2012

V Electricity and magnetism | y

CIE

AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS

17. Electric fields

Define electric potential at a point.
It is the work done in bring unit positive charge from infinity to that point.
The electric field strength is equal to the negative of the potential gradient at the
point.
18. Capacitance
Define capacitance.
ratio of charge (on body) and its potential
19. Current of electricity
Using ac
advantage: e.g. easy to change the voltage B1
disadvantage: e.g. cables require greater insulation
...... rectification with some justification
20. D.C. circuits
21. Magnetic fields
Define the tesla.
1. unit of magnetic flux density / magnetic field strength B1
2. (uniform) field normal to wire carrying current of 1 A M1
3. giving force (per unit length) of 1 N m1 A1
Describe what is meant by a magnetic field.
1. region (of space) / area where B1
2. a force is experienced by M1
3. current-carrying conductor / moving charge / permanent magnet A1
It is the region where a current-carrying conductor experiences a force.
22. Electromagnetism
23. Electromagnetic induction
State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
1. e.m.f. induced proportional / equal
to ................................................................M1
2. rate of change of (magnetic) flux
(linkage) ......................................................... A1

It states that the induced e.m.f. is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage.
State Lenzs law.
1. (induced) e.m.f. / current acts in such a direction to produce
effects ................. B1
2. to oppose the change causing
it ......................................................................... B1
It states that the induced current is in such a direction so as to produce effects to
oppose the change causing it.
Transformers:
Why the core is a continuous loop?
prevent loss of magnetic flux
or improves flux linkage with secondary
Why the core is laminated?
1. reduces eddy current (losses)
2. reduces losses of energy (in core)
Use Faradays Law to explain the operation of the transformer.
1. changing current in primary gives rise to (1)
2. changing flux in core (1)
3. flux links with the secondary coil (1)
4. changing flux in secondary coil, inducing e.m.f. (1)
Changing current in the primary coil gives rise to changing flux in the core
and in the secondary coil that gives rise to induced emf.
Outline an experiment to verify Lenzs law.
1. coil in series with meter (do not allow inclusion of a cell) B1
2. push known pole into coil B1
3. observe current direction (not reading) B1
4. (induced) field / field from coil repels magnet B1
5. either states rule to determine direction of magnetic field in coil
6. or reversing magnet direction gives opposite deflection on meter B1
7. direction of induced current such as to oppose the change producing it B1
Set the circuit as shown. Push the North pole of the bar magnet into the coil. Notice
the direction of the induced current in the coil. Use the right hand grip rule to
determine the direction of magnetic field in the coil. In this case, the side where the
magnet is pushed in will be north as to repel the magnet. Hence it verifies Lenzs
law which states that the direction of the induced current is such as to oppose the
change producing it.

24. Alternating currents

State the advantages of the use of alternating voltages for the
transmission and use of electrical energy.
Eg:
1. can change voltage easily / efficiently
2. high voltage transmission reduces power losses
Suggest advantages of full-wave rectification as compared to half-wave
rectification.
1. e.g. more (output) power available
2. e.g. less ripple for same smoothing capacitor