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CHRAMANUAL2ndEDITION
TABLEOFCONTENT
Page
Chapter 1 :Introduction
Chapter 2 :Concepts
Chapter 3 :StepsinAssessment
Chapter 4 :DecidingtheAssessor
10
Chapter 5 :GatherInformation
12
Chapter 6 :DivideintoWorkUnits
15
Chapter7 :DetermineDegreeofHazard
17
Chapter 8 :EvaluateExposure
22
Chapter 9 :ControlMeasures
32
Chapter10:ConcludingTheAssessment
37
Chapter11:Actiontobetaken
41
Chapter12:RecordKeeping
45
Chapter13:ReviewAssessment
46
References
Appendices
Forms
DepartmentofOccupationalSafety&Health,MinistryofHumanResources,Malaysia
December2000
LISTOFAPPENDICES&FORMS
APPENDICES
Appendix1:
Appendix2:
Appendix3:
Appendix4:
Appendix5:
Appendix6:
Appendix7:
Appendix8:
Appendix9:
Appendix10:
Routersofentry
HealthEffects
ProcedureforCHRA
RegistrationasAssessor
FormatoftheChemicalRegister
CSDSRequirementsunderCPL1997
HRDetermination&Exposure
SamplingStrategy
OccupationalExposureLimits
Quantitativedeterminationofinhalationexposuremagnitudefrom
airbornemeasurementresult
EstimationofExposure
FactorsAffectingInhalationExposure
FactorsAffectingDermalExposure
SolventDryingTime
OdourLevelThresholds
Degreeofphysicalactivities&breathingrate
ProcedureforEstimatingtheDegreeofExposure
Appendix11:
Appendix12:
Appendix13:
Appendix14:
Appendix15:
Appendix16:
Appendix17:
FORMS
FormA
FormB
FormC
FormD
FormE
FormF
:
:
:
:
:
:
Listofchemicals
Workunitdescription
Taskdescription
Workplaceexposureassessment
Riskmatrix
Actiontobetaken
DepartmentofOccupationalSafety&Health,MinistryofHumanResources,MalaysiaDecember2000
PREFACE
TheseguidelinesmaybecitedastheManualfortheAssessmentoftheHealthRisksarising
from the use of Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace: Second Edition (hereinafter
referred to as the Manual). The purpose of this Manual is to provide guidance for
assessors to conduct an assessment of the health risks arising from the use, handling,
storageortransportationofchemicalshazardoustohealthattheworkplaceasrequiredby
the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemicals
HazardoustoHealth)Regulation2000[P.U.(A)131].
Thisistherevisededitionofthe1996manual.Thisrevisionisnecessaryduetotheenforcement
oftheOccupationalSafetyandHealth(Classification,PackagingandLabellingofHazardous
Chemicals)Regulationsin1997andtheOccupationalSafetyandHealth(UseandStandardof
ExposureofChemicalsHazardoustoHealth)Regulationsin2000.
Amongthechangestothefirsteditionare:
1
2
3
4
HazardratingstandardizedwithclassificationunderOccupationalSafetyand
Health (Classification , Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemical)
Regulations1997
Changessequenceoftopicsandtopicsnowfollowcloselyassessmentsteps
Useofriskmatrixtoeaseriskmakingdecision&toprioritisecontrolactions
Additional information e.g toxicological principles, sampling strategies,
exposurelimits,etc
Tokeepituptodate,itwillbereviewfromtimetotime
IwouldliketothanksthestaffsoftheDivisionofIndustrialHealthfortheireffortinthe
preparationandpublicationofthisManual.
DirectorGeneral
DepatmentofOccupationalSafetyandHealth
Malaysia
December2000
Chapter 1
Protectingemployeesfromtheadverseeffectsofchemicalsisoneoftheprimary
duties of an employer under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. To
performthisduty,anassessmentofallchemicalsusedintheworkplacemustbe
carriedoutinordertoidentify,evaluateandcontrolanyhealthriskassociatedwith
workactivitiesinvolvingtheuseofthechemicals.
Under the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000, hereinafter referred to as
USECHH Regulations 2000, the duty to perform an assessment of health risks
arising from the use of chemicals hazardous to health at the place of work is
mandatorywherebyemployersarenotpermittedtouseanychemicalshazardousto
health unless an assessment has been conducted. To provide guidelines for
employersandsafetyandhealthpractitioners,thismanualhasbeencompiledto
assistthemontheproceduresandprotocolforconductinganassessment,hereinafter
referredtoaschemicalhealthriskassessmentorinshortCHRA.
1.1.
Purpose and Objectives of a Chemical Health Risk Assessment

A CHRA is conducted with the purpose of enabling decisions to be made on
appropriatecontrolmeasures,inductionandtrainingofemployees,monitoringand
healthsurveillanceactivitiesasmayberequiredtoprotectthehealthofemployees
whomaybeexposedtochemicalshazardoustohealthatwork.
ACHRAhasthefollowingobjectives:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
To identify the hazards posed by each chemical substance used, stored,

handledortransportedwithintheplaceofwork;
Toevaluatethedegreeofexposureofemployeestothechemicalshazardous
tohealth,eitherthroughinhalation,skinabsorptionoringestion;
Toevaluatetheadequacyofexistingcontrolmeasures;
Toconcludeonthesignificanceofthehealthriskposedbythechemicals
hazardoustohealth;and
Torecommendfurtherappropriatecontrolmeasurestopreventorreducerisks.
1.2.
Content of Assessment
The USECHH Regulations 2000 stipulates that the assessment conducted must
containthefollowing:
(1) Thepotentialriskstoanemployeeasaresultofexposuretochemicalshazardous
tohealth;
(2) Themethodandproceduresadoptedintheuseofthechemicalshazardousto
health;
(3) Thenatureofthehazardtohealth;
(4) Thedegreeofexposuretosuchchemicalshazardoustohealth;
(5) Therisktohealthcreatedbytheuseandthereleaseofchemicalsfromwork
processes;
(6) Measuresandproceduresrequiredtocontroltheexposureofanemployeeto
chemicalshazardoustohealth;
(7) Themeasures,procedures,andequipmentnecessarytocontrolanyaccidental
emissionofachemicalhazardoustohealthasaresultofleakage,spillage,or
processorequipmentfailure;
(8) Thenecessityforemployeemonitoringprogramme;
(9) Thenecessityforhealthsurveillanceprogramme;and
(10)
1.3.
Therequirementforthetrainingandretrainingofemployees.
Application
This manual had been prepared to provide guidance for assessors to conduct a
CHRAbygoingthroughastepbystepprocedureandusingprescribedtechniques
andformat.Thismanualistobeusedbyanassessorforthepurposeofconducting
assessmentofhealthrisksarisingfromtheuse,handling,storageortransportationof
chemicalshazardoustohealthintheplaceofworkasrequiredbytheUSECHH
Regulations2000.
1.4.
Types of Assessment
The steps described in this Manual are appropriate for all type of assessment.
Howevertheamountofworkanddetailofaparticularassessmentwilldependon
the chemicals hazardous to health involved and the complexity of the work
processesinwhichthereareused.Therearebasicallytwotypesofassessments
dependingonthechemicalusesituationandthecomplexityoftheworkprocess:
1)
2)
Genericassessment;and
Fullassessment
1.4.1. Generic Assessment

Agenericassessmentmaybeusedwhereachemicalhazardoustohealthoragroup
ofchemicalshazardoustohealthareusedinthesamewayinseveralworkplaces
providedthatthecontrolmeasuresinplacearesimilar.Ingenericassessment,an
assessmentismadeofarepresentativeworkplaceorjob,andthisassessmentisthen
usedforthesimilarworkactivitiesthatinvolvecomparablerisks.
Genericassessmentsmaybedoneforanumberofsimilarworkplacessuchasa
chainoffastfoodoutletsorservicestations.
Itshouldbeemphasizedthatgenericassessmentisonlyvalidforworkactivitiesthat
areclearlysimilar,withcomparablelevelsofrisk,andwhichhavethesametypeof
controlmeasurestocontrolthoserisks.
1.4.2. Full Assessment
For other situations, a full assessment should be conducted for each and every
workplacewherechemicalshazardoustohealthareused.Areportmustbemadeof
theassessmentandpresentedtotheemployer.
Chapter 2
Beforegoingintoassessmentthereareafewbasicconceptsthattheassessormust
understand.Theseare:
1)
Hazard,exposureandrisk
2)
Ratinghazard,exposureandrisk
3)
SimilarriskgroupingsorWorkunits
2.1.
Hazard,
Exposure
and
Risk 2.1.1. Hazard

Chemicalhealthhazardisthepotentialofachemicaltocauseharmoradversely
affecthealthofpeopleintheworkplace.Adversehealtheffectrangesfromfatality,
permanentandserioushealthimpairmenttomildskinirritationattheotherend.For
example,thehazardofcyanidesisthattheyareverytoxicandasmallquantity,if
ingested, can cause death. Chemicals that can adversely affect the health of an
exposedpersonistermedaschemicalshazardoustohealth.UndertheUSECHH
Regulations2000,achemicalhazardoustohealthisdefinedasany:
1)
ChemicallistedinScheduleItoUSECHHRegulations2000;
2)
ChemicalcategorisedunderPartBoftheCPLRegulations1997;
thoseclassifiedasverytoxic,toxic,harmful,corrosiveandirritant(and
sensitising);andincludecarcinogens,mutagens,andteratogens.
3)
PesticideasdefinedunderthePesticidesAct1974;and
4)
ScheduledwastelistedintheFirstScheduletotheEnvironmentalQuality
(ScheduledWastes)Regulations1989.
For further discussion on the health effects of chemicals, please refer to
Appendix2.
2.1.2. Exposure
Aworkerisexposedtoachemicalifthereisapossibilityofthechemicalbeing
breathedin;gettingitontheeyeorskinorabsorbedthroughtheskin;orbeing
swallowed.Achemicalmayexertitseffecteitheratthesiteofcontact;oratasite
awayfromtheinitialpointofcontactandtakesplaceafterithasenteredthebody
throughthevariousroutesofentry.Exposurethroughinhalationismostcommon,
especially for airborne chemicals such as gases, vapours and particulate. Skin
absorptioniscommonforlipidsolublechemicalespeciallyintheformofliquidor
mist.Ingestionisnotascommonasinhalationorskinabsorption,butnevertheless
throughpoorpersonalhygieneandworkpracticesitcouldbeanimportantrouteof
exposure.Injectionthroughtheskincanalsooccur,forexample,whensyringesare
used.RefertoAppendix1forfurtherdiscussion.
2.1.3. Risk
Riskisthelikelihoodthatasubstancewillcauseadversehealtheffectsorillnessin
theconditionsofitsuse.Therisktohealthusuallyincreaseswiththeseverityofthe
hazard,theamountused,andthedurationandfrequencyofexposure.
MeschandKugele(1992)havesuggestedariskequationasfollows:
Risk=[HowxHowBadxHowMuch]
(1
Whichproposesthathealthriskisafunctionofthree(3)things,i.e.:
1)
Thelikelihoodofexposureorcontactwiththechemical(How);
2)
Thepotentialofthechemicaltocauseharmoritshazard(HowBad);and
3)
Thedegreeofexposuretothechemical(HowMuch).
Riskhasalsobeendefinedastheprobabilityofoverexposureandtheconsequences
ofthatexposure.Thisissobecauseapotentiallytoxicchemicalmaycausedeathor
serioushealtheffectsiftheexposureissubstantial.Thereforetheriskequationcan
alsobedefinedas
Risk=HazardxExposure
Thehazardcomponentwilltakeintoconsiderationthenatureofhazardandthe
potentialadversehealtheffectsfromthepossibleroutesofentryorcontact,.
Theexposurecomponentlooksatthechanceofoverexposureoccurringbytaking
intoaccountthefrequencyofexposure,thedurationofexposure,andtheintensity
ormagnitudeofexposure.
Beforeanyriskconclusionismadeonehastotakeintoaccounttheworkpractices
andpersonalfactorsincludingindividualsusceptibility.
2.2.
Rating Hazard, Exposure & Risk

Theapproachadoptedbythismanualisqualitativewitharatingsystem,inthatthe
severityofhazardandthechanceofoverexposureareratedonafive(5)scale
rating.Toensurethattheriskratingvalueisconsistentwiththehazardorexposure
rating,theaboveequation(2)isredefinedthus:
RR
(HRxER)
(3)
WhereRRistheriskrating(1to5)indicatingthelikelihoodofinjuryorillness;
HRisthehazardrating (1to5)indicatingtheseverityofadverseeffects;
andERistheexposurerating(1to5)indicatingthechanceofoverexposure
tothechemicalhazardoustohealth.
(Notethescaleof1to5isinanincreasingorderofmagnitude,i.e.arating
of1meansverylowand5meansveryhighand3ismedium)
(2
2.3.
Similar Risk Groupings or Work Units for Assessment

Intheevaluationofexposuretoaparticularchemical,theworkerorpersonexposed
to the risk should be identified. Ideally the risk of each worker exposed to the
chemicalhazardoustohealthshouldbeassessed.However,thispracticeofassessing
eachindividualworkerwouldbetootimeconsumingandaburdennotonlytothe
assessorbutalsototheemployer.Inordertoavoidtheseproblems,workersareto
beassessedingroupswhomtheemployerbelievestobeexposedtosimilarhealth
riskarisingfromtheuseofaparticularchemicalhazardoustohealth.Thismanual
describessuchgroupingofworkersasaworkunit.
Aworkunitmustfulfiltwobasicrequirements:
1)
Worksimilarity
1Workersintheworkunitmustperformsimilartasks
2)
Similaritywithrespecttothehazardousagent
1Workersusingorareexposedtothesamechemicalshazardousto
health.
Similartasksmeansthattheworkersarehavingsimilarpotentialforexposure.
Exposed to the same chemical hazardous to health means that the workers are
potentiallyexposedtothesamehazard.Eventhoughtheworkersareexposedtothe
samechemicalhazardoustohealththeriskmaynotbethesameasotherfactorsmay
affecttheseverityofthehealtheffects,suchassusceptibility.Thereforetheriskto
healthcouldonlybesaidtobesimilar.
Chapter 3
3.1.
Steps in Chemical Health Risk Assessment

TheproceduresincarryingoutaCHRAisgiveninAppendix3,whichconsistsof
tensteps:
Step1: Decidingtheassessor
Step2:Gatherinformationaboutchemicals,work&workpracticesStep
3:Divideintoworkunits
Step4:DeterminedegreeofhazardsStep
5:Evaluateexposure
Step6:AssessadequacyofcontrolmeasuresStep
7:Concludetheassessment
Step8:IdentifyactionstobetakenStep
9:ReportingtheassessmentStep10:
Reviewassessment
3.1.1. Step 1: Deciding the Assessor
Theemployerofaplaceofworkistoappointanassessorwhohastheknowledge
andbasicskillsindoinganassessment.Theappointedassessormustbegiventhe
authoritytodothework,andshouldhaveenoughresourcestogatherinformation,
consulttheappropriatepeople,reviewexistingrecordsandexaminetheworkplace.
Theemployershouldbeawareofthelimitationsintheexperienceandknowledgeof
thepersonnelconductinganassessmentandshouldbewillingtoengagespecialist
assistance,ifnecessary.ReferChapter4.
3.1.2. Step 2: Gather Information about Chemicals, the Work and
Work Practices
Thepurposeofthisstepistoidentifyallchemicalshazardoustohealthfoundinthe
workplaceandtogatherinformationabouttheworkandworkpracticesinvolving
chemicalshazardoustohealth.ReferChapter5.
3.1.3. Step 3: Divide into Work Units
Aninspectionoftheworkareaswherechemicalsareused,handled,orreleasedinto
theworkingenvironmentisnecessarybeforetheworkersisdividedintoworkunits
forassessment.
Duringthisinspectionidentifywhereandhowchemicalshazardoustohealthare
usedorhandledorreleased;whoareexposedtothechemicalshazardoustohealth;
andhowtheyareexposed.ReferChapter6.
3.1.4. Step 4: Determine Degree of Hazard
Identifyallthechemicalshazardoustohealthtowhichtheworkunitisexposedto,
eitherfromthechemicalsusedorhandledbytheworkunitorchemicalsreleased
fromtheworkactivities.ReferChapter7.
3.1.5. Step 5: Evaluate Exposure
Thepurposesofthissteparetoassesstheexposureoftheworkunittoeachofthe
chemicalhazardoustohealthused/handledbyorexposedtotheworkunitandatthe
sametimeassesstheadequacyoftheexistingcontrolmeasures(Step6).Referto
Chapter8.
3.1.6. Step 6: Assess Adequacy of Control Measures
Thepresenceandadequacyofexistingcontrolmeasuresareevaluatedforeachwork
unit.Thisassessmentistobeconductedsimultaneouslywiththeexposureassessment.
Theadequacyofexistingcontrolmeasuresisassessedbyinspectingtheexistingcontrol
measures; checking records of air sampling, biological monitoring; and checking
recordsontheinspection,testingandexaminationofcontrolequipment.
RefertoChapter9.
3.1.7. Step 7: Concluding the Assessment

Concludetheassessmentforeachworkunit.Thiswillbeusefulindetermining
whether actions to control risk need to be identified. Before concluding the
assessmenttheassessorneedstoconsiderthefollowing:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Whetherthereissufficientinformationtodecideonthedegreeofhazard
Whetherthereiscertaintyinevaluatingorestimatingthedegreeofexposure;
Whethertheriskissignificantornotsignificant;and
Whethertheexistingcontrolmeasuresareadequate.
Therisktoeachhazardouschemicalisevaluatedbycombiningthehazardratingandthe
exposureratingtogivetheriskrating.Ariskratingof3orgreaterisconsideredtobe
significantwhilebelowthattheriskisconsideredasnotsignificant.Referto
Chapter10.
3.1.8. Step 8: Identify Actions to be taken

Identifypossibleactiontobetakenincludingsuggestingfurtherprecautionsand
controlmeasuresbasedontheconclusionofassessmentfromStep7.Referto
Chapter11.
3.1.9. Step 9: Reporting the Assessment

Recordingofanassessmentisimportantbecauseitwillbeusefulforthepurposeof
followupaction,reviewandcompliancewithlegalrequirements.TheUSECHH
Regulations2000stipulatesthattheassessormustsubmitareporttotheemployer
within one month of the completion of the assessment. The information to be
recordedinthereportinclude:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Nameandaddressoftheworkplace;
Particulars of chemicals being assessed including their hazard description
andhazardrating;
Descriptionofworkunits;
Particularsoftheworkplaceassessmentincludingexposuredescription
andratingandadequacyofexistingcontrolmeasures;
Riskevaluationandconclusionofassessment;
Recommendationsforfurtheraction;
DateoftheCHRA;and
Nameandpositionoftheassessor/assessorteam.
Theassessorshouldnotonlysubmitbutalsopresenthisassessmentreporttothe
employersoastoinformandhighlighthimonhisfindingsandrecommendations.
ReferChapter12fordetailsoftherecordstobekept.
3.1.10.Step 10: Review Assessment

Theassessmentmadewillnotbeapplicableforalltimesorchanging
situations.Thereforetheassessmentneedstobereviewedfromtimetotime.
TheUSECHHRegulations2000stipulatetherequirementsforreviewingan
assessment.Anassessmentneedstobereviewed:
1. Whentherehasbeenasignificantchangeintheworktowhichtheassessment
relates.Asignificantchangeintheworkmeansthattherisksituationhas
changed,suchasdueto:
1 Changesinthechemicalsusedorhandled;
2 Asignificantchangeinthequantityofchemicalshazardoustohealthused;
3 Changesinmethodsorrateofwork
4 Deteriorationintheefficiencyofcontrolequipment;or
5 Plantfailureorsystemfailure.
2. Everyfiveyears;
3. WhensodirectedbytheDirectorGeneral,DeputyDirectorGeneral,or
theDirectorofOccupationalSafetyandHealth.
Chapter 4
In carrying an assessment involving a large number of chemical substances,

chemical mixtures or preparations or complex chemical processes, a team
comprising of assessors or comprising an assessor and specialists or competent
personisrecommended.However,forasimpleassessmentformationofateammay
notbenecessary.
4.1.
The Assessment Team

Itisrecommendedthatanassessmentteambesetuptoensurethattheassessment
canrunsmoothly.Thisteamistobeheadedbyaregisteredassessorandassistedby
oneormoreofthefollowingteammemberswhereappropriate:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
4.2.
Thecompanyssafetyandhealthofficerorsafetyengineer;
Thecompanysdoctor,preferablyaregisteredoccupationalhealthdoctor;
Thecompanysprocess/chemicalengineerorchemist;
An experienced and knowledgeable member of the safety and health
committee;
Anindustrial/occupationalhealthnurse.
Competency of an Assessor
Thewouldbeassessorshouldhavetheabilitiesto:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
InterprettheinformationintheChemicalSafetyDataSheets(CSDS)
andlabels;
To understand the hazard classification as prescribed by the
Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and
LabellingofHazardousChemicals)Regulations1997;
Observetheconditionsofworkandforeseepotentialproblems;
Communicate effectively with employees, contract workers,
managers,specialistsandothers;
Draw all theinformationtogether inasystematicwaytoform
validconclusionsaboutexposuresandrisks;
Reportthefindingsaccuratelytoallpartiesconcerned.
10
ForthepurposeofcomplyingwiththeUSECHHRegulations2000,theappointed
assessormustbe registered withtheDirectorGeneralofOccupationalSafetyand
Health,Malaysia.FordetailspleaserefertotheGuidelinesfortheRegistrationof
Assessors,HygieneTechnicianandOccupationalHealthDoctor(ISBN:9832014
069).RefertoAppendix4.
4.3.
Duties of an Assessor
TheAssessorisexpectedto:
1)
Carry out assessment of health risks arising from the use of chemicals
hazardoustohealthattheworkplace;
2)
Furnish a report of the assessment to the employer of a place of work
appointinghimastheregisteredassessorwithinonemonthofthecompletion
oftheassessment;
3)
Withoutanydelayinformtherespectiveemployeroftheimmediatedanger
discoveredduringtheassessmentprocess;
4)
Makerecommendationsonthenecessityto:
1)
make changes or institute a programme to control exposure of
employeestochemicalhazardoustohealth;
2)
controlanyaccidentalemissionofachemicalhazardoustohealthasa
resultofleakage,spillage,orprocessorequipmentfailure;
3)
carryoutahealthsurveillanceprogramme;
4)
conductexposuremonitoringprogramme;and
5)
instituteatrainingprogrammeforemployees.
5)
Presenthisfindingsandrecommendationstotheemployeruponcompletion
oftheassessmentreport;and
f)
Submit,withinthirty(30)calendardaysuponcompletionoftheassessment,
asummarytotheDirectorofthenearestDOSHofficeandforwardacopyto
theDirectorGeneral.TheformatofthissummaryissetoutinAppendix4b.
4.4.
Specialist Advice
Incertaincases,anassessormaynotbeabletoconcludetheassessmentduetolackof
expertiseorinformation.Theassessorisnotexpectedtoconductemployeeexposure
monitoring,biologicalmonitoringorhealthsurveillanceunlesshe/sheiscompetentto
doso.Theassistanceofaspecialistmayberequired.Thecommonspecialistwhomay
beconsulteduponmayinclude,butisnotlimitedto,thefollowing:
1)
Anindustrialhygienistanexpertontheexposureevaluationandcontrol
2)
3)
Anoccupationalhealthphysicianexpertiseonhealthsurveillanceprogramme.
Ahygienetechnicianexpertiseontheinspectionandtestingoflocalexhaust
ventilationsystemandthemonitoringofairbornecontaminants;and
4)
Atoxicologistanexpertonchemicaltoxicity.
11
Chapter 5
5.1.
Information to be gathered
Theassessmentbeginswiththegatheringofthefollowinginformation:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Chemicalshazardoustohealthusedorreleasedintheworkplace
Layoutplanofworkarea
Processflowchart
Employeesatrisk
Controlequipmentdesignparameterandmaintenance
Accidentandincidence
Monitoringrecord
Healthsurveillanceprogramme
Trainingprogramme
Personalprotectiveequipmentprogramme
5.1.1. Chemical Hazardous to Health

Theinformationrequiredonthechemicalhazardoustohealthare:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Listofchemicalsusedorreleasedintheworkplaceandtheirharmfuleffects;
Thenatureanddegreeofexposuretothechemicals;
Exposurestandardsandperformancecriteriaagainstwhichtoevaluatethe
risktohealth;and
Recommendedcontrolmeasuresforthechemicalsubstance.
Createaninventoryofallchemicalshazardoustohealthusedorreleasedineach
workareaandobtainhealthhazardinformationoneach.UseFormAtocapturethe
necessary information. This information may be obtained from the chemical
register, which is mandatory to be kept by the employer under the USECHH
Regulations2000.Adetaileddiscussionontheregisterisfoundunderparagraph
5.2.1.
5.1.2. Layout Plan
Obtainthelayoutplanforeachworkareawherechemicalshazardoustohealthare
used or released. In the absence of such layout plan, a sketch should be made
showing the locations of the machinery, tanks or vessels, engineering control
equipments,barriersorenclosures,thelocationsofchemicalshazardoustohealth
andthelocationsofemployees.
12
5.1.3. Process Flowchart

Obtaintheprocessflowchartforallworkprocessescarriedoutinthepremise.The
flowchartshouldshowthevariousstepsintheprocessstartingfromtherawmaterial
tothefinishedproductorstartingfromthepreparatorystagetothecompletionof
thetasks.
5.1.4. Employees at Risk
Obtaininformationonthoseemployeesthatareexposedtochemicalshazardousto
healthandshouldincludethefollowing:
1)
Numberofmaleandfemaleemployeesineachworkarea;
2)
Workinghours:and
3)
Listofjobcategorieshandlingorexposedtochemicalhazardoustohealth
andthenumberofmaleandfemaleemployeesforeachjobcategoriesfor
eachworkshift.
5.1.5. Engineering Control Equipment
Obtaininformationonthedesignparametersoftheengineeringcontrolequipments
andtherecordsoftheirmaintenance.Thisshouldinclude:
1) Designparameterssuchasthehoodfacevelocityandducttransportvelocityfor
alocalexhaustventilationsystem;
2) Recordofinspectionbytheemployer;
3) Record of examination and testing of the control equipment by a registered
hygienetechnician;
5.1.6. Accident and Incidences
Obtaintheaccidentandincidencerecords.Thisrecordgivesinformationonthe
natureofaccidentsorincidencesoccurring.
5.1.7. Monitoring Programme
Obtainmonitoringreportsbycompetentpersons,ifsuchmonitoringwascarriedout.
5.1.8. Health Surveillance
Obtain health surveillance records. This record should include the biological
monitoringresults,biologicaleffectmonitoringresults,andsummaryofcomplaints
andcasesofoccupationalillnessesdiagnosed.
5.1.9. Training Programme
Obtain records of training conducted. The record should include the training
syllabus,trainingschedulesandattendance.
13
5.1.10.PPE Programme
Obtainspecificationsonthepersonalprotectiveequipmentsprovidedtoemployees,
the issuance record of these equipments, and the record of personal protective
equipmenttrainingprovided.
5.2.
Sources of Information
5.2.1. Information on Chemicals
Animportantsourceofinformationisthechemicalregisterkeptbytheenterprise.
UndertheUSECHHRegulations2000,itismandatorytokeepachemicalregister
ofthechemicalsused,handledorstoredattheworkplace.Thechemicalregisterin
theworkplacewillprovideinformationonthetradeandcommonnames,chemical
compositions,quantitiesusedorstoredandlocationswherechemicalsareusedor
stored.TheregistermustincludetheChemicalSafetyDataSheets(CSDS)foreach
ofthechemicalshazardoustohealthlisted.RefertoAppendix5.
WhereaCSDSisnotavailable,thesuppliershouldbecontactedtogetacopyofthe
CSDS. Under the OSH (Classification, Packaging & Labelling of Hazardous
Chemicals)Regulations1997itisthesuppliersdutytofurnishanuptodateCSDS.
RefertoAppendix6forexplanationontheCSDSrequirements.
Wheretherequiredinformationisnotavailableorsuspectedtobeinaccurate,other
informationsourcesshouldbeconsulted.Thesesourcesofinformationinclude
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Chemicalhazardortoxicityreferencebook;
Materialsafetydatasheets(MSDS)fromthenationalCIScentre(currently
managedbytheDepartmentofOccupationalSafetyandHealth);
The International Chemical Safety Data Card (ICS Card) published by the
InternationalProgrammeonChemicalSafety(IPCS);
Chemical information from the International Registry of Potentially Toxic
Chemical(IRPTC)database(managedbytheDepartmentofEnvironment);
MSDSfromInternetsites;and
NationalPoisonCentre,UniversitiSainsMalaysia(bysubscribingtoTELITA).
5.2.2. Other Information

Forotherinformationthesourcesofinformationwilldependonthetypeofinformation.
The Personnel or Human Resources Department will most probably keep the
employeesparticularsandtrainingrecords;theMaintenanceDepartmentwillprobably
haverecordsonthemaintenanceoftheengineeringcontrolequipment;theMedical
Department or clinic will probably keep the health surveillance records, and the
ProductionDepartmentshouldhavetheplantlayoutandtheprocessflowchart.
14
Chapter 6
Inthischapterthediscussionisontheassigningofworkersintosimilarriskgroups
orworkunitsothatassessmentcouldbeconductedforeachworkunitwherethere
areexposurestochemicalhazardoustohealth.
6.1
Categorisation of a Work Unit

Intheevaluationofexposuretoaparticularchemical,theworkerorpersonexposedto
theriskshouldbeidentified. Workers shouldbe assignedworkunitsforevaluation
basedonsimilarrisks.Aworkunitisessentiallyagroupofworkersdoingsimilartasks
(i.e.havingsimilarpotentialforexposure)whetherinoneworkareacoveringseveral
workareasandexposedtothesamechemicalshazardoustohealth.
Identifyallpotentialexposuresbyreviewingthevarioustaskscarriedoutbythe
workunitinnormaloperationsandanyforeseeableabnormalexposuressuchas
fromleaksoraccidentalreleases.Likelihoodofanincreaseinexposuresuchas
changeinthephysicalformofthechemicalasaresultofthetask(e.g.grinding,
spraying),increaseinexposuredurationduetoincreasedworkload,heavyintakeby
doingheavyworkormalfunctioningofcontrolequipmentneedtobeconsidered.
Assesshowfrequentjobortaskiscarriedout.Whetheritisaroutineornonroutine
task; production of oneoff items or isolated batches, trials; maintenance work,
repairoperations;etc.
Foracompleteassessmenttheworkunitsshouldnotonlybelimitedtoproduction
ormaintenanceworkersbutthosepersonswhomaybeintheworkareaandexposed
tochemicalshazardoustohealth.Workunitsaretobeconsideredfromthesegroups
ofpeople:
1- Productionemployees
2- Ancillary or support employees (e.g. cleaners, maintenance staff,
laboratorystaff)
3- Contractorsonsite
4- Visitors
5- Supervisorsandmanagers
6- Students
7- Officeworkers
15
6.2.
Work Unit Identification

Thisiswheretheassessorneedstoidentifyandobservethetaskscarriedoutby
workersinacertainworkareawhereworkersareexposedtochemicalhazardous
tohealthandshouldbeassignedworkunitsforevaluationbasedonsimilarrisks
Employeesandotherworkersshouldbeassignedworkunitsbasedonthesame
chemicalsubstancesusedorhandledandcarryingoutsimilarjobtasks.Thesteps
tocategoriseaworkunitisasfollows:
1)
Conductawalkthroughinspectiontoidentifyallpersonswhomight
beexposed,thismightincludepersonswho
1 Workdirectlywiththechemical;
2 Worknearorpassthroughareasinwhichthechemicalisused,produced
(includingdischargeofemissions),stored,transportedordisposedof;
3 Enteraconfinedspaceinwhichthechemicalmightbepresent;or
4 Clean, perform maintenance or other work in areas where the
chemicalmightbepresent
2)
Foreachdepartmentorworkareagetthelistofjobtitlegroups;
3)
Foreachjobtitlegroupsidentifythechemicalhazardoustohealththey
wereusingorexposedto,thetaskscarriedoutandthelocationwithinthe
workarea;
4)
Talk to supervisors and employees at each work location regarding

practicalinformationaboutworkpracticesandprocedures;
5)
Characterisetheworkunitasfollows:
Workarea
(E.g.mixingarea)
6)
workperformed
(E.g.operator)
workunit
(E.g.mixingoperator)
Wherethechemicalhazardoustohealthusedorexposedtoandthetasks
aresimilarforanumberofjobtitlegroups,theymaybegrouptogetherand
consideredasasingleworkunit(e.g.alineleaderandtheproduction
operatorsunderhissupervisionmaybeconsideredaworkunit);
16
Chapter 7
Thehazardratingisusedtoprioritisehazardbasedonthepotentialhealtheffectofthe
chemical.Thehazardofachemicalisratedona1to5scalewitharatingof1implying
nothazardousandaratingof5implyingmosthazardoustohealth.Thishazardratingis
harmonised with the classification of hazardous chemical for Part B hazardous
chemicals(categoriesofhazardbasedonhealtheffect)undertheOccupationalSafety
and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals)
Regulations1997,hereinafterreferredtoasCPLRegulations.
7.1
Hazard Information
Hazard information can be obtained from various sources. A complete CSDS
providesusefulinformationsuchasthehazarddescription,thetoxicitydata,andthe
acuteandchronichealtheffects.Basedonthetoxicitydata,thehealtheffectsand
theriskphrasesassignedtoeachhazardous,thehazardofeachchemicalcanbe
evaluatedandassignedahazardrating(HR).
However,forchemicalsreleasedintotheworkenvironmentasaresultofchemical
reaction,decompositionorthermaldegradation,hazardinformationmayneedtobe
obtainedfromothersourcesasthesuppliersCSDSonlyprovidesinformationon
thesuppliedproducts.
ThesourcesofinformationhavealreadybeendiscussedunderChapter5.However,
asummaryofthenecessaryinformationanditssourcesisgivenbelow:
Information
Source
Chemicalclassification
Label,CSDS,ICScard
Healtheffects,LC50andLD50
CSDS,MSDS,ICScard,Poisoncentre,
chemicalsafetyliterature
Riskphrases
Label,CSDS,ICScard
17
7.2
Hazard Rating Determination

Forthepurposeofassigningahazardrating,chemicalshazardoustohealthneedto
becategorisedintotwogroupingsbasedonsystemiceffectsandlocaleffects.These
groupingsaremeanttoseparatethosechemicalsthatmaybeabsorbedintothebody
andcausingdamagetoorgansorsystemsofthebodyandthosethatmaycause
effectatthesiteofcontacteitherontheskinoreyes.
The procedure to assign a hazard rating to a pure chemical or a preparation
containingamixtureofchemicalsisasfollows:
1)
Getinformationonthehazardcategories,hazardclassification;riskphrases,
the acute and chronic effects, and the LD50 and LC50 for the chemical
substanceorpreparation;
2)
UseTable1togethazardratingbasedonthehealtheffectdescriptionoruse
Table 2toget hazard ratingbased on the hazardclassificationor hazard
categories,orriskphrases;
3)
Listthehazardratingsobtainedindescendingorder;
4)
Assignasinglehazardratingbasedonthegreatestdegreeofhazardfrom
Group1hazardcategories:
Group1:
5)
Verytoxic
R2628,39,45(1),46(1),47(1),49(1)
Toxic
R2325,39,48,45(2),46(2),47(2),49(2)
Harmful
R2022,40,40(3),40(M2),48,
RespiratorysensitiserR42
Respiratoryirritant R37
AssignansknotationforthosechemicalsinGroup2hazardcategories:
Group2:Corrosivetoskin/eyeR34,35Skin
andeyeirritantsR41,38,36
6)
ForachemicalsubstanceorpreparationthatfallsolelyunderGroup2,i.e.do
notfallintoGroup1,thehazardratingassignedistobebasedonGroup2.
Note:
Tables1and2describetheassignmentofhazardrating:
1 Table 1 describes the assignment of hazard rating based on health
effectsandhazardcategories.
2 Table2describestheassignmentofhazardratingbasedonriskphrases
assignedtothehazardouschemicalsubstanceundertheCPLRegulations.
18
TheriskphrasesusedinTable2are:
Acuteeffects:
Acutelethaleffects
Nonlethalirreversibleeffectsaftersingleexposure(R39,
Corrosive
Irritant
Sensitiser
Chroniceffects:
Severeeffectsafterrepeatedorprolongedexposure(R48)
Carcinogen
Mutagen
Reproductivehazards
teratogen
6.3.
(R20to28)
40)
(R34, R35)
(R36to38,R41)
(R42, R43)
(R40,R45,R49)
(R46, R40)
(R60to64)including
(R47thisrphraseno
longerinuseinEU))
Example of Determining Hazard Rating

ExampleofDeterminingtheHazardofaPureChemical
Asanexample,ethyldimethylamineisharmfulthroughinhalationandifswallowed
(R20/22)andatthesametimecorrosivetoskin(R34).
AccordingtotheCPLRegulations,corrosiveisofahigherdegreeofhazardas
comparedtoharmfulandsothischemicalisclassifiedascorrosive.
Forassessmentpurposesthesehealthhazardcategories(i.e.harmfulandcorrosive)
willbeusedtodeterminethehazardrating.
FromTable2,thehazardratingsareasfollows:
Group1:
Harmful
R20/22givesahazardratingof3
Group2:
Corrosive
R34givesahazardratingof3.
Assignahazardratingof3
Assignasknotation
(basedonGroup1)
(basedonGroup2)
Sincethischemicalisharmfulifinhaledoringested,theexposurethroughthesetwo
routesmustbeassessed.Eventhoughexposuretoskinisnotassessed,controlof
skincontactismandatorybecauseofthesknotation.
Examplesof determiningthe hazard rating for preparations or mixtures of
chemicalshazardoustohealtharegiveninAppendix7.
19
Table 1:
HR
Hazard Rating
HEALTHEFFECTS
HAZARDCATEGORY
Local:Injurytotheskin,eyes,ormucous
membranesofsufficientseverityto
threatenlifebysingleexposure
Systemic:Severeirreversibleeffects(e.g.
centralnervoussystemeffects,kidney
necrosis,liverlesions,anemiaor
paralysis)afterasingleexposure
*VeryToxicchemicals:
LD50<25mg/kg(oral)
LD50<50mg/kg(skin)
LC50<0.5mg/litre
Knownhumancarcinogens,mutagensor
teratogens
*Category1carcinogen,
mutagenandteratogen
Local:Injurytotheskin,eyes,ormucous
membranesofsufficientseveritytocause
permanentimpairment,disfigurementor
irreversiblechangefromsingleor
repeatedexposure
Systemic:Veryseriousphysicalorhealth
impairmentbyrepeatedorprolonged
exposure
*VeryCorrosive(R35:
Causessevereburn)
*Toxicchemicals:
LD50:25200mg/kg(oral)
LD50:50400mg/kg(skin)
LC50:0.52mg/litre
Probablehumancarcinogens,mutagensor
teratogensbasedonanimalstudies
*Category2carcinogen,
mutagenandteratogen
Local:Seriousdamagetoskin,eyesormucous
membranesfromsingleorrepeated
exposure
Systemic:Severeeffectsafterrepeatedor
prolongedexposure
*Corrosive(R34:Causeburn)
*Respiratorysensitisers
*Irritantseriouseyedamage
*Harmfulchemicals:
LD50:200500mg/kg(oral)
LD50:4002000mg/kg(sk)
LC50:220mg/litre
Possiblehumanoranimalcarcinogensor
mutagens,butforwhichdataisinadequate
*Category3carcinogenand
mutagen
Local:Reversibleeffectstotheskin,eyesor
mucousmembranesnotsevereenoughto
causeserioushealthimpairment
Systemic:Changesreadilyreversibleonce
exposureceases
*Skinsensitisers
*Skinirritants
Noknownadversehealtheffects
Notclassifiedashazardous
20
Table 2:
EFFECT
VeryToxic
Hazard Rating Based on Risk Phrases
ACUTE/
CHRONIC
Acute
Chronic
Toxic
Acute
Chronic
Harmful
Acute
Chronic
Corrosive
Irritant
Sensitising
ROUTESOFEXPOSURE
INH.
DERMAL
SKIN EYE
R26
R27
R28
R23
R24
R25
R20
R21
R22
Acute
Acute
Acute
Carcinogenic Chronic
NOT
SPECIFIED
R39
R39
R48,R39
R40
R48,R40
R35
R34
R37
R41
R38
R36
R42
R49(1)
R49(2)
R43
Inhala
tion
Skin
3
R45(1)
R45(2)
R40(3)
R46(1)
R46(2)
R40(M2)
R47(1)
R47(2)
Mutagenic
Teratogenic
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT
REQUIRED
ING.
HAZARD
RATING
(HR)
Eyes
2
5
4
3
5
4
3
5
4
Inges AllRoutes
tion
Note:ForR39andR48,theclassificationofthechemicalorpreparationneedtobe
consideredtogetherindeterminingthehazardrating.
21
Chapter 8
Thepurposeofdeterminingexposureratingistoassessthepotentialofthechemical
hazardoustohealthenteringthebodythroughthevariousroutesofentrycausing
systemiceffectsorpotentialforcontactwiththeeyes,skinortherespiratorytract
causinglocalisedeffects.
8.1.
Exposure Parameters
Thefirststepistoidentifywhoareexposedandwhatchemicalshazardoustohealth
usedorformedintheprocesscarriedoutbytheworkunit.
Thenextstepistoidentifythetasksinwhichchemicalshazardoustohealthare
beingusedorwherethereislikelyexposuretochemicalshazardoustohealthduring
normaloperationbygoingthroughtheirworkprocedures,observationofthevarious
tasksperformedandinterviewingthemembersoftheworkunit.
Importantconsiderationsintheassessmentofanexposureintheworkplaceare:
1)
DegreeofExposure
1- Whoisexposed?
2- Howandinwhatcircumstancesistheexposure
3- Frequencyofexposure
4- Durationofexposure;and
5- Intensityormagnitudeofexposure
2)
Otherfactors,suchastraining&informationofemployees,monitoringof
exposure,andhealthsurveillance.
Exposuresareevaluatedbyassessingthelikelihoodofcontactoftheworkunitwiththe
hazardouschemical;howthechemicalsarereleasedintotheworkenvironment;the
methodofhandlingthechemical;thewaythechemicalentersthebody;thefrequency
anddurationofexposure;andtheintensityormagnitudeofeachexposure.
Apart from assessing exposures during normal operation, the possibility of

exposureduetospillage,leaksoraccidentalentryintothebodysuchasthrough
injectionistobeconsidered.
Specialconsiderationisrequiredforsomepersonwhomaybeatincreasedrisk,
suchaspregnantwomen;personwithmedicalconditionsuchassufferingfrom
bronchitisorasthma;untrainedorinexperiencedworkers;smokers,whomaybeat
increasedriskofadditiveorsynergisticeffects.
22
8.2.
Degree of Exposure
The degree of exposure is to be estimated for the various probable route(s) of
exposure. The probable routes of entry or contact are decided by taking into
considerationthephysicalformofthechemicalandtheeffectsitcouldhavethrough
thevariousroutesofentryorcontact,asdescribedbytheriskphrasesassignedtoit.
ThishasbeendiscussedunderChapter5.Examplesofdecisiontobetakenwith
respecttowhichrouteofentryorcontacttobeassessedisgiveninAppendix7.
Whereachemicalexertsadirecteffectontheskinortheeyes,suchascorrosives
and irritants, an Sk notation should be made to indicate that skin and eye
exposureneedscontrolregardlessofabsorbeddose.
Estimationofthedegreeofexposureisprimarilybasedontheseparameters:
1)
2)
3)
Frequencyofexposure,F;
Durationofexposure,D;and
Intensityormagnitudeofexposure,M.
Themorefrequentorthelongerthedurationahazardouschemicalisused,thehigheris
thedegreeofexposure.The greater the amountofchemical beingabsorbedintoor
entersthebodyorincontactwiththeeye/skinthehigheristhedegreeofexposure.
8.3.
Frequency of Exposure
For assessing the likelihood of acute effects, the frequency of exposure is
determinedasthefrequencyofexposurehasasignificanteffectonthedegreeof
exposure. For example, twice the frequency would yield a twofold increase in
exposure.Thefrequencyofpotentialexposurecanbeestimatedfromobservationof
the work activities and feedback from the workers and management. Frequency
ratingisusedandisdeterminedfromTable3:
Table 3: Frequency Rating
Rating
5
Description
Frequent
4
3
2
1
Probable
Occasional
Remote
Improbable
Definition
Potential exposure one or more time per shift or
per day
Exposure greater than one time per week
Exposure greater than one time per month
Exposure greater than one time per year
Exposure less than one per year
23
8.4.
Duration of Exposure
A duration rating is used to assess chronic or routine exposures. Duration of
exposurealsohasasignificanteffectontheexposure.Twicetheexposureduration
resultsintwicetheexposure.Forassessingchronicexposuresusethetotalexposure
durationratherthanthefrequencyofexposure.Thetotalexposuredurationisthe
productofthenumber of exposures andtheaverageduration of each exposure.
RefertoTable4below.
Table 4: Duration Rating
Rating
% work hour
Total Duration of Exposure*

Duration per 8-hr shift or per 40-hr week
>87.5%
>7hrs/shift or
5087.5%
4to7hrs/shift or
20to35hours/week
2550 %
2to4hrs/shift or
10to20hours/week
1to2hrs/shift or
5to10hours/week
<1hr/8hrshift or
<5hours/week
2
1
12.525
<12.5 %
>35hours/week
*Note:Totalexposuredurationperweek(TD)
=(Numberofexposureperweek)x(Averagedurationofeachexposure)
8.5.
Intensity or Magnitude of Exposure

Forestimatingexposureintensityormagnitudetherearetwopossibleways,either
quantitativelyorqualitatively.Inthepresenceofquantitativeinhalationexposure
data,thiswillformthebasisoftheestimate.
Intheabsenceofquantitativedata,aqualitativeestimateofexposurewillbeused.
8.5.1. Quantitative Evaluation- inhalation exposure
Quantitativeevaluationofexposureiscarriedoutforinhalationexposuresifair
sampling data for the exposed employees are available. Where exposure data is
limited or unavailabletheassessorshouldassessthe exposure qualitatively.The
evaluationofinhalationexposureiswithoutregardstotheuseofrespirators.
24
Inhalationexposureevaluationisbasedon
Currentmeasurementofpersonalairborneexposure
Estimationfrompreviousmeasurementofpersonalairborneexposure
Estimationofpersonalexposurefromambientorgeneralairlevels
Estimationofpersonalexposurecanbemadefrombreathingzonemeasurementsby
theuseofdirectreadinginstruments(suchasmultiplegasinfraredanalysersor
respirable dust monitors). Refer to Appendix 8 for discussion on sampling
strategies.
Theflowchartforassigninganexposureratingbyusingquantitativedatais
giveninAppendix17.
8.5.1.1.
Rating Acute Exposure
For chemicals with acute effects, the exposure will be based on instantaneous
measurementresult.Themagnituderatingisassignedbasedonthefractionofthe
measurementresulttotheceilinglimitorthemaximumexposurelimit,whichever
resultsinahigherexposurerating.ReferTable5.
8.5.1.2.
Rating Chronic Exposure
Forchemicalswithchronicexposuresthetimeperiodforassessmentperiodisone
weekandwillbebasedonthe8hourstimeweightedaverage(TWA)exposure.The
magnituderatingisassignedbasedontheratiooftheTWAtothe8hourTWA
limit.RefertoTable5.
TheTWAiscalculatedasfollows:
TWA=C1T1+C2T2++CnTn
T1+T2++Tn
WhereCistheconcentrationofeachsampleandTisthesamplingtimeforthat
sample.
8.5.1.3.
Estimation of 8-hour Exposure Using Directreading Instruments
Foraworkunitexposedtoaparticularchemicalatvariousjobtasks,estimationof
the8hourexposuremaybedeterminedbymeasuringtheaverageconcentrationfor
eachtask(C)andtheaverageduration(D)foreachtaskexposure.
TWA=(D1xC1)+(D2xC2)+...+(DnxCn)
D1+D2++Dn
Wheren=tasksinvolvingexposuretotheassessedchemical
(4)
25
Table 5: Inhalation Exposure based on Airborne Exposure Measurement
Timeweightedaverage(TWA)or
MaximumConcentration
MagnitudeRating
3xO.E.L*
O.E.Lbut<3xO.E.L
0.5O.E.L.but<O.E.L
0.1O.E.L,but<0.5O.E.L.
1
<0.1O.E.L
*Notethat(a)OELisusedbecausethelimitusedisnotonlylimitedtothe
MalaysianPermissibleExposureLimits(PEL)asintheabsenceofa
MalaysianPEL,otherexposurelimitsmaybeadopted;
(b)3xPEListheMaximumExposureLimitundertheUSECHH
Regulations2000
AdiscussionontheOccupationalExposureLimit(OEL)isgiveninAppendix9.
8.5.1.4.
Rating Exposure Immediately Dangerous to Life or

Health (IDLH)
Anexposuremagnitudeof5isassignedwhenthepotentialexistsforanexposureat
aconcentrationlevelthatisimmediatelydangeroustolifeandhealth,suchasentry
intoconfinedspacesorotherworkplaceswhereworkerswouldbeexpectedtodon
selfcontainedbreathingapparatusestopreventacuteexposure.Anexposureisrated
1whennoreasonablepotentialexposureexists.Thebasisforthisdeterminationis
professionaljudgementand/orexposuremeasurement.
8.5.1.5.
Rating Additive Effects
Whereworkersareexposedtotwoormorechemicalsthatarenotknowntoact
independently of each other, they should be treated as acting additively and a
combinedOELcanbemadewhichshouldnotexceedunity.
Forexample,tolueneandmethylethylketone(MEK)arecommonsolventsthatact
onthesametargetorgani.e.thecentralnervoussystem.OELoftolueneis100ppm
andMEKis200ppm.If50ppmoftolueneand80ppmofMEKarepresentinthe
workplaceair,then
50/100+120/200=0.5+0.6=1.1>1,
26
WhichmeansthatthecombinedexposureisabovetheOEL.FromTable6below,
theMagnitudeRatingassignedforexposuretotheMEKandtolueneexposureis4.
Table 6: Magnitude of Exposure rating for additive effects
MagnitudeRating
SumofratiosofairconcentrationtoOEL
>3
13
0.51
0.10.5
<0.1
Examplesonhowtousetheexposuremeasurementresultstodetermine
themagnitudeofexposurearegiveninAppendix10.
If a chemical hazardous to health do not have an OEL, then the qualitative
assessmentmethodforestimatingexposureshouldbeused.
8.5.2. Qualitative Estimation Of Magnitude Of Exposure
Theestimationofexposureismadeforthetwomainroutesofentry,i.e.theinhalation
route and dermal route of exposure. If the contribution to the overall exposure by
ingestionissignificant,recordthefindingandsuggestappropriateactionstobetaken.
TheflowcharttodetermineexposureisgiveninAppendix17.
The magnitude of exposure is assessed based on the estimated absorbed dose

throughinhalationandskinabsorption.Itmustbeborneinmindthatskinoreye
absorption is not only from direct contact with liquid substances but also from
airbornegas,vapourorparticulate.Wherethisisthecase,theairbornechemical
concentrationmaybeconsideredwhenassessingthedegreeofskinoreyeexposure.
Forthisestimationwecanlookatthedegreeofchemicalreleaseorpresenceandthe
degreeofchemicalabsorbedorlikelytobeabsorbedattheexposureboundary.Asa
ruleofthumb,twicethevolumesofmaterialreleasedwilldoubletheconcentration.
27
8.5.2.1.
Degree Of Chemical Release Or Presence
Thedegreeofchemicalreleaseorpresenceintheenvironmentcanbeestimatedfrom
the chemicals physicochemical properties, the process characteristics, the quantity
used,themethodofhandling,andtheatmosphericconditions.Thisinformationmaybe
obtained from the Chemical Safety Data Sheet, process descriptions, and from
observationofenvironmentalconditions.RefertoAppendix11and12.
UseTable7todeterminethedegreeofreleaseorpresenceforinhalationexposure.
Thedegreeofreleaseassignedwillbebasedontheobservationresultinginthe
greatestdegreeofrelease.
ForexampleaworkerfrequentlycontaminatedhisclothingwhileusingChemicalB,
anonvolatileliquid(i.e.lowreleaseintotheair)butislipophilic(highabilityto
dissolvefatandhenceabletobeabsorbedthroughtheskin).Thedegreeofrelease
isassignedisModerate.
Table 7:
Degree of Chemical Release or Presence
DEGREE
OBSERVATION
Low
Loworlittlereleaseintotheair.
Nocontaminationofair,clothingandworksurfaceswithchemicals
capableofskinabsorptionorcausingirritationorcorrosion.
Moderate
Moderatereleasesuchas
a)Solventswithmediumdryingtime*inuncovered
containersorexposedtoworkenvironment;
b)Detectableodour**ofchemicalswithodourthresholds
exceedingthePELs.
Evidenceofcontaminationofair,clothingandworksurfaceswith
chemicalscapableofskinabsorptionorcausingirritationor
corrosion.
High
Substantialreleasesuchas
a)Solventswithfastdryingtime*inuncoveredcontainers;
b)Spraysordustcloudsinpoorlyventilatedareas;
c)Chemicalswithhighratesofevaporationexposedto
workenvironment;
d)Strongodourofchemicalswithodourthresholds
exceedingthePELs.
Grosscontaminationofair,clothingandworksurfaceswith
chemicalscapableofskinabsorptionorcausingirritationor
corrosion.
*Refer toAppendix14
**ReferAppendix15
28
Degree Of Chemical Absorbed Or Contacted
8.5.2.2.
UseTable8belowtoassessthedegreeofchemicalsbeinginhaledandabsorbed
throughskin.Chemicalsubstanceswiththeabilitytobeabsorbedthroughtheskin
includeorganicsolventsandmanypesticides.Thedegreeofchemicalabsorbedor
contactedshouldbebasedontheobservationresultinginthegreatestdegree.
Table 8: Degree of Chemical absorbed or contacted
DEGREE
OBSERVATION/CONDITION
Low
Lowbreathingrate(lightwork)*
Sourcefarfrombreathingzone
Contactwithchemicalotherthanthosedescribedunder"Moderate"
and"High".
Smallareaofcontactwithchemicalscapableofskinabsorption
limitedtopalm(intactskin).<2%or0.04m2
Noindicationofanyskinconditions.Intact/normalskin
Nocontaminationofskinoreyes
Moderate
Moderatebreathingrate(moderatework)*.
Sourceclosetobreathingzone
Contactwitheyeorskinirritants,sensitisersorchemicalscapable
ofskinpenetration,exceptthosedescribedunderHigh.
Moderateareaofcontactoneorbothhandsuptotheelbows. Skin
area>2%or0.04m2
Skindrynessanddetectableskincondition. Dry,redskin
High
Highbreathingrate(heavywork)*.
Sourcewithinbreathingzone.
Grosscontaminationofeyeorskinwithskinoreye
irritants,sensitisersorchemicalscapableofskinabsorption
skinsoakedorimmersedinchemicalcapableofskin
penetration.Areaofcontactnotonlyconfinedtohandsbutalso
otherpartsofbody.Skinarea>50%or1m2
Folliclerichareas.
Skindamaged.
Severedrying,peelingandcracking.
*RefertoAppendix16
29
Assigning Magnitude Rating (MR)
8.5.2.3.
Thistableistobeusedtoassignthemagnituderating:
Table 9:
Magnitude Rating
Degree of release
Degree of absorption
MR
LOW
LOW
MODERATE
HIGH
1
2
3
MODERATE
LOW
MODERATE
HIGH
2
3
4
HIGH
LOW
MODERATE
HIGH
3
4
5
Themagnitude(MR)abovemayhoweverbemodifiedbyotherfactorssuchasbad
workhabits,poorpersonalhygiene,complaintsofilleffects,resultsofbiological
monitoringorbiologicaleffectmonitoring,signsandsymptomsofrelateddiseaseor
illnessorconfirmedcasesofoccupationaldiseaseorillness.UseTable10belowto
modifythemagnituderatingbeforeassigningtheexposurerating.
Table 10:
MR
adjustment
factor
+1
(maximum
MRnotto
exceed5)
Modifying Factors
MODIFYINGFACTORS
Badworkpracticeorpoorpersonalhygieneincludingpartakingof
foodordrinkintheworkareaorusingcontaminatedhand.
Reportedcasesofchemicalexposureincidencese.g.splashes
ResultsofbiologicalmonitoringexceedstheBiologicalExposure
Index(suchasthosedescribedbytheACGIH)
Widespreadcomplaintsofilleffectsrelatedtothechemicalbeing
exposed,intheworkunit.
Reportedcasesofemployeeswithpreclinicalsymptomsrelatedto
thechemicalexposure.
Susceptiblepersonsinworkunit
30
8.6.
Assigned Exposure Rating

Basedonthefrequencyordurationratingandthemagnituderating,anexposure
ratingmaybeassigned.UseTable11belowtoassigntheexposurerating:
FREQUENCYRATING/
DURATIONRATING
Table 11: Exposure Rating
MAGNITUDERATING(MR)
1
Note:AssignER=5if
confirmedcase(s)of
occupationaldiseasedue
toexposuretothe
chemicalhazardousto
healthhavebeen
reportedforthe
particularworkunit.
31
Chapter 9
Controlmeasuresareallthestepstakentopreventorminimiserisks.Theyinclude
eliminationofthehazardouschemical;substitutionofthechemicalshazardousto
healthwithalesshazardouschemical;isolationoftheprocessreleasinghazardous
chemical;theuseofengineeringcontrolequipment;adoptionofsafeworkpractices
andprocedures;andtheuseofpersonalprotection.Controlequipmentisequipment
usedforcontrollingrisks,suchasalocalexhaustventilationsystem,watersprayor
enclosure.Intryingtocontroltheidentifiedrisks,themeasurestakenshouldbeina
certain hierarchy or order of priority and an assessment of the adequacy of the
controlmeasuresneedtobemade.
9.1.
Hierarchy of Control Measures

Significant risk arising from the use of chemical hazardous to health is to be
controlled,inthisfollowingorder:
1)
Eliminationofchemicalhazardoustohealthfromtheworkplace;
2)
Substitutionofchemicalhazardoustohealthwithalesshazardouschemical;
3)
Totalenclosureofprocessandhandlingsystems;
4)
Isolationoftheworktocontroltheemissionofchemicalshazardoustohealth;
5)
Modificationoftheprocessparameters;
6)
Applicationofengineeringcontrolequipment;
7)
Adoptionofsafeworksystemsandpracticesthateliminateorminimisethe
risktohealth;and
8)
Provisionofapprovedpersonalprotectiveequipment.
1)
Eliminationofchemicalshazardoustohealth
Thisincludesthetotalremovalofahazardouschemicalbytheuseofother
processesnotinvolvingchemicalshazardoustohealth.
32
2)
Substitution
Thesubstitutionhereisthesubstitutionofachemicalhazardoustohealth
withalesshazardoussubstitutesuchastheuseofawaterbaseddetergent
insteadoftheneurotoxicnhexane.
3)
Totalenclosureofprocessandhandlingsystems
Totally enclosing the process and handling systems emitting chemical
hazardous to health can prevent or minimise their release into the work
environment.
4)
Isolationoftheworktocontroltheemissionofchemicalshazardousto
health
Thiscanbeachievedbysegregation,eitherbydistanceoraphysicalbarrier,of
thehazardouswork,processorchemicalhazardoustohealthfromworkers.
5)
Modificationoftheprocessparameters
Suchastheuseofloweroperatingtemperatureorpressuretominimisethe
releaseofchemicalhazardoustohealthintotheworkplaceenvironment.
6)
Applicationofengineeringcontrolequipment
Thisiscontrolthroughtheapplicationofengineeringcontrolequipmentsuch
aslocalexhaustsystem,generalventilation,andwaterspray.
7)
Adoptionofsafeworksystemsandprocedures
Safe work systemand procedures that eliminate or minimises the risk to
healthcanbeadopted.
8)
Provisionofpersonalprotectiveequipment
Provisionofpersonalprotectiveequipmentandclothingincludestheproper
selection, correct fit, proper use, care and maintenance, and available
replacementwhenrequired.
9.2.
Other Control Measures

Othermeasuresalthoughdonotdirectlyremoveorminimisetherisk,areequally
importantastheysupportorstrengthentheabovecontrolmeasuresandarepartofa
chemicalhealthriskmanagement.
33
Suchmeasuresinclude:
9.3.
1)
Personalhygiene;
Washing hands before partaking of food by
handKeepingfingernailsshortandclean
Bathing,wherecontaminationiswidespread
2)
Maintenanceofthecontrolequipment;
Regularinspection,examinationandtesting
Immediaterepaironbreakdownofequipment
3)
Providinginformation,instructionandtrainingtoworkers;
Those handling or exposed to chemicals hazardous to
healthSafeuseandhandlingofchemicals
Properuseandcareofpersonalprotectiveequipment
4)
Monitoringofpersonalexposuresandgeneralairlevels
Personalexposuresonthoseworkunitswhereanassessmentindicates
thenecessitytodeterminepersonalexposure;andtheavailabilityofan
approvedmethodofsamplingandanalysisandanOEL
Generalairlevels,whereappropriate,tocheckontheeffectivenessof
controlmeasures;
5)
Healthsurveillanceonthoseworkershandlinganychemicalshazardousto
healthlistedinschedule2oftheUSECHHRegulations2000andwherean
assessmentshowsthat:
Thereisanidentifiableworkrelateddiseaseoradversehealtheffects
forthathazardouschemicalusedinthework;
It is likely that the disease or condition might occur during the
conductofthework;and
Validtechniquesareavailabletodetectearlysignsofthediseaseor
condition.
6)
Emergencyproceduresandfirstaid.
Tominimisetheconsequencesofchemicalaccidents
Availabilityofemergencyresponseplanor
proceduresEmergencyeyewashandshower
Firstaidfacilities
Adequacy of Control Measures

Theexistingcontrolmeasuresneedtobeassessedwhethertheyareadequateornot.
Takingintoconsiderationthefollowingfactorswecanassesswhetherthecontrol
measuresareadequateornot:
34
1)
2)
3)
4)
Suitability;
Use
Effectiveness;and
Maintenance.
Acontrolmeasureisconsideredadequateif
1)
It is suitable for protecting the employees, taking into consideration the

physicalformandtoxicityofthechemical,thenatureofwork,theroutesof
entryofthechemicalandnotprejudicetothehealthoftheemployees;
2)
Itisusedaccordingtothemanufacturersinstructions&recommendations;
3)
Itiseffectiveinpreventingorminimisingexposure;and
4)
Itisregularlymaintainedingoodworkingcondition.
9.3.1. Suitability
Suitabilityofcontrolmeasuresdependson:
Thetoxicityofchemical
Forhightoxicitychemicalstheuseoflocalexhaustventilationis
suitablewhiletheuseofgeneralventilationisnot.
Theuseofjobrotationisnotsuitableforchemicalhazard
For personal protective equipment, the degree of protection
mustmatchthelevelofrisk.
1)
ii)
Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthechemical
The control equipment is designed to control the chemical in the
physicalformemployeesisexposedto.
E.g.useofdustmaskisnotsuitabletoprotectagainstorganicsolvent
vapour.
iii)
Natureofwork
Suitableifthenatureofworkdoesnothindertheefficiencyofthe
control measure or the control measure does not give rise to the
potentialforanaccidentortoanotherhazard.
iv)
Adaptability
Suitableifcontrolmeasuresareadaptedtotheworkcapacityand
capabilityoftheworkersinvolved.
v)
Routeofentry
Controlmeasuresselectedprevententryofthechemicalthroughthe
probableentryroute.
35
9.3.2. Use and Effectiveness

Byobservingthefollowing,theeffectivenessofcontrolmeasurescanbeassessed:
Ingeneral
Minimal contamination of the air, work clothing, or work
surfaces,odourorirritatingsensation;
Minimal or no release or emission of chemical into the
workingenvironment;
Minimalornoexposureorcontactofworkerstochemical;
1)
2)
Forlocalexhaustventilationsystem(LEV)
Noaccumulationofsubstancearoundthehood;
Smoketubetestindicatesgoodsuctionsmokedirectedtowardsthe
hood;
Thecapturevelocityiswithintherecommendedvalueforthespecific
contaminant;and
Thepositioningofhoodissuchthatitisverycloseto(within1hood
diameter)orenclosingthesource.
iii)
Forpersonalprotectiveequipment
Useofcorrecttypewithadequatedegreeofprotection;
Properlywornhaveundergoneinstructionortrainingsessionand
Correctlyfittedhavebeencarefullychosenandfittested;
Worncontinuouslyatthedesignatedworkareawithconstant
supervision;and
Equipmentstillfunctioningproperlynotdefectiveordamagedor
hasnotexpireditsshelflife
9.3.3. Maintenance
Maintenanceofcontrolequipmentisanimportantaspectinensuringthatthehealth
risksarecontinuouslyundercontrol.Thiswouldentailthefollowing:
i)
Forengineeringcontrols
Periodicinspection,examinationandtestingtoensureeffectiveness;
Immediaterepairwhenthereisabreakdownintheequipment;and
Retestingofequipmenteffectivenessafteranyrepairwork.
ii)
Forpersonalprotectiveequipment
Availablereplacementsfordefectivepart(s)orineffectiveequipment;
Regularinspectionandcareofequipment;and
Provisionanduseofproperequipmentaccommodation.
36
Chapter 10
10.1. Evaluation of Risk

Chapters6and8havedescribedtheprocedurestoestimatethevaluesofhazard
rating (HR) and exposure rating (ER), respectively. These values are used to
computetheriskbasedonequation(3)below:
RR=(HRxER)
(3)
Whenthesquarerootisnotawholenumber,thenexthighestwholenumberis
designatedastheriskrating.
Example:
HR=3;
ER=4;
RR
=(3x4)
ThusassignedRR
=3.46
=4
Afastandeasywaytocomputetheriskratingistousetheriskmatrix.ReferTable
12.
10.2. Significance of Risk

Riskisevaluatedaseither"significant"or"notsignificant".Riskisregardedasnot
significantifitisunlikelythattheworkexposurewilladverselyaffectthehealthof
theworkers.Thissituationariseswheneitherthereisnolikelihoodofexposureor
thechemicalisleasthazardous(HR=1)ortheexposureisverylow(ER=1).
Anothersituationisthatthechemicalisoflowtoxicity(HR=2)andtheexposure
levelisbelow0.5PEL(i.e.ER=2).Thissituationisconsideredaspresentinganon
significantrisk.HencethoserisksituationswhereRRiseither1or2isconsidered
asnotsignificant.
Table 12 belowsummarisesthedecisionfortheriskevaluated.
Toprioritiseactiontocontrolriskisbyusingtheriskmatrixbelow.Foreachwork
unit,enterthenameofthechemicalintheappropriatecell.
37
Table 12:
RISK MATRIX
1
1
HAZARD RATING
RR=1
RR=2
EXPOSURERATING(ER)
2
3
4
RR=2
RR=2
RR=2
RR=3
RR=2
RR=3
RR=3
RR=4
RR=2
RR=3
RR=3
RR=4
RR=4
RR=2
RR=3
RR=4
=4
RR=5
RR=3
RR=4
=4
RR=
RR=5
The above risk matrix may be used to identify and prioritise control strategies.
Priorityinimplementingcontrolmeasureswilldependonthedegreeofrisk,the
numberofpersonatrisk,andthepracticabilityofthecontrolmeasures.
Forthepurposeofprioritisingactiontocontrolrisks,twocategoriescanbeassigned
undersignificantrisk:
Category1
Riskstobecontrolledtobelowthepermissibleexposurelimitsortoaslow
asreasonablypracticable(ALARP)wherenolimitsarespecified.Underthe
OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct1994,practicablemeanspracticableafter
takingintoconsiderations:
1)
2)
3)
theseverityoftherisk;
thestateofknowledgeabouttheriskandtheavailabilityand
suitabilityofwaysofremovingormitigatingtherisk;and
thecostofremovingormitigatingtherisk.
Actiontocontrolrisksundercategory1isconsideredtobeoflowerpriority
thancontrollingthoserisksundercategory2.
UseFormEtosummarisetheriskconclusionforeachchemicalfoundinthe
workunit.
38
Category2
Thisisconsideredintolerablerisk,wherethechemicalhazardoustohealth
shouldbeeliminated.Ifthisisnotpossiblethensubstitutionofthehazardous
chemicalwithalesshazardouschemical;totalenclosureoftheprocessand
handlingsystem;orisolationoftheworktocontrolemissionofchemicals
hazardoustohealthistobeadoptedsothatemployeesexposurearekeptwell
belowthepermissibleexposurelimits.
Forexample,
AworkunitJexposedtochemicalYwithhazardratingof5andexposureratingof
1(i.e.riskratingof3).AnotherworkunitKisexposedtochemicalZwithhazard
ratingof3andexposureratingof5riskratingof4.
ThisshowsthatthecontrolstrategiesforJwouldbebasedoneliminationof
chemicalY,possiblybysubstitutingYwithalesshazardouschemical(i.e.low
hazardrating)sothattherisknowwillbenotsignificant.
ForK,thecontrolstrategieswillbebasedonthereductionofexposurestoa
levelwheretheexposureratingis1.
10.3. Conclusions of CHRA

Basedontheriskdecisionandtheassessmentofexistingcontrolmeasuresthereare
4conclusionsthatcouldbereachedfromtheassessment.Theseconclusionsare
denotedbyC1,C2,C3,C4orC5.
C1:
Risks not significant now and not likely to increase in future
Iftheassessmentshowsthatahazardouschemicalis:
Alreadycontrolledorcanbereadilycontrolledinaccordancewith
theCSDS;and
Thereisnotasignificantrisktohealth
thentheassessmentiscomplete.Thelikelyconclusionisthattherisksare
notsignificantnowandnotlikelytoincreaseinfuture.
C2:
Risk significant but already adequately controlled

could increase in future.
This conclusion applies to conditions where adverse health effects could

increaseinfuture,duetocontrolmeasuresfailureordeterioration.Risks,
whileatpresentadequatelycontrolled,couldincreaseinfuturedueto,for
example:
39
Undetecteddeteriorationintheefficiencyofcontrolmeasures;
Plant,equipment(includingpersonalprotectiveequipment)or
systemfailure;
Controlmeasuresnotusedproperly;
Humanerror,fromlackofawareness,monitoringfailureor
inadequatetraining;
Changesinmethodsorrateofwork;
Asignificantincreaseinthequantityofchemicalshazardousto
healthused.
C3:
Risks significant now, and not adequately controlled
Thisconclusionappliestoconditionswhereworkersareatriskofadverse
health effects since their exposure to the hazardous chemical is not
adequatelycontrolled.
C4:
Uncertain about Risk: Insufficient information
Thisconclusionisarrivedatifthereisinsufficientinformationtodetermine
thedegreeofhazard.
C5:
Uncertain about Risk: Uncertain about degree and extent

of exposure
Thisconclusionisarrivedatifthelevelofexposurecannotbeestimatedwith
confidence.
Theconclusionoftheassessment,takingintoconsiderationsthesignificanceofrisk
andtheadequacyofcontrolmeasures,issummarisedinTable 13below:
Table 13: Conclusion of Assessment.
RISKDECISION
RiskNotSignificant
RiskSignificant
InsufficientInformation
Uncertainaboutexposure
ADEQUACYOFCONTROL
MEASURES
CONCLUSION
Adequate
NotAdequate
C2
C3
C4
C5
C1
40
Chapter 11
Theactionstobetakenarebasedontheriskdecisionobtainedattheendofthe
assessment.Theseactionsinclude:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Takingappropriatemeasurestocontroloverexposures;
Measurestoeliminatetheriskiftheriskisintolerable;
Ending assessment and setting new date for reassessment or review of
assessment;
Determining whether monitoring of exposures and health surveillance is
necessary;
Planningoutlongtermstrategiestocontrolexposuretoaslowasreasonably
practicable;
Obtaininginformationorspecialistadviceoncertainissues;and
Maintaining control equipment in good working order by implementing
preventivemaintenanceprogramme.
11.1. Actions to be taken

ForriskdecisionC1theactionsrequiredare:
1- Endcurrentassessment;and
2- Reviewassessmenteveryfiveyearsorwhenthereisachange
incircumstancesorasdirectedbyDOSH.
1- Determine precautions to maintain controls and minimise chances of

higherexposureoccurring;
2- Determineadditionalmeasuresforregainingcontrolifahighriskevent
occurs,despiteprecautions;
3- Identifymeasures,proceduresandequipmenttopreventorcontrolany
accidentalemissionofchemicalhazardoustohealth;
4- Determineifmonitoringorhealthsurveillanceisrequiredtocheckon
effectivenessofcontrols;and
5- Review assessment every five years or when there is a change in
circumstancesorasdirectedbyDOSH.
41
1- Identify and implement immediate measures and procedures for

preventingorcontrollingexposure;
2- Identifymeasures,proceduresandequipmenttopreventorcontrolany
accidentalemissionofchemicalhazardoustohealth;
3- Establishtheneedtostoptheprocess;
4- Beginreviewoflongertermscontrolrequirements;
5- Reevaluateexposurewhentheupgradedcontrolmeasuresareinplace;
6- Determineifmonitoringorhealthsurveillanceisrequired;
7- Determineiftrainingandretrainingofemployeesisrequired
8- Review assessment every five years or when there is a change in
circumstancesorasdirectedbyDOSH.
1- Obtainadditionalinformation.Obtainspecialistadviceifnecessary;
2- Meanwhile,implementgoodworkpracticestominimiseexposure.
1- Conductamoredetailedassessment.Obtainspecialistadviceifnecessary;
2- Meanwhile,implementgoodworkpracticestominimiseexposure.
11.2. Specific Actions to be Taken
Apart from the general line of action to be taken under 11.1 exposure to these
chemicalsubstanceswarrantspecialattentionandaction:
1)
2)
3)
11.2.1.
Chemicalswithsknotation;
Carcinogens,respiratorysensitisers;and
Situationslikelytocauseimmediatedangertolifeorproperty
Chemicals with sk notation
Skinexposureneedscontrolregardlessofabsorbeddose.Skincontactisto
be prevented or minimised by the use of suitable personal protective
equipmentorclothing.
11.2.2.
Carcinogens, respiratory sensitisers

Exposures to carcinogens or respiratory sensitisers are to be avoided or
controlledtoaslowasisreasonablypracticable.Respiratoryprotectiontobe
mademandatoryirrespectiveofabsorbeddoseorairborneconcentration.For
detailedactionsforexposuretocarcinogens,pleaserefertotheGuidelines
fortheControlofChemicalsHazardoustoHealth.
42
11.2.1 Immediate danger to life or property

Underregulation12(2)ofUSECHHRegulations2000theassessmentmust
informtheemployerimmediatelyabouttheimmediatedangerarisingfrom
theplaceofwork,plant,orprocess;orarisingfromtheuseofchemicals.
11.3. Necessity for Employee Exposure Monitoring Programme

Monitoringistobeconductedonemployeesexposedtochemicalshazardousto
health listed in Schedule II of the USECHH Regulations 2000 and where an
assessmentshowsthat
Itisrequiredtoensurethattheemployeesexposurelevelsaremaintainedbelow
thePermissibleExposureLimits;or
Itisrequisiteforensuringthemaintenanceofadequatecontroloftheemployeesto
chemicalshazardoustohealth;and
Thereisanapprovedmethodofsamplingandanalysisforthechemicalhazardous
tohealth
AhygienetechnicianwhoisregisteredwiththeDepartmentofOccupationalSafety
andHealthmustconductmonitoringofexposureinordertocomplywiththelaw.
Therefore in recommending an employee exposuremonitoring programme, the
identity of the chemical hazardous to health, the perceived exposure level, the
availabilityofanoccupationalexposurestandardandtheavailabilityofanapproved
methodofsamplingandanalysisaretobeconsidered.
11.4. Necessity for Health Surveillance Programme

Healthsurveillanceprogrammeistobeconductedonthoseworkershandlingany
scheduledchemical(ScheduleIItotheUSECHHRegulations2000)andwherean
assessmentshowsthat:
1 Thereisanidentifiableworkrelateddiseaseoradversehealtheffects
forthathazardouschemicalusedinthework;
2 It is likely that the disease or condition might occur during the
conductofthework;and
3 Validtechniquesareavailabletodetectearlysignsofthediseaseor
condition.
Aregisteredoccupationalhealthdoctormustconductmedicalsurveillance,which
formpartofthehealthsurveillanceprogramme.
43
11.5.
Necessity for Employee Training & Retraining

Training is necessary for those employees who are exposed or are likely to be
exposedtochemicalshazardoustohealth.Theseinclude:
1
2
3
4
5
Workerswhomaybeexposedtoachemicalhazardoustohealth
Supervisorsofworkersatriskfromexposuretoachemicalhazardoustohealth
Membersofasafetyandhealthcommittee
Workersresponsibleforthepurchasingofachemicalhazardoustohealth
Thosewhohavedirectinvolvementinfireorotheremergencyaction
Thetrainingprovidedistoenablethemtoknow,asaminimum:
(1)
Therisktohealthcreatedbysuchexposure;and
(2)
Theprecautionsthatshouldbetaken.
Thescopeoftrainingshouldinclude
1 Legislativerequirements
15 Generaldutiesofemployer,chemicalsuppliers,andemployees
15 Purposeandbasicrequirementsforhealthsurveillance
2 Informationonchemicalhazardoustohealth
15 RecogniseandinterpretCSDSandlabels
o AbilitytousechemicalregisterandaccesstheCSDS
15 Understandingofanyworkpracticeorproceduretobefollowedin
theuseofchemicalhazardoustohealth
15 Understandingofcontrolmeasuretobeusedintheworkplace
2 Personalsafety
15 Understandingofroutesofentry
15 Riskspresentedbychemicalhazardoustohealth
15 Methodsusedtocontrolrisks
15 Precautionstakenforaparticularrisk
15 Correctuse,fitandmaintenanceofpersonalprotectiveequipmentand
clothing
2 Emergencyprocedures
15 Procedurestobefollowedinanemergency
15 Firstaidorincidentreportingprocedurestobefollowedincaseof
injuryorillness
Retrainingofemployeesshouldbecarriedout
1 Atleastonceayear
2 Eachtimethereisachangein
15 InformationprovidedonaCSDS
15 Anyhazardinformationavailable
15 Acontrolmeasure
2 Eachtimeaworkerisassignedto:
15 Anewtask;or
o Anewworkarea.
44
Chapter 12
Theassessorshallcommunicatetheresultoftheassessmenttotheemployerintheformof
areportcontainingthefollowinginformation:
ExecutiveSummary
1- Onepagesummaryofthepurpose,mainactivities,findingsandconclusions.
Background
Introduction
1- Descriptionofworksite,processescarriedoutandworkers
2- Summaryofpreviousassessmentsandfindings
AssessmentMethods
1- Describetheassessmentmethodology
Findings
1234-
Resultsofhazarddeterminationforthechemicalsused/exposedto
Resultsofexposureassessment
Adequacyofexistingcontrolmeasures
Riskdecisions
Conclusions
Discussionoffindings
1- Discussfactorsthatcontributetothesignificanthealthrisks
Actiontobetaken
1- ListdowntheactionstobetakenbytheemployerinaccordancewithThe
OccupationalSafetyandHealth(UseandStandardExposureofChemicals
HazardoustoHealth)Regulations2000Recommendationstominimizethe
healthrisksofworkerstochemicals
AssessorsParticulars
1- NameandDOSHRegistrationReference
2- LocationandDateofAssessment
Appendices
1- FormsA,B,C,D,EandF
2- Machineslayoutandthelocationoftheworkersselectedforassessment
3- Processflowchart
4- Otherrelevantinformation
45
Chapter 13
Reviewofanassessmentisnecessarytocheckwhethertherisksituationhaschangedor
thereisaneedtochangethecontrolstrategiesoralterexposureparameters.Areviewisto
becarriedoutwhen
1) Therehasbeenasignificantchangeintheworktowhichtheassessmentrelates;
2) Morethanfiveyearshaveelapsedsincethelastassessment;or
3) Directed by the Director General, Deputy Director General or the Director of
OccupationalSafetyandHealth.
Significantchangeintheworkmeanschangesthatmayaffecttheriskdecisions,the
adequacyofcontrolmeasuresortheconclusionofanassessment.Thismayinclude
1 Changesinthechemicalsusedorhandled;or
2 Increasingordecreasingutilisationofchemicalshazardoustohealthused;or
3 Changesinthemethodsorrateofwork;or
4 Deteriorationintheefficiencyofcontrolequipment;or
5 Plantfailureorsystemfailure;or
6 Newinformationonthehazardsofthechemicalbecomesavailable;or
7 Neworimprovedcontrolmeasuresbecomepracticable.
46
1.
TheAustralianNationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommissionsGuidance
Note for the Assessment of Health Risk Arising from the Use of Hazardous
SubstancesintheWorkplace,1994.
2.
Health Risk Assessment, paper presented by Anuar Mohd. Mokhtar at the

governmentoccupationalsafetyandhealthofficersseminar,PortDickson,Oct.
1995.
3.
Code of Practice for the Management of Hazardous Substances, Division of

WorkplaceHealthandSafety,DepartmentofEmployment,VocationalEducation,
TrainingandIndustrialRelations,Queensland,Australia,1995.
4.
Illing,H.P.A(1991),ExtrapolatingfromToxicityDatatoOccupationalExposure
Limits:SomeConsiderations,Ann.Occup.Hyg.,Vol35.,No.6.pp569580
5.
AssessmentofTheHealthRisksArisingFromTheUseofHazardousChemicalsin
TheWorkplaceAManualofRecommendedPractice,DepartmentofOccupational
SafetyandHealth,Malaysia,FirstEdition,1996.
6.
Mesch,K.A.andKugele,T.G.(1992)UseofOrganotinStabilisersRiskAssessment
Analysis.JournalofVinylTechnology14.
7.
Exxon Exposure Assessment StrategyUsers Guide (1996). Exxon Biomedical

Sciences,Inc.,NewJersey,USA.
8.
P.U.(A)131:OccupationalSafetyandHealth(UseandStandardofExposureof
ChemicalsHazardoustoHealth)Regulations2000.Malaysiangovernmentgazette:
th
4 April2000.
9.
P.U.(A) 143: Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and

Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997. Malaysian government
gazette:15thApril1997.
47
APPENDIX 1
ROUTES OF ENTRY
Inindustryinhalation is the most significantroute ofentry. The respiratory system consists of the upper
respiratorytract(nose,mouthandthroat),theairpassageways(trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,andrespiratory
bronchioles)andthegasexchangearea(alveoli).Thetotalsurfaceareaofthealveoliinahealthyadultis90
squaremetres.Aworkerperformingamoderatetaskinhalesabout8.5cubicmetresofairinthecourseofan8
hourshift.
Forliquidorsolidparticulate,sizeandshapeoftheparticlesareamongthekeyfactorsthatinfluencethesiteof
deposition,retention,distributionandultimatehealtheffect.Generallyparticleslargerthan50maerodynamic
diameterarepreventedfromenteringthesystemasaresultofinadequatesuctionpower.Particlesbetween10
and50mareeffectivelyfilteredinthenose.Particlesof710monimpactwiththemucoussurfaceare
carriedoutwardsbytheciliaryescalatorupthepharynxwithinafewhourswheretheyareeitherexpectorated
orswallowed.Particlesof0.57 maerodynamicdiameteraredepositedintherespiratorybronchiolesand
alveoli.Verysolubleparticlespassthroughthelungsinminutes.Lesssolublemattertrappedinthealveolar
regionisscavengedbylargephagocyticcellswhicheithercrossthealveolarmembraneorexitviatheciliary
escalatortobeultimatelyswallowedorexpectorated.Particlessmallerthan0.5mandgasesremainairborne
andareexhaledout.
Oneoftheprimefunctionsoftheskinistoprovideaprotectivebarrierforthebodyagainstinvasionbyforeign
substances.Theskinisnotaperfectbarrieranditslargesurfacearea(about1.7squaremetresfortheaverage
adult)anditsdirectcontactwiththeexternalmilieurenderitvulnerabletohostileenvironment.Absorption
throughtheskinisanotherimportantrouteofchemicalentry,especiallyforchemicalsthatarelipidsoluble
suchaspesticides.Thesechemicalpenetratedtheintactskinandgetintothebloodstream.Otherchemicals
mayenterthebodythroughcutsordamagedskin.Differentpartsofthebodyhavedifferentskinstructureand
thicknessandhencedifferentresistancetochemicalpenetration.
Penetrationoforganophosphatesandcarbamateinsecticidesthroughhumanskin:
Site
*Penetrationpotential
Forearm
Palmofhand
Dorsumofhand
Abdomen
Folliclerichsites(e.g.scalp,forehead,angleofjaw)
Intergeniousaxilla
Scrotum
1
1
2
2
4
47
almostcomplete
*Usingtheforearmasaframeofreference,i.e.penetrationpotentialof1
Ingestiondoesnotconstituteasignificantrouteofexposureofindustrialchemicals
because:Fewerchemicalscanenterviathisroute.
ThedurationofexposureviaingestionisusuallyshorterthanbyanyotherroutesFor
manychemicalsoraltoxicityislowerthaninhalationtoxicityorskinpenetration
Thehazardcanbesignificantlyreducedbytheprohibitionofeatingordrinkingintheworkplace
andgoodpersonalhygiene.
Forsomechemicalsingestioncanbecomeproblematicwhenpersonalhygieneispoor.Awarenessof
thishazardisessentialtominimiseaccidentalcontactbycontaminatedskinorprotectivegloves.Accidental,
carelessorirresponsiblecontaminationofthefoodchaincanalsoleadtoingestionhazard.
48
APPENDIX 2
HEALTH EFFECTS
Acute&ChronicEffects
Acuteeffectsareeffectsthatarecausedbyshortperiodsofexposure(e.g.seconds
orminutes)tohighconcentrationsofasubstance.Anexampleofacuteeffectis
carbon monoxide poisoning where a brief exposure to a high concentration of
carbonmonoxidecausesasphyxiation.
Chroniceffectsorlongtermeffectsareeffectsthatresultedfromrepeatedor
prolonged exposure (continuing day after day or week after week), typically
involving relatively low levels of a substance. An example of chronic effect is
silicosis, where prolonged exposure over a number of years to crystalline silica
causesfibrosisofthelungs.
Local&SystemicEffects
Alocaleffectisonethatoccursatthesiteoffirstcontactwiththechemical.An
example is the corrosive action (chemical burn) on the skin caused by an acid
spillage.Irritationoftheeyes,skinortherespiratorysystemisanotherexampleof
localeffect.
Asystemiceffectoccursatasitedistantfromtheinitialpointofcontact,and
takesplaceafterachemicalhasbeenabsorbedintothebody.Anexampleisleadthat
entersthebodyeitherbyinhalationofdustoffumesorbyingestion.Itisthenabsorbed
intothebloodwhereitexertsitseffectbyinterferingintheproductionofhaemoglobin
inredbloodcells.Chronicleadpoisoningmayresultinareducedabilityofthebloodto
distributeoxygenthroughoutthebody,aconditionknownasanaemia.
Immediate&DelayedEffects
Immediate effects are toxic effects that develop soon after exposure occurs. An
exampleisnarcosisduetotheinhalationofahighconcentrationoftoluenevapour.
Delayed effects are effects occurringsome time after exposure has taken
place.Anexampleismesothelioma,alungcancerthatoccursmanyyearsafterfirst
exposuretoasbestosfibres.
TargetOrgans
Thetargetorganoftargettissueistheorganortissuewhereadverseeffectoccurs.
Thisdiffersfromchemicaltochemicalasdifferentchemicalsubstancemayaffect
different organs in the body in different ways. The reason for this may be the
tendencyofaparticulartoaccumulateinaspecifictissueororgan.Cadmium,for
example, can accumulate in the kidneys and, with repeated exposure can cause
kidneyfailure.Forsomechemicalsubstancetheremaybemorethanonetarget
organ.Forexample,exposuretoinorganicmercurycompoundscanleadtorenal
toxicityandcentralnervoussystemtoxicity.
49
ReversibleandIrreversibleEffects
Reversibleeffectsareeffectsthatsubsideonceexposureceases.Anexampleisthe
irritationortheeyes,skinandrespiratorytract,resultingfromexposuretochlorine
gas.Theseeffectsrecedeonceexposureceases.
Irreversible effects are effects that remain following the cessation of
exposure,andmayevenprogress.Cancerisatypicalexampleofanirreversible
effect.nHexaneisachemicalthatdemonstratesbothreversibleandirreversible
effects,dependingonthelevelanddurationofexposure.Repeatedexposureton
hexane can cause peripheral neuropathy (disease of the peripheral nerves), an
irreversible effect. Acute exposure to nhexane can lead to narcosis, due to a
repressiveeffectonthecentralnervoussystem.
SomeSpecificEffects
Carcinogenicityisamultistageprocesswherebyexposuretoasubstanceresultsin
geneticdamagewithinacell,leadingultimatelytouncontrolledproliferationofcells
andtheinductionoftumour.Benzeneisacarcinogeninthatitcausesleukaemiain
exposedworkers.
Mutagenicityreferstoapermanentchangeinthegeneticmaterialofacell,
whichmaybepassestothenextgenerationofcells.Ifasubstancecausesmutations
inthegeneticmaterialsofgermcells(reproductivecells,includingspermorova),
thegeneticdamagemaybepassedtooffspring.Ifasubstancecausesmutationsin
somaticcells(nonreproductivecellsinthebody),thiscouldprovidethebasisfor
thedevelopmentofcancer.
Teratogenicity is the process that induces the formation of developmental
abnormalities in a foetus. Known teratogens include the drug thalidomide, ethyl
glycol,anddimethylformamide.
Sensitisationorallergicreactionistheimmunologicalreactionofthebodytothe
presenceofaparticularsubstancecalledallergen.Sensitisationmayappearafter
repeatedcontactwithanallergen.Oncesensitisationhasbeeninduced,evenlow
dosescanprovokeareaction.
1 Skinsensitisersaresubstancesthatinduceanimmunologicallymediatedskin
reactionincertainindividualsasaresultofskincontact.Chromiumcompounds
(trivalent and hexavalent compounds) is an example of a skin allergen or
sensitiser.
2 Respiratory sensitisers (or asthmagens) are substances that induce a state of

specificairwayhyperresponsivenessinparticularindividuals.Themechanism
involvedinrespiratorysensitisationmaybeimmunologicalorirritant.Toluene
diisocyanateisanexampleofarespiratorysensitiserthatcancauseoccupational
asthmatoexposedperson.
50
APPENDIX 3 -1
PROCEDUREFORCHEMICALHEALTHRISKASSESSMENT
1.DecidingtheAssessor
2.GatherInformation
Gotostep7:
C4
Information
sufficient?
Y
3. DivideintoWorkUnit
4. DetermineDegreeof
Hazard
5. EvaluateExposures
Exposure
Estimatedwithcertainty?
Y
A
Gotostep7:
C5
51
APPENDIX 3-2
6.AssessAdequacyof
ControlMeasure
7. ConcludeAssessment
Risk
Significan
t
S
i
Not
Ade
quat
ely
cont
roll
ed
8. IdentifyActionstobeTaken
Control
Adequate
?
9. KeepRecord
Y
10. ReviewAssessment
C
2
N
o
C4:
Insu
ffici
ent
Info
rmat
ion
C
3
C5:
Unc
ertai
n
Abo
ut
Exp
osur
e
52
APPENDIX 4
REGISTRATION AS AN ASSESSOR
General
Anypersonwishingtoberegistered,asanAssessororaHygieneTechnicianoran
OccupationalHealthDoctormustfulfilthefollowingrequirements:
1) beaMalaysiancitizen;orifaforeignresident,mustholdavalidMalaysianworking
permit;
2) mustnotbelessthantwentyone(21)yearsofageatthetimeofsubmittingapplication;
3) isahealthypersonofgoodcharacter;
d) hasnotbeenfoundguiltyforanyactoromissionwhichamountstoprofessional
negligenceasaprofessionalengineeroramedicalpractitioner;
5) hasnotbeenconvictedofanoffenceundertheActorregulationsmadethereunder;and
6) hasnotbeenconvictedofanoffenceunderanylawandsentencedtomorethanoneyear
imprisonmentorafineofmorethantwothousandMalaysianringgit.
Qualification&Training
ApersonapplyingtoberegisteredwiththeDirectorGeneralasanAssessor,inadditionto
therequirementsoftheaboveparagraph,mustatleast:
1) beacertifiedindustrialhygienistasrecognisedbytheAmericanBoardofIndustrial
HygieneorbyanyotheraccreditedcertificationbodyrecognisedbyDOSH;
OR
2)
(i)possessadegreeorpostgraduatediplomainoccupational
safetyandhealth;occupationalsafety;occupationalhealth;or
industrial/occupationalhygienerecognised*bytheGovernmentofMalaysia;(ii)
hasaminimumofone(1)yearpracticeinoccupationalsafetyandhealth;
and
(3)
hasconductedachemicalhealthriskassessmentorhassuccessfullyattended
the course for assessor on chemical health risk assessment conducted by
NIOSHorbyanytrainingproviderrecognisedbyDOSH
OR
3)
(i) possess a degree in medicine, engineering, physics, chemistry, biochemistry,

ergonomicsornaturalandappliedsciences,recognised*bytheGovernment
ofMalaysia;and
(2)
hasaminimumofthree(3)yearspracticeinoccupationalsafetyandhealth;
and
(3)
the course for assessor on chemical health risk assessment conducted by
NIOSHorbyanytrainingproviderrecognisedbyDOSH;
53
OR
4)
(i)possessadiplomainengineering,physics,chemistry,biochemistry,
ergonomicsornaturalandappliedsciencesrecognised*bytheGovernmentof
Malaysia;
and
(ii)
hasaminimumoffive(5)yearspracticeinoccupationalsafetyandhealth;
(3)
thecourseforassessoronchemicalhealthriskassessmentconductedby
NIOSHorbyanytrainingproviderrecognisedbyDOSH;
OR
5)
(i) possess the Higher School Certificate / Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia
(STPM) , a Polytechnic certificate or equivalent with at least a credit in
chemistry at the Malaysian Certificate of Education (MCE) / the Sijil
PersekolahanMalaysia(SPM)level;
(2)
hasaminimumofseven(7)yearspracticeinoccupationalsafetyandhealth;
(3)
has successfully attended the course for assessor on chemical health risk
assessmentconductedbyNIOSHorbyanytrainingproviderrecognisedby
DOSH;and
(4)
has passed the examination for assessors conducted by
NIOSH.OR
6)
(i)aregisteredsafetyandhealthofficer;
(2)
hasaminimumoften(10)yearspracticeinoccupationalsafetyandhealth;
(3)
has successfully attended the course for assessor on chemical health risk
assessmentconductedbyNIOSHorbyanytrainingproviderrecognisedby
DOSH;and
(4)
haspassedtheexaminationforassessorsconductedbyNIOSH.
*HoweverforthosewithqualificationsnotrecognisedbytheGovernmentofMalaysia
theymayberegisteredonconditionthatthey,inadditiontotherespectiveconditionsunder
paragraphsb),c)ord)hadpassedtheexaminationforassessorconductedbyNIOSH.
54
SUMMARYREPORTOFACHEMICALHEALTHRISKASSESSMENT
APPENDIX4b
NameandAddressofCompanyAssessed:
.
DateofAssessment
:..
WorkArea/
Department
WorkUnit
No.Workers
inWorkUnit
Chemicalshazardousto
healthinWorkUnit
Assessment
Conclusions
Recommendations
Iherebydeclarethattheparticularsinthisreportareaccuratetothebestofmyknowledge.
Name:..
Address:
RegistrationNo.:
F5
(SignatureofAssessor)
Date:
55
APPENDIX 5
FORMAT OF THE CHEMICAL REGISTER
Disediakanoleh(namadantandatangan):..
Tarikhdisediakan:___/___/____
Jawatan:...
DAFTARBAHANKIMIAMEMBAHAYAKANKESIHATAN
1.
MAKLUMATTEMPATKERJA
NamadanAlamatTempatKerja:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Poskod:________________
No.Telefon:____________
No.Fax:______________No.PendaftaranJKKP(jikaada):_______________JumlahPekerja:Lelaki______
Perempuan:___________
2.
MAKLUMATBAHANKIMIAMEMBAHAYAKANKESIHATAN
Bilanganbahankimiadigunakan
3.
Bilanganbahankimiayangdihasilkan
Bilangansisabahankimiayangdihasilkan
SENARAIBAHANKIMIAMEMBAHAYAKANKESIHATAN
Bil.
NamaBahan/
Produk
NamaKimia/
RamuanAktif
Jenis
*
CSDS
**
LokasiKimia
Digunakan/
Dihasilkan
Kuantiti
***
Penggunaan
Keluaran
Namadan
AlamatPembekal
No.CAS
****
Kelas
Penstoran
Nota:
*
**
***
****
#
Jenis:
CSDS:
Kuantiti:
No.CAS:
Kelas:
B=Bahankeluaransampingan
O=Bahanselainnya
W=Bahanbuangan
P=Produk
R=Bahanmentah
Tandakan(Y)jikaada;dan(N)jikatiada
KewujudanRisalahKeselamatanBahanKimia;
Nyatakansamaadapuratasetahunatausebulan
NomborbahankimiasepertiyangdidaftardenganChemicalAbstractServicediAmerikaSyarikat
PengelasanbahankimiamenurutPeraturanPeraturanKeselamatandanKesihatanPekerjaan(Pengelasan,PembungkusandanPerlabelanBahanKimiaBerbahaya),1997.
56
APPENDIX 6
CSDS REQUIREMENTS UNDER CPL REGULATIONS 1997
ThedutytofurnishanuptodateCSDSforeachhazardouschemicalisonthesupplieras
stipulated under Regulation 9(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification,
Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997 [P.U. (A) 143],
hereinafterreferredtoastheRegulations.Asupplierisapersonwhosupplieschemicals
andincludesaformulator,amanufacturer,animporteroradistributor.
TheinformationthatasuppliershouldprovideontheCSDSisstipulatedinRegulation9(2)
oftheRegulationsandconsistsofthefollowing:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
The chemical product itself including the trade or common name of the
chemicalandthecompanyidentificationwithdetailsofthesupplier;
Thecompositionoftheingredientsthatclearlyidentifiesthehazardous
chemicalforthepurposeofconductingahazardevaluation;
Hazardidentification;
Firstaidmeasures;
Firefightingmeasures;
Accidentalreleasemeasures
Handlingandstorage;
Exposure controls and personal protection (including
possiblemethodsofmonitoringworkplaceexposure);
Physicalandchemicalproperties;
Stabilityandreactivity;
Toxicologicalinformation(includingthepotentialroutesofentryinto
thebodyandthepossibilityofsynergismwithotherchemicalsor
hazardsencounteredatwork);
Ecologicalinformation;
Disposalinformation;
Transportinformation;and
Date of preparation of the Chemical Safety
DataSheet.
TheregulationsalsorequirethatthesupplierreviewsandrevisestheCSDSwheneverthereare
newinformationontheparticularhazardouschemical.
57
APPENDIX 7
HAZARD RATING DETERMINATION & EXPOSURE
Example1:
PreparationZcontains20%benzene,50%xylene,and30%nonhazardous
ingredients.Thispreparationhasbeencategorisedascarcinogenic(R45(1)),
toxic(R48,R23/24/25),harmful(R20/21),andirritant(R38).Byreferringto
Table2,preparationZisreclassifiedforassessmentpurposesasbelow:
Group1:
CarcinogenicR45(1)
ToxicR48
ToxicR23/24/25
HarmfulR20/21
SkinirritantR38
(HR=5)
(HR=4)
(HR=4)
(HR=3)
(HR=2)
Group2:
Therefore
1)
HazardratingforpreparationXis5basedonitscarcinogeniceffect.
2)
TheexposureassessmentnecessaryisonALLroutesofexposuresince
thechemicalmaybehazardousthroughanyroutesofentryorcontact
3)
Assignsknotationduetoskinirritant.
Example2:
Preparation Y contains 45% sulphuric acid and 55% nonhazardous ingredients.
Thispreparationhasbeenclassifiedascorrosive(R35).ReferringtoTable2Yis
classified:
Group2:
CorrosiveR35
(HR=4)
Therefore
a)HazardratingforpreparationYis4(corrosivetoskin&eyes).
1) Theexposureassessmentnecessaryisonlyforskin&eyecontact.
2) Assignsknotationsincecorrosivetoeyesorskin.
Example3:
Achemicalpreparationcontaining30%xyleneand70%nonhazardousingredients.
Thispreparationhasbeendeterminedtobeharmfulbyinhalationandincontact
withskin(R20/21)andirritatingtoskin(R38).ReferringtoTable2,thispreparation
isreclassifiedforassessmentasfollows:
Group1:
HarmfulR20/21
(HR=3)
SkinirritantR38
Group2:
(HR=2)
Therefore
1)
Hazardratingforpreparationis3(harmfulthroughinhalation&skincontact)
2)
Theexposureassessmentnecessaryisforinhalation&skincontact
3)
Assignsknotation.
58
Sampling Strategy
APPENDIX 8
ObjectiveofStrategy
Theobjectiveofthesamplingstrategyistoreducethevariationinthesamplingresultssothatareliable
estimatecanbemadeofthetimeweightedaverageexposureconcentration.
VariationsinResults
Estimatesofoccupationalexposureaveragesareaffectedbyanumberoffactors.Errorinsamplingcan
broadlybecategorisedasrandomerrorandsystematicerror.
Randomerrorscannotbepreventedbutcanbeaccountedforstatistically.Typicalrandomerrors
are:randomsamplingdeviceerrors(asrandomfluctuationsinpumpflowrate)
randomanalyticalmethoderrors(asrandomfluctuationsinachemicallaboratoryprocedure)
randomintraday(withinday)environmentalfluctuationsinacontaminantsconcentration.
randominterday(betweendays)environmentalfluctuationsinacontaminantsconcentration
Systematicerrorsareerrorscannotbeaccountedforstatisticallybutcanbeprevented.Theseerrorsinclude:
systematicerrorsinthemeasurement(impropercalibration,improperuseofequipment,erroneous
recordingofdata,etc.)and
systematicchangesinacontaminantsairborneconcentration(asduetotheemployeemoving
toadifferentexposureconcentrationorshuttingoffanexhaustfan)
SamplerDeployment
The deployment of samplers will depend on the purpose of sampling, whether concerning contaminant
emissionsorconcerningcontaminantexposures.Forassessingemissions,thedeviceislocatedatafixedpoint
andforassessingexposure,thesamplerisplacedwithinthebreathingzoneoftheexposedworker.
Basicallythereistwotypeofsampling:
1) areasamplinglocatedatfixedpointsinthevicinityofcontaminantsources;and
2) personalsamplingattachedtoworkerswiththesamplingheadwithinthebreathingzone.
Thebreathingzoneisanilldefinedatmosphericregionextendingoutwardsfromthefaceandchestwithin
whichitisassumedthattheconcentrationofthecontaminantisidenticalwiththatinwhichairactuallyenters
thenose.Inordertoovercomethepracticaldifficultiesassociatedwithmeasurementattheentrancetothe
nose,itiscommonpracticetolocatethesampleratanunspecifieddistanceinfrontofthefaceorbyattaching
itattheworkersshirtcollarorlapel.
(Althoughthecommonestsiteisthelapel,studieshaveshownthatsamplermountedatthatlocationiscapable
ofproducingaresultanywherefromonehalftotwicetheactualexposureconcentration).
Numberanddurationofsamples
Theresultsofexposuresamplingareintendedforeventualcomparisonwithsomeformofhygienestandardsuchas
OccupationalExposureLimitsofThresholdLimitValues.Thesestandardshavebeendevelopedusuallyfromdose
effectrelationshipswherethedoseistheestimatedbodyburdenofthecontaminantaccumulatedoverashorttimefor
asubstanceproducingacuteeffectsoroveralongperiodforasubstancegivingrisetochroniceffects.Inorderto
predictthebiologicaleffectsofexposuretoafastactingcontaminant,itisnecessarytosampleforbriefperiodsof
timesoastodetectthetransientconcentrationpeaks.Converselyiftheairbornesubstanceonlyproducesitseffectsin
thelongtermafterabuildupofalargebodyburden,thenaseriesofmeasurementsofatmosphericconcentrations
carriedoutoveranextendedtimeperiodwillbeappropriate.
Thepossiblesamplingsystemsarelistedbelowindescendingorderofaccuracyinestimatingexposure:
59
1)
Fullperiodconsecutivesamples
Obtaining several samples, whether equal or unequal time duration, obtained
duringtheentireperiodappropriatetostandard(e.g.8hours)
2) Fullperiodsinglesample
1Involvestakingofasinglesampleforfullperiodofstandard.Ithastheadvantage
oflessanalyticalcost.Thissystemispracticalinsituationwherethedustconcentrationis
low.
1-
3)
Partialperiodconsecutivesamples
Oneorseveralsamples,whetherequalorunequaltimedurationare
Obtainedforonlyaportionoftheperiodappropriatetothestandard.
Thisportionoftheperiodshouldcoveratleast70to80%ofthefull
period.d)Grabsamples
Samplestakenoversomenumberofshortperiodsoftime(lessthan1houreachgenerally
onlyminutestoseconds).Thesesamplesaretakenatrandomintervalsovertheperiodoftime
forwhichthestandardisdefined.
Whotosample?
Thepurposeistogetthehighestexposurefromagroupofworkersdoingasimilarjobatthesameworkarea.
Thehighestexposedworkermaybedeterminedfromobservationoftheworkplace.Thesefactorsmaybe
consideredwhenselectingthehighestriskworker:
1) nearnesstosource;
2)
3)
4)
durationandfrequencyofexposure;
natureofworkorworkpractice;and
availabilityofcontrolmeasures
Ifitisnotpossibletoidentifythemostexposedworkertobesampledduetothehomogeneityoftheexposure,
thenarandomselectionworkersneedtobecarriedoutsuchthataleastoneoftherandomlyselectedworker
forsamplingwillrepresentthehighexposuresubgroup.
Inrandomselection,thefollowingstepsareadopted:
1) alistofworkersisprepared,;
2)
3)
numbertheworkerconsecutively1,2,3,,n;
determine the sample size N from a statistical table to obtain a high probability of
samplingahighriskemployee(e.g.samplesizefortop20%andconfidencelevelof
95%givenbelow)
4)
randomlyselecttheNworkersbyusingatableofrandomnumbers(orothergenerated
randomnumbers)byselectinganarbitrarystartingpoint,andfromthere,listthefirstN
differentintegersbetween1andn.
Table:Samplesizefortop20%andconfidence0.95
Sizeofgroup
78
911
1214
Requiredno.of
measuredworker
6
7
8
(N)
AirSamplingProcedures
Theprocedureforairsamplingcanbedividedinto3stages:
1) preparation
2) takingsamples
3) analysesample
1518
1926
2743
4450
10
11
12
50
14
Preparation
60
Preparationformonitoringofairbornecontaminantisthecrucialstageindecidingthebeststrategytobe
adopted.Itstartswiththepreliminaryinspectionandendswhensamplesarecollected.Stepsinthepreparatory
stageare:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
preliminaryinspectioniscarriedouttoidentifytheaircontaminantstobesampledandthehigh
riskworkersforexposuremonitoring
lookupairsamplingmethod(e.g.NIOSHMethods)todeterminetheinstrumentstobeused;the
appropriatesamplingmedia;thepumpflowrate;thenumberofsamplestobepreparedbasedon
theminimumandmaximumsamplevolumerecommended;thenumberofblanks;andthesample
handlingandtransportrequirements
dischargingandchargingofpumpbatteries
calibrationofpumpstodesiredflowrate
preparationofsamplingmedia
e.g.filterstobeconditionedinsidetheweighingroombeforeinitialweighing
packingofsamplingmedia
checkavailabilityofmonitoringforms,whirlinghygrometerandotherequipment
Takingsamples
Takingsamplesinvolvevariousactivitiesfromtheassemblingofsamplinginstrumentstothetransportationof
samplesforchemicalanalysis.Thestepsinvolvedare:
1 assemblesamplinginstruments
2 assembleselectedworkers&recordtheirparticular
3 briefthemonthepurposeofmonitoring&thedosanddonts
4 mountthesamplingdeviceontotheworkers
5 startpump&recordstarttime
6 duringmonitoring,
7 checkpumpflowrate&conditionofsamplingdevice&sample
8 measure&recordthewetanddrybulbtemperatures&therecordweatherconditions
9 observeworkroutinesandpractices
10 observeavailabilityandeffectivenessofcontrolmeasures
11 attheendofsamplingperiod,
12 collectthesamplesandpackedproperlysoasnottodislodgeparticulateorescapeofcontaminant
duringhandling&transportationofsample
13 checkpumpflowratefinalflowratetobewithin10%oftheinitialflowrate
14 sentsampleforanalysis
Analysesample
Analysingofsamplesincludesthechemicalanalysisandthedeterminationofthesampleconcentration.
1
2
3
4
5
forgravimetricanalysis,conditionthefilterfirstbeforeweighing
determinetheamountofsamplecollected
determinethevolumeofairsampled(flowrateXsamplingduration)
determinecontaminantconcentration
blankscorrection
61
APPENDIX 9
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
InMalaysiatheoccupationalexposurelimits(OEL)aretermedPermissibleExposureLimits(PEL)
andthesearefoundinvariousRegulationsgazettedbytheGovernment.Forthepurposeofthis
manual,theOELtobeusedistheMalaysianPEL.
TherearethreetypesofPELfoundintheRegulations:
1
TWAlimit
thetimeweightedaverageairborneconcentrationforanormaleighthourworkday,
towhichnearlyallworkersmayberepeatedlyexposed,dayafterday,withoutany
adverseeffect.
1
ceilinglimit
the airborne concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the
workingday.
2
maximumexposurelimit
a fifteenminutetimeweightedaverageairborneconcentrationthatisdefinedas
threetimestheTWA
WhereaPELisnotavailableforachemicalsubstance,theassessormayuseotherOELsuchasthe
ThresholdLimitValues(TLV)publishedbytheAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrial
Hygienists(ACGIH).
TheOELforaliquidmixtureswheretheatmosphericcompositionofthevapourabovethemixture
issimilartothatofthemixture,maybedeterminedbytheuseofthefollowingformulaifthe
percentageweightcompositionandOELofindividualcomponentsareknown:
1/OEL=f1/OEL1+f2/OEL2++fn/OELn
wherefnisthefractionbyweightofcomponentninthemixture.
AnapplicationofthisformulatocalculatetheinhouseOELisforanorganicsolventmixturesuch
aswhitespiritthatcontainedalkanes,cycloalkanes,andaromatics.
ForworkshiftslongerthaneighthoursadjustmenthastobemadetotheOELsincethelongerthe
dayoverwhichthecontaminantisabsorbed,theshortertheperiodofrecoverybeforethenextinsult.
ThisadjustmentisbymultiplyingtheOELwiththefollowingfactor(BriefandScala,1975):
8x24HH
16
whereHisthenumberofhoursworked.
Forexample,aworkerworkingona12hourworkshiftwillbeworkingfor12hoursandthenrest
forthenext12hours(therecoveryperiod)beforethenext12hoursexposure.Theadjustmentfactor
is0.5,meaningthattheOELforthisworkerishalfthatforaworkerworkingan8hourshift.
Thelimitationofthisformulaisthatitdoesnotapplytocontinuous24hour
exposure,workperiodsoflessthan78hoursperdayor35hoursperweekorfor
concentrationdependentacutetoxicant.
62
APPENDIX 10
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF INHALATION EXPOSURE MAGNITUDE
FROM AIRBORNE MEASUREMENT RESULT.
Example1:MeasurementsfromDirectReadingInstruments(e.g.MIRAN1BX)
Similarexposuresduringeachtask
A worker is exposed to toluene once a day for a fiveday working week. The
averagedurationofexposuretotolueneisabout3.5hoursperday.Measurement
usingdirectreadingequipmentshowedthattheaverageconcentrationoftolueneis
350ppm(PEL=200ppm).
Computation:
TWAconcentration=
=
(3.5x350)+(4.5x0)
8
153ppm(or0.8PEL)
Example2:IntegratedSamplingPartialPeriodConsecutiveSamples
Aworkerisexposedtoasbestosfibres.Resultsoftwosamplestakenoveran8
hourperiodare:
DurationResults
200minutes
1.1fibre/ml
230minutes
1.3fibre/ml
(PELforasbestosexposureis1fibre/ml)?
Whatishisdegreeofexposureassuming
1)
similarexposurefortheunmeasuredtimeperiod?
2)
zeroexposurefortheunmeasuredtimeperiod?
Computation:
a)
Similarexposure:
TWAconcentration
b)
Zeroexposure:
TWAconcentration
(1.1x200)+(1.3x230)
200+230
1.2fibre/ml(or1.2PEL)
(1.1x200)+(1.3x230)+(0x50)
200+230+50
519
480
=
=
1.08fibre/ml(or1.08PEL)
63
APPENDIX 11
Estimation of Exposures
Thequalitativeestimationofexposureisbasedonanexposuremodelthatconsists
essentiallyofasource,atransmissionpathandareceiver(theworker).Thedose
and effect resulting from exposure isalso takenintoaccount.Anoutline ofthe
modelisgivenbelow:
Source
EMISSION
Path
DISPERSAL
Receiver
EXPOSURE DOSE
Itshouldbenotedthatexposuremodellingissubjecttoconsiderableuncertainty
(C.N.Gray,1999)
The qualitative exposure assessment is based on industrial hygiene professional
judgement.Thisgenerallyinvolvesthecomparisonofobservedexposuresituation
withotheroperationstheassessorhasexperiencedandforwhichmeasuredexposure
dataareavailable.
Itisbasedontheconceptthattheamountofchemicalabsorbedorcontactedor
incontactwiththebodydependsondegreeofchemicalreleaseorpresenceand
thedegreeofreceptionorretentionattheboundaryofcontact.
EFFECT
64
APPENDIX 12
FACTORS AFFECTING INHALATION EXPOSURE
The intensity or magnitude of exposure at the route of entry can be estimated bylooking at the various
parametersthatcontributestowardtheaccumulationorbuildupofthechemicalsubstanceassessedatthe
boundariesofexposure(e.g.breathingzoneforinhalationexposure).
DEGREEOFRELEASE
a)ContaminantReleaseRate
physicalformofchemical,sizeanddensity
whethergas,vapour,airborneparticulategas&vapourmoreeasilytobereleasedto
environment
volatility&evaporationrate
morevolatile(highvapourpressure&lowboilingpoint)moreeasilyvapourwill
bereleasedintotheair
highevaporationratemeansfaster
releaseb)QuantityUsedorHandled
quantityusedorhandled
moreused,morewillbe
generatedc)AirContamination
contaminationofsurroundingair,clothingorworksurfaces
presenceinair(visually,odour,sensation)
contamination of work clothing or on work
surfacestypeofrelease
hotorcoldprocesshotprocessusuallyhighreleases
batchorcontinuousprocessbatchprocessusuallyhigherreleases
4) InVicinityofSource
closenesstosource
source/contamination within or outside breathing
zonedirecthandling
5)
InEnclosed/ConfineSpaceWhereContaminantisPresent
ventilationrate/accumulationinworkingenvironment
enclosed or open work
area/spacewellventilatedornot
DEGREEOFRECEPTIONORRETENTION
Thedegreeofchemicalreceptionandreceptionisinfluencedbythefollowingfactors:
a)WorkPractice
natureofhandling/workpractice
manualormechanisedoperation
goodorbadworkpractice
b)AirIntake
rateofbreathing
carryingoutlight,moderateorheavywork
3)
Contaminated Clothing
& Surfaces degree of
contamination
4) WorkersAwareness
information,instruction&
traininge)PersonalHygiene
cleanlinessofface&hands
65
APPENDIX 13
FACTORS AFFECTING DERMAL EXPOSURE
Thepotentialforskinoreyeabsorptionisinfluencedbythefollowingfactors
chemicalcharacteristics
thehigherthefatsolubilitythehigheristheskinpenetrability
thehigherthemolecularweightthesloweristheabsorptionrate
chemical with skinnotation means that it can be easily absorbed
throughtheskin
conditionoftheskin
whetherhealthy,dry,cracked,scarred,damaged
thesurfaceareaofcontact
the larger the contact area the higher is the degree of chemical
absorptionorinjury
thesiteofcontact
certainpartsofthebodyaremorepenetrablethanothers,e.g.follicle
richsites
Thepotentialforskin/eyecontactisinfluencedbythesefactors:
concentrationofchemicalinsolutionorinair
higherconcentrationofthechemicalinsolutionorinair,thehigher
isdamagepotential
natureofcontact
directorindirect
workpractices
goodorbadpracticesaffectthedegreeofskin/eyecontact
APPENDIX 14
SOL
VEN
T
DRY
ING
TIM
E
66
SOLVENT
DryTimeRelation
EthylEtherC.P
Petrolene
CarbonTetrachloride
Acetone
MethylAcetate
EthylAcetate8588%
Trichlorethylene
Benzol(Industrial)
MethylEthylKetone
IsopropylAcetate85%
EthyleneDichloride
Solvsol19/27
EthyleneChloride
PropyleneDichloride
Troluoil
1.0
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7
3.0
3.7
4.0
4.1
4.1
Methanol
Toluol(Industrial)
MethylPropylKetone
V.M&P
Perchlorethylene
Nor.PropylAcetate
Sec.ButylAcetate
Solox(Anhydrous)
IsobutylAcetate90%
Apcothinner
EthylAlcohol,Den.No.1
Solox
IsoproplyAlcohol99%
Nor.PropylAlcohol
Solvsol24/34
Nor.ButylAcetate
DiethylCarbonate
MethylButylKetone
Xylol(Industrial)
MonochlorBenzol
TertiaryButylAlcohol
Sec.ButylAlcohol
5.0
5.0
5.2
5.8
6.0
6.1
6.5
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.7
8.0
8.6
9.1
9.4
9.6
9.6
9.7
9.7
10.0
11.9
14.0
DegreeofDrying
Fast
Medium
67
SOLVENT
Sec.AmylAcetate
AmylAcetate
IsobutylAlcohol
MethylCellosoive
ButylPropionate
Pentacetate
DryTimeRelation
16.9
17.4
17.7
18.0
18.0
20.0
DegreeofDrying
Turpentine
Butanol
Sec.AmylAlcohol
250WHiFlashNaphtha
AmylAlcohol(FuselOil)
DiIsopropylKetone
EthylCellosolve
OdorlessMineralSpirits
EthylLactate
Sec.HexylAlcohol
Solvsol30/40
Pentasol
HiSolvencyMineralSpirits
No.380MineralSpirits
No.10MineralSpirits
DistilledWater
ApcoNo.125
CellosolveAcetate
Sec.ButylLactate
20.0
21.0
25.0
27.5
32.1
33.9
36.2
38.6
40.0
41.7
43.2
45.0
46.7
47.0
55.0
60.0
60.5
65.0
73.0
Sec.HexylAcetate
ButylCellosolve
Dipentene
No.140Thinner
OctylAcetate
IsobutylLactate
Hexalin
Solvsol40/50
MethylHexalin
ButylLactate
Excellence
SpecialHeavyNaphtha
Dispersol
No.50Kerosene
TriethyleneGlycol
DibutylPhthalate
76.5
88.5
89.2
91.0
152.5
156.5
177.5
270.0
276.5
339.0
384.0
403.0
425.0
626.7
Over5200.0
Over5200.0
Slow
Nil
68
APPENDIX 15
ODOUR LEVEL THRESHOLDS
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid (glacial)
Acetone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Ammonia
Aniline
Arsine
Benzene
Butane
2-Butanone (MEK)
n-Butyl Acetate
Carbon disulphide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Dioxane
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl ether
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexone (MIBK)
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen selenide
Hydrogen sulphide
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
Methyl alcohol
Methyl methacrylate
Methylene chloride
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen dioxide
Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethene)
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Pyridine
Stibine
Styrene, monomer
Toluene
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Vinyl toluene
Xylene
1*
1*
**TLV (ppm)
*OT (ppm)
OT/TLV
c25
10
750
0.1
2
2
25
2
0.05
10
800
200
150
10
5
0.5
10
300
25
400
1000
400
1
c0.3
50
c5
c4.7
0.05
10
400
200
100
50
1
3
25
5
0.1
0.3
5
0.1
50
50
0.005
50
50
100
0.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
20.0
2.0
20.0
1.0
0.5
2.0
5000
5.0
10.0
0.1
70.0
3.0
100.0
300.0
150.0
10.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
10.0
1.0
0.5
0.0002
50.0
10.0
0.2
200.0
0.005
1.0
5.0
0.3
0.5
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.05
2.0
0.2
20.0
25.0
0.5
0.02
0.2
0.003
20
10
1
0.8
0.5
10
0.2
6.25
0.025
0.07
0.01
14
6
10
1
6
0.025
0.005
0.0025
1
3.3
0.01
2
0.2
10
0.00002
0.125
0.05
0.002
4
0.005
0.3
0.2
0.06
5
0.07
0.002
0.5
0.001
0.04
40
0.4
0.5
0.005
Odour threshold ( Ref.: Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene )

Threhold limit values (Ref.: TLV s and BEIs -ACGIH Handbook)
69
APPENDIX 16
DEGREEOFPHYSICALACTIVITIES&BREATHINGRATE
PhysicalActivity
BreathingRate
LightWork
Sitting,moderatearmandtrunkmovements
(E.g.deskwork,typing)
Sitting,moderatearmandlegmovements
(E.g.playingorgan,drivingcarintraffic)
Standing,lightworkatmachineorbench,
mostlyarms
Low
ModerateWork
Sitting,heavyarmsandlegsmovement
Standing,lightworkatmachineorbench,some
walkingabout
Standing,moderateworkatmachineorbench,
somewalkingabout
Walkingabout,withmoderateliftingorpushing
Medium
HeavyWork
Intermittentheavylifting,pushingorpulling
(E.g.pickandshovelwork)
Hardestsustainedwork
High
70
APPENDIX 17
PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING DEGREE OF EXPOSURE
DETERMINE
FREQUENCY,
DURA
TION
SELECTA
WORKUNIT
GOTHRU
TASK
IDENTIFYCHEMICALHAZARDOUSTOHEALTH
ASSIG
NER=
1
11)
ANALYSE
RESULT
OEL?
Y
ASSIGNMR
(TABLE5)
DETERMI
71
FORM A:
LIST OF CHEMICALS
WORKUNIT:________________________________
No.
NameofChemical&Indicator
ingredient
Physicalform
Sourceof
Information
Classificationof
hazard
CHEMICALMOVEMENTIncludethestorage,movement,handlinganduse,transportationanddisposal
DepartmentofOccupationalSafety&Health,MinistryofHumanResources,MalaysiaSeptember2000
RiskPhrases
Skin
notation?
Hazard
Rating
FORM B:
WORK UNIT DESCRIPTION
WORKUNIT:_____________________________________
1.WORKAREA
7.EMPLOYEEHEALTHFEEDBACKSDescribeanyilleffectsexperiencedbyemployees
2.JOBTITLE
3.NUMBEROFEMPLOYEE(attachlistofemployeesasappendix)
8.REPORTONHEALTHEFFECTSSummarisecasesofhealtheffectsreportedtoemployer
Male:
Female:
4.CATEGORYOFWORKERSINWORKUNIT(TICK)
Productionworkers
Maintenanceworkers
9.WORKERSWITHSUSCEPTIBLECONDITIONSDescribeconditions
Supervisors&
managers
Officeworkers
Cleaners
10.POSSIBILITYOFABNORMALEXPOSURESOtherthanduringnormalworkoroperation
Contractorsonsite
R&Dworkers
Visitors/students/
inspector
Others
Forklift/Truckdriver
5.WORKINGHOURS
From:
WorkArrangements(tick):Normal
Storekeeper
11.POSSIBILITYOFMIXEDEXPOSURESPresenceofotherchemicalsaffectingthesamesystem/organ
Craneoperator
12.POSSIBILITYOFINGESTIONEXPOSUREDescribeexposuresituations
To:
Shiftwork
13.OTHERCOMMENTS
6.BRIEFPROCESSDESCRIPTION
FORM C:
WORKPLACE ASSESSMENT
WORKUNIT(JOB):
ASSESSMENTTEAM:
WORKAREAS:
PERSONNEL:
ChemicalHazardous
ToHealth
Task
Frequency
Duration
RoutesOf
Entry
Existing
Controls
Suitable&
Effective
Yes/No
Maint.
Testing&
Exam.
COMMENTS:
APPROVEDBY/NAME:
SIGNATURE:
DATE:
DATE:
Adequate?
Yes/No
Degree
Chemical
Release
Degree
Contact/
Inhale
MR
ER
FORM D: WORKPLACE ASSESSMENT RESULT

WORKUNIT(JOB):
ASSESSMENTTEAM:
WORKAREAS:
PERSONNEL:
CHEMICAL
HAZARDOUSTO
HEALTH:
HAZARDTASK
RATING
ROUTES
OF
EXPOSURE
COMMENTS:
APPROVEDBY/NAME:
SIGNATURE:
DATE:
RISK
DECIS
ION
CONTROL
ADEQUACY
YES/NO
DATE:
CONCLUSIONACTIONTOBETAKEN
FORM E:
CATEGORY2
RISK MATRIX
HAZARD RATINGS
EXPOSURE RATINGS
RIS
K
NOT
SIG
NIFI
CA
NT
1
RISKSIGNIFICANT
CATEGORY1
5
RISKSIGNIFICANT
p
a
De
Ministryof September
Human
2000
Resources,
Malaysia
FORM F:
WORKUNIT:
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
EXISTINGMEASURES
ACTIONSTOBETAKEN
1.TECHNICALMEASURES
(Commentonwhetherthecontrolwas
appropriateandadequate)
1.1.Elimination/Substitution
1.2.Isolation/Enclosures
1.3.Ventilation
1.4.Workpractice/
Systemofwork
1.5.Personalprotection
2.MAINTENANCEOF
CONTROLEQUIPMENT
(Whethermaintenancewasappropriate&
adequate)
3.MONITORINGOFAIR
CONTAMINANT
(Providesummaryandattachdetailsas
appendix.Whethermonitoringwas
appropriate&adequate)
4.BIOLOGICAL
MONITORING
(Providesummaryandattachdetailsas
appendix.Whethermonitoringwas
appropriate&adequate)
5.HEALTHSURVEILLANCE
(Summarisetheconclusions,andattach
detailsasanappendixifappropriate)
6.INFO,INSTRUCTION&
TRAINING
(Describeexistingtrainingproceduresfor
workunit)
7.EMERGENCY&FIRST
AIDPROCEDURES
(Describeexistingprocedure)
SUMMARYOFPREVIOUS
ASSESSMENTDONEON
WORKUNIT
ASSESSMENTDATE(S)
NAMEOFASSESSOR(S)
NRICNo
JKKPRegistrationNumber
Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOF
RECEIPTBYEMPLOYER
(Name,ICNo.,Signature&Date)
PREVIOUS:
CURRENT:
NEXT:
Iherebydeclarethattheassessorhasbriefedmeonthereport.

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!

Purpose and Objectives of a Chemical Health Risk Assessment

To identify the hazards posed by each chemical substance used, stored,

1.4.1. Generic Assessment

Risk 2.1.1. Hazard

Rating Hazard, Exposure & Risk

Similar Risk Groupings or Work Units for Assessment

Steps in Chemical Health Risk Assessment

3.1.7. Step 7: Concluding the Assessment

3.1.8. Step 8: Identify Actions to be taken

3.1.9. Step 9: Reporting the Assessment

3.1.10.Step 10: Review Assessment

In carrying an assessment involving a large number of chemical substances,

The Assessment Team

5.1.1. Chemical Hazardous to Health

5.1.3. Process Flowchart

5.2.2. Other Information

Categorisation of a Work Unit

Work Unit Identification

Talk to supervisors and employees at each work location regarding

Hazard Rating Determination

Example of Determining Hazard Rating

Hazard Rating Based on Risk Phrases

Apart from assessing exposures during normal operation, the possibility of

Total Duration of Exposure*

Intensity or Magnitude of Exposure

Rating Acute Exposure

Rating Chronic Exposure

Estimation of 8-hour Exposure Using Directreading Instruments

Table 5: Inhalation Exposure based on Airborne Exposure Measurement

Rating Exposure Immediately Dangerous to Life or

Rating Additive Effects

The magnitude of exposure is assessed based on the estimated absorbed dose

Degree Of Chemical Release Or Presence

Degree of Chemical Release or Presence

Degree Of Chemical Absorbed Or Contacted

Assigning Magnitude Rating (MR)

Assigned Exposure Rating

Table 11: Exposure Rating

Hierarchy of Control Measures

Other Control Measures

Adequacy of Control Measures

It is suitable for protecting the employees, taking into consideration the

9.3.2. Use and Effectiveness

10.1. Evaluation of Risk

10.2. Significance of Risk

10.3. Conclusions of CHRA

Risks not significant now and not likely to increase in future

Risk significant but already adequately controlled

This conclusion applies to conditions where adverse health effects could

Risks significant now, and not adequately controlled

Uncertain about Risk: Insufficient information

Uncertain about Risk: Uncertain about degree and extent

11.1. Actions to be taken

1- Determine precautions to maintain controls and minimise chances of

1- Identify and implement immediate measures and procedures for

Carcinogens, respiratory sensitisers

11.2.1 Immediate danger to life or property

11.3. Necessity for Employee Exposure Monitoring Programme

11.4. Necessity for Health Surveillance Programme

Necessity for Employee Training & Retraining

Health Risk Assessment, paper presented by Anuar Mohd. Mokhtar at the

Code of Practice for the Management of Hazardous Substances, Division of