GE Wind Tutorial

GCEP Energy Tutorial
Wind 101
Patrick Riley
October 14, 2014
Imagination at work.
Agenda
Introduction & fundamentals

Wind resource
Aerodynamics & performance
Design loads & controls
Scaling
Farm Considerations
Technology Differentiators
Economics
Technology Development Areas
GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014
2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved
Power from Wind Turbines

Power in Wind
Pwind
= 12 r v3 Area
Extractable Power from Wind turbine
Pwind = cp r v Area
1
2
Cp = power coefficient
a measure of aerodynamic efficiency
of extracting energy from the wind
v = wind speed
Importance of site identification (local
wind resource) & understanding of
wind shear
Area = rotor swept area

Power increases with rotor2
Configurations
Horizontal-Axis (HAW T)
Vertical-Axis (VAW T)
Upwind vs. Downwind
Lift Based (Darrieus) vs. Drag-Based (Savonius)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darrieus-windmill.jpg
Copyright 2007 aarchiba, used with permission.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Savonius-rotor_en.svg
Copyright 2008 Ugo14, used with permission.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind.turbine.yaw.system.configurations.svg
Copyright 2009 Hanuman Wind, used with permission.
Airborne Wind Turbine
Number of Blades
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_Pumping_
Windmill.jpg
Copyright 2008 Ben Franske, used with permission.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airborne_wind_generator-en.svg
Copyright 2008 James Provost, used with permission.
Utility-Scale Turbine Types

Convergence of industry
Horizontal axis
Upwind
3 blades
Variable rotor speed
Active (independent) pitch
Main differentiators
Direct drive vs. gearbox
Generator design
Full vs. Partial Power Conversion
Controls
Basic Wind Turbine Terminology

Term
Typical Value*
Definition
Rated Power
1.6MW
Max nominal power output
Diameter
100m
Rotor diameter
Capacity Factor
48%
Annual Energy Production (kWh)

Rated Power (kW) x 24 x 365
Avg wind speed
7.5m/s
Annual average wind speed at hub height
Turbulence Intensity
16%
sU/Uavg @ Uavg = 15 m/s
IEC class
II
Uavg = 8.5 m/s @ hub height

50-yr, 10-min extreme wind = 42.5 m/s
50-yr, 3-sec extreme gust = 59.5 m/s
Turbulence = 18%
(IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission)
Design life
20 years
Calculated Life according IEC 61400 and DPs
*values can vary significantly with turbine & site
Utility Scale Wind Uniqueness

Massive Structural Size
GE 1.6-100
Substantial Heights
Rotor
40 to 70 tons
77 to 120m diameter
Hoover
Tower
(87m)
2.5-120,
110m HH
(170m)
Statue of
Liberty
(91m)
Nacelle
57 to 82 tons
Tower
132 to 1200 tons
60m to 139m hub height
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/File:Hoover_Towe
r_Stanford_January_2
013.jpg
Copyright 2013 King of
Hearts, used with
permission.
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg
Placed in the Public Domain
but Values Low Cost Design Simplicity
Conventional Layout
Pitch drive
Pitch bearing
High-speed coupling
Main bearing
Gearbox
Mechanical brake
Hub
Bed Frame
Yaw drives
Generator
Yaw bearing
Rotor main shaft
Electrical top box
Wind Resource
Average Wind Speed Map
The Wind Resource is the #1

Driver of Wind Economics
The most productive wind sites:
have high average wind
speeds
are generally somewhat
remote from population
centers
integration with utility grid is
generally challenging
Source: http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/80m_wind/USwind300dpe4-11.jpg
Copyright 2011 AWS Truepower & NREL, used with permission.
Installed Wind Power Map
GW installed
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
>5
Wind Characteristics
Wind Speed Distribution,
%
Wind Speed Distribution
Wind-Shear
Profile
Wind shear
Wind direction distribution
Vwind
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0
10
20
Wind Speed, m/s
30
Ground
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wind_rose_plot.jpg
Copyright 2010 BREEZE Software, used with permission.
Extreme winds
1-yr & 50-yr extreme gusts
Turbulence intensity
TI=s/
s : std. dev.
: average
IEC Class A: 18% at 15 m/s
IEC Class B: 16% at 15 m/s
Copyright TOM, used with permission.
10
Voice of Physics Actuator Disk Theory

Actuator disc
Model
Rotor is a permeable disc
Velocity reduction is equally distributed
before/after the rotor and V2 = (1 2a) V1
a: Axial Induction factor for slow down
Power: Change in momentum caused
by pressure difference across disk
pd = 12 rV13 Ad 4a1 a
P=m
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Betz_tube.jpg
Placed in the Public Domain by Anthony vh
for V2=0: only load, no power
Wind speed
(static) Pressure
Main Results
Stream tube
Power
2
=
=
4
a
1
a
Power coefficient: c p 1
3
2 rV1 Ad
Maximum extractable Power is 59.3%

1
Power & Thrust
Coefficients
Thrust
=
= 4a1 a
Thrust coefficient: ct 1
2
r
V
A
1
d
2
Actuator disc
1
0.8
Cp
0.6
Ct
Betz Limit
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Axial Induction Factor, a
0.511
Optimizing Cps through Configuration
Horizontal-axis wind turbines

More blades increase Cp but increase
cost
Vertical-axis lift (Darrieus)
Limited applicability due to lower Cp
Horizontal-axis windmills
Designed for torque not electricity

results in low tip speed operation
Vertical-axis drag (Savonius)
Used as primary technology for

anemometers
Source: http://www.intechopen.com/books/fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power/wind-turbines-theory-the-betz-equationand-optimal-rotor-tip-speed-ratio
Copyright 2011 Magdi Ragheb and Adam M. Ragheb , used with permission.
12
Power Curve
Turbine loads & costs correlate

closely to power in wind
4.5
4
Power a, MW
2.5-120
10%
Power in Wind (Betz Limit)
Significant added cost to

continue extracting power in
wind
3.5
12%
Wind Distribution
8%
3
Not enough wind to make effort
to capture energy worthwhile
2.5
6%
2
4%
1.5
Dominated by aero, mechanical,

& electrical losses
Wind Distribution b
2%
0.5
0
0%
0
a)
b)
10
15
Wind Speed, m/s
20
25
30
Power is for a 120m rotor diameter turbine

Wind distribution calculated from Weibull distribution, 7.5 m/s average wind speed, k=2
13
Annual Energy Production (AEP)

t(bin) [h]
c p (bin) []
Power [kW ]
500
0.50
Energy Yield (bin) [kWh]

700,000
2500
450
0.45
400
600,000
0.40
350
300
250
200
2000
electric
aerodynamic
"power curve"
0.35
0.30
1500
0.25
0.20
150
0.15
100
0.10
50
0.05
1000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
500
100,000
0.00
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0
0
10
12
v(bin) [m s]
t
Weibull
( bin)
3
( bin)
14
16
18
20
22
24
0
0
10
12
v(bin) [m s]
14
16
18
20
22
v(bin) [m s]
1
r c p elec.(bin) R 2 = AEPactual
2
AEP is the product of:

Wind distribution v3
Rotor size (swept area) R2
Efficiency (aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical)
24
14
Power Curve Regions

Rated
Wind speed
Cut-in
Wind speed
Cut-out
Wind speed
2,500.0
30
3 Shaver
Peak
Power curve region:

1 below cut-in
2 cut-in to rated
(partial power)
3 rated to cut-out
25
2,000.0
20
1,500.0
15
1,000.0
pitch, thrust,
RPM RPM
Power [kW]
Power control:
pitch to feather
10
Fine pitch
500.0
constant
speed
variable
speed
0.0
0
0
10
15
20
Variable speed:
RPM ~ wind speed
Constant speed:
RPM constant
Pitch actuation:
> Fine pitch
> Peak shaver
> Power control
(Thrust) Load reduction
25
Wind Speed [m/s]

Power
Power
Thrust [20*kN]
RPM [-]
RPM [-]
pitch [deg]
15
Loads Analysis
Simulation Driven ... incorporate wind
turbulence, control strategy, aero & structural
properties
Structural Design ... used to design

components
Certification ... meet specific design load

cases (DLCs)
IEC 61400 ed. 2 / ed.3 (-1 onshore; -2 small; -3

offshore)
DIBt (partly identical with IEC, but HH-dep.windspeeds, add. DLCs)
IEC 61400-1 Ed2
II
III
Vave [m/s]
10
8.5
7.5
Vref [m/s]
50
42.5
37.5
18/16
18/16
18/16
NVN 11400 (similar to IEC)
Bankability required by customer &

financing institutions
TI15 [%]
a/b
Air density [kg/m]

Vertical shear [-]
WIND TURBINE CLASS
Flow angles []
1.225
0.2/ 0.11
<8
16
Site Specific Mechanical Loads Analysis
Determine turbine loads suitability at site specific locations

17
Square-Cube Law
Energy capture is proportional to RD2
Loads Mass Cost are proportional to RD3
Energy & Cost
Energy
Loads Mass Cost
Rotor Diameter
but this is a generalization & some economies of scale exist

Tower
Installation
BOP
Power Electronics
and some step changes like blade logistics

18
Turbine scale costs and benefits
Turbine cost
BOP $/MW
Nameplate
Technology
Nameplate
Total CapEx
CapEx $/MW
+
Turbine $/MW
BOP cost
Technology
Nameplate
Technology advancements required to beat the cost curve
19
Wind System Engineering Objectives

Goal: Assess the system-level value of new
technologies & next-generation product
designs
rating & rotor diameter
hub height
control strategies (loads vs. AEP)
component technologies (cost vs. perf)
rotational speed (noise, DT size, loads)
New Technology
LCOE Change
Many system-level trades
Current Technology
Need system-level approach to optimize
driving down LCOE,

changing the optimum rating
Turbine Rating
performance
capital cost
operation & maintenance
Non-obvious interactions abound

Optimizing technology
development & product moves
around lifetime value to wind farm
20
Tower Height Optimization
Shear drives economics

= 0.14
a0.14
Benefits of Tall Tower
Modeling
140
Hub-Height
Higher mean wind speed

Reduced wind shear
Reduced turbulence
Typical applied Power law in flat terrain:

Vh = Vref (h/href )
h is the height above ground
is the wind shear coefficient
Typically 0.14 0.20
(Depends on terrain)
Negative shear
Local increase in wind speed near ground
Occurs on top of ridges and hills
= 0.2
a0.2
120
100
80
60
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Average Wind Speed
Hub-Height dAEP 0.14
dAEP 0.2
80
-9%
-13%
100
0%
0%
120
8%
12%
140
15%
22%
21
System Value Optimization

Component Level
Key Metrics
Operation &
Maintenance
Annual Energy
Production
Capital Cost
Technologists
typical focus
areas
Turbine Level
Customers
focus areas
Farm Level
Lifecycle Costs
Lifecycle Costs
Planned
maintenance
Failure rates
Rotor Diameter &

Rating
Fleet Level
Fleet Operations
LCOE, NPV, IRR
Balancing Costs
Servicing strategy
Overall turbine
O&M cost
Grid Integration
Wind Resource
Component
efficiency
Turbine power
curve
Localized loads
Full loads
BOP Costs
Materials
Operational
limits
Logistics
Wake & cable

losses (siting)
Forecasting
Complex multi-physics, multi-dimensional

optimization at farm and fleet levels.
22
Technology Differentiators among Utility-Scale

OEMs
Blade Materials Carbon vs. Glass
Drivetrain Architecture DD vs. Geared
Power Conversion Full Power vs. Partial
Controls
Power
23
How are Wind Farms Laid Out ?

Examples:
Array
along a ridge
Spacing
5-9 D
Wind
3-5 D
D: rotor diameter
24
Micro Siting Basics

Waked turbines
Find the best wind
Select the best turbine model

Place turbines in energetic
most locations on site
Minimize wake effects
Optimize BOP
Maximize AEP given constraints

Source: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/images/vattenfall-image_300.jpg
Copyright 2010 Vattenfall, used with permission.
25
Economics LCOE & Incentives

Incentives
LCOE
250
Production Based
Based on DOE Program Estimates from OpenEI Transparent Cost Database, accessed 10/02/2014.
Production Tax Credit (PTC)

not taxed, 10 years, in addition to PPA
200
US 2.3 cents/kWh
O&M
Feed-In Tariffs
common in Europe, replaces PPA
150
Germany has ~11.3 cents/kWh
Installed Cost Based
100
Investment Tax Credit (ITC)

like solar in US (30% of installed capex), no longer
valid for utility-scale wind)
50
Accelerated Capital Depreciation

40%
0
Onshore Onshore Onshore Offshore Offshore Offshore
Wind
Wind + Wind +
Wind
Wind + Wind +
MACRS MACRS &
MACRS MACRS &
PTC
PTC
Onshore wind competitive in many places
Depreciation
Schedule, % of
Capex
LCOE, $/MWh
Capital
20 Yr. Straight Line
30%
US-MACRS
20%
Germany
10%
0%
0
10
Years
15
20
26
Economics Markets Drive Product Platforms

North American Optimized Product
European Optimized Product
Constrained either by land available or electrical

interconnect Large Project Sizes (often >50
turbines)
Constrained by land available Small farm sizes

(often <10 turbines)
.
Competes with variable cost of gas low PPA

values
Strong feed-in tariff rates AEP valued

.
Moderate wind resource IEC Class II & III
Poorer wind resource IEC Class III & IV
2.3-107
1.85-82.5
1.7-100
1.85-87
Manage cost & performance for low PPAs
3.2-103
2.85-100
2.75-120
2.85-103
Increasing size can pay off with high feed-in tariffs
27
Current Research Trends

Cost Effective Scaling Large Rotor &
Tower Technologies
Farm Level Optimization Farm

Control & Big Data Analytics
Minimize Loads Advanced Controls &

Sensors
Grid Friendly Storage Integration
28
Join the conversation

GE Global Research website
www.ge.com/research
Edisons Desk GEs longest

running blog
www.edisonsdesk.com
Edisons Desk on Twitter
twitter.com/edisonsdesk
Youtube account
www.youtube.com/grcblog
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Were on Facebook too!

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about innovation and science
29

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GCEP Energy Tutorial

Introduction & fundamentals

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Power from Wind Turbines

Extractable Power from Wind turbine

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Area = rotor swept area

Upwind vs. Downwind

Lift Based (Darrieus) vs. Drag-Based (Savonius)

Airborne Wind Turbine

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Utility-Scale Turbine Types

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Basic Wind Turbine Terminology

Max nominal power output

Annual Energy Production (kWh)

Avg wind speed

Annual average wind speed at hub height

sU/Uavg @ Uavg = 15 m/s

Uavg = 8.5 m/s @ hub height

Calculated Life according IEC 61400 and DPs

*values can vary significantly with turbine & site

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Utility Scale Wind Uniqueness

but Values Low Cost Design Simplicity

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Electrical top box

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Average Wind Speed Map

The Wind Resource is the #1

Installed Wind Power Map

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Wind Speed Distribution

Wind direction distribution

1-yr & 50-yr extreme gusts

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Voice of Physics Actuator Disk Theory

for V2=0: only load, no power

Maximum extractable Power is 59.3%

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Optimizing Cps through Configuration

Horizontal-axis wind turbines

Vertical-axis lift (Darrieus)

Limited applicability due to lower Cp

Designed for torque not electricity

Vertical-axis drag (Savonius)

Used as primary technology for

GCEP Wind 101| 14 October 2014

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Turbine loads & costs correlate

Power in Wind (Betz Limit)

Significant added cost to

Dominated by aero, mechanical,

Power is for a 120m rotor diameter turbine

2014 General Electric Company All rights reserved

Annual Energy Production (AEP)

Energy Yield (bin) [kWh]