacing existing lamps with newer, more efficient or better quality lamps. If a designer is
making this calculation for you, this knowledge will enable you to understand and review his or her findings.
Lastly, by adjusting the calculation, if you know the number of fixtures in the area, you can calculate the light level at
the workplane.
This lighting scheme should provide an average illumination of 511.43 lux at the workplane. This compares
favorably with the target of 500 lux.
Slide 73: Summary
Lets summarize what we learned today:
The lumen method is for determining the number of fixtures required for providing an average luminance level to
horizontal surfaces.
It is not used for vertical or slanted surfaces, or environments where point sources create pools of light.
To measure actual light levels in the space, the measurements should be taken at the work plane level in several
places, and the result calculated as an average.
The six steps in the lumen method are:
Step 1: Identify the target light level from a reference and select the fixture to be analysed
25
Step 2: Identify the room data, including the reflectance of the surfaces and the area of the room
Step 3: Determine the room cavity ratio, taking into account the work plane and whether fixtures are
recessed or suspended
Step 4: Determine the coefficient of utilization, which determine the total number of lumens that get to the
workplane:
Accounting for direct light from the luminaires
Accounting for inter-reflected light from walls, ceiling, and floor
Step 5: Determine the various light loss factors, and
Step 6: Calculate the required number of fixtures
Recoverable factors are those which decrease the output of the light system over time due to such things as dirt
accumulation and a decrease in lamp output.
Lamp Burn Out (LBO)
Non-recoverable factors are due to the fixture design.
Luminaire Ambient Temperature (LAT)
Voltage Variation (VV)
Luminaire Surface Depreciation (LSD), and
Ballast Factor (BF)
Slide 74: Thank You!
Thank you for participating in this course.
26

Transcript Lighting VI SI Version

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Transcript Lighting VI SI Version

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Transcript Lighting VI--SI -Version

Slide 5: What It Does

The Lumen Method calculates illuminance on a horizontal surface.

When comparing diagrams A and B, the surfaces have different orientations.

Slide 13: Room Cavities

Slide 17: Section 1 Target Light Level

Slide 19: Illuminance Recommendations

Slide 21: Section 1 Select Fixture

Slide 23: Worksheet Step 1-Complete

Slide 24: Step 2 Gather Room Data

Slide 25: Room Surfaces

Slide 28: Reflectance of Room Surfaces

For our example, we will use these standard reflectances.

For our example, our room is 12 metres x 6 metres, or 72 square metres.

Slide 33: Step 3 Calculate RCR

Slide 34: Defining the Workplane

With these figures we can calculate the room cavities.

Slide 38: Step 3 Calculate RCR

That was step three, now lets move on to step four.

Slide 40: What is CU?

A Coefficient of Utilization CU - is the calculation bundled into one number.

Slide 43: Step 5 Determine Light Loss Factors

Slide 44: Fixture Testing

Now lets examine the recoverable factors.

Slide 55: Maintenance Category

Slide 56: Frequency of Maintenance

Slide 59: Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Charts

Slide 60: Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Charts

Slide 62: LLF: Room Surface Dirt Depreciation

Slide 66: LLF: Lamp Lumen Depreciation

Slide 68: LLF: Lamp Burn Out

Enter 0.98 for Lamp Burn Out.

That was step 5.

Slide 71: Step 6 Calculate

The result is 34.91 fixtures?!?!?!

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen