PHY094

FOUNDATION
PHYSICS 1
FORCE

MASNITA MAT JUSOH

Level 7, d01
UiTM Dengkil
masnita@salam.uitm.edu.my

Sub-chapter
4.1 Force, Weight and Mass

4.2 Newtons First Law of Motion

4.3 Newtons Second Law of Motion
4.4 Newtons Third Law of Motion
4.5 Applications of Newtons Laws
4.6 Forces of Friction
7.4 Circular Motion

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Force, Weight and Mass

Force: push or pull

When you push or pull on something, there are two

quantities that characterize the force you are exerting.

The first is the strength or magnitude of your force; the

second is the direction in which you are pushing or
pulling.
Force is a vector it has magnitude and direction.
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 F ma
W mg
W mg
The weight of an object
on the Earths surface is
the gravitational force
exerted on it by the
Earth.
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W mg

Newtons First Law of Motion

If you stop pushing an object, does it stop moving?
Only if there is friction! In the absence of any net external
force, an object will keep moving at a constant speed in a
straight line, or remain at rest.

This is also known as the law of inertia.

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Newtons First Law:

An object at rest remains at rest as long as
no net force acts on it.
An object moving with constant velocity
continues to move with the same velocity
as long as no net force acts on it.

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Newtons Second Law of Motion

Acceleration is proportional to force:

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Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass:

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Combining these two observations gives

F
a
m
Or, more familiarly,

F ma
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An object may have several forces acting on it; the

acceleration is due to the net force
Newtons Second Law:

F ma

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Free-body diagrams:

A free-body diagram shows every force acting on

an object.
Sketch the forces
Isolate the object of interest
Choose a convenient coordinate system
Resolve the forces into components
Apply Newtons second law to each coordinate
direction
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Example of a free-body diagram:

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Newtons Third Law of Motion

Forces always come in pairs, acting on different
objects:
If object 1 exerts a force on object 2, then object
2 exerts a force on object 1.
These forces are called action-reaction pairs.
Newtons Third Law:
For every force that acts on an object, there is a
reaction force acting on a different object that is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

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Some action-reaction pairs:

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Normal Forces
The normal force is
the force exerted by a
surface on an object.
Normal force always
perpendicular to the
surface.
The normal force may be
equal to, greater than, or
less than the weight.
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Applications of Newtons Laws

The easiest way to handle forces in two dimensions
is to treat each dimension separately, as we did for
kinematics.

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Forces of Friction
Friction has its basis in surfaces that are not
completely smooth:

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Kinetic friction

fk :

The friction experienced by surfaces sliding against one another.

If velocity is constant,

ma x

F fk 0
F fk

Adding second brick

doubles the normal
force, which doubles the
kinetic friction.

fk N

f k k N
The constant k is called
the coefficient of kinetic
friction.
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Direction of f k is opposite to the direction of motion

The kinetic frictional force is independent of

the relative speed of the surfaces,

and of their area of contact.

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Static friction s :
The static frictional force keeps an object from starting to move when a
force is applied.
The static frictional force has a maximum value, but may take on any value
from zero to the maximum, depending on what is needed to keep the sum
of forces zero.

0 f s f s ,max
f s ,max s N
The static frictional force is
also independent of the
area of contact and the
relative speed of the
surfaces.
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Strings and Springs

The tension in a real rope will vary along its length,
due to the weight of the rope.

Here, we will assume

that all ropes, strings,
wires, etc. are massless
unless otherwise stated.

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An ideal pulley is one that simply changes the

direction of the tension, without changing its
magnitude

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Hookes law :

A spring stretched or compressed by the amount x from its

equilibrium length exerts a force whose x component is given
by:

Fx kx

The constant k is called the spring constant.

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Translational Equilibrium
When an object is in translational equilibrium, the
net force on it is zero:

This allows the calculation of unknown forces.

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T2 T1 T1 0
T2 2T1 0
T2 2T1
T2 2mg
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T1 mg 0
T1 mg

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Connected Objects
When forces are exerted on connected objects,
their accelerations are the same.
If there are two objects connected by a string, and
we know the force and the masses, we can find
the acceleration and the tension:

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We treat each box as a separate system:

Box 2:

F ma
T m2 a2
T m2 a

Box 1:

F ma
F T m1a1
F T m1a
F m2 a m1a
F (m1 m2 )a

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If two objects are connected by a string passing over a pulley, let the
coordinate system follow the direction of the string.
With this choice, both objects have accelerations of the same magnitude
and in the same coordinate direction.

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Circular Motion
According to Newtons second law, if no force acts on an
object, it will move with constant speed and direction.
A force is required to change the speed, direction, or both.
If you drive a car with constant speed on a circular track, the
direction of the cars motion changes continuously.

A force must act on the car to cause this change in direction.

Conclusion:
An object moving in a circle must have a force acting on it;
otherwise it would move in a straight line.

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The tension pulls the ball inward,

towards the center of the circle.
Thus, the force the ball
experiences is a force that is
always directed toward the center
of the circle.
Conclusion:
To make an object move in a circle
with constant speed, a force must
act on it that is directed toward the
center of the circle.

This force is called centripetal

force f cp
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The magnitude of centripetal force is given by:

2

v
f cp m
r
Centripetal acceleration:

v2
acp
r

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This force may

be provided by
the tension in a
string, the
normal force, or
friction, among
others.

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END OF 1st PART

OF CHAPTER