ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide

ANSYS High-Frequency
Electromagnetic
Analysis Guide
ANSYS Release 9.0
002114
November 2004
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ANSYS High-Frequency
Electromagnetic Analysis Guide
ANSYS Release 9.0
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Table of Contents
1. Overview of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis .................................................................... 11
2. Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields .................................................. 21
3. Elements Available in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis ..................................................... 31
4. Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis .............................................................................. 41
4.1. Creating the Physics Environment ................................................................................................. 42
4.1.1. Specifying Element Types ..................................................................................................... 42
4.1.2. Specifying the System of Units ............................................................................................. 43
4.1.3. Specifying Material Properties .............................................................................................. 43
4.2. Building the Model, Assigning Region Attributes, and Meshing ...................................................... 44
4.2.1. Defining Model Region Attributes ........................................................................................ 44
4.2.2. Meshing the Model .............................................................................................................. 44
4.3. Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads) ................................................................. 45
4.3.1. Applying Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................. 45
4.3.1.1. Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) ................................................................................... 46
4.3.1.2. Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC) .............................................................................. 47
4.3.1.3. Surface Impedance ...................................................................................................... 47
4.3.1.4. Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) ................................................................................... 49
4.3.1.5. Periodic Boundary Conditions .................................................................................... 412
4.3.2. Applying Excitation Sources ............................................................................................... 415
4.3.2.1. Excitation Port ........................................................................................................... 416
4.3.2.2. Current Source .......................................................................................................... 421
4.3.2.3. Plane Wave Source .................................................................................................... 423
4.3.2.4. Surface Magnetic Field Source ................................................................................... 423
4.3.2.5. Electric Field Source ................................................................................................... 424
4.3.2.6. Equivalent Source Surface ......................................................................................... 425
4.3.2.7. Lumped Circuits ........................................................................................................ 426
4.4. Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses ................................................................................ 428
4.4.1. Defining the Analysis Type ................................................................................................. 428
4.4.2. Defining Analysis Options and Estimating Computer Resources .......................................... 428
4.4.3. Setting the Analysis Frequencies ........................................................................................ 429
4.4.4. Defining a Scattering Analysis ............................................................................................ 429
4.4.5. Defining a Radiation Analysis for a Phased Array Antenna ................................................... 429
4.4.6. Starting the Solution .......................................................................................................... 429
4.4.7. Finishing the Solution ........................................................................................................ 432
4.5. Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses .................................................................... 432
4.5.1. Reviewing Results .............................................................................................................. 432
4.5.2. Commands to Help You in Postprocessing .......................................................................... 433
4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters ................................................ 434
4.5.3.1. Near Fields ................................................................................................................ 434
4.5.3.2. Far Fields and Far Field Parameters ............................................................................ 435
4.5.3.3. Symmetry .................................................................................................................. 436
4.5.3.4. Radiation Solid Angle ................................................................................................ 437
4.5.4. Calculating Circuit Parameters for High-Frequency Devices ................................................. 438
4.5.4.1. Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters) ........................................................................ 438
4.5.4.2. Reflection Coefficients in a COAX Fed Device ............................................................. 439
4.5.4.3. Power and Frequency Selective Surface Parameters ................................................... 439
4.5.4.4. Voltage, Current, and Impedance ............................................................................... 439
4.5.4.5. Smith Chart and Network Parameter Conversion ........................................................ 441
5. Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis ................................................................................... 51
5.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor and Specifying the Modal Analysis Type .................................... 52
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide

5.2. Setting Options for Modal Analysis ................................................................................................
5.3. Specifying Modes to Expand .........................................................................................................
5.4. Applying Boundary Conditions .....................................................................................................
5.5. Solving a Modal High-Frequency Analysis .....................................................................................
5.6. Calculating Propagating Constants ...............................................................................................
5.7. Reviewing Modal High-Frequency Results .....................................................................................
6. Adaptive Remeshing ...........................................................................................................................
52
53
53
53
54
54
61
I. Basic Wave Radiation Examples

II. Basic Wave Propagation Examples
III. Basic Wave Resonance Examples
IV. Basic Wave Scattering Examples
V. Advanced Wave Radiation Examples
VI. Advanced Wave Propagation Examples
VII. Advanced Wave Resonance Examples
VIII. Advanced Wave Scattering Examples
Index ................................................................................................................................................. Index1
List of Figures
2.1. Computational Domain for a FEM Analysis .......................................................................................... 23
2.2. Open Microstrip Structure ................................................................................................................... 24
2.3. Equivalent Circuit ............................................................................................................................... 25
2.4. Open Microstrip Structure Model ........................................................................................................ 26
3.1. Mixed Elements .................................................................................................................................. 31
3.2. Object with a Large Aspect Ratio ......................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Flow Chart for a Harmonic Analysis ..................................................................................................... 41
4.2. Electric Field Distributions ................................................................................................................... 45
4.3. Solid and Finite Element Models ......................................................................................................... 45
4.4. PEC Boundary Condition ..................................................................................................................... 46
4.5. PMC Boundary Condition .................................................................................................................... 47
4.6. Microstrip Structure with PML Regions ................................................................................................ 49
4.7. PML Region Attached to Interior Region ............................................................................................ 410
4.8. Attenuation Distribution ................................................................................................................... 410
4.9. Buffer Elements in Interior Domain .................................................................................................... 411
4.10. Distance between Source/Objects and PML Region ......................................................................... 412
4.11. Arbitrary Infinite Periodic Structure ................................................................................................. 412
4.12. Unit Cell .......................................................................................................................................... 413
4.13. Periodic Array Models ..................................................................................................................... 415
4.14. Exterior and Interior Ports ............................................................................................................... 418
4.15. Soft Source Port .............................................................................................................................. 418
4.16. Hard Source Port ............................................................................................................................. 418
4.17. IMPD Option for Waveguide Port ..................................................................................................... 418
4.18. HARD Option for Waveguide Port .................................................................................................... 419
vi

4.19. Interior Soft Source and Extraction Ports .......................................................................................... 419
4.20. Transmission Line Model ................................................................................................................. 420
4.21. Model for Scattering Analysis of Periodic Structure .......................................................................... 420
4.22. Current Excitation ........................................................................................................................... 422
4.23. Transmission Line Model with Current Excitation ............................................................................. 422
4.24. Spherical Coordinates ..................................................................................................................... 423
4.25. Exterior Hard Surface Magnetic Field Excitation ............................................................................... 424
4.26. Soft Interior Surface Magnetic Field Excitation ................................................................................. 424
4.27. Equivalent Source Surface ............................................................................................................... 425
4.28. Lumped Circuits .............................................................................................................................. 427
4.29. 2-Port Lumped Network .................................................................................................................. 427
4.30. Equivalent Lumped Circuit Model .................................................................................................... 428
4.31. Spherical Coordinates ..................................................................................................................... 435
4.32. Solid Angle - Dipole Antenna .......................................................................................................... 437
4.33. Solid Angle - Monopole Antenna above Ground Plane ..................................................................... 438
4.34. Multi-port Network ......................................................................................................................... 438
4.35. Voltage Paths for Transmission Lines ............................................................................................... 440
4.36. Current Paths for Transmission Lines ............................................................................................... 440
4.37. Ten-Degree Symmetry Model of a Coaxial Waveguide ..................................................................... 441
5.1. Flow Chart for a Modal Analysis ........................................................................................................... 52
1. Symmetry Model of a Coax Waveguide ...................................................................................................... 9
1. Magnetic Field in Coax ............................................................................................................................ 17
2. Electric Field in Coax ............................................................................................................................... 18
1. Teflon Filled Cavity .................................................................................................................................. 21
1. Magnetic Field Vector Display of TE101 Mode .......................................................................................... 26
2. Electric Field Vector Display of TE101 Mode ............................................................................................. 27
1. 34 JRM Array and FEA Model of Unit Cell ................................................................................................ 39
2. S-Parameter of JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz .......................................................................... 42
3. Directive Gain of Unit Cell with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz .......................................................................... 43
4. Directive Gain of a 2525 JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz ........................................................... 44
1. 55 Lee-Jones Array and FEA Model of Unit Cell ....................................................................................... 45
2. Periodic Boundary Condition for Lee-Jones Array ..................................................................................... 45
3. S-Parameter of Lee-Jones Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.5 GHz ................................................................... 48
1. Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Geometry and FEA Model .................................................................. 50
2. S-Parameter of Line-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna ................................................................................... 54
3. Contour of Electric Field Magnitude at 7.5 GHz ......................................................................................... 55
1. Waveguide Radiator with No Flare ........................................................................................................... 57
2. Radiation Pattern of Waveguide Radiator Without Flare on E-Plane .......................................................... 60
3. Electric Field Contour of Waveguide Radiator Without Flare ..................................................................... 61
1. Contour of the Radiated Electric Field of a Half Wavelength Dipole ........................................................... 66
2. Far Electric Field of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane at r = 10 m ......................................................... 67
3. Radiation Pattern of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane ........................................................................ 68
4. Directive Gain of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane ............................................................................. 69
1. Top and Side views of Low-Pass Filter ...................................................................................................... 73
2. S11 of microstrip low-pass filter ............................................................................................................... 77
3. S21 of microstrip low-pass filter ............................................................................................................... 78
1. Side View and FEA Model of Filter (Dimensions are in mm) ....................................................................... 79
2. |S11| of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter ....................................................................................................... 82
3. Electric Field Contour of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter at 15 GHz .............................................................. 83
1. Three-layer Interconnect ......................................................................................................................... 86
2. S11 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect ......................................................................................... 90
3. S21 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect ......................................................................................... 91
vii

4. Electric Field Contour of Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect at 6.5 GHz ................................................... 92
1. Microstrip Meander Line (Top View) ......................................................................................................... 95
2. S11 of the Microstrip Meander Line .......................................................................................................... 99
3. The Contour of Electric Field Magnitude ................................................................................................ 100
1. Waveguide with Ridge Discontinuity (Dimensions are in mm) ................................................................ 101
2. |S21| of the Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity .............................................................. 104
3. Electric Field Contour of the Waveguide with a Ridge at 15 GHz ............................................................. 105
1. Waveguide with Dielectric Post (Dimensions are in mm) ........................................................................ 107
2. Initial Mesh Density .............................................................................................................................. 109
3. Mesh Density after First Mesh Refinement Iteration ................................................................................ 110
4. Mesh Density after Second Mesh Refinement Iteration ........................................................................... 111
5. Mesh Density after Third Mesh Refinement Iteration .............................................................................. 112
6. |S11| of Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post from 8 GHz to 12 GHz .......................................... 113
1. 3-D Parallel-plate Waveguide Model ...................................................................................................... 115
2. 1-D Transmission Line Impedance Load ................................................................................................. 115
3. Lumped Circuit Loads ............................................................................................................................ 116
4. Shunt RCL Circuit .................................................................................................................................. 116
1. T-type Transmission Line Network ......................................................................................................... 119
2. S11 on Smith Chart ................................................................................................................................ 120
3. Y11 on Smith Chart ............................................................................................................................... 121
4. S11 and S21 Magnitude vs. Frequency ................................................................................................... 122
5. Z11 and Z21 Magnitude vs. Frequency ................................................................................................... 123
1. Geometry and FEA Model of Dielectric Resonator ................................................................................... 127
2. The Electric Field of TM01 Mode in a DR with a Metallic Enclosure ......................................................... 129
3. The Electric Field of HEM Mode in a DR with a Metallic Enclosure ............................................................ 130
4. The Electric Field of TE01 Mode in a DR with a Metallic Enclosure .......................................................... 131
1. Geometry and FEA Model of the Microstrip Line ..................................................................................... 133
2. Electric field of the Fundamental Mode in the Microstrip Line at 20 GHz ................................................. 136
1. FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere ....................................... 140
2. Scattering Electric Field Contour of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere ..................................... 142
3. Normalized RCS of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-plane and H-plane ......................... 143
1. FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric Sphere ......................................................................... 145
2. RCS of the Dielectric Sphere ................................................................................................................... 147
3. Contour of the Scattering Electric Field from a Dielectric Sphere ............................................................. 148
1. Scattering Electric Field Contour from the Metallic Cube ........................................................................ 152
2. Normalized RCS of the Metallic Cube on E-Plane and H-Plane ................................................................. 153
1. FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere ................................................ 156
2. Scattering Electric Field Contour of The Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere .............................................. 158
3. Normalized RCS of the Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-Plane ...................................................... 159
1. Unit Cell ................................................................................................................................................ 161
1. Dielectric Grating .................................................................................................................................. 165
2. Reflection Coefficient of Dielectric Grating ............................................................................................. 168
List of Tables
2.1. Physical and Model Features ...............................................................................................................
3.1. High-Frequency Elements ...................................................................................................................
4.1. Element DOFs .....................................................................................................................................
4.2. Material Guidelines .............................................................................................................................
4.3. High-Frequency Boundary Conditions .................................................................................................
4.4. Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................
viii
23
31
42
44
46
47

4.5. High-Frequency Excitation Sources ...................................................................................................
4.6. Port Types ........................................................................................................................................
4.7. HFPORT VALUE Arguments[] .............................................................................................................
4.8. Postprocessing Commands ...............................................................................................................
4.9. Plotting Commands .........................................................................................................................
415
417
420
433
434
ix
Chapter 1: Overview of High-Frequency

Electromagnetic Analysis
The ANSYS program supports high-frequency electromagnetic analysis. This type of analysis calculates the
propagation properties of electromagnetic fields and waves in a given structure. The ANSYS program supports
both time-harmonic and modal high-frequency analysis.
Except in a few cases, most-high-frequency devices use electromagnetic waves to carry information. For this
reason, frequency plays a vital role in the design of such devices. High-frequency electromagnetic field analysis
simulates the electromagnetic phenomena in a structure when the wavelength of the signal is of the same order
of magnitude or smaller than the dimensions of the model. The high-frequency band ranges from hundreds of
MHz to hundreds of GHz.
In general, you use high-frequency electromagnetic field analysis to solve interior problems or exterior problems.
For interior problems, an electromagnetic field propagates or oscillates in a closed structure such as an accelerator chamber, a microwave filter, or a high-speed electronic package. The oscillating frequencies and scattering
matrix parameter (S-parameter) are usually investigated. For exterior problems, an electromagnetic wave radiates
into open space or it is scattered by an object in the open domain. Examples are phased antenna arrays and
radar reflection from a metallic object. The radiation pattern, directive gain, or radar cross section (RCS) is usually
investigated.
12
Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of

High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
In practice, finite element analysis (FEA) is one of the most successful frequency domain computational methods
for electromagnetic field simulation. It provides the capabilities you need to model any geometry and any materials of composition. This material capability is particularly important in electromagnetic field engineering
since most applications dealing with antennas, microwave circuits, scattering devices, motors, generators, etc.
require simulation of nonmetal composite materials. Throughout the frequency spectrum, FEA enjoys wide
popularity. It plays a major role in electromagnetic engineering applications such as:
Microwave circuits and devices
High-speed digital electronic circuits
Antennas
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) / Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Biomedical applications
The ANSYS high-frequency electromagnetic simulator (ANSYS Emag HF) uses tangential vector finite element
technology. It provides 3-D elements to perform harmonic analyses (see Chapter 4, Performing a High-Frequency
Harmonic Analysis) and 2-D and 3-D elements to perform modal analyses (see Chapter 5, Performing a Modal
High-Frequency Analysis) analyses, with an exp (jt) dependence assumed.
ANSYS Emag HF has a preprocessor, a solver, and a postprocessor. The preprocessor provides facilities for describing the high-frequency structure to be simulated, the excitation to be applied, and the boundary conditions
or other constraints to be imposed. It includes the following:
Geometry Tool
Solid Model using Built in Modeler and APDL
CAD File Input via Connection Products
Meshing Tool
Automatic Meshing
Manual Meshing
Adaptive Meshing
Tangential Vector Based Element Library
1st & 2nd Order Tetrahedral, Quadrilateral, and Wedge Elements
1st Order Pyramid Elements
1st & 2nd Order Quad and Triangle Elements
Material Model
Lossy/Lossless Isotropic Material
Lossy/Lossless Anisotropic Material
Boundary Conditions
Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC)
Standard Impedance Boundary Conditions (SIBC)
Matched Waveguide Port
Perfectly Matched Layers (PML)
Periodic Boundary Conditions
Excitation Sources
Waveguide Modal Source
Volume, Surface, Line, and Point Current Density Source
Plane Wave Source
Surface and Line Electric Field Source
Surface Magnetic Field Source
The solver generates the element descriptions, assembles the element matrices into global finite element matrices,
imposes the appropriate boundary conditions, constraints, and excitation sources, and then solves the equations.
It consists of the following:
Modal Analysis
Lanczos Eigenvalue Solver
Harmonic Analysis
Sparse Direct Solver
Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient (ICCG) Solver
Fast Frequency Sweep Solver
The postprocessor provides facilities to calculate parameters and visualize results. This includes the following:
Electromagnetic Field Vectors and Contour Patterns
Cut-off Frequency, Propagating Constant, and Resonant Frequency
Quality Factor (Q-Factor)
S-parameters and Touchstone File
Voltage, Current, and Characteristic Impedance
Conducting Current Density Distribution
Near and Far Electromagnetic Field Extension
Radar Cross Section (RCS)
Antenna Parameters (Radiation Pattern, Directive Gain, Directivity, Radiation Power, Radiation Gain, Radiation Efficiency)
Time-Averaged Power
Joule Heat
ANSYS Emag HF is a frequency domain simulator that can analyze a large class of high-frequency devices and
systems. This includes uniform wave-guiding structures, cavity resonators, antennas, and antenna arrays. A high-
22

frequency electromagnetic analysis can be coupled with another field analysis to simulate complicated physical
phenomena, such as RF heating.
To solve the full set of Maxwell's differential equations that govern high-frequency electromagnetic fields, the
finite element method discretizes the infinite continuous wave propagating space into a finite element model.
Boundary conditions and excitations are applied to the solid model or finite element entities.
A typical electromagnetic configuration simulated by FEA is shown in Figure 2.1: Computational Domain for a
FEM Analysis.
Figure 2.1 Computational Domain for a FEM Analysis

#.! ! ),A / ;) / B
H C ! "

#$&%
' ( *) *) !
+ *), .- ( *)
/ ")0! 12+ * )3
#+ - ) $? H E

@60 &;) / $ ? I F
I
45! *) ! 6 /

7 2+98;: H D <
! *)>! ! / - +

= ( $? H G
The high-frequency FEA procedure uses a weak integral form of the electric field vector Helmholtz equation as
the basis. For improved accuracy for scattering applications, the scattered field is investigated instead of the
total electric field. Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference
for more information on the pure scattering field formulation.
The ANSYS high-frequency elements use the tangential vector finite element method. The vector electric field
consists of the linear combination of the vector basis functions. The associated coefficients are the degree of
freedom (DOF) of the final matrix equation. The DOFs of the tangential vector method are the projections of the
vector electric field on the edges and faces of the element. For example, for the first order tetrahedral element,
its DOFs are the projection of the electric field along the edge of the element at the middle of the edge:
DOF = t
at middle of edge
where t is the unit tangential vector of the edge.

Refer to the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details on this method.
As in any other type of ANSYS analysis, you must build a finite element model that correctly represents the system.
The following table shows how physical features of an electromagnetic system correspond with model features.
Table 2.1 Physical and Model Features

Physical Features
Model Features
Electromagnetic Structures and Space
Finite Element Mesh
Lossless Metallic Surface
Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) Boundary Condition
23

Physical Features
Model Features
Non-perfect Electric Conductor, Air-Dielectric Interface,

Dielectric Coating on PEC
Standard Impedance Boundary Condition (SIBC)
EM Field Symmetry
Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC) Boundary Condition or

PEC
EM Field at Infinity, Matching Load
Absorbing Boundary Condition
Current Source, Metallic Wire with Conducting Current, Excit- Impressed Current Density
ation Gap
Matched Voltage Source
Modal Field
For an enclosed structure, you must mesh the entire structure. For propagation, radiation, and scattering problems,
the electromagnetic field extends to infinity. You must trunicate the infinite space using absorbing boundary
conditions. Usually, the inside of an electric conductor is not meshed because a high-frequency electromagnetic
wave can only penetrate the surface a short distance.
If the ohmic loss does not play a significant role or is not a major concern in the design, a perfect electric conductor
(PEC) is a very good approximation for metallic objects. The tangential electric field vanishes on the surface of
a PEC. It leads to a constraint condition DOF = 0 on the surface.
Often, meshing the skin of a non-perfect electric conductor or a dielectric coating on a PEC leads to extremely
small elements inside of those layers. Instead of meshing those very small layers, apply a standard impedance
boundary condition on those surfaces to obtain a good approximation.
You can reduce the size of your model by taking symmetry of the electromagnetic field into account. If the tangential electric field is zero (that is, only the normal electric field exists on the symmetry plane), apply a PEC
boundary condition to the symmetry plane. If the tangential magnetic field is zero (that is, only the normal
magnetic field exists on the symmetry plane), apply a PMC boundary condition to the symmetry plane. In a ANSYS
high-frequency analysis, a PMC boundary condition is a natural boundary condition. You do not need to apply
a constraint condition to a PMC symmetry plane.
If an electromagnetic wave radiates into infinity, you must use an absorbing boundary condition to truncate the
finite computational domain. If an electromagnetic wave in a propagating system is absorbed by a matching
load, you must replace that matching load with an absorbing boundary condition.
The following example of an open microstrip structure with a capacitance gap shows you how to create a
model.
Figure 2.2 Open Microstrip Structure
The equivalent circuit including a matched source, s-parameter extractor, and matching load is shown in Figure 2.3: Equivalent Circuit.
24
Figure 2.3 Equivalent Circuit

To create the model, you need to make use of the characteristics of electromagnetic fields and simplify the
model as follows:
The thickness of the microstrip is assumed to be small compared to the other dimensions and is ignored.
The ohmic loss of the microstrip is also assumed to be small and is ignored. These assumptions lead to a
PEC microstrip with zero thickness.
For the fundamental mode, the electric field is assumed to be symmetric about a vertical center line on
the cross section. Accordingly, the analysis can be done on a half model. A PMC boundary is applied to
the symmetry plane.
Since the electromagnetic field decays rapidly in the transverse direction with the distance from a microstrip,
PEC boundaries are added to enclose the open space at a proper separation distance. The distance from
the microstrip to the top PEC boundary should be at least equal to two times the height of the substrate.
The distance from the microstrip to the side PEC boundary should be at least two times the width of the
microstrip.
The wave source is assumed to be a matched electric current source and the output of the two-port network
is terminated by a matching load (see Figure 2.3: Equivalent Circuit). Absorbing boundary conditions
are added to represent the matching loads.
The real current source will be equivalent to the impressed current density. Considering the electric field
distribution on the transverse cross section, the line current density pointing from the microstrip to the
ground will excite the fundamental mode in the microstrip. Since the line current density source launches
a bidirectional electromagnetic wave, an absorber must be located behind the line current density source
to prevent a reflected wave.
These electromagnetic field characteristics and assumptions yield the following unmeshed model for the open
microstrip structure.
25
Figure 2.4 Open Microstrip Structure Model

6879 &2 % 7 (?%
>/'4')(+*%1 . "5 $&3(

!#"$&%$')(+*,(&%(-*%$/.0*1 234"5 $&3(
:;<
= 79 *%$+*,(
6 79 2&% 7 (&%
8
26
Chapter 3: Elements Available in

High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis
Three elements are available for high-frequency analysis: HF118, HF119, and HF120. HF118 is a 2-D element that
applies only to modal analyses. You can use it to compute dispersion characteristics of high-frequency transmission
lines, including the cutoff frequencies and the propagating constants for multiple modes. HF119 and HF120 are
3-D elements. You can perform harmonic analyses or modal analyses with them.
Table 3.1 High-Frequency Elements

Element
2-D or 3-D
Number of Nodes and Shape
DOFs
HF118
2-D
8-Node Quadrilateral with triangu- Projection of the electric field E (ANSYS degree of
lar degeneracy
freedom "AX")
HF119
3-D
10-Node Tetrahedral
HF120
3-D
20-Node Hexahedral with pyramid Projection of the electric field E (ANSYS degree of
and prism degeneracy
freedom "AX")
Projection of the electric field E (ANSYS degree of

freedom "AX")
You can use one element shape (hexahedral, wedge, pyramid, or tetrahedral) or any combination of shapes in
your 3-D model. Figure 3.1: Mixed Elements (a) shows a mix of hexahedral and wedge elements and (b) shows
a mix of hexahedral, pyramid, and tetrahedral elements. The pyramid elements are transitional elements between
the hexahedral and tetrahedral elements.
Figure 3.1 Mixed Elements
As an example, the following command input listing creates mixed hexahedral and wedge elements:
/prep7
et,1,120
et,11,200,5
et,12,200,7
rect,0,1,0,1
rect,1,2,0,1
aglue,all
esize,0.25
asel,s,loc,x,0,1
type,11
mshape,1
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,1,2
type,12
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
define hexahedral element

define 2-D 6-node triangle mesh element
define 2-D 8-node quadrilateral mesh element
create area 1
create area 2
glue areas together
define the element size
select area 1
select triangle element type
define the triangle element shape
mesh area 1 with triangle mesh element
select area 2
select quadrilateral mesh element type
Chapter 3: Elements Available in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis

mshape,0
amesh,all
alls
esize,,4
type,1
asel,s,loc,z,0
vext,all,,,0,0,1
fini
! define the element quadrilateral shape

! mesh area 2 with quadrilateral mesh element
!
!
!
!
define
select
select
create
element operation
hexahedral element
2-D element
3-D elements by extruding 2-D elements
As an example, the following command input listing creates mixed hexahedral, pyramid, and tetrahedral elements:
/prep7
ch=10.16e-3
cw=22.86e-3
cl=2.e-2
h=2.e-3
et,1,hf120,1
et,2,hf119,1
block,-cw/2,0,-ch/2,ch/2,0,cl/2
block,-cw/2,0,-ch/2,ch/2,cl/2,cl
vglue,all
esize,h
type,1
mshape,0,3d
mshkey,1
vmesh,1
mshape,1,3d
mshkey,0
vmesh,3
tchg,120,119,2
fini
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
define hexahedral element

define tet element
create volume 1
create volume 2
glue volumes together
define element size
select hexahedral element type
define hexahedral mesh
use mapped mesh
mesh first volume
define tetrahedral element
use free meshing
mesh second mesh
covert degen. hexahedral element into tetrahedral element
Although a geometrically complex structure can be meshed with tetrahedral elements, it may require many
elements and that may lead to simulation failure because of computer resources. Even a regular shaped volume
may require many tetrahedral elements if it has a very large aspect ratio. Here, hexahedral or wedge elements
would be a better choice. Figure 3.2: Object with a Large Aspect Ratio illustrates this difference. It shows that
the number of tetrahedral elements (a) is much larger than the number of hexahedral elements (b), if a similar
mesh density is maintained on the transverse cross section.
Figure 3.2 Object with a Large Aspect Ratio
You can automatically refine a model meshed with HF119 elements. To decrease discretization error, the
HFEREFINE macro refines elements that exceed a specified error limit. Moreover, based on the error indicated
by HFEREFINE, you can manually refine a model meshed with HF120 elements. For more information on this
capability, see Chapter 6, Adaptive Remeshing in this guide and HFEREFINE in the ANSYS Commands Reference.
32
Chapter 3: Elements Available in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis

See HF118, HF119, and HF120 in the ANSYS Elements Reference for more details on these elements. Refer to HighFrequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for additional information on
the tangential vector finite element method and vector basis functions.
You cannot use other ANSYS Emag electromagnetic elements in a high-frequency analysis. They are not based
on a full-wave formulation. They do not account for displacement current.
33
34
Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency

Harmonic Analysis
As in any other type of ANSYS analysis, a harmonic high-frequency electromagnetic analysis consists of these
steps:
Create a physics environment.
Build a model.
Assign regional attributes to the model and mesh it.
Apply boundary conditions and excitations (loads).
Obtain a solution.
Review the results.
The following flowchart illustrates these steps.
Figure 4.1 Flow Chart for a Harmonic Analysis
Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
4.1. Creating the Physics Environment

To begin, specify a jobname and a title for your analysis. If you are using the ANSYS Graphical User Interface (GUI)
and you wish to perform high-frequency electromagnetic analysis, one of the first things you should do upon
entering the GUI is choose the following path: Main Menu> Preferences and select High Frequency under
Electromagnetic. Doing this ensures that all of the GUI options you need for this type of analysis will be available
to you.
4.1.1. Specifying Element Types

Use either of the following to specify element type numbers and key options for HF119 and HF120:
Command(s): ET,ITYPE,Ename,KEYOPT(1),KEYOPT(2),KEYOPT(3),KEYOPT(4),KEYOPT(5)
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete
KEYOPT(1) defines the polynomial order of the elements. KEYOPT(1) = 0 or 1 defines a first order element with
a 0.5 order polynomial vector basis function. KEYOPT(1) = 2 defines a second order element with a 1.5 order
polynomial vector basis function. Greater accuracy is obtained using higher order elements (KEYOPT(1) = 2) at
the expense of additional degrees of freedom internally generated by the element. The second order elements
are not available for pure scattering or periodic boundary condition problems. The following table shows the
number of DOFs per element.
Table 4.1 Element DOFs

Element Shape
Number of DOFs Per Element

1st Order
2nd Order
Quadrilateral
12
Triangle
Tetrahedral
20
Hexahedral
12
54
Wedge
36
Pyramid
Not available
You cannot mix first and second order elements in a model. Both first and second order elements have midside
nodes to follow the curvature of a model. If you use MESH200 elements to generate 3-D high-frequency electromagnetic elements (HF119 or HF120) choose one of theMESH200 options for midside nodes, KEYOPT(1) = 5 for
3-D triangle elements or KEYOPT(1) = 7 for quadrilateral elements.
KEYOPT(4) allows you to specify element types for special high-frequency electromagnetic applications. KEYOPT(4)
= 0 defines the normal element (default). KEYOPT(4) = 1 defines an electromagnetic wave absorbing element
referred to as a perfectly matched layer (PML) element. KEYOPT(4) = 2 defines a special scattering element. You
need to specify KEYOPT(4) = 2 for the region of the domain receiving the reflected wave when you are using a
soft magnetic field excitation source that propagates in one direction (BF,,H option). For example, the following
command input listing defines first order normal and PML elements:
et,1,119,1,,,0
et,1,119,1,,,1
! define normal tetrahedral element

! define PML tetrahedral element
See Section 4.3.1.4: Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) for information on the PML element. See Section 4.3.2.4:
Surface Magnetic Field Source for information on the scattering element and soft source magnetic field excitation.
The HF118 element applies only to modal analyses. Chapter 5, Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis
describes this type of analysis in detail.
42
Section 4.1: Creating the Physics Environment
4.1.2. Specifying the System of Units

HF Emag always uses the MKS system. In the MKS system of units, free-space permeability is set to 4 x 10-7
henries/meter and free-space permittivity is set to 8.85 x 10-12 F/m.
See the EMUNIT command in the ANSYS Commands Reference for more details. The EMUNIT command defaults
to the MKS system of units. See Section 1.3: System of Units in the ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide for details
on MKS units.
4.1.3. Specifying Material Properties

Use either of the following to specify material properties:
Command(s): MP,LAB,MAT,C0,C1,C2,C3,C4
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models
High-frequency analysis requires three material properties: relative permeability diagonal tensor (MURX, MURY,
MURZ), relative permittivity diagonal tensor (PERX, PERY, PERZ), and resistivity (inverse of conductivity) diagonal
tensor (RSVX, RSVY, RSVZ). For isotropic materials, MURY and MURZ default to MURX; likewise, PERY and PERZ
default to PERX and RSVY and RSVZ default to RSVX. X, Y, and Z refer to the orthogonal coordinates in the element
coordinate system specified by the ESYS command. The permeability and permittivity must be relative values
with respect to their free-space definitions. Permeability of the material is equal to the product of the free-space
permeability and the relative permeability constant (MURX, MURY, MURZ). Permittivity of the material is equal
to the product of the free-space permittivity and the relative permittivity constant (PERX, PERY, PERZ).
For an isotropic lossy material, you can define the lossy characteristics of the material by the loss tangent (LSST).
Loss tangent (tan ) is defined by:
tan = /(2for)
where:
f = frequency (Hz)
= conductivity (S/m)
o = free-space permittivity (F/m)
r = relative permittivity
If a complex permittivity is defined as:
r = r' - J.r
the loss tangent is defined by:
tan = r/ r'
If a complex permittivity is defined as:
r = r' + jr
the loss tangent is defined by:
tan = - r/ r'
The following table gives some guidelines for specifying material properties.
43
Table 4.2 Material Guidelines

Material
Guideline
Air
Specify a relative permeability and a relative permittivity of 1.0.
Lossless Dielectric
Specify a relative permeability r and a relative permittivity r, which can be

either isotropic or anisotropic (i.e., a diagonal tensor in the predefined element
coordinate system).
Lossy Dielectric with a

known Conductivity
Specify a relative permeability r, a relative permittivity r, and a resistivity

(1/conductivity), which can be either isotropic or anisotropic (i.e., a diagonal
tensor in the predefined element coordinate system).
Lossy Dielectric with a

known Loss Tangent
Specify a relative permeability r, a relative permittivity r, and a loss tangent.

If you specify both a resistivity and a loss tangent, only the loss tangent will be
used.
For example, the following command input listing defines two isotropic lossy materials:
mp,perx,1,2.5
mp,murx,1,1.0
mp,rsvx,1,1.E-4
mp,perx,2,9.8
mp,murx,1,2.0
mp,lsst,2,0.5
!
!
!
!
!
!
the
the
the
the
the
the
relative permittivity of material

relative permeability of material
resistivity of material is 1.E-4
relative permittivity of material
relative permeability of material
loss tangent of material 2 is 0.5
1 is 2.5
1 is 1.0
2 is 9.8
2 is 2.0
If you want to calculate the specific adsorption rate (SAR) of a lossy material, you must specify the mass density
of the material (Lab = DENS).
See the MP command in the ANSYS Commands Reference for more details.
4.2. Building the Model, Assigning Region Attributes, and Meshing

Use the ANSYS preprocessor (PREP7) to create the model geometry. This model building process is common to
most analyses. See the ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide for details.
4.2.1. Defining Model Region Attributes

Attributes assigned to a model prior to meshing include element type and material number. You assign these
to the region using the VATT command for volumes to be meshed with 3-D elements (HF119 and HF120). Use
different material numbers to distinguish different material regions.
4.2.2. Meshing the Model

Use the ANSYS preprocessor (PREP7) to mesh the solid model geometry. This meshing is common to most analyses.
See the ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide for details.
For a full-wave FEA formulation, the mesh must be fine enough to minimize numerical dispersion effects from
finite discretization. In general, it should have at least 10 elements per propagating or resonant wavelength for
the material.
Note If the propagating wavelength is 1 cm in free space, the wavelength is 0.5 cm in a dielectric with
relative permittivity r = 4.
To obtain accurate S-parameters, the elements located at the ports should have as close to a 1:1 aspect ratio as
possible in the direction of the wave propagation.
44
Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)

You should also employ your knowledge of electromagnetic fields to determine an appropriate mesh density.
For example, consider the following electromagnetic fields shown in Figure 4.2: Electric Field Distributions :
(a) a TE10 mode on the transverse cross section of a rectangular waveguide
(b) a fundamental mode on the transverse cross section of a microstrip structure
Since the electric field of a TE10 mode varies sinusoidally along the wide side of a rectangular waveguide and is
uniform along the narrow side, there should be at least five elements along the wide side. Since the electromagnetic field concentrates under the metallic microstrip, to obtain the acceptable results, there should be at least
four elements along the thickness of the substrate and at least five elements along the width of the microstrip.
Figure 4.2 Electric Field Distributions

4.3. Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)

You can apply most boundary conditions and excitations to a harmonic high-frequency analysis either on the
solid model entities or on the finite element model entities. Applying boundary conditions to the solid model is
advantageous in that they are independent of the underlying finite element mesh. Subsequent mesh refinement
does not require reapplying the boundary conditions and excitation if adaptive meshing is used. For more information, see Chapter 6, Adaptive Remeshing in this guide and HFEREFINE in the ANSYS Commands Reference.
Figure 4.3 Solid and Finite Element Models
4.3.1. Applying Boundary Conditions

Table 4.3: High-Frequency Boundary Conditions shows the available boundary conditions for a high-frequency
analysis. See the detailed explanations of these boundary conditions below. For general information on applying
boundary conditions see Chapter 2, Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
45
Table 4.3 High-Frequency Boundary Conditions

Boundary Condition
Solid Model Entities
Finite Element Model

Entities
Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC)
Lines or Areas
Nodes
Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC)
None required [1]
None required [1]
Standard Impedance Boundary Condition (SIBC) Areas
Nodes
Perfectly Matched Layers (PML)
Not Applicable
Elements
Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC)
Areas
Nodes
1.
You do not need to specify a PMC boundary condition because it is a natural boundary condition.
4.3.1.1. Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC)

A perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary (also called Electric Wall) is a surface on which the tangential comr
ponent of the vector electric field ( E t) vanishes. Use boundary (DOF) constraints to define PEC boundary conditions
on the solid model or finite element model entities. You can remove a neighboring conductor from the model
and replace it with a PEC boundary condition, if the losses of the metallic conductor can be ignored. In many
applications, a thin metallic object (for example, a metallic strip of a microstrip structure) simplifies to an infinitesimally thin metallic sheet with a PEC boundary condition.
Figure 4.4 PEC Boundary Condition

,
!

To reduce your model size, you can also apply PEC boundary conditions to symmetry planes that have a zero
tangential component of the vector electric field. You must know the electric field distribution before you can
take advantage of the symmetry.
To specify PEC boundary conditions, you can use the DL or DA command to set the AX DOFs to zero on the
surface of the model or you can use the D command to set the AX DOFs to zero on the nodes of the finite element
model. Alternatively, you can specify a PEC boundary condition from the GUI, which will impose AX = 0.
Command(s): D, DL, or DA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall> On
Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall> On
Areas
46
4.3.1.2. Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC)

A perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary (also called Magnetic Wall) is a surface on which the tangential
r
component of the vector magnetic field ( H t) vanishes. You can remove a highly permeable magnetic medium
from the model and replace it with a PMC, if the losses of the magnetic medium can be ignored.
Figure 4.5 PMC Boundary Condition

,
&
"! #%$

To reduce your model size, you can also apply PMC boundary conditions to symmetry planes that have a zero
tangential component of the vector magnetic field. You must know the magnetic field distribution before you
can take advantage of the symmetry.
Note You do not need to specify a PMC boundary condition because it is the natural boundary condition
in ANSYS Emag HF. Any exterior surface without a specified boundary condition assumes a PMC
boundary condition.
4.3.1.3. Surface Impedance

Table 4.4: Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions shows surface impedance boundary conditions available
for a high-frequency electromagnetic analysis. You can use surface impedance boundary conditions to approximate a radiation boundary and an electrically small lossy/dielectric layer where a very fine mesh would usually
be required. See the detailed explanations of these impedance boundary conditions below.
Table 4.4 Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions

Boundary Condition
SIBC Approximations
Far-Field Radiation
Boundary
'(*))+,.-/0)
Air-dielectric Interface
Equation [1] [2]
o
o
INF
Z=
IMPD
Z=
132 45
637 89 8:<;>=?7 :
@3ACBD
Dielectric Coating on
PEC
Z=j
EGFH
I3J K H
SF or SFA Command
Label
tan (2 f )
IMPD
47

Boundary Condition
SIBC Approximations
Non-perfect Electric
Conductor
Equation [1] [2]

Z =

SF or SFA Command
Label
o r
( 1+ j )
2
1.
Enter the Z value calculated by this equation in the VALUE field of SF or SFA.
2.
o and o are the free-space permeability and free-space permittivity, respectively.
SHLD
and are the permeability and permittivity, respectively.

r is the relative permeability.
is the thickness of the dielectric layer coating on the PEC.
f is the frequency.
is the conductivity of the non-perfect electric conductor.
= 2f
You can apply surface impedance to the nodes of the finite element model or the areas of a solid model using
the following commands and GUI menu paths with Lab = INF, IMPD, or SHLD:
Command(s): SF,Nlist,IMPD,VALUE,VALUE2 SFA,AREA,LKEY,IMPD,VALUE,VALUE2
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Impedance>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Impedance> On
Areas
For the impedance surface load label (Lab = IMPD), VALUE and VALUE2 are the real and imaginary components
of the impedance, respectively.
When explicit values of impedance are not known or when a harmonic solution over a wide frequency range is
required, it is more convenient to specify the surface impedance in terms of the conductivity (COND) and relative
permeability (MUR) of the non-perfect conductor. You can apply surface shielding properties using one of the
following commands or menu paths (Lab = SHLD):
Command(s): SF,Nlist, SHLD,COND,MUR SFA,AREA,LKEY,SHLD,COND,MUR
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield> On
Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield> On Areas
Note Be sure to specify conductivity in MKS units (Siemens/meter). The default for relative permeability
is 1.0.
You can flag any exterior boundary and assign it as an infinite boundary using one of the following commands
or menu paths (Lab = INF):
Command(s): SF,Nlist,INF SFA,AREA,LKEY,INF SFL,LINE,INF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface> On
Areas
48

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface> On
Lines
For modeling a far-field radiating boundary, you need to flag the exterior nodes or exterior areas where the
propagating wave is treated as a plane wave. When such an infinite far-field radiation boundary is close to the
objects and the scattering wave is not a plane wave or a spherical wave, numerical error will occur. Using perfectly
matched layers (PML) is a more accurate method for modeling the far-field radiation boundary (see the next
section).
Applying boundary conditions to the solid model offers the advantage that they are independent of the underlying finite element mesh. This allows you to make mesh modifications without having to reapply the loads.
4.3.1.4. Perfectly Matched Layers (PML)

The purpose of an absorbing boundary condition is to absorb the outgoing electromagnetic wave so that there
are no reflections back into the FEA computational domain. Perfectly matched layers (PML) are the layers of
electromagnetic wave absorbing elements designed for the mesh truncation of an open FEA domain in a harmonic or modal analysis. It is an artificial anisotropic material that is transparent and heavily lossy to incoming
electromagnetic waves. PML can reduce the size of the computational domain significantly with very small numerical reflections. A PML region is backed by a PEC boundary condition.
If the electromagnetic wave needs to be absorbed in only one direction, as in the case of a traditional waveguide
port or a planar transmission line port, you construct a 1-D PML region in the global Cartesian coordinate system
or a local Cartesian coordinate system as shown in the following figure.
Figure 4.6 Microstrip Structure with PML Regions

/

213475 6
98:1;<
@!"$#A &' '

( )**
+, .21345 6
/ +,0)

'68:=>7?
!"$#% &'
A 3-D PML region consist of layers of elements extending from the interior volume towards the open domain as
shown in the following figure. You construct a block about the origin of the global Cartesian coordinate system
or a local Cartesian coordinate system. You align the edges of the 3-D PML region with the axes of the Cartesian
coordinate system.
49
Figure 4.7 PML Region Attached to Interior Region

7
"! #$ %

6
&'%( "! ) *)+-,./"! )%012)+3 ! %

4! )
"! #-5 %

To optimize the absorbing efficiency of the PML, you must properly construct the PML regions and appropriately
choose the following PML parameters:
Thickness of the PML Region
Number of PML Elements
Attenuation Parameters
Number of Normal Elements between the PML Region and Objects or Discontinuities
Use the ET command to define PML elements. Set KEYOPT(4) = 1 for HF119 or HF120 and then mesh the PML
region with this type of element.
More than one 1-D PML region may exist in a finite element model. The element coordinate system (ESYS command) uniquely identifies each PML region. Use the LOCAL command to define a Cartesian coordinate system,
and then assign this coordinate system to the elements in the PML region (VATT or ESYS command prior to
meshing or the EMODIF command after meshing).
The attenuation from the PML interface to the PML exterior surface is a parabolic distribution that minimizes
numerical reflections from the PML elements. The numerical reflections are caused by the discretization of a
continuous distribution of material from element to element. To obtain satisfactory numerical accuracy, you
should use at least four layers of PML elements. At lower operating frequencies (< 1 GHz), the PML thickness may
need to be greater than a quarter wavelength.
Figure 4.8 Attenuation Distribution
8$9:<;>= ?/@AB"C DBFE2DGH C ?='?(@A B'IJHK(A

XYUZG[AB"C K(HS8$9:-\@A]^E*C V<@B"C WU@C D?
89:^Q5S AG[A?(@V
L HKMNAOP8Q5R
= OAH0S89:-RTD?(@"C ?UD0UVE*C V<@B"C WU/@C D?
Since PML acts as an infinite open domain, any boundary conditions and material properties need to be carried
over into the PML region. Material properties such as permittivity, permeability, and conductivity in the PML region
must be the same as the adjacent interior region. For example, in the model of a microstrip structure with PML
regions, you should carry over the dielectric and air properties to the adjacent PML layers (see Figure 4.6: Microstrip
Structure with PML Regions).
410

A PEC boundary condition must back all exterior surfaces of the PML region, except for symmetric surfaces with
a PMC boundary condition. To specify a PEC boundary condition on the outer surfaces of the PML region, use
the D command for a finite element model or the DL or DA command for a solid model. PEC or PMC boundary
conditions can be applied on the symmetric surfaces of a PML region. For a high frequency structure that has a
matching load, rather than an open domain, the PML region plays the role of the matching load.
You should include some buffer elements (at least four) between the PML region and a discontinuity or object
in the interior domain. The PML will then absorb the outgoing wave effectively and minimize numerical reflections.
Figure 4.9 Buffer Elements in Interior Domain

!#"%$ &' (
)+*-,
Since PML is an artificial anisotropic material, excitation sources are prohibited in the PML region.
The attenuation of the electromagnetic wave in a PML region may be controlled. You can specify the normal
reflection coefficient (harmonic) for propagating waves or the attenuation factors (modal) for evanescent waves
by using one of the following:
Command(s): PMLOPT,ESYS,Lab,Xminus,Xplus,Yminus,Yplus,Zminus,Zplus
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield> On
Nodes
The direction designations are Xminus, Yminus, Zminus, Xplus, Yplus, and Zplus. The minus and plus refer to the
negative and positive directions along the Cartesian coordinate axes, respectively. If the propagating wave is
only absorbed in one direction, you define a 1-D PML region (Lab = ONE). You only need to specify the Xminus
argument for a 1-D PML region. For a 3-D PML region, you can define a different normal reflection coefficient
for each direction (Xminus, Yminus, Zminus, Xplus, Yplus, and Zplus). The normal reflection coefficients default
to 1.E-3 (-60 dB) for a harmonic analysis. The attenuation factors default to 4.0 for a modal analysis. Normal reflection coefficients should be less than 1.0, and the attenuation factors should be greater than 1.0. If only a few PML
layers are used (for example, four layers), specifying a very small normal reflection coefficient (such as -100 dB)
may lead to significant numerical reflection. Increase the number of layers before specifying a very small reflection
coefficient. Repeat the PMLOPT command for additional PML regions. Refer to the PMLOPT and PMLSIZE
commands in the ANSYS Commands Reference and Section 5.5.2.4: Perfectly Matched Layers in the ANSYS, Inc.
Theory Reference for more information.
The number of PML layers dominates the absorbing efficiency of PML. However, an excessive number of PML
elements will significantly increase the computational requirements. The number of PML layers (n) for acceptable
numerical accuracy can be determined by one of the following:
Command(s): PMLSIZE,FREQB,FREQE,DMIN,DMAX,THICK,ANGLE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> PML
where
411
Figure 4.10 Distance between Source/Objects and PML Region

"!$# %
"!'&
(

If n is less than 5, the number of layers is set to 5 in order to reduce the numerical reflection. If n is greater than
20, the number of layers is set to 20 to avoid having an excessive number of PML elements.
The PMLSIZE macro must be issued before you mesh your model. If the thickness of the PML region is known, it
specifies an element edge length. If the thickness of the PML region is unknown, it species the number of layers
(n).
Refer to the PMLOPT and PMLSIZE commands in the ANSYS Commands Reference and Section 5.5.2.4: Perfectly
Matched Layers in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information.
4.3.1.5. Periodic Boundary Conditions

Periodic boundary conditions enable you to model time-harmonic electromagnetic scattering, radiation, and
absorption characteristics of doubly periodic array structures. A periodic array is assumed to extend infinitely as
shown in the following figure. The direction normal to the periodic plane is selected as the Z direction of the
global Cartesian coordinate system.
Figure 4.11 Arbitrary Infinite Periodic Structure
/ ,
.
)*+
/ +
)*-,
For scattering problems, an arbitrarily polarized plane wave impinges on the periodic structure at some arbitrary
oblique arrival angle with respect to the Z direction. The reflection, transmission, absorption, and polarization
characteristics of the periodic structure are simulated. For most scattering problems, the periodic structure will
not include internal excitation sources. For radiation problems, an electromagnetic current source or other excitation source will exist inside the periodic structure.
The infinite extension assumption allows you to investigate a single periodic unit cell as shown in the following
figure. The electromagnetic fields on the cell sidewalls exhibit a dependency described by the theorem of Floquet.
Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information
on this theorem.
412
Figure 4.12 Unit Cell
# $ %

! "
The cell sidewalls are assigned as master and slave boundaries, and they are bound together by the periodic
boundary conditions. The electromagnetic wave in the periodic volume radiates into infinity or is absorbed in
the z direction. You must use PML to truncate the open space because Floquet's electromagnetic wave
propagates in the periodic structure. You should also use PML or a matched impedance port to terminate a traditional waveguide port, if it exists inside the periodic structure.
To impose periodic boundary conditions, the mesh pattern on the master boundary must be identical to the
mesh pattern on the slave boundary. You must mesh the master boundary using the AMESH command. You
then use the AGEN or MSHCOPY command to generate the mesh on the slave boundary prior to meshing the
cell volume. Matching the nodes on the master boundary to the nodes on the slave boundary imposes the
periodic boundary conditions. You use the CPCYC or CP command to generate the coupled nodes.
As an example, the following command input listing creates periodic boundary conditions for a unit cell of a infinite rectangular waveguide periodic array:
/batch,list
/title, S11 of JRM Array, E plane scan, 9.25 GHz
/com, Problem: Compute S11 of JRM Array for E-Plane scan at 9.25 GHz
/com, Numerical Model: Waveguide + Radiation Space + PML
/com,
Waveguide: 0.9"x0.4"x0.75"
/com,
Radiation Space: 1.0"x0.5"x0.75"
/com,
PML: 1.0"x0.5"x0.75"
/com,
/nopr
/prep7
freq=9.25e9
lamda=3.e8/freq
scal=25.4e-3
a1=scal*0.9/2.
b1=scal*0.4/2.
a2=scal*1.0/2.
b2=scal*0.5/2
c1=scal*0.75
c2=scal*0.5
c3=scal*0.75
c4=scal*1.5
rmin=c3
rmax=sqrt(2.)*c3
dpml=c4-c3
h=lamda/5
tiny=1.e-5
ang=30
angmax=60.
et,11,200,5
et,1,119,1,,,0
et,2,119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! cycle element
local,11
wpcsys,,11
block,-a1,a1,-b1,b1,0,-c1
413

!block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,0,c2
block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,0,c3
block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,c3,c4
vglue,all
type,11
esize,h
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,0,c3
amesh,all
PMLSIZE,9e9,9.5e9,rmin,rmax,dpml,angmax
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c3,c4
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
agen,2,all,,,2*a2
asel,s,loc,y,-b2
agen,2,all,,,0,2*b2
alls
nummrg,all
mat,1
type,1
vsel,s,loc,z,-c1,c3
esize,h
vmesh,all
type,2
PMLSIZE,9e9,9.5e9,rmin,rmax,dpml,angmax
vsel,s,loc,z,c3,c4
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,11
alls
! create normal element
! create PML element
nsel,s,loc,x,-a2
nsel,a,loc,x,a2
cpcyc,ax,,,2*a2,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,2*b2,0,1
alls
finish
The finite element models created are shown in the following figure.
414
Figure 4.13 Periodic Array Models
The SPSCAN macro can perform a harmonic analysis of the unit cell and extract the S-parameter at the port over
a specified scanning angle range. You can then use the PLSYZ command to plot the S-parameter over the
scanning angle range.
You can use the HFPA command to specify the scan angle for a harmonic analysis. In POST1, you can issue the
HFARRAY command to define the antenna array. You can then use PRHFFAR or PLHFFAR to obtain the radiation
pattern and the directive gain of the phased array antenna, based on the solution for the unit cell.
4.3.2. Applying Excitation Sources

Table 4.5: High-Frequency Excitation Sources shows all excitation sources available for a high-frequency analysis. You can apply excitation sources on the listed solid model entities or finite element model entities. See the
detailed explanations of these excitation sources below. For general information on applying loads see Chapter 2,
Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
Table 4.5 High-Frequency Excitation Sources

Excitation Sources
Finite Element Model Entities
Excitation Port
Areas
Nodes
Current Density Volume
Volumes
Nodes or Elements
Current Density Area
Area
Nodes or Elements
Current Density Line
Lines
Nodes
Current Density Point
Keypoints
Nodes
Plane Wave
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
415

Excitation Sources
Finite Element Model Entities
Surface Magnetic Field
Areas
Nodes
Electric Field
Lines or Areas
Nodes
4.3.2.1. Excitation Port

Excitation port refers to a plane where an excitation source is defined by the HFPORT command. Excitation ports
include traditional waveguide ports, arbitrary transmission line ports associated with a specified current density
source, and plane wave ports. The port plane can be an interior surface that is inside the computational domain
or an exterior surface that truncates the computational domain. For traditional waveguides, you may launch a
modal electromagnetic field for a coaxial waveguide, rectangular waveguide, circular waveguide or parallel plate
waveguide. A waveguide port can be either interior or exterior with respect to the matching condition. For a
transmission line port, there is no electromagnetic field to be specified on the port plane. You must use a current
density source to excite the propagating mode. The transmission line port needs to be bound to the excitation
current density source. A transmission line port must be inside the computational domain (see below for more
details on exterior and interior ports). A plane wave port is an interior port that is only used for a scattering analysis of a periodic structure.
Specifying the excitation port option is a two-step process. First you select the solid model area (or nodes) to
define the port location and assign a port number. The port number assigned must be between 1 and 50. For
an exterior port, you choose the areas or nodes and then use one of the following to assign a port number and
apply a surface load:
Command(s): SF, SFA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior> On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior>
On Areas
For an interior port, you would use one of the following to assign a port number and apply a body load:
Command(s): BF, BFA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Interior>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Interior>
On Areas
Next, you need to identify the port type: coaxial waveguide, rectangular waveguide, circular waveguide, parallelplate waveguide, transmission line, or plane wave. You also need to specify the attributes of the port (geometric
properties and excitation conditions). You may define geometric properties of a waveguide with respect to a
local coordinate system. For a waveguide port, the origin of the local coordinate system must be centered about
the face of the port without considering symmetry and the Z direction must correspond with the wave
propagation direction. A local coordinate system is not necessary for a transmission line port. For a plane wave
port, the z direction of either the global Cartesian or a local coordinate system must be perpendicular to the
periodic plane (see Figure 4.11: Arbitrary Infinite Periodic Structure).
To define a local coordinate system, use one of the following:
Command(s): LOCAL
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> At Specified Loc
To identify the port, use the command or menu path shown below.
Command(s): HFPORT,Portnum,Porttype,Local,Opt1,Opt2,VAL1,VAL2,VAL3,VAL4,VAL5
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior> On Nodes
416

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior>
On Areas
On Nodes
On Areas
The Porttype argument defines the port type. The Opt1 argument defines the mode type for a waveguide port
or the path name for a transmission line port.
Table 4.6 Port Types

Port Type (Porttype)
Mode Type or Path Name (Opt1)
Coaxial Waveguide (COAX)
Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Mode
Rectangular Waveguide (RECT)
Transverse Electric (TEmn) Mode [1]
Transverse Magnetic (TMmn) Mode [1]
Transverse Electric (TEmn) Mode [2]
Transverse Magnetic (TMmn) Mode [2]
Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM)
Transverse Electric (TEon) Mode [3]
Transverse Magnetic (TMon) Mode [3]
Circular Waveguide (CIRC)
Parallel Plate Waveguide (PARA)
Transmission Line (TLINE)
Voltage Path Name (no default, maximum 8 characters)
Plane Wave (PLAN)
Not Used
1.
The subscripts m and n mean the variation of the field along the wide side and narrow side of the
waveguide, respectively.
2.
The subscripts m and n mean the variation of the field along the angular and radial directions of the
waveguide, respectively.
3.
The subscript zero means no field variation and the subscript n means the variation of the field between
the plates.
The VAL1 - VAL5 arguments specify inputs such as geometric properties and excitation conditions. See the HFPORT
command for additional information.
As shown in the following figure, a port may exist on the exterior surface or interior surface of a modeled domain.
An exterior port allows you to launch an incident wave and the port absorbs the reflected wave for the launched
mode. An interior port allows you to launch a bidirectional incident wave. All reflected modes will pass through
the interior port and will be absorbed by a PML absorbing boundary condition if the interior port is assigned as
a matched port. The Opt2 argument controls the ability to launch a wave and to pass reflected waves.
417
Figure 4.14 Exterior and Interior Ports

You may consider a port to be a soft source or a hard source as shown in the following figures. At a soft source
port, the electromagnetic field represents the summation of the incident field launched and the reflected wave
passing through the port. The soft source port is equivalent to a matched voltage source as shown in Figure 4.15: Soft Source Port. At a hard source port, the electromagnetic field is fixed by the port type and mode.
The reflected wave is reflected back into the computational domain again by the hard source port. The hard
source port is equivalent to an unmatched voltage source as shown in Figure 4.16: Hard Source Port. You use
a hard source port only when you want to ignore the reflection of the electromagnetic field on the source plane
in order to simplify the model and reduce the size of the computational domain.
Figure 4.15 Soft Source Port

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, -/(' #
, #%0)
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Figure 4.16 Hard Source Port

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Exterior Port Options

IMPD and HARD are the allowable options for the Opt2 argument when an exterior port is specified.
Opt2 = IMPD defines a port impedance boundary as shown in the following figure. For this option, if VAL3 and
VAL5 are left blank (see HFPORT VALUE Arguments for definitions), the port is treated as a matched port for the
specified mode. If VAL3 or VAL5 is not blank, you may launch an incident wave and the port will absorb the same
reflected mode. The port becomes a matched source port for the specified mode. When launching a fundamental
mode using the IMPD option, you should locate the port at least half of a wavelength away from any discontinuity
or structure to ensure that other reflected higher order modes are damped out. You may extract S-parameters
at this port for the single mode.
Figure 4.17 IMPD Option for Waveguide Port

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f3g
h e
f3g
JLKMNOPRQTSVUXWYNP[Z\UYMJLKMNOPRQT]LWM^WM\Z\UYM
418

Opt2 = HARD defines a hard feeding source aperture. As shown in the following figure, this port launches an
incident wave but it does not absorb any reflected waves. You should not extract S-parameters from this port
because the electromagnetic field is fixed at the port.
Figure 4.18 HARD Option for Waveguide Port
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Interior Port Options

An interior port has the advantage that it supports launching of a wave and passing of all reflected waves. Hence,
you can place an interior port very close to a structure or discontinuity with no loss in accuracy. SEXT, SOFT, and
HARD are the allowable options for the Opt2 argument when a interior port is specified.
Note An interior port can only be defined in the normal element region (KEYOPT(4) = 0), and not at
the interface between the normal region and the PML region or in the PML region.
Use Opt2 = SEXT strictly as a port to extract S-parameters. Locate it ahead of the 1-D PML region as shown in
Figure 4.19: Interior Soft Source and Extraction Ports. This port will extract single mode S-parameters.
Opt2 = SOFT will launch the specified electromagnetic wave as a soft source on both sides of the port. In addition,
all reflected modes will pass through the port. A PML region can be located behind the interior port to absorb
the reflected and incident waves as shown in the following figure. For waveguides (Porttype=COAX, RECT, CIRC
or PARA), you can extract S-parameters of the specified single mode at this port.
Figure 4.19 Interior Soft Source and Extraction Ports
/0 1
2/03465798"04:2<;6/>=@? ACB
D 7 E 5H 2
D 7 E5 H 2
D 467 1O
8QSR
D#E2646F5G2)H 0#I8"04
2<;6/JD#KLACB
D 24F#IU
T H U5N0#I2)H I 3H 2:V
M 3N1:174.DCO 7#P7#IN2
M 3N1:174.DCO 7#P7#IN2
8QSR
Opt2 = HARD will launch a waveguide mode on both sides of the port, but it will not allow any reflected waves
to pass through the port. You should not extract S-parameters at this port. A hard interior port is not recommended.
You can define a transmission line port (Porttype = TLINE; Opt2 = SEXT) to extract parameters for a planar
transmission line. In addition to defining the transmission line port plane using the BF or BFA command, you
need to specify a voltage path from the central conductor to the ground on the port plane. Since a closed form
solution for the planar transmission line structure is not available, you should introduce a current density source
to excite the propagating modes in the structure. They will propagate along the transmission line structure,
while the excited evanescent modes damp out quickly away from the current density source. You must use PML
to terminate the computational domain. The parameter extraction plane of the transmission line port should be
between the excitation current density source and the discontinuity for a input port. It should be between the
419

discontinuity and the PML region for output ports. A PML region should be behind the current density source.
The model is shown in the following figure.
Figure 4.20 Transmission Line Model

4 1 2 !5
02 #6% 78

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3
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The plane wave source port (Porttype = PLAN, Opt2 = SOFT) launches a plane wave for a scattering analysis of
a periodic structure. Here, you need to define the coupled master and slave surfaces of the solid model or nodes
of the finite element model. You must use PML to truncate the open space because Floquet's electromagnetic
wave propagates in the periodic structure. The plan wave port must be an interior soft port as illustrated in the
following figure. For information on how to define a plane wave, see Section 4.3.2.3: Plane Wave Source.
Figure 4.21 Model for Scattering Analysis of Periodic Structure
9;: <=>@?A<B>C9EDFGHI9+JK8LNM
X@<0aG>FT^F!_Q<R>
9+XYJZDFEXZ<GQR[S =\]9EDF!G
T: <B>YTW^F`_<R>
9+X6J
OPG2FQ<RG S D=79EDF!GH2TOUWV;M
The HFPORT arguments VAL1 - VAL5 define the other port inputs.
Table 4.7 HFPORT VALUE Arguments[1]

Port Type
420
VAL1
VAL2
VAL3
VAL4
VAL5
COAX
Inner Radius
Outer Radius
Voltage between Inner Phase Angle

and Outer Conductors [2]
Input Power
RECT
Width
Height
Ez for TM or Hz for TE [2]
Phase Angle
Input Power
CIRC
Radius
Not Used
Ez for TM or Hz for TE [2]
Phase Angle
Input Power

Port Type
VAL1
VAL2
Separation
VAL3
VAL4
PARA
Width
TLINE
Resistance of
Susceptance of Ratio of model cross-sec- Not Used
Reference Imped- Reference Imped- tional area to real crossance
ance
sectional area. For a halfsymmetry model, enter
0.5. Defaults to 1.0.
PLAN
Ex
Ey
Ey for TEM, Ez for TM, or Hz Phase Angle

for TE [2]
Ez [2]
VAL5
Input Power
Not Used
Angle in
Angle in SpherSpherical Coical Coordinate
ordinate System System
1.
If time-averaged power is input, it overrides the applied voltage or field input. See the HFPORT command
for more information on the VAL1 -VAL5 arguments.
2.
VAL3 is a RMS value.
4.3.2.2. Current Source

You can use a current source to excite electromagnetic fields in a high-frequency structure. Current density is
input by defining up to three components of a vector quantity (JSX, JSY, and JSZ) and a phase angle. If the current
density vector is not aligned with the global Cartesian coordinate system, you may take advantage of either a
rotated nodal coordinate system (NROTAT command) or an element coordinate system (ESYS command). If
current density is specified at nodes (BF command) or transferred to nodes from a solid model entity (BFA, BFL,
or BFK), you can use a rotated nodal coordinate system to align the current density vector. If current density is
specified on elements (BFE command) or transferred to elements from a solid model volume (BFV command),
you can use an element coordinate system to align the current density vector. To view the current density vectors,
use the /PBC,JS,,2 command option.
To define a current density volume source, use one of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFV, BFE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr
Density> On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr Density>
On Volumes
On Elements
For a surface current source, you should specify the current density on at least three nodes on an element face.
The surface current source must coincide with the element faces. You can define a current density surface source
using one of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFA
Density> On Nodes
On Areas
For a line current source, you should specify the current density at two nodes connected by an element edge.
The line current source must coincide with the element edges. To define a current density line source, use one
of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFL
Density> On Nodes
421

On Lines
A point current source must be at the element nodes. You can define a current density point source using one
of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFK
Density> On Nodes
On Keypoints
In general, a current density source launches the electromagnetic wave in all directions. For a propagating or
resonant system, you can use a current density source to excite the propagating modes or resonant modes of
the structure. Only proper modes can exist in the structure. In order to reduce the parasitic modes, you should
choose the distribution of the current density based on the electric field distribution of the excited mode. The
following figure shows an example for a planar transmission line. You can excite the fundamental propagating
mode by defining a line current density source pointing from the central conductor to the ground.
Figure 4.22 Current Excitation

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The following guidelines apply when a current density source is used to excite a high-frequency propagating
structure:
To avoid the parasitic modes around the excitation source, locate parameter extraction planes at least
1/4 wavelength away from the excitation position.
Use PML to terminate the computational domain along the wave propagating direction.
The following figure illustrates these guidelines.
Figure 4.23 Transmission Line Model with Current Excitation
34)556789;:425<6
=>?8%5%@2<A8B :7CD @76

M B N<:78B 7)42B 8PO
C;JLK
E 4FGF65"=D 6HI678
E 4FGF65"=D 6HI678
C;JLK
You can also define a radiation source using a current density distribution in terms of a conducting current distribution on the radiator. For example, you can choose a sinusoidal current distribution to model a very thin halfwavelength dipole antenna.
422
4.3.2.3. Plane Wave Source

A incident plane wave source is available. You can define a plane wave by component values of an electric polarization vector and the incident angles in a global Cartesian coordinate system:
jk o ( xcos sin + ysin sin + zcos )
E = E0
If a plane wave port is assigned, you can define a plane wave in a local Cartesian coordinate system.
Define a external plane wave (a free-space harmonic incident plane electromagnetic wave) using one of the
following:
Command(s): PLWAVE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Plane Wave>
Define Wave
You need to specify the following plane wave attributes:
Electric field amplitude in the X, Y, and Z directions.
Angle between the X-axis and the projection of the incident plane wave vector on the X-Y plane ().
Angle between the Z-axis and the incident plane wave vector.
Figure 4.24 Spherical Coordinates

Note As shown in Figure 4.24: Spherical Coordinates, the wave vector points to the origin of the
Cartesian coordinate system.
When used together with an unbounded domain model (using PML as an absorber), the scattering effects of an
incident field on a body can be simulated using the scattering analysis command HFSCAT.
You cannot use the PLWAVE command to define an incident plane wave for a scattering analysis of a periodic
structure. Here, a plane wave port must be specified using the HFPORT command. The scattering analysis
command HFSCAT is not valid because a total field formulation is used for the scattering analysis of a periodic
structure.
4.3.2.4. Surface Magnetic Field Source

You can apply a fixed magnetic field (hard) excitation source on an exterior surface using one of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Magnetic
Field> On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Magnetic Field>
On Areas
423

You should impose a hard surface magnetic field excitation source on the exterior nodes of a computational
domain as shown in Figure 4.25: Exterior Hard Surface Magnetic Field Excitation. Specify a soft excitation source
if the surface magnetic field source is on the interior nodes of a computational domain as shown in Figure 4.26: Soft Interior Surface Magnetic Field Excitation.
Figure 4.25 Exterior Hard Surface Magnetic Field Excitation

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For a surface magnetic field source, you should specify the magnetic field at three nodes on an element face, at
least. The surface magnetic field source must coincide with the element faces. The magnetic field is input by
defining up to three components of a vector quantity (HX, HY, HZ) and a phase angle. If the magnetic field vector
does not align with the global Cartesian coordinate system, you may take advantage of a rotated nodal coordinate
system (NROTAT command). The magnetic field specified at nodes (BF command) or transferred to nodes from
a solid model entity (BFA, BFL, or BFK) may use a rotated nodal coordinate system to align the magnetic field
vector. To view the magnetic field vectors, use the /PBC,H,,2 command option.
You can also apply a soft excitation source as shown in the following figure. It allows reflection waves to go
through the source surface without any reflection. To do so, you define an interior surface magnetic field source
using the BF or BFA command. The HF119 or HF120 elements in the region that the reflection wave propagates
into must be scattering elements (KEYOPT(4) = 2). However, you still define the elements in the PML region by
a KEYOPT(4) = 1 setting.
Figure 4.26 Soft Interior Surface Magnetic Field Excitation

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4.3.2.5. Electric Field Source

You can apply a fixed electric field source on an external surface using one of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFL, BFA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Electric Field>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Electric Field> On
Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Electric Field> On
Areas
For a line electric field source, you should specify the electric field at two nodes connected by an element edge.
For a surface electric field source, you should at least specify the electric field at three nodes on an element face.
The surface electric field source must coincide with the element faces. The line electric field source must coincide
with the element edges.
424

The electric field is input by defining up to three components of a vector quantity (EFX, EFY, and EFZ) and a phase
angle. If the electric field vector does not align with the global Cartesian coordinate system, you may take advantage of a rotated nodal coordinate system (NROTAT command). The electric field specified at nodes (BF command)
or transferred to nodes from a solid model entity (BFA, BFL, or BFK) may use a rotated nodal coordinate system
to align the electric field vector. To view the electric field vectors, use the /PBC,EF,,2 command option.
The electric field source is a fixed hard excitation source, which is equivalent to an unmatched voltage source.
The AX DOF updates automatically after the excitation electric field is imposed on the element nodes.
Only the first order HF119 and HF120 elements are available for this excitation.
4.3.2.6. Equivalent Source Surface

The near and far fields beyond the FEA domain are of importance in high-frequency electromagnetics. Many
design parameters (for example, radar cross-section, antenna pattern, directive gain, and radiation power) are
based on the far field values.
The surface equivalence principle enables you to calculate the electromagnetic fields beyond the FEA domain.
It states that the electromagnetic field exterior to a given surface can be exactly represented by an equivalent
electric and magnetic current placed on that surface and allowed to radiate into the region external to that surface.
Refer to the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information on this principle.
For problems requiring near-field and far-field computations (for example, antenna parameters, radar cross
section, and electromagnetic field values) you must first define an equivalent source surface in the preprocessor
as shown in the following figure. The surface must enclose the radiator or scatter, except for symmetry planes.
The equivalent electric and magnetic current are computed and stored on the surface. This enables you to quickly
calculate near-field and far-field information in the postprocessor.
Figure 4.27 Equivalent Source Surface

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Equivalent Surface
For radiation and scattering problems, you must use an absorbing boundary condition, either PML or far-field
radiation boundary (INF). Since the ideal radiation or scattering plane wave leads to a very large spherical computational domain for an acceptable numerical accuracy, you should use PML to truncate the computational
domain. The equivalent source surface should be between the radiator or scatter and the PML region. In principle,
the equivalent source surface should be close to the radiator or scatter to obtain good near-field and far-field
results. However, because of the lower order element discretization of the computational domain and the numerical integration on the equivalent source surface, you should use half a wavelength or greater separation
between the radiator or scatter and the equivalent source surface. You should also place some buffer elements
between the equivalent source surface and the PML region.
425

You define an equivalent source surface using a surface boundary condition with the Maxwell flag MXWF. Exercise
care when applying a MXWF surface load to define an equivalent source surface. Do not flag any surface on a
symmetry plane (for example, the y-z and x-z planes in Figure 4.27: Equivalent Source Surface). The following
is one way to flag an equivalent source surface:
1.
Select the elements interior to the equivalent source surface (ESEL).
2.
Select all the nodes of these elements (NSLE,S).
3.
Reselect just the exterior nodes to work with only the surface nodes (NSEL,R,EXT).
4.
Apply the surface flag (SF,ALL,MXWF).
The following is another way you can flag an equivalent source surface:
1.
Select the nodes interior to the equivalent source surface (NSEL).
2.
Select the elements attached to the selected nodes, only if all of its nodes are in the selected nodal set
(ESLN, S, 1, ALL).
3.
Select the nodes on the "MXWF" surface.
4.
Apply the surface flag (SF, ALL, MXWF).
Caution: Do not apply the surface flag using the SFA command. This option will transfer the surface flag
to adjacent elements on either side of the equivalent source surface and may lead to erroneous results.
You do not need to define an equivalent source surface when performing a scattering analysis of a periodic
structure. The interior plane wave port surface serves as the equivalent source surface.
4.3.2.7. Lumped Circuits

You can simplify your model and reduce the number of DOFs if fringe effects at discontinuities can be ignored
or a passive device can be treated as a lumped circuit. As shown in the following figure, six types of lumped circuits
are available.
426
Figure 4.28 Lumped Circuits

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,-.0/213 )+4 * 3 4

6570/ 8 9 :<; 4 1/213 )+4
, 6=0/ 8 '9
>?0/ 8 9 ; 4 1@/213 )+4
,-6A0/ B 9 ; 4 1@/213 )04
To utilize this simplification, you apply lumped circuit loads to the mid-nodes of element edges using the BF
command with Lab = LUMP. HF Emag imposes the lumped circuit loads on the end nodes of the element edges
as well as the mid-nodes.
When applying lumped circuit loads to multiple edges, you must generate equivalent circuit loads whose sum
is equal to the given lumped circuit load. For example, consider the 2-port lumped network shown in the following
figure.
Figure 4.29 2-Port Lumped Network
C7D
C7D
427

The following figure shows the equivalent circuit model and impedance values for a FEA mesh with the impedance
load shown in Figure 4.29: 2-Port Lumped Network. The 2Z/3 loads are applied to the mid-nodes of the corresponding edges.
Figure 4.30 Equivalent Lumped Circuit Model

4.4. Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses

The ANSYS program simulates electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation and scattering phenomena in a 3D harmonic analysis.
To enter the SOLUTION processor, use either of the following:
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
4.4.1. Defining the Analysis Type

To specify the analysis type, use either of the following:
Command(s): ANTYPE,HARMIC
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis> Harmonic Analysis
You cannot restart a harmonic analysis. If you want to apply a different set of harmonic loads, do a new analysis
each time.
4.4.2. Defining Analysis Options and Estimating Computer Resources

For a full harmonic analysis, you can choose the sparse direct solver (SPARSE) (default), or the Incomplete Cholesky
Conjugate Gradient (ICCG) solver using one of the following:
Command(s): EQSLV
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options
For a relatively small-size problem (50,000 DOFs or less), the sparse solver is recommended. For larger problems,
you can also use the ICCG solver. If you are using second order elements, the ICCG solver is not recommended.
If the ICCG solver does not converge, you must switch to the sparse solver. In general, if a FEA model has 1 million
DOFs, it requires 2 GB RAM and 10-15 GB disk space for the SPARSE solver. For the number of DOFs per element,
see Table 4.1: Element DOFs in this chapter.
If Ne is the total number of HF119 tetrahedral elements and M is defined by M=(Ne/5)1/3, the number of DOFs
for 1st order and 2nd order elements are 3M(M+1)(2M+1) and 6M(M+1)(4M+1)+8M3, respectively. If Ne is the
total number of HF120 hexahedral elements and M is defined by M=Ne1/3, the number of DOFs for 1st order and
2nd order elements are 3M(M+1)2 and 6M(M+1)(3M+1)+6M3, respectively.
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Section 4.4: Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
4.4.3. Setting the Analysis Frequencies

Set the frequency (in Hz), using the command or GUI path shown below:
Command(s): HARFRQ
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substps
If you specify the frequency range on the HARFRQ command to perform a frequency sweep, you have to store
each load step of data and manually process each result.
4.4.4. Defining a Scattering Analysis

To specify a pure vector scattering field analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFSCAT
Use the HFSCAT command to specify a scattering analysis and the type of electromagnetic field output:
Use the scattering formulation and store the scattering field Esc(Lab = SCAT).
Use the scattering formulation and store the total electromagnetic field Etotal = Einc + Esc (Lab = TOTAL)
Turn off scattering formulation analysis (Lab = OFF)
If a Radar Cross Section (RCS) is required at postprocessing, you must specify Lab = SCAT. You must also flag the
virtual equivalent current source surface that encloses the scatter using the SF command (Lab = MXWF).
Note
Only first order HF119 or HF120 elements are available for a scattering analysis.
The HFSCAT command is not applicable to a scattering analysis of a periodic structure.
4.4.5. Defining a Radiation Analysis for a Phased Array Antenna

For a radiation analysis of a phased array antenna, you must also define master/slave coupling pairs on the
boundaries of a unit cell of the periodic structure (see the CP and CPCYC commands). You must also specify the
scan angles. If a far-field computation is required at postprocessing, you must flag the virtual equivalent current
source surface using the SF command (Lab = MXWF). The equivalent current source surface must not include
the master/slave surface of the unit cell.
Only first order HF119 or HF120 elements are available for a radiation analysis of a phased array antenna.
To specify a radiation scan angle for a phased array antenna analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFPA
4.4.6. Starting the Solution

To initiate a single solution, use either of the following:
Command(s): SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
To solve the analysis over a range of frequencies, you can either execute the HFSWEEP macro or specify the
frequency range by the HARFRQ command. HFSWEEP saves you some steps in that it automatically solves the
analysis and executes ANSYS macros (such as SPARM, IMPD and REFLCOEF) which calculate S-parameters and
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other coefficients automatically. If you specify the frequency range by HARFRQ to perform a frequency sweep,
you need to store the data for each load step and manually process each result set to obtain S-parameters and
coefficient data. For detailed information on SPARM, IMPD, REFLCOEF and other macros, see Section 4.5.4:
Calculating Circuit Parameters for High-Frequency Devices in this guide. Information on these macros can also
be found in the ANSYS Commands Reference.
When using HFSWEEP, for a coaxial waveguide, you may elect to calculate multi-port S-parameters or reflection
coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, return loss, and impedance at a specified location from the driven port.
For rectangular waveguides, you may calculate S-parameters for up to four ports. The ANSYS program calculates
the data and stores it in the array parameter HFDATA. The program displays the results interactively in tabular
form and on an output file, HFSWEEP.OUT. The data is also displayed on graphs stored in a file, HFSWEEP.GPRH.
You can view the graphs with the externally supplied DISPLAY program. It you want to export the data to a thirdparty package, you can do so through the HFSWEEP.OUT file or the HFDATA array parameter. To ensure that
all input data for executing the macro is defined properly, run a short sweep (one or two frequencies) before
initiating a lengthy frequency sweep.
To execute the HFSWEEP macro, use either of the following:
Command(s): HFSWEEP
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Electromagnet> HF Emag> Freq Sweep
Note Using the HFSWEEP macro may require you to define one or more paths through your model.
You must define these paths in the postprocessor (with the PATH and PPATH commands) and save
them to an external file (PASAVE command) or to an array parameter (PAGET command) before issuing
the frequency sweep. See the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for information about paths or the descriptions
of the PATH, PPATH, and PAGET commands.
The SPSWP macro automatically performs harmonic analyses over a frequency range and executes the SPARM
macro to calculate S-parameters. It outputs a Touchstone file of S-parameters, filename.snp, where n is the
number of ports. The SwpOpt argument specifies the solution method: Full, Variational Technology, or Variational
Technologyusing a perfect absorber. The full method uses the direct or iterative solver to perform solutions at
every frequency between the beginning and ending frequencies (FREQB and FREQE arguments) as determined
by the frequency increment (FREQINC argument). For more information on this method, see the information
under Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters). The separately licensed ANSYS Frequency Sweep VT performs a
factorization solution of the linear equations at the mid-frequency of the specified range. It then performs good
approximations of the results over the frequency range. Variational Technology can be much faster than the full
method. For more information on that method, see ANSYS Frequency Sweep VT in the ANSYS Advanced Analysis
Techniques Guide.
To execute the SPSWP macro, use either of the following:
Command(s): SPSWP
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> S-Par Freq Sweep
It is recommended that you perform an initial solution at a single frequency to ensure that all input arguments
are properly set before you run a frequency sweep. To run a single frequency, set FREQB to FREQE.
SPSWP performs a sequence of solutions whereby for each solution, one port is excited and the other ports
are matched. Each solution represents one column of a S-parameter matrix (i.e., if Port 1 is excited for a threeport system, the resulting column represents the S11, S21 and S31 S-parameters). A full S-parameter matrix for
an n port system at one frequency requires n solutions alternating excited and matched port boundary
conditions at each port. SPSWP will solve a column of the S-parameter matrix for each port that has a defined
excitation. If all ports have a defined excitation, then the full S-parameter matrix will be computed.
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Section 4.4: Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses

To use this function, you must flag the ports. Use the SF or SFA commands for exterior waveguide ports, and
use the BFA, BFL or BF commands for interior waveguide or transmission line ports. Number the ports sequentially
from 1 with no gaps in the numbering.
To prepare the ports for SPSWP, you must define the port excitations. For waveguide ports, excitation is defined
using the HFPORT command. For transmission line ports, excitations are defined using BFA, BFL or BF and
current density sources. Transmission line excitation must be offset from the transmission line port plane defined
by the HFPORT command. Each current density source must be bound to the associated transmission line port.
For example, the following command input listing ties a current density source to port number 1.
hfport,1,tline,,'volt_1',50.
bf,js,jx,jy,jz, -1
For transmission line ports, you also need to define a voltage path on the transmission line port plane with the
PATH command. Save the path to the Jobname.PATH file using PASAVE,ALL.
For each solution, SPSWP computes S-parameters with the excitation on all ports nullified except for one. It restores
all excitation loads after the sequence of solutions is completed.
Postprocessing is limited to the solution with the last port excited and the other ports matched. The OutPut
argument controls the results file output. The minimal size results file (OutPut = 0) only contains information
on elements attached to the flagged waveguide ports or to the defined paths for transmission line ports. It is
recommended if you have a large number of frequencies.
S-parameters results are written to a Touchstone format file jobname.snp, where n is the number of ports. The
first line is a general description of the output data and starts with an exclamation point (!). The second line
contains the following information:
starts with a #
frequency unit (GHz, MHz, KHz, Hz)
parameter type: S = scattering parameters, Y = admittance parameters, and Z = impedance parameters
data format: magnitude-angle (MA), dB-angle (DB), or real-imaginary (RI)
normalizing impedance: R n, where n = ohms

Note The following is an example of the first two lines.
! 2-port S-parameter file, 3 frequency points
# GHz S MA R 50. 50.
The output then lists the S-parameters in row format for each frequency. Up to four ports are listed in a row.
Rows are repeated for each frequency until all port data is listed. The following examples demonstrate the format.
Frequency appears as f and magnitude and phase appear as m and p, respectively.
Two port data appears in one row as follows:
f m(S11) p(S11) m(S21) p(S21) m(S12) p(S12) m(S22) p(S22)
Three port data appears in three rows as follows:
f m(S11) p(S11) m(S12) p(S12) m(S13) p(S13)
m(S21) p(S21) m(S22) p(S22) m(S23) p(S23)
m(S31) p(S31) m(S32) p(S32) m(S33) p(S33)
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Six port data for one frequency appears in 12 rows as follows:
f m(S11) p(S11) m(S12) p(S12) m(S13) p(S13) m(S14) p(S14)
m(S15) p(S15) m(S16) p(S16)
m(S21) p(S21) m(S22) p(S22) m(S23) p(S23) m(S24) p(S24)
m(S25) p(S25) m(S26) p(S26)
.
.
.
m(S61) p(S61) m(S62) p(S62) m(S63) p(S63) m(S64) p(S64)
m(S65) p(S65) m(S66) p(S66)
The SPSCAN macro automatically performs harmonic analyses over a range of angles and executes the SPARM
macro to calculate S-parameters at the input port of a phased array antenna. It outputs a Touchstone-like file of
S-parameters, filename.snp. The Variational Technology solution method is not available in SPSCAN.
To execute the SPSCAN macro, use either of the following:
Command(s): SPSACN
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> S-Par Ang Sweep
4.4.7. Finishing the Solution

To leave the SOLUTION processor, use either of the following:
Command(s): FINISH
GUI: Main Menu> Finish
4.5. Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses

4.5.1. Reviewing Results
The ANSYS program writes results from a harmonic high-frequency electromagnetic analysis to the magnetics
results file, Jobname.RMG. Results include the data listed below, many of which vary harmonically at the operating frequency (or frequencies) for which the measurable quantities can be computed as the real solution times
cosine (t) minus the imaginary solution times sine (t). is the angular frequency. For more details, see the
ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference.
Primary data: Nodal DOFs (AX)
Derived data:
Nodal electric field (EX, EY, EZ, ESUM)
Nodal magnetic field intensity (HX, HY, HZ, HSUM)
Nodal conducting current density (JCX, JCY, JCZ, JSUM)
Joule heat rate per unit volume (JHEAT)
Element Poynting vector (PX, PY, PZ)
Element dissipated power Pd (if it exists)
Element stored time-average energy
Element specific absorption rate (SAR) (if it exists)
and so on
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Section 4.5: Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses

Additional data are available. See the ANSYS Elements Reference for details.
You can review analysis results in POST1, the general postprocessor. In general, the results are out-of-phase with
the input loads. The solution is calculated and stored in terms of real and imaginary components as detailed
above.
Use POST1 to review results over the entire model at specific frequencies. For viewing results over a range of
frequencies, use the time-history postprocessor, POST26.
To choose a postprocessor, use one of the following:
Command(s): /POST1 or /POST26
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro
4.5.2. Commands to Help You in Postprocessing

You will find the following commands (listed below) helpful in postprocessing analysis results:
Table 4.8 Postprocessing Commands

Task
Command(s)
Select the real solution
SET,1,1,,0
Select the imaginary solution
SET,1,1,,1
Print electric or magnetic field at corner nodes [1,3]
PRNSOL,EF (or H or JC)
Print electric field at corner nodes[1,3]
PRVECT,EF
Print Poynting vector at element centroid[1,3]
PRVECT,P
Print magnetic field at corner nodes[1,3]
PRVECT,H
Print conducting current at corner nodes[1,3]
PRVECT,JC
Print electric or magnetic field at element nodes[3]
PRESOL,EF (or H or JC)
Print Joule heat density[2,4]
PRESOL,JHEAT
Create element table item for centroid electric field[3], X component. (Issue
similar commands for Y, Z, and SUM components.)
ETABLE,Lab,EF,X
Create element table item for centroid magnetic field[3], X component. (Issue ETABLE,Lab,H,X
similar commands for Y, Z, and SUM components.)
Create element table item for centroid conducting current[3], X component. ETABLE,Lab,JC,X
(Issue similar commands for Y, Z, and SUM components.)
Create element table item for Joule heat density[2,4]
ETABLE,Lab,JHEAT
Print the indicated element table item(s)
PRETAB,Lab,...
1.
Average of selected elements adjacent to nodes.
2.
To obtain power loss, multiply by element volume.
3.
Instantaneous value (real/imaginary, at t = 0 and t = -90) in case of a harmonic analysis.
4.
RMS value: measurable values are the sum of real and imaginary parts.
See the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information on the notation. The ETABLE command lets you view
less frequently-used items. The HF119 and HF120 descriptions in the ANSYS Elements Reference discuss these
items.
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You can view most of these items graphically. To do so, substitute plotting commands or GUI paths (see the individual commands for the appropriate GUI paths) for the commands whose names begin with "PL" (for example,
use PLNSOL instead of PRNSOL, as illustrated below):
Table 4.9 Plotting Commands

For this command...
Substitute this command...
PRNSOL
PLNSOL
PRVECT
PLVECT
PRESOL
PLESOL
PRETAB
PLETAB
You also can plot element table items. See the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for more information.
The ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) also contains commands that may be useful in postprocessing,
and results processing purposes. For more information about the APDL, see the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable
Features.
The following two sections discuss some typical POST1 operations for calculating the near and far-fields and
parameters for high-frequency devices. For a complete description of all postprocessing functions, see the ANSYS
Basic Analysis Guide.
4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters
Postprocessing commands are available for calculating the near or far electromagnetic fields beyond the FEA
computational domain. The commands HFNEAR, PRHFFAR, and PLHFFAR use the surface equivalence principle
to determine the fields. The surface equivalence principle states that equivalent currents can exactly represent
the electromagnetic fields exterior to the surface. Refer to Surface Equivalence Principle in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory
Reference for more information.
Use of near and far-field commands requires that an equivalent source surface be defined in the preprocessor.
See Section 4.3.2.6: Equivalent Source Surface for details.
4.5.3.1. Near Fields

You can calculate either the near electric field (Lab = EF, default) or the near magnetic field (Lab = H) beyond
the FEA computational domain using one of the following:
Command(s): HFNEAR
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Map onto Path> HF Near Field
You can obtain the near electric field or near magnetic field at a point (X, Y, Z) in a coordinate system or along a
path. When determining the field at a point, you specify a coordinate value in the global or a local coordinate
system. You also specify a global coordinate system for the output vector. When determining the field along a
path, you define a path using the PATH command and you set VAL to PATH. All previous path items are cleared
before HFNEAR executes.
To use HFNEAR, you must first define an equivalent current source surface in the preprocessor. You must issue
the HFSYM command to account for symmetry planes in the modeled region.
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4.5.3.2. Far Fields and Far Field Parameters

Far fields and far field parameters are essential for scattering analysis and antenna design. This section describes
some useful POST1 operations for these analyses.
Far Electromagnetic Field
To plot far fields, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLHFFAR
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Far Field
To print far fields, use one of the following:
Command(s): PRHFFAR
You can display the magnitude or the Cartesian or spherical components of the far electromagnetic field.
Radar Cross Section (RCS) and Normalized Radar Cross Section (RCSN)
The bistatic scattering cross section (radar cross section), measures the scattering characteristics of a target for
an incident plane wave. The radar cross section (RCS) depends on the dimensions and material properties of the
object and the wavelength and incident angle of the plane wave. It is also a function of the polarization of the
incident wave. You can calculate the RCS for the pth component of the scattered field for a q-polarized incident
plane wave where p and q represent the and spherical components, respectively.
Figure 4.31 Spherical Coordinates

The RCS can be normalized by the wavelength in a 2-D analysis and the wavelength squared in a 3-D analysis.
To plot RCS or RCSN, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLHFFAR
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> RCS (or RCS Normalized)
To print RCS or RCSN, use one of the following:
Command(s): PRHFFAR
To plot RCS or RCSN, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLHFFAR
Using PLHFFAR or PRHFFAR, you can calculate a 3-D RCS for radar echo area, - polarization, - polarization,
- polarization, or - polarization. You can calculate a 2-D RCS using a 3-D computational model. You extrude
a 2-D model a distance z in the z direction to generate a 3-D numerical model. You can use PLHFFAR or
PRHFFAR to calculate a 2-D RCS for a TE or TM incident plane wave.
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Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information
on RCS.
Antenna Parameters
You can obtain various antenna design parameters (for example, radiation pattern, radiation power, directive
gain, directivity, power gain and radiation efficiency) based on the far field results. Refer to High-Frequency
Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for definitions of these parameters.
To print antenna parameters, use one of the following:
Command(s): PRHFFAR
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct
Gain, Rad Power, Power Gain, Efficiency)
To plot antenna parameters, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLHFFAR
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct
Gain)
You can display Cartesian or polar components of the antenna radiation pattern and direct gain.
Before issuing PLHFFAR or PRHFFAR, you need to flag a virtual equivalent current source surface using Lab =
MXWF on the SF command in the preprocessor before solution. See Section 4.3.2.6: Equivalent Source Surface
for details. You must issue the HFSYM command if there is a symmetry plane in the modeled region. When calculating antenna parameters, use the HFANG command to define the spatial angles if the radiation space is not
the entire spherical domain.
Phased Array Antenna
Before calculating far field or antenna parameters, you need to define the characteristics of a phased array antenna
using one of the following:
Command(s): HFARRAY
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct Gain)
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Far Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct Gain)
The total field of a phased array antenna is equal to the product of an array factor and the unit cell field.
Etotal = AF (Eunit cell)
Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for the definition
of Array Factor.
4.5.3.3. Symmetry
You must account for symmetry planes in the modeled domain for postprocessing near or far electromagnetic
fields beyond the computational domain. To do so, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFSYM
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Map onto Path> HF Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Far Field (or RCS, RCS Normalized)
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Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct
Gain)
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Far Field (or RCS, RCS Normalized)
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct
Gain, Rad Power, Power Gain, Efficiency)
The HFSYM command accounts for PEC or PMC symmetry planes that coincide with the X-Y, Y-Z or Z-X planes
of the global or a local Cartesian coordinate system. It applies the image principle on the symmetric part of the
computational domain to represent the radiation effect of the partial equivalent current source beyond the
modeled domain. HFSYM accounts for the radiation that would be present if the entire structure was modeled.
If there is a PEC or PMC symmetry plane, you must issue the HFSYM command before issuing HFNEAR, PLHFFAR
or PRHFFAR. Although a PMC symmetry plane is a natural boundary condition in a finite element analysis, it
must be defined by the HFSYM command.
4.5.3.4. Radiation Solid Angle

You can specify the radiation space when calculating antenna parameters. To do so, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFANG
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Direct Gain
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Direct Gain (or Rad
Power, Power Gain, Efficiency)
The HFANG command defines the radiation space of an antenna in terms of the type of antenna. For example,
the solid angle of a dipole antenna is determined by [ 0,360] and [ 0,180] and (Figure 4.32: Solid Angle Dipole Antenna), while the solid angle of a monopole antenna above ground plane is associated with [ 0,360]
and [ 0,90] (Figure 4.33: Solid Angle - Monopole Antenna above Ground Plane). If the electromagnetic wave
is not radiated into the entire space, you must issue the HFANG command before issuing the PLHFFAR or
PRHFFAR command.
Figure 4.32 Solid Angle - Dipole Antenna
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Figure 4.33 Solid Angle - Monopole Antenna above Ground Plane
A phased array antenna is approximated by an infinite array of unit cells with periodic boundary conditions.
When you calculate the antenna parameters of the entire array based on the solution of the unit cell , only half
a radiation space should be defined (that is, [ 0,360] and [ 0,90]).
4.5.4. Calculating Circuit Parameters for High-Frequency Devices

After you have solved a high-frequency problem, you often need to calculate some circuit parameters for the
underlying device. You can calculate the following parameters:
Scattering matrix parameters (S-parameters) of the equivalent network
Input power, reflected power, dissipated power, and transmitted power
Voltage, current and characteristic impedance of the equivalent network
You can do this in POST1 by first reading in the solution for a given frequency and then performing certain
postprocessing tasks based on the corresponding definition of a parameter.
This section illustrates the basic steps you need to do to calculate parameters for high-frequency devices.
4.5.4.1. Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)

You can calculate scattering parameters between a driven port (Port i) and a matched port (Port j) using one of
the following:
Command(s): SPARM
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> S-Parameters
SPARM returns two S-parameters: Sii and Sji, where i represents the driven port and j is the matched port. For a
multi-port network, the S-parameters are defined as follows where a and b are the normalized incoming voltage
wave and the normalized outgoing voltage wave, respectively.
Figure 4.34 Multi-port Network

438

b
Sii = i
ai a j = 0
S ji =
bj
ai a j = 0

The condition aj = 0 indicates a matched port. In your model, you should use an absorbing boundary condition,
such as PML, to truncate the computational domain. It represents the matched ports of the equivalent network.
If you are modeling a transmission line, you must define a voltage path from the central conductor to the ground
on the transmission line port where the parameters will be extracted. You must also input the characteristic impedance of the transmission line prior to the solution. Usually, the characteristic impedance of the planar transmission line is assigned to be 50 Ohms. A current density source should be located away from the extraction
port, which is located between the transmission line port and the PML region. PML must back the current density
excitation source for wave absorption. The defined transmission line ports (see the HFPORT command) are only
used for the extraction of parameters. You have to specify a current density excitation source for each port. If
the SPSWP macro is used, the current density sources need to be bound to an associated port using the BF, BFL,
or BFA command with the current density (JS) load label.
For a multi-port device, you issue multiple commands to retrieve the required S-parameter matrix terms. The
SPARM macro will output the magnitude and phase angle of the S-parameters.
4.5.4.2. Reflection Coefficients in a COAX Fed Device

To calculate the voltage reflection coefficient (REFLC), standing wave ratio (VSWR), and return loss (RL) in a COAX
fed device, use one of the following:
Command(s): REFLCOEF
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Port> Refl Coeff
4.5.4.3. Power and Frequency Selective Surface Parameters

To calculate the input power, reflected power, return loss, and power reflection coefficient for a driven port, use
one of the following:
Command(s): HFPOWER
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Element Based> Power
If you define a matching output port, the HFPOWER macro can also calculate the transmitted power, insertion
loss, and power transmission coefficient. For lossy materials and conducting surfaces, you can also use it to calculate the time-averaged dissipated power (from surface impedance or shielding boundary conditions). To calculate dissipated power in a region, you must select the elements that are associated with the lossy material or
the conducting surfaces.
For a periodic structure that is used as a frequency selective surface, you need to specify input and output ports.
You can then calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients, power reflection and transmission coefficients,
and return and insertion loss using one of the following:
Command(s): FSSPARM
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Port> FSS Parameters
Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for parameter
definitions.
4.5.4.4. Voltage, Current, and Impedance

Voltage is defined as the line integral of the projection of electric field along the path.
b
Vba = - E dl
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To calculate it you need to define a path from the central conductor to the ground as shown in the following
figure for a coaxial waveguide (a), a microstrip line (b), and a coplanar waveguide (c).
Figure 4.35 Voltage Paths for Transmission Lines
& '

' '*
"#$ %

!
()

+, - .$ 0/1 2$

!

+3-45$ '6*$ %57$
+,- %' /1 '2'$
You first define the path using the following commands or GUI paths:
Command(s): PATH, PPATH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> Path Status> Defined Paths
Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes (or By Location)
You then calculate the voltage using one of the following:
Command(s): EMF
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Path Based> EMF
The EMF command macro stores the results as the EMF parameter. All path items clear after EMF executes.
Current is defined as the line integral of the magnetic field H along a closed path containing the inner conductor:
I = H dl
To calculate it you need to define a closed current path contain the central conductor as shown in the following
figure for a coaxial waveguide (a), a microstrip line (b), and a coplanar waveguide (c).
Figure 4.36 Current Paths for Transmission Lines
X ::9<8?:@AB;?<
HI;*<J K
8CA<<
9:V;D=';*E
8CA<<9:;D#=;E 89:;<
=>8?:@AB;?<
8CA<<
9:;D#=;*E
W AV;9<8?:@AB;?<
G
L,=O8?=YJ =>0S1=T9UAJ @9
F!<
?A:@
LNM'OP5J B<?'Q;<J K5RJ :9
FG<?A:@
L,BO8?K'> =:=<S1=T9'UAJ @9
After defining the current path using PATH or PPATH, you calculate the current using one of the following:
Command(s): MMF
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Path Based> MMF
A counter clockwise ordering of points on the PPATH command will yield the correct sign for MMF. The MMF
command macro stores the results as the MMF parameter. All path items clear after MMF executes.
Characteristic impedance is defined as:
440
Z =
V
I
To calculate the impedance, you calculate both the EMF (voltage drop) and the MMF (current). The IMPD macro
calculates the complex impedance at the specified location. You must define the voltage and current paths before
issuing IMPD. The impedance calculation can work with a symmetry sector of a model. For example, if you
model only 10 degrees of a coax cable, you can supply a multiplier term on the MMF (current) calculation to account for a full model.
Figure 4.37 Ten-Degree Symmetry Model of a Coaxial Waveguide
To invoke the IMPD macro, use one of the following:

Command(s): IMPD
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Path Based> Impedance
4.5.4.5. Smith Chart and Network Parameter Conversion

You can plot scattering, admittance, or impedance parameters on a Smith chart. A Touchstone file provides the
input parameters and their type. The PLSCH command can convert any input parameter type to a specified
output parameter type.
To execute the PLSCH command, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLSCH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Smith Chart
You can also convert and list scattering, admittance, or impedance parameters input by a Touchstone file. The
PRSYZ command generates a new Touchstone file jobname_SYZ.snp for the network parameters.
To execute the PRSYZ command, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLSCH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> SYZ conversion
You can also convert and plot scattering, admittance, or impedance parameters as a function of frequency.
To execute the PLSYZ command, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLSCH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> SYZ parameters
For more information on Touchstone files, see Section 4.4.6: Starting the Solution. For an example problem, see
Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and Impedance Parameters.
441
442
Chapter 5: Performing a Modal High-Frequency

Analysis
You can use the ANSYS program to perform modal high-frequency analyses. Using a high-frequency modal
analysis in 3-D, you can perform tasks such as finding the resonant frequencies and modal shapes for the electromagnetic field in a structure, as well as the quality factor if dielectric and surface losses are present. Figure 5.1: Flow Chart for a Modal Analysis shows the flow of an ANSYS modal analysis.
For a 3 D modal analysis, the program uses the tetrahedral element HF119 or the hexahedral or triangular prism
element HF120 to calculate the resonant frequencies of multiple modes of a resonant cavity. The eigenvalue
solution does not consider any damping effects from lossy dielectric materials or surface losses. Input excitation
is ignored, and the port is treated as an open circuit condition. Infinite surfaces (SF command, INF option (or GUI
equivalent)) are treated as a Magnetic Wall boundary. Electric Wall conditions are accounted for properly. Specified
lossy materials or surface impedance will be used in postprocessing to calculate a quality factor, but again will
have no bearing on the eigenvalue solution.
For a 2 D modal analysis, the ANSYS program uses the mixed nodal-edge element HF118 to determine the cutoff
frequencies and propagating constants of multiple modes in a guided wave structure. Only a first order element
is available for determining the propagating constant for a fixed frequency.
For a modal high-frequency electromagnetic analysis you begin with the same steps as a harmonic high-frequency
analysis as described in Section 4.1: Creating the Physics Environment and Section 4.2: Building the Model, Assigning Region Attributes, and Meshing. You then follow the procedures illustrated in the following figure and
described in the next few sections.
Chapter 5: Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis
Figure 5.1 Flow Chart for a Modal Analysis

! " #$%'&!(#)+*,&
- /.0"12#1#3,) 4 5 - 1#6872' 3+93:+; -/<
!=:(# "
#&!#> 59
8# 5 > >?
8# @#A' " >#?)B.C 1 ' > <
DE#@ @:(')#"
- " ):()'#"
CF :()'#"
FG H#=.C'H# #EF0> A'I!
:!, :()'#"
C/
F&&" 5J/I)>@2#!)# #
K:@
L 5&)'#
- #" I
JK" 'MN#!1O! H# - #" !#

Q " )
C? !? R?!JS2# #I
C ? !? R?!JTGP#
8P &'#
8# #
.C#!# Q U#I!# !
#&H' H52#P3
VXW Q 'Y#
5.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor and Specifying the Modal Analysis
Type
To enter the SOLUTION processor, use one of the following:
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
To define the analysis as modal, use one of the following:
Command(s): ANTYPE,MODAL
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis> Modal Analysis
5.2. Setting Options for Modal Analysis

To specify the type of high-frequency analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFEIGOPT,Lab,Val1
52
Section 5.5: Solving a Modal High-Frequency Analysis

Use the HFEIGOPT command to specify one of the following modal analysis types:
A 3-D eigenvalue analysis using HF119 or HF120.
A 2-D modal analysis using HF118 to solve for cutoff frequencies.
A 2-D modal analysis using HF118 to solve for propagating constants.
For a 2-D propagating constant analysis, only the first order HF118 element option (KEYOPT(1) = 1) is available.
To obtain propagating constants over a frequency range, you have to execute a separate solution for each frequency and manually process each result. See the HFEIGOPT command for detals.
To specify solver options for your modal analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): MODOPT
For a modal analysis, the Block Lanczos solver (MODOPT,LANB) or the subspace solver (MODOPT,SUBSP) should
be selected. The Block Lanczos solver, which is the default, is highly recommended.
Specifying a proper frequency range will make eigenvalue calculations more efficient and accurate. Input a lowerend frequency just below the anticipated frequency, using the FREQB argument on the MODOPT command. In
addition, specify an upper-end frequency using the FREQC argument. Use the NMODE argument to request the
number of modes to extract. Normalizing the mode shapes to unity (via the Nrmkey argument) is recommended.
5.3. Specifying Modes to Expand

To enable viewing of the modal solution and to perform other postprocessing options, you need to specify the
number of modes to expand (i.e., calculate and write the element solution to the results file). This is required if
you intend to postprocess the element data (plotting electric or magnetic fields, calculating the Quality factor,
etc.). To specify the number of modes to expand, use one of the following:
Command(s): MXPAND
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> Expand Modes
The MXPAND command is valid only within the first load step.
5.4. Applying Boundary Conditions

For a modal analysis, only the perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary condition is required at appropriate
boundaries. Specify this boundary condition using the methods described for a harmonic analysis in Section 4.3.1.1:
Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC).
For a Quality factor computation, you may include effects from dielectric losses. To do so, specify a material resistivity (RSVX) or loss tangent property (LSST) in the preprocessor. To include effects from surface losses, specify
a surface impedance or shield properties using the SF or SFA command or their GUI paths. Specifiy these surface
quantities using the methods described for a harmonic analysis in Section 4.3.1: Applying Boundary Conditions.
5.5. Solving a Modal High-Frequency Analysis

To solve modal high-frequency analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
Once the solution process completes, use one of the following to leave the SOLUTION processor:
Command(s): FINISH
53
Chapter 5: Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis

GUI: Main Menu> Finish
5.6. Calculating Propagating Constants

The first priority in transmission line design is to obtain the propagating constant at a fixed frequency (the dispersion of a guided wave structure). The propagating constant will determine the characteristic impedance and
phase wavelength of the transmission line. These parameters are the basic data for the design of RF and Microwave
systems and components.
The HFPCSWP macro calculates the propagating constants of a transmission line or waveguide over a frequency
range. It displays them as a function of frequency in tabular or graphical output form. HFPCSWP writes out data
to the file HFPCSWP.OUT and graphical displays to the file HFPCSWP.GRPH. You can use the DISPLAY program
to display these graphis.
To invoke HFPCSWP, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFPCSWP
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Electromagnet> HF Emag> 2D Freq Sweep
It is strongly recommended that you perform an initial solution at a single frequency to ensure that all input arguments are properly posed before you run a frequency sweep. To run a single frequency, set the begining and
ending frequencies to the same value. HFPCSWP can only be used with HF118 elements. See the HFPCSWP
macro for details.
5.7. Reviewing Modal High-Frequency Results

The eigenfrequencies are printed in the solution phase to the output file. In the postprocessor, reviewing the
solution of a high-frequency modal analysis involves only a few tasks. Begin by issuing the SET command or one
of its equivalent GUI paths to choose the mode to be read from the results file. (Issue the SET,LIST command or
its GUI path to review the mode data sets on the results file.) Then, display the values of the electric field (E), the
magnetic field (H), and the Pointing vector (P) as needed. Finally, calculate the Quality factor.
You can use the ANSYS macro QFACT to calculate the Quality factor of the resonance. It takes into account
dielectric losses (Qd) and surface losses (Qs):
1
1
1
+
=
Q
Qs Qd
Use one of the following to execute QFACT:
Command(s): QFACT
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Cavity> Q-Factor
54
Chapter 6: Adaptive Remeshing

Among the electromagnetic field boundary conditions, the normal electric flux should be continuous at the
element interfaces. However, discretization of the computational domain and numerical error lead to differences
at the element interfaces. Refining the mesh reduces these differences so that numerical accuracy is improved.
For tetrahedral elements, you can use the HFEREFINE macro to automatically refine the mesh. It refines the
elements with a difference value greater than the mean difference value. For a periodic structure, you cannot
perform adaptive tetrahedral element meshing because identical mesh patterns are required on the master and
slave surface.
To refine the elements, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFEREFINE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> HF Refine
HFEREFINE removes all boundary conditions, excitation sources, and loads on the finite element model. You
must reapply them. If you apply them to the solid model, they transfer automatically to the finite element
model.
The number of elements may increase very quickly with the number of refinements. Therefore, it is necessary to
start with a reasonable initial mesh and only perform a few refinements. You can adjust the HFEREFINE refinement
factor to reduce the number of elements refined. You can always start with a reasonable coarse mesh (for example,
a mesh size of about 1/5 wavelength). See the HFEREFINE macro for details.
You can use APDL *do-loop to perform the refinement iterations. The following command input listing implements
two refinements:
...
et,1,HF119,1
...
_n=3
*do, i, 1, _n
*if, _i, gt, 1, then
/prep7
hferefine
fini
*endif
/solu
...
fini
/post1
...
fini
*enddo
! define tetrahedral element

! two refinements are performed
! _i=1 skip refinement
See Example Harmonic Analysis of a Waveguide with a Dielectric Post (Command Method) for a problem using
adaptive meshing.
Automatic re-meshing is not available for the hexahedral element. However, HFEREFINE will list the elements
with the largest errors. You can then manually refine the local meshes by adjusting the mesh size on the associated
solid model.
62
Part I. Basic Wave Radiation Examples
Harmonic Analysis for a Point Current Radiation

Source (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the near and far electric fields of a point current source using
ANSYS commands.
In this example, you calculate the near and far electric fields of a point current source with a current density Jo
= 0.00125 A/m2. You use a PML region and reflective symmetry.
Target Results
The target results for this example problem are as follows:
Near-field at point (1,0,0): |E| = 1.862 V/m
Far-field at r = 10 m: |E| = 0.189 V/m
Radiation pattern: Normalized electric field = 0 dB
Commands This Example Uses

Below is the command input stream used to perform this analysis. All text preceded by an exclamation point (!)
is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Near- and Far-field of Point Source with 4-Layer PML
/nopr
/prep7
a1=0.3 $b1=0.3 $c1=0.3
! normal element region
a2=0.4 $b2=0.4 $c2=0.4
! PML exterior boundary
l1=c2-c1
! thickness of PML
nx=12 $ny=12 $nz=12
! division in normal element region
npml=4
! layers pf PML
freq=300e6
! working frequency
curr=1.25e-3
! current density of point current
et,11,200,7
! Temporary element
et,1,120,1
! 1st-order BRICK element
et,2,120,1,,,1
! PML element
mp,murx,1,1.
! air relative permeability
mp,perx,1,1.
! air relative permittivity
local,11
! set up local coordinate system
wpcsys,,11
rect,0,a1,0,b1
! set up 2-D solid model
rect,0,a2,0,b2
asba,2,1,,delete,keep
aglue,1,3
type,11
! meshing 2-D model
eshape,0
lesize,1,,,nx
lesize,2,,,ny
lesize,3,,,nx
lesize,4,,,ny
amesh,1
lesize,9,,,npml
lesize,6,,,ny+npml
lesize,7,,,nx+npml
lesize,10,,,npml
amesh,3
Harmonic Analysis for a Point Current Radiation Source (Command Method)

esys,11
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz
asel,s,area,,1
vext,all,,,0,0,c1
type,2
esize,,nz
asel,s,area,,3
vext,all,,,0,0,c1
esize,,npml
asel,s,loc,z,c1
vext,all,,,0,0,l1
allsel,all,all
nummrg,all
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0,0.51*a1
nsel,r,loc,y,0,0.51*b1
nsel,r,loc,z,0,0.51*c1
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0.49*a1,0.51*a1
nsel,a,loc,y,0.49*b1,0.51*b1
nsel,a,loc,z,0.49*c1,0.51*c1
sf,all,mxwf
nsel,all
esel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
nsel,a,loc,z,c2
nsel,a,loc,z,0
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,0
nsel,r,loc,z,0
bf,all,js,0,0,curr
nsel,all
finish
/solu
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
eqslv,sparse
solve
finish
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,11,pmc,pmc,pec
prhffar,field,,0,360,6,90,90,,10.
/com,***** Target Results *****
/com, ** Far-Field at R = 10 **
/com,
Magnitude = 0.189
/com,
hfnear,,11,1.,0.,0.
/com, ** Near-Field at (1,0,0) **
/com,
Magnitude = 1.862
/com,
prhffar,patt,,0,360,6,90,90
/com, ** Radiation Pattern **
/com, Normalized Field = 0 (dB)
/com,
finish
! set up element coordinate system

! meshing normal element region
! meshing PML region
! merge nodes
! delete 2-D element
! flag equivalence source surface
! set up PEC on PML exterior surface
! set up PEC on z=0 symmetric plane
! set up point current source at (0,0,0)
! J=Jz
! harmonic analysis
! frequency for analysis
! sparse solver
! set up image symmetric plane

! print out far-field at r=10
! print out near-field at (1,0,0)
! print out antenna pattern
Part II. Basic Wave Propagation Examples
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide

(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example describes how to do a simple harmonic high-frequency electromagnetic analysis of a coaxial
waveguide by issuing ANSYS commands, either manually during a session or in batch mode. You can also perform
the analysis through the ANSYS GUI menus, using the procedures described in the next example.
This example calculates the scattering parameters (S-parameters), impedance, and reflection coefficients for a
coax waveguide terminated in a matched port. Due to symmetry, the problem models only a 5 circumferential
angle.
Material Properties Used

r = 1.0
r = 1.0
Figure 1 Symmetry Model of a Coax Waveguide
Note Nodes nbo, nbi, and nba are shown on the sketch for clarity. (These nodes are used in postprocessing.)
Geometric Properties Used

ri = .025 m
ro = .075 m
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (Command Method)

l = .375 m
Loading Used
Port voltage = 1.0
= 0.8 GHz

is a comment.
/batch,list
/prep7
/show
/title, Harmonic Response Analysis of a Coaxial Cable
/com
et,1,HF120,2
! High-frequency solid brick element, 2nd order
mp,murx,1,1.
! Relative permeability
mp,perx,1,1.
! Relative permittivity
cylind,.025,.075,0,.375,0,5
! Create wedge model
/view,1,1,1,1
/replot
csys,1
lsel,s,loc,z,.375/2
lesize,all,,,15
! 15 elements along length of coax
lsel,s,loc,x,.05
lesize,all,,,8
! 8 elements along the radius
lsel,s,loc,y,2.5
lesize,all,,,1
! 1 element around the circumference
vmesh,1
! Mesh the volume
asel,s,loc,x,.025
asel,a,loc,x,.075
da,all,ax,0
! Set elec. wall boundary cond. (tangential E = 0)
local,11,1
csys,0
asel,s,loc,z,0
! Select area at port 1
sfa,all,,port,1
! Define as port 1
hfport,1,coax,11,tem,hard,0.025,0.075,1,0
! Specify port options
asel,s,loc,z,.375
! Select area at port 2
sfa,all,,port,2
! Define port 2
hfport,2,coax,11,tem,impd,0.025,0.075,0,0
! Specify port options (matching port)
asel,all
finish
/solu
antype,harmic
! harmonic analysis
harfrq,8e8
solve
finish
/post1
sparm,1,2
! Calculate S-parameters
set,1,1
plvect,h,,,h,vect,node
! Display H field
plvect,ef,,,ef,vect,node
! Display E field
csys,1
nbi=node(.025,0,.375)
! Retrieve node at inner radius
nbo=node(.075,0,.375)
! Retrieve node at outer radius
nba=node(.075,5,.375)
! Retrieve node at outer radius, angle 5 degrees
path,vltg,2
! Create path for voltage
ppath,1,nbi
! Define path points via nodes
ppath,2,nbo
path,curr,2
! Crete current path for current
ppath,1,nbo
! Define path points via nodes
ppath,2,nba
impd,'vltg','curr',1,72
! Calculate impedance (current symm factor=72)
reflcoef,1,1,0,.375,'vltg'
! Compute reflection coefficient and VSWR
finish
10
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (GUI

Method)
Problem Description
This example shows how to use the ANSYS GUI to perform the same harmonic coaxial cable analysis done by
the command stream in the previous example.
Step 1: Start the Analysis

To begin the example analysis, do the following:
1.
Activate the ANSYS GUI. When the GUI is fully active, choose Utility Menu> File> Change Title. A dialog
box appears.
2.
Enter the title text, Harmonic response analysis of a coaxial cable.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5.
Select High Frequency, located under Electromagnetic.
6.
Click OK.
Step 2: Define Element Types

1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types dialog box
appears.
2.
Click Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
3.
In the scrollable lists, choose (highlight) HF Electromagnet and 3D Brick 120 (HF120).
4.
Check that the element type reference number is set to 1, then click OK.
5.
Click Options. For "Element polynomial order K1, choose "Second order elm." Then click OK.
6.
Click Close in the Element Types dialog box.
Step 3: Define Material Properties

1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model
Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Electromagnetics, Relative Permeability, Constant. A dialog box appears.
3.
Enter 1 for MURX (Relative permeability), and click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
4.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Relative Permittivity,
Constant. A dialog box appears.
5.
Enter 1 for PERX (Relative permittivity), and click on OK.
6.
Click on menu path Material>Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (GUI Method)
Step 4: Build the Model Geometry

1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Cylinder> By Dimensions. The
Create Cylinder by Dimensions dialog box appears.
2.
Enter the following values:

RAD1 field: .025
Z1 field: 0
THETA1 field: 0
RAD2 field: .075
Z2 field: .375
THETA2 field: 5
3.
Click OK. The ANSYS Graphics Window will show a wedge shape.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate. Click Iso. Click Close.
Step 5: Set Element Spacing and Mesh the Volume

1.
Choose Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cylindrical.
2.
Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
3.
Change the setting of the top button on the menu from Nodes to Lines.
4.
Change the setting of the button below it to By Location.
5.
Click the Z coordinates radio button on.
6.
Check that the From Full radio button is on.
7.
In the "Min, Max" field, enter .375/2.
8.
Click OK.
9.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> All Lines. The Element Sizes on
All Selected Lines dialog box appears.
10. Set the "No. of element divisions" field to 15.

11. Click OK.
12. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
13. The top button on the menu should be set to Lines and the next button should be set to By Location.
14. Click the X coordinates radio button on.
15. Check that the From Full radio button is on.
16. In the "Min, Max" field, enter .05.
17. Click OK.
18. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> All Lines. The Element Sizes on
20. Click OK.
22. The top button on the menu should be set to Lines and the next button should be set to By Location.
23. Click the Y coordinates radio button on.
24. In the "Min, Max" field, enter 2.5.
25. Click OK.
12
Section 1: Problem Description

26. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> All Lines. The Element Sizes on
28. Click OK.
29. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Mapped> 4 to 6 Sided. A picking
menu appears.
30. Click Pick All.
31. Click SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
Step 6: Apply the Electric Wall Condition

1.
2.
Reset the top button to Areas and leave the next button set to By Location.
3.
Click the X coordinates radio button on.
4.
In the "Min, Max" field, enter .025.
5.
Click Apply.
6.
Click the Also Sele button on.
7.
In the "Min, Max" field, enter .075.
8.
Click OK.
9.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric
Wall> On Areas. A picking menu appears.
10. Click Pick All.

11. Type local,11,1 in the ANSYS input window to define local coordinate system 11 (global cylindrical) and
press ENTER.
12. Choose Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cartesian.
Step 7: Define the Waveguide Ports

1.
2.
Reset the top button to Areas and leave the next button set to By Location.
3.
Click the Z coordinates radio button on.
4.
In the "Min, Max" field, enter 0.
5.
Click the From Full button on, then click OK.
6.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior> On Areas. A picking menu appears.
7.
Click the Pick All button. The Define Waveguide Port on Areas dialog box appears.
8.
Set the port number to 1 and click OK. The Define Waveguide PORT Options dialog box appears.
9.
Verify the port type is set to Coaxial.
10. In the Local CSYS number field, enter 11.

11. Select Hard Source under the Applied BC/Excitation option menu.
12. In the "Inner radius or width" field, enter .025.
13

13. In the "Outer radius or height field, enter .075.
14. In the "Field Amplitude" field, enter 1. Click OK.
16. Reset the top button to Areas and leave the next button set to By Location.
17. Click the Z coordinates radio button on.
18. In the "Min, Max" field, enter 0.375, then click OK.
19. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior> On Areas. A picking menu appears.
20. Click Pick All button. The Define Waveguide Port on Areas dialog box appears.
21. Set the port number to 2 and click OK. The Define Waveguide Port Options dialog box appears.
22. Verify the port type is set to Coaxial.
23. In the Local CSYS number field, enter 11. Set the Applied BC/Excitation type to Impedance. Click
OK.
24. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Everything.
Step 8: Solve the Harmonic Analysis

1.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog box appears.
2.
Choose Harmonic as the analysis type.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substps. The Harmonic
Frequency and Substep Options dialog box appears.
5.
In the first "Harmonic frequency range" field, enter 8e8.
6.
Click OK.
7.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Solve >Current LS. A pop-up window displays the solution options
you have defined. Review this information and click Close when you have finished reading it.
8.
In the Solve Current Load Step dialog box, click OK to start the solution. A pop-up message notifies you
when the solution is done. Click Close to close the message window.
9.
Choose Main Menu> Finish.
Step 9: Calculate Scattering (S) Parameters

1.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Port> S-Parameters. The Calculate S-Parameters dialog box appears.
2.
In the "Porti Source port number" field, enter 1.
3.
In the "Portj Matched port number" field, enter .
4.
Click OK. A pop-up window displays the scattering (s) parameters and their values. When you have read
this information, click Close.
Step 10: Display Vector Plots of the Magnetic and Electric Fields
1.
14
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step. The Read Results by Load Step
Number dialog box appears.

2.
For both the "Load step number" and "Substep number" fields, enter 1.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog box
appears.
5.
In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & Gradient and Mag Field H.
6.
In the "Mode" field, click vector mode on.
7.
In the "Vector location for results" field, click Elem Nodes on.
8.
Click OK. The image in the Graphics Window becomes a vector plot of the magnetic field (H).
9.
Again, choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog
box appears.
10. In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & Gradient and Elec Field EF.
11. In the "Mode" field, click vector mode on.
12. In the "Vector location for results" field, click Elem Nodes on.
13. Click OK. The Graphics Window now displays a vector plot of the electric field (EF).
14. Click SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
Step 11: Define Paths for EMF (Voltage Drop) and MMF (Current)
1.
Choose Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cylindrical.
2.
Choose Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box appears.
3.
Enter the values shown below:

nbi = node (.025,0,.375)
nbo = node (.075,0,.375)
nba = node (.075,5,.375)
After typing each parameter value, click Accept. If you make a mistake typing a parameter value, backspace
and retype it. To erase an incorrect parameter after you have entered it, click on that parameter then
click Delete.
4.
Click Close.
5.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes. The picking menu
appears. At this point you may use the mouse to pick the nodes defining a path from the inner coax radius to the outer coax radius identified as "nbi" and "nbo" in Figure 1: Symmetry Model of a Coax
Waveguide. Alternatively, since we have captured the node numbers at those locations as parameters,
you can input the parameter values in the picker command line. We will detail this last procedure here
(although the former procedure is simpler).
6.
In the picker, enter NBI and press the ENTER key.
7.
In the picker, enter NBO and press the ENTER key.
8.
Click OK. Another dialog box appears.
9.
In the "Define Path Name" field, enter VLTG.
10. Click OK. Close the PDEF window.

11. Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes. The picking menu
appears.
15

12. In the picker, enter NBO and press the ENTER key.
13. In the picker, enter NBA and press the ENTER key.
14. Click OK. Another dialog box appears.
15. In the "Define Path Name" field, enter CURR.
16. Click OK. Close the PDEF window.
Step 12: Calculate Impedance

1.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Path Based> Impedance. The Calculate
Impedance dialog box appears.
2.
Check that the "Voltage drop path name" is VLTG and the "Current calc path name" is CURR. (VLTG and
CURR should be highlighted.)
3.
Set the "Vsymm Voltage symmetry factor" field to 1.
4.
Set the "Isymm Current symmetry factor" field to 72.
5.
Click OK. A pop-up window displays impedance results. Click Close to close the results pop-up.
Step 13: Calculate Reflection Coefficients, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and
Insert Loss, and Finish the Analysis
1.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Port> Refl Coeff. The Calculate Reflection
Coefficients dialog box appears.
2.
Set the "Input port number" field to 1.
3.
Set the "Input port voltage" field to 1.
4.
Set the "Voltage phase angle" field to 0.
5.
Set the "Propagation distance" field to .375.
6.
Set the "Propagation path name" field to VLTG.
7.
Click OK. A pop-up window appears, showing you the reflection coefficient results.
8.
Click Close to close the pop-up window.
9.
10. Click on QUIT on the ANSYS Toolbar. Choose an exit option and click OK.
Calculated results: (see commands SPARM, IMPD, and REFLCOEF for parameter definitions): S11 = 0.0, S12 =
1.007, ZRe = 65.14 , Zim = -0.16 , REFLC = 6.87e-4, VSWR = 1.001, RL = 63.26.
16
Figure 1 Magnetic Field in Coax
17
Figure 2 Electric Field in Coax
18
Part III. Basic Wave Resonance Examples
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (Command Method)

Problem Description
This example describes how to do a modal high-frequency analysis of a cavity using ANSYS commands. You can
also perform the analysis through the ANSYS GUI menus, using the procedures described in the next example.
This example analysis calculates the TE101 mode eigenfrequency and quality factor in a Teflon filled cavity with
copper walls. The example assumes that the dielectric and surface losses are small and do not affect the eigenfrequency solution.
Material Properties Used

r = 1.0
r = 2.05
= 1.0361x105
Figure 1 Teflon Filled Cavity
Geometric Properties Used

d = 1.0 m, w = 0.4 m, h = 0.3 m
Shielding Surface Properties Used

= .58x108 S/m
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (Command Method)

r = 1.0

is a comment.
/batch,list
/prep7
/show
/title, Eigenvalue analysis of a dielectric-filled cavity
/com, Calculate the TE101 mode eigenfrequency and Quality
/com, factor in a Teflon-filled cavity with copper walls
/com,
_length=1.0
_width=0.4
_height=0.3
epsr=2.05
rvsigma=1.0361e5
cond=0.58e8
et,1,hf120,2
! HF solid brick element, 2nd order
mp,murx,1,1.
! Relative permeability - teflon
mp,perx,1,epsr
! Relative permittivity - teflon
mp,rsvx,1,rvsigma
! Resistivity - teflon
_h=0.08
block,0,_length,0,_width,0,_height
! Create cavity
/view,1,1,1,1
/replot
esize,_h
mshape,0,3d
! Hex elements
mshkey,1
! Mapped mesh
vmesh,1
! Mesh volume
da,all,ax,0
! Set electric wall boundary cond. (tangential E=0)
sfa,all,,shld,cond,1.0
! specify surface shielding properties
finish
/solu
antype,modal
! Modal analysis
modopt,lanb,1,2.2e8,4.0e8,,on
! Block Lanczos solver (the default)
mxpand,,,,yes
! Expand mode
solve
finish
/post1
set,last
/view,,.75,.5,.6
/vup,1,z
plvect,h,,,,vect,node,on
! display H field
plvect,ef,,,,vect,node,on
! display E field
qfact
finish
22
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (GUI Method)

Problem Description
Calculated Quality Factor = 3006.1
This example describes how to use the ANSYS GUI doing the same modal high-frequency analysis done using
ANSYS commands in the previous example.
Step 1: Start the Analysis

To begin the example analysis, do the following:
1.
Activate the ANSYS GUI. When the GUI is fully active, choose Utility Menu> File> Change Title. A dialog
box appears.
2.
Enter the title text, Eigenvalue analysis of a dielectric filled cavity.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5.
Select High Frequency under Electromagnetic and click OK.
Step 2: Define Element Types

1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types dialog box
appears.
2.
Click Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
3.
In the scrollable lists, choose (highlight) HF Electromagnet and 3D Brick 120 (HF120).
4.
Check that the element type reference number is set to 1, then click OK.
5.
Click Options. For "Element polynomial order K1," choose "Second order elm." Then click OK.
6.
Click Close in Element Types dialog box.
Step 3: Define Material Properties

1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model
Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Electromagnetics, Relative Permeability, Constant. A dialog box appears.
3.
Enter 1 for MURX (Relative permeability). Click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material
Models Defined window on the left.
4.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Resistivity, Constant. A
dialog box appears.
5.
Enter 1.0361e5 for RSVX (Electrical resistivity). Click on OK.
6.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the icons next to the following options: Relative
Permittivity, Constant. A dialog box appears.
7.
Enter 2.05 for PERX (Relative permittivity). Click on OK.
8.
Choose menu path Material>Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Step 4: Create the Cavity

1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Block> By Dimensions. The
Create Block By Dimensions dialog box appears.
2.
Enter the values shown below in the appropriate fields. (Use the Tab key to move between fields.)
X1 field: 0
Y1 field: 0
Z1 field: 0
X2 field: 1
Y2 field: .4
Z2 field: .3
3.
Click OK. The Graphics Window displays the new block.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate. Click Iso. Click Close.
Step 5: Mesh the Cavity

1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. The MeshTool appears.
2.
Under the Size Controls section of the MeshTool, click the Set button beside "Globl." The Global Element
Sizes dialog box appears.
3.
In the "SIZE Element edge length" field, enter .08.
4.
Click OK to return to the MeshTool.
5.
Click Hex and Map.
6.
Click the MESH button. A picking menu appears.
7.
Click Pick All.
8.
When meshing is complete, click Close in the MeshTool.
9.
Click SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
Step 6: Apply the Electric Wall Condition and Specify Surface Shielding Properties
1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric
Wall> On Areas. The Apply Electric Wall picking menu appears.
2.
Click Pick All. The Graphics Window displays the electric wall boundary condition
3.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield>
On Areas. The Apply SHLD on Areas picking menu appears.
4.
Click Pick All. The Apply SHLD on Areas dialog box appears.
5.
Set COND = .58e8 and MUR = 1.0
6.
Click OK.
7.
Step 7: Solve the Analysis
24
1.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog box appears.
2.
Make sure that the Modal radio button is selected.
3.
Click OK.

4.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Modal Analysis dialog box appears.
5.
Make sure that Block Lanczos is selected.
6.
Specify the number of modes to extract (1).
7.
Set the Expand mode shapes button to Yes.
8.
Specify the number of modes to expand (1).
9.
Set the Calculate elem results button to Yes.
10. Click OK. The Block Lanczos Method dialog box appears.
11. In the "FREQB Start Freq" field, enter 2.2e8.
12. In the "FREQE End Frequency" field, enter 4.0e8.
13. Set the Nrmkey Normalize mode shapes button to To Unity.
14. Click OK.
15. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. A pop-up window displays the analysis options
you specified. Review the window contents and then click Close.
16. In the Solve Current Load Step dialog box, click OK. A pop-up message notifies you when solution is
complete. Click Close to close it.
17. Choose Main Menu> Finish.
Step 8: Display Vector Plots of the Magnetic and Electric Fields

1.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Last Set.
2.
Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Viewing Direction. The Viewing Direction dialog
box appears.
3.
Enter the values shown below in the appropriate fields:

XV field: .75
YV field: .5
ZV field: .6
4.
Set the Coord axis orientation field to Z-axis Up.
5.
Click OK.
6.
Choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog box
appears.
7.
In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & gradient on the left and Mag field
H on the right.
8.
For "Mode," click vector mode on.
9.
For "Vector location for results," click Elem Nodes on.
10. Turn Edge element edges on (Displayed).

11. Click OK. The image in the Graphics Window becomes a vector plot of the magnetic field intensity (H).
12. Again, choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog
box appears.
25

13. In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & gradient on the left and Elec field
EF on the right.
14. For "Mode," click vector mode on.
15. For "Vector location for results," click Elem Nodes on.
16. Verify that Edge element edges is set to Displayed.
17. Click OK. The Graphics Window now displays a vector plot of the electric field (EF).
Step 9: Calculate the Quality Factor and Finish the Analysis

1.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Cavity> Q-Factor. A dialog box appears.
Click OK. The ANSYS program displays the results of the quality factor calculation in a pop-up window.
2.
Review the results, then click Close to close the pop-up window.
3.
4.
Click Quit on the ANSYS Toolbar. Choose an exit option and click OK.
Figure 1 Magnetic Field Vector Display of TE101 Mode
26
Figure 2 Electric Field Vector Display of TE101 Mode
27
28
Modal Analysis for a Circular Waveguide

(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the dispersion characteristics of a waveguide using ANSYS commands.
In this example, you calculate the propagating constants and cutoff frequencies for a circular waveguide with a
radius of 1 meter.
Target Results
Propagating constant ()
10.309
10.309
10.193
Frequency (f)
87.911 MHz
87.911 MHz
114.82 MHz

is a comment.
/batch, list
/title, Cutoff Freq. & Prop. Const. for Circular Waveguide
/com, radius = 1 m
/prep7
a=1.
et,1,118,1
! 1st order element
type,1
emunit,mks
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
cyl4,,,a
mshkey,0
mshape,1
! tri element
esize,0.1*a
amesh,1
!
! set up PEC boundary condition
!
dl,all,,ax,0.
finish
! Solve propagating constants
! Target result: Gamma = 10.309, 10.309, 10.193
/solu
antype,modal
hfeig,gamma,500.e6
modopt,lanb,3,1.e6,1.e9,,on
mxpand,,,,yes
solve
fini
! Solve cutoff frequency
! Target result: Freq. = 87.911 MHz, 87.911 MHz, 114.82 MHz
/solu
antype,modal
hfeig,cutoff
modopt,lanb,3,,1.e12,,on
mxpand,,,,yes
Modal Analysis for a Circular Waveguide (Command Method)

solve
finish
30
Part IV. Basic Wave Scattering Examples
Harmonic Analysis for Plane Wave Scattering

from a Metallic Plate (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic plate using ANSYS
commands.
In this example, you calculate the RCS of a PEC plate (1o x 1o). You use a PML region and reflective symmetry.
Target Results
Method of Moment (MoM) Results:
Angle (Degrees)
RCS (dB)
E-plane ( = 0)
H-plane ( = 90)
10.5
10.5
10
9.9
9.9
20
8.5
9.0
30
6.2
7.5
40
3.0
5.0
50
0.0
1.9
60
-2.0
-1.8
70
-2.1
-6.2
80
-2.05
-12.5

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, RCS from a Metallic Plate
/com, Problem: RCS from a Metallic Plate with 1 wavelength x 1 wavelength
/com,
Incident Wave: +y polarization with PHI = 90 (degree)
/com,
THETA = 0 (degree)
/com,
Field Symmetry: 1/4 Structure, x-z plane & y-z plane
/nopr
/prep7
freq=300e6 $lambda=3.e8/freq
a=0.5*lambda $b=0.5*lambda
! 1/4 metallic plate
a1=0.8*lambda $b1=0.8*lambda $c1=0.3*lambda ! PML interior boundary
a2=1.2*lambda $b2=1.2*lambda $c2=0.7*lambda ! PML exterior boundary
l1=c2-c1 $la=a/a1 $lb=b/b1
nx=8 $ny=8 $nz=3
npml=4
! number of PML layers
et,11,200,7
! temporary element
et,1,120,1
! 1st order Brick element
et,2,120,1,,,1
! PML element
mp,murx,1,1.
! relative permeability
mp,perx,1,1.
! relative permittivity
Harmonic Analysis for Plane Wave Scattering from a Metallic Plate (Command Method)
rect,0,a1,0,b1
rect,0,a2,0,b2
aglue,1,3
type,11
lesize,1,,,nx
lesize,2,,,ny
lesize,3,,,nx
lesize,4,,,ny
amesh,1
lesize,9,,,npml
lesize,6,,,ny+npml
lesize,7,,,nx+npml
lesize,10,,,npml
amesh,3
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz
asel,s,area,,1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,area,,1
vext,all,,,0,0,c1
type,2
esize,,nz
asel,s,area,,3
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,area,,3
vext,all,,,0,0,c1
esize,,npml
asel,s,loc,z,-c1
vext,all,,,0,0,-l1
asel,s,loc,z,c1
vext,all,,,0,0,l1
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
allsel,all,all
nummrg,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0,a+1.01*a1/nx
nsel,r,loc,y,0,b+1.01*b1/ny
nsel,r,loc,z,-1.01*c1/nz,1.01*c1/nz
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0.99*(a+a1/nx),1.01*(a+a1/nx)
nsel,a,loc,y,0.99*(b+b1/ny),1.01*(b+b1/ny)
nsel,a,loc,z,-1.01*c1/nz,-0.99*c1/nz
nsel,a,loc,z,0.99*c1/nz,1.01*c1/nz
sf,all,mxwf
nsel,all
esel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
nsel,a,loc,z,-c2
nsel,a,loc,z,c2
nsel,a,loc,y,0
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
nsel,s,loc,z,-0.001,0.001
nsel,r,loc,x,-0.001,1.001*a
nsel,r,loc,y,-0.001,1.001*b
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
plwave,0,1,0,90,0
finish
/solu
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
eqslv,sparse
hfscat,scat
solve
finish
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,pmc,pec
34
! build up geometric model
! 2-D meshing
! create normal element
! delete temporary element
! flag equivalence source surface
! set PEC on exterior surface of PML
! set PEC on field symmetric plane
! set PEC on metallic plate
! incident plane wave
!
!
!
!
harmonic analysis
working frequency
SPARSE solver
define a scattering solution
! define image symmetric plane

prhffar,rcs,,90,90,,0,90,18
prhffar,rcs,,0,0,,0,90,18
finish
! RCS on H-plane
! RCS on E-plane
35
36
Part V. Advanced Wave Radiation Examples
Harmonic Analysis for a JRM Array Antenna

(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter and antenna parameters of a 2525 JRM array
antenna using ANSYS commands.
The JRM array consists of 0.9" 0.4" rectangular waveguides in a 1.0" 0.5" rectangular lattice, as shown on the
left in the following figure. Only one radiation unit is modeled. The FEA model consists of a waveguide of 0.9"
0.4" 0.75" and an air box of 1.0" 0.5" 0.75" as shown on the right. The air box is covered by Perfectly Matched
Layers (PML) of absorbing material, 0.75" thick. An E-plane (=90) scan is performed at 9.25 GHz.
Figure 1 34 JRM Array and FEA Model of Unit Cell

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, S11 and antenna directive gains of JRM Array, E plane scan, 9.25 GHz
/com, Problem: Compute S11 of JRM Array for E-Plane scan at 9.25 GHz
/com,
Waveguide: 0.9"x0.4"x0.75"
/com,
/com,
PML: 1.0"x0.5"x0.75"
/com,
Refined meshes near the aperture
/com,
/nopr
/prep7
! --- Geometric and operating conditions --freq=9.25e9
lamda=3.e8/freq
scal=25.4e-3
_px=1.*scal
_py=0.5*scal
Harmonic Analysis for a JRM Array Antenna (Command Method)

a1=scal*0.9/2.
b1=scal*0.4/2.
a2=scal*1.0/2.
b2=scal*0.5/2
c1=0
c2=c1+scal*0.5
c3=c2+scal*0.25
c4=c3+scal*0.25
c5=c4+scal*0.5
c6=c5+scal*0.75
! --- Mesh definition --h1=lamda/10
h2=0.5*h1
tiny=1.e-5
ang=43
! --- Define elements and material
et,11,200,5
et,1,119,1,,,0
et,2,119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! --- Numerical model --local,11
wpcsys,,11
vglue,all
type,11
esize,h2
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c3,c4
amesh,all
esize,h1
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c4,c5
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c5,c6
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
agen,2,all,,,2*a2
asel,s,loc,y,-b2
agen,2,all,,,0,2*b2
alls
nummrg,all
mat,1
type,1
vsel,s,loc,z,c1,c2
esize,h1
vmesh,all
vsel,s,loc,z,c2,c4
esize,h2
vmesh,all
vsel,s,loc,z,c4,c5
esize,h1
vmesh,all
! --- PML element --type,2
vsel,s,loc,z,c5,c6
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,11
alls
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
40

nsel,r,loc,x,-a1+tiny,a1-tiny
nsel,r,loc,y,-b1+tiny,b1-tiny
cm,ndapt,node
! --- Define master/slave coupling --nsel,s,loc,x,-a2
nsel,a,loc,x,a2
cpcyc,ax,,,2*a2,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,2*b2,0,1
alls
! --- Set PEC on waveguide & PML wall --nsel,s,loc,x,-a1
nsel,a,loc,x,a1
nsel,a,loc,y,-b1
nsel,a,loc,y,b1
nsel,r,loc,z,c1,c3
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
nsel,u,,,ndapt
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c6
d,all,ax,0
nsel,all
! --- Flag equivalent source surface with MXWF --nsel,s,loc,z,c3,c4
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,z,c4
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! --- Define waveguide port --hfport,1,rect,11,TE10,impd,2*a1,2*b1,1.
nsel,s,loc,z,c1
sf,all,PORT,1
alls
save
fini
/solu
! --- Perform angle scanning for S-parameter calculation --spscan,freq,,90,90,,10,80,3.3,1
! use PLSPmacro command to plot out S-parameter in GUI
fini
/solu
! --- Perform an analysis at 43 degree
antype,harmic
hfpa,scan,,90,ang
harfrq,freq
eqslv,sparse
solve
fini
/post1
hfang,angle,0,360,0,90
! define the radiation space (semi-space)
/thra,0,360
! define the range of theta angle (undocumented)
plhffar,dgain,polar,90,90,,-70,85,155 ! plot the directive gain of unit cell
hfarray,25,25,_px,_py
! define a 2525 array
plhffar,dgain,polar,90,90,,-70,85,155 ! plot the directive gain of 2525 array
fini
The Target Results

Figure 2: S-Parameter of JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz depicts the S-parameter at the waveguide
port over a range of angles, from 10 to 80. Figure 3: Directive Gain of Unit Cell with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
shows the directive gain of single radiation element at scan angle 43. The directive gain of a 2525 JRM array
at scan angle 43 is shown in Figure 4: Directive Gain of a 2525 JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz.
41
Figure 2 S-Parameter of JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
42
Figure 3 Directive Gain of Unit Cell with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
43
Figure 4 Directive Gain of a 2525 JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
44
Harmonic Analysis for a Lee-Jones Array

Antenna (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a Lee-Jones array antenna with a triangular
lattice using ANSYS commands.
The Lee-Jones array consists of 1.122" 0.497" rectangular waveguides in a 1.25" 0.625" triangular lattice, as
shown on the left in Figure 1: 55 Lee-Jones Array and FEA Model of Unit Cell. Only one radiation unit is modeled.
The FEA model shown on the right consists of a waveguide of 1.122" 0.497" 1.0" and an air box of 1.25"
0.625" 1.0". The air box is covered by Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) of absorbing material, 0.5" thick. An Hplane (=0) scan is performed at 9.5 GHz. The periodic boundary conditions are shown in Figure 2: Periodic
Boundary Condition for Lee-Jones Array.
Figure 1 55 Lee-Jones Array and FEA Model of Unit Cell
Figure 2 Periodic Boundary Condition for Lee-Jones Array
"!&$

'!#$

"!#$

%

%

Harmonic Analysis for a Lee-Jones Array Antenna (Command Method)

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, S11 of Lee-Jones Array with the triangular lattice
/com,
Waveguide: 1.122"x0.497"1.0"
/com,
/com,
PML: 1.25"x0.625"x0.5"
/com,
Refined meshes near the aperture
/nopr
/prep7
! --- Geometric and operating conditions --freq=9.5e9
lamda=3.e8/freq
scal=25.4e-3
a1=scal*1.122/2.
b1=scal*0.497/2.
a2=scal*1.25/2.
b2=scal*0.625/2.
c1=0
c2=c1+scal*0.75
c3=c2+scal*0.25
c4=c3+scal*0.25
c5=c4+scal*0.75
c6=c5+scal*0.5
! --- Mesh definition --h1=lamda/12
h2=0.5*h1
! --- Define elements and material
et,11,200,5
et,1,119,1,,,0
et,2,119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! --- Numerical model --local,11
wpcsys,,11
block,-a1,0,-b1,b1,c1,c2
block,0,a1,-b1,b1,c1,c2
vglue,all
type,11
esize,h2
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,b2
asel,r,loc,z,c3,c4
amesh,all
esize,h1
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,b2
asel,r,loc,z,c4,c5
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,b2
asel,r,loc,z,c5,c6
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
agen,2,all,,,2*a2
asel,s,loc,y,b2
46

asel,r,loc,x,-a2,0
agen,2,all,,,a2,-2*b2
asel,s,loc,y,b2
asel,r,loc,x,0,a2
agen,2,all,,,-a2,-2*b2
alls
nummrg,all
mat,1
type,1
esize,h1
vsel,s,loc,z,c1,c2
vsel,a,loc,z,c4,c5
vmesh,all
esize,h2
vsel,s,loc,z,c2,c4
vmesh,all
esize,h1
vsel,s,loc,z,c5,c6
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,11
alls
! --- Define master/slave coupling --nsel,s,loc,y,b2
nsel,r,loc,x,-a2,0
cm,edge11,node
nsel,s,loc,y,b2
nsel,r,loc,x,0,a2
cm,edge21,node
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,r,loc,x,-a2,0
cm,edge22,node
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,r,loc,x,0,a2
cm,edge12,node
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
nsel,r,loc,x,-a1,a1
nsel,r,loc,y,-b1,b1
cm,ndapt,node
nsel,s,loc,x,-a2
nsel,a,loc,x,a2
cpcyc,ax,,,2*a2,0,0,1
nsel,s,,,edge11
nsel,a,,,edge12
cpcyc,ax,,,a2,-2*b2,0,1
nsel,s,,,edge21
nsel,a,,,edge22
cpcyc,ax,,,-a2,-2*b2,0,1
alls
! --- Set PEC on waveguide wall & PML wall --nsel,s,loc,x,-a1
nsel,a,loc,x,a1
nsel,a,loc,y,-b1
nsel,a,loc,y,b1
nsel,r,loc,z,c1,c3
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
nsel,u,,,ndapt
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c6
d,all,ax,0
nsel,all
! --- Define waveguide port --hfport,1,rect,11,TE10,impd,2*a1,2*b1,1.
nsel,s,loc,z,c1
sf,all,PORT,1
alls
save
fini
47
Harmonic Analysis for a Lee-Jones Array Antenna (Command Method)

/solu
! --- Perform angle scanning for S-parameter calculation --spscan,freq,,0,0,,0,55,5,0
fini
Target Results
The figure below depicts the S-parameter at the waveguide port over a range of angles, from 0 to 55.
Figure 3 S-Parameter of Lee-Jones Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.5 GHz
48
Harmonic Analysis for Line-fed Microstrip Patch

Antenna (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a line-fed microstrip patch antenna using
ANSYS commands.
The line-fed microstrip patch antenna consists of a 16 mm 12.45 mm metallic rectangular patch on the substrate
with the thickness of 0.794 mm and r = 2.2. The width of the microstrip is 2.46 mm and the characteristic impedance is assumed to be 50 Ohms. The distance from the edge of the microstrip to the edge of the patch is 2.09
mm, as shown on the top in the figure below. The structure is enclosed by Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) of
absorbing material, excepting the ground plane, as shown on the bottom.
Harmonic Analysis for Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
Figure 1 Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Geometry and FEA Model

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna
/com, Problem: Compute S-Parameter of Microstrip Rectangular Patch
/com, Microstrip: Width=2.46 mm, Substrate thickness=0.794 mm, er=2.2
/com, Patch: 16x12.45 mm^2; Distance from microstrip edge to patch edge: 2.09 mm
/nopr
/prep7
! --- define elements and material --epsr=2.2
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1,,,0
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
50

mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! --- define geometry --ws=2.46
wp1=2.09
wp2=7.9
hp=16.
hm=4.
hs=0.794
scal=1.e-3
a3=-wp1
a4=0
a2=a3-ws
a1=a2-ws
a5=ws
a6=a5+wp2
a7=a6+ws
a8=a7+ws
b5=0.
b6=hp
b7=b6+hm
b8=b7+1.25*hm
b4=b5-hm
b3=b4-hm
b2=b3-hm
b1=b2-1.25*hm
rect,a2,a3,b2,b3
rect,a3,a4,b2,b3
rect,a4,a5,b2,b3
rect,a5,a6,b2,b3
rect,a6,a7,b2,b3
rect,a2,a3,b3,b4
rect,a3,a4,b3,b4
rect,a4,a5,b3,b4
rect,a5,a6,b3,b4
rect,a6,a7,b3,b4
rect,a2,a3,b4,b5
rect,a3,a4,b4,b5
rect,a4,a5,b4,b5
rect,a5,a6,b4,b5
rect,a6,a7,b4,b5
rect,a2,a3,b5,b6
rect,a3,a4,b5,b6
rect,a4,a5,b5,b6
rect,a5,a6,b5,b6
rect,a6,a7,b5,b6
rect,a2,a3,b6,b7
rect,a3,a4,b6,b7
rect,a4,a5,b6,b7
rect,a5,a6,b6,b7
rect,a6,a7,b6,b7
rect,a1,a2,b1,b2
rect,a2,a3,b1,b2
rect,a3,a4,b1,b2
rect,a4,a5,b1,b2
rect,a5,a6,b1,b2
rect,a6,a7,b1,b2
rect,a7,a8,b1,b2
rect,a1,a2,b2,b3
rect,a7,a8,b2,b3
rect,a1,a2,b3,b4
rect,a7,a8,b3,b4
rect,a1,a2,b4,b5
rect,a7,a8,b4,b5
rect,a1,a2,b5,b6
rect,a7,a8,b5,b6
rect,a1,a2,b6,b7
rect,a7,a8,b6,b7
rect,a1,a2,b7,b8
rect,a2,a3,b7,b8
rect,a3,a4,b7,b8
rect,a4,a5,b7,b8
51

rect,a5,a6,b7,b8
rect,a6,a7,b7,b8
rect,a7,a8,b7,b8
aglue,all
! --- define mesh size --nx1=8
nx2=4
nx3=5
ny1=4
ny2=16
nz1=5
nz2=4
hx1=(a3-a1)/nx1
hx2=(a4-a3)/nx2
hx3=(a5-a4)/nx3
hy1=(b2-b1)/ny1
hy2=(b6-b5)/ny2
lsel,s,loc,x,(a1+a2)/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(a2+a3)/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
lsel,s,loc,y,(b1+b2)/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(b2+b3)/2
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(b5+b6)/2
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2
alls
type,11
asel,all
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,r,loc,x,a2,a7
asel,r,loc,y,b2,b7
cm,agr1,area
! --- meshing --type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-hs
alls
mat,2
esize,,nz1
asel,s,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,hs
alls
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-hs
mat,2
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
52

asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,hs
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,hs
vext,all,,,0,0,hs
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
alls
nummrg,all
! --- PEC for microstrip and PML wall --nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,a4,a5
nsel,r,loc,y,b1,b5
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,a3,a6
nsel,r,loc,y,b5,b6
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,a1
nsel,a,loc,x,a8
nsel,a,loc,y,b1
nsel,a,loc,y,b8
nsel,a,loc,z,-hs
nsel,a,loc,z,2*hs
d,all,ax,0
! --- excitation current --nsel,s,loc,y,b3
nsel,r,loc,x,a4,a5
nsel,r,loc,z,-hs,0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.e-3,-1
! --- define transmission line port --hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,50.
nsel,s,loc,y,b4
nsel,r,loc,z,-hs,hs
nsel,r,loc,x,a2,a7
bf,all,port,1
alls
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! --- define voltage routines --y1=scal*b4
xv1=scal*0.5*(a4+a5)
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*hs
nv11=node(xv1,y1,zv1)
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
pasave,all
fini
/solu
! --- perform a frequency sweep for s-parameter from 1GHz to 20 GHz --spswp,1.0e9,20.0e9,0.5e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: S-Parameter of Line-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna depicts the S-parameter at the microstrip line
feeding port from 1 GHz to 20 GHz. The pattern of the electric field at 7.5 GHz is shown in Figure 3: Contour of
Electric Field Magnitude at 7.5 GHz.
53
Figure 2 S-Parameter of Line-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna
54
Figure 3 Contour of Electric Field Magnitude at 7.5 GHz
55
56
Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a

Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radiation pattern of a waveguide antenna with no flare using
ANSYS commands.
The geometry of the modeled three-dimension PEC waveguide radiator with no flare is as follows: width = 20/3,
height = 0/3 and length = 20. A sinusoidal source is excited on a wide-side-directed monopole feed centered
in the waveguide wide side and 0/3 from the closed end. One half of the structure is used for numerical modeling,
because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry. A uniform current density is used to model the excitation
source. The PML absorbing material encloses the modeled domain except on the symmetric plane.
Figure 1 Waveguide Radiator with No Flare


is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Radiation Pattern of a Rectangular Waveguide Horn Antenna
/com, Horn Antenna: 2/3 x 1/3 x 2 wavelength^3
/com, Numerical Model: 1/2 structure and line current source from closed end
/com,
Antenna is enclosed by PML except symmetric plane
/com,
The equivalent source surface is flagged between waveguide and PML
/nopr
/prep7
! set-up working frequency
freq=1.e9
lambda=3.e8/freq
! define the computational structure
*dim,_a,array,5
*dim,_b,array,8
*dim,_c,array,9
*dim,_nz,array,8
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)-lambda/3
_b(4)=-lambda/6
_b(3)=_b(4)-lambda/8
Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command Method)
_b(5)=lambda/6
_b(6)=_b(5)+lambda/8
_c(6)=0
_c(5)=_c(6)-5*lambda/3
_c(4)=_c(5)-lambda/3
_c(7)=_c(6)+lambda/8
et,11,200,7
! temporary element
et,1,120,1
et,2,120,1,,,1
! PML element
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
h1=lambda/15
h2=lambda/12
*do,_i,1,8
_nz(_i)=nint((_c(_i+1)-_c(_i))/h2)
*enddo
*do,_i,1,4
*do,_j,1,7
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
agen,2,all,,,0,0,-(_c(6)-_c(2))
asel,s,loc,z,_c(6)
adel,all
asel,s,loc,z,_c(2)
asel,s,loc,x,_a(1),(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
asel,r,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
cm,airs,area
asel,all
! 2-d meshing
type,11
esize,h1
amesh,all
! 3-d meshing
mat,1
! PML element
type,2
asel,s,loc,z,_c(2)
esize,,_nz(1)
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c(2)-_c(1))
*do,_i,2,7
asel,s,loc,z,_c(_i)
*if,_i,eq,2,then
asel,u,,,airs
*endif
esize,,_nz(_i)
vext,all,,,0,0,_c(_i+1)-_c(_i)
*enddo
! normal element
type,1
*do,_i,2,7
asel,s,loc,z,_c(_i)
asel,r,loc,x,_a(1),(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
asel,r,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
esize,,_nz(_i)
vext,all,,,0,0,_c(_i+1)-_c(_i)
*enddo
! PML element
type,2
asel,s,loc,z,_c(8)
esize,,_nz(8)
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c(9)-_c(8))
asel,s,loc,z,_c(2)
aclear,all
58

alls
nummrg,all
! flag equivalent source surface
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(3),_b(6)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c(3),_c(7)
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(3)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(6)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(3)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(7)
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! define PEC
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(2)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(2)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(5)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(4)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(5)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(8)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(1)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(9)
d,all,ax,0
alls
! set up excitation line current
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(5)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1)
bf,all,js,0,1.e-3,0
alls
fini
! perform solution
/solu
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
eqslv,sparse
solve
finish
! post-processing
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,pmc,
! define image symmetric plane
prhffar,patt,,0,0,,0,360,360
! print out radiation pattern
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: Radiation Pattern of Waveguide Radiator Without Flare on E-Plane depicts the radiation pattern of
the waveguide antenna on the E-plane (=0). Figure 3: Electric Field Contour of Waveguide Radiator Without
Flare shows the electric field contour in the computational domain.
59
Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command Method)
Figure 2 Radiation Pattern of Waveguide Radiator Without Flare on E-Plane
60
Figure 3 Electric Field Contour of Waveguide Radiator Without Flare
61
62
Harmonic Analysis for a Half Wavelength

Dipole Antenna (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radiation far field and antenna parameters of a half wavelength
dipole antenna using ANSYS commands.
Assume that the distribution of current density along the wire is J = 0.08 sin (h-|z|) z A/m2, where is the vacuum
wave number and h is the half-length of the dipole antenna. Only 1/8 structure is used for the numerical simulation,
because of the symmetry of the electromagnetic field. PML is used to truncate the open domain. PEC is imposed
on the symmetrical plane perpendicular to the current density vector. The analytic directivity and radiation power
of the antenna are 2.156 dB and 0.058 watt, respectively.

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Half Wavelength Dipole Antenna
/nopr
/prep7
! structure dimensions
freq=300e6
wavel=3.e8/freq
beta=2.*3.1415926535/wavel
curr=1.e-2
! 1/8 of total current density
_l=wavel/2
a=0.5*wavel
! define elements and material
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! define mesh size
h=wavel/20
_n1=4
_nz1=nint(_l/h)+1
_nz2=4
_nz3=4
_npml=6
! set up computational domain
*dim,_a,array,4
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+a
_a(3)=_a(2)+_n1*h
_a(4)=_a(3)+_npml*h
_c1=0
_c2=_c1+_l/2
_c3=_c2+_nz2*h
_c4=_c3+_nz3*h
_c5=_c4+_npml*h
*do,_i,1,3
*do,_j,1,3
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_a(_j),_a(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
esize,h
amesh,all
Harmonic Analysis for a Half Wavelength Dipole Antenna (Command Method)

asel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
asel,r,loc,y,_a(1),_a(3)
cm,_area1,area
type,1
mat,1
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,area,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c2-_c1)
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c4-_c3)
type,2
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c2-_c1)
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
cm,_area1,area
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
esize,,_nz3
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
cm,_area1,area
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c4-_c3)
esize,,_npml
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c5-_c4)
asel,a,loc,z,_c1
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nummrg,all
! define equivalent source surface
nsel,r,loc,y,_a(1),_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c1,_c3
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(2)
nsel,a,loc,y,_a(2)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c3
sf,all,mxwf
nsel,all
esel,all
! define boundary condition
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(4)
nsel,a,loc,y,_a(4)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c1
nsel,a,loc,z,_c5
d,all,ax,0.
allsel,all
_ll=_c2-_c1
_hz=_ll/_nz1
*do,_i,0,_nz1
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,0
nsel,r,loc,z,_i*_hz
cc= sin(beta*(_ll-_i*_hz))*curr
*if,cc,eq,0,then
cc=1.e-9
*endif
bf,all,js,0,0,cc
64
!define sinusoid line current source
!current density distribution

*enddo
alls
fini
! perform solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
/post1
set,1,1
hfsys,11,pmc,pmc,pec
hfang,,0,360,0,180
plhffar,field,EF,0,0,,0,180,18,10.,2,Z
plhffar,patt,polar,0,0,,0,180,18
plhffar,dgain,polar,0,0,,0,180,18
prhffar,dgain,max
prhffar,prad
fini
!set up symmetry
!set up radiation solid angle
!plot theta component of E on E-plane
!radiation pattern on E-plane
!print out directivity
!print out radiation power
The Target Results

The contour of the radiated electric field in the numerical domain is shown in Figure 1: Contour of the Radiated
Electric Field of a Half Wavelength Dipole. The far electric field on E-plane at r = 10 m is depicted in Figure 2: Far
Electric Field of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane at r = 10 m. Figure 3: Radiation Pattern of a Half Wavelength
Dipole on E-Plane shows the radiation pattern of a half wavelength dipole, and the directive gain is given in
Figure 4: Directive Gain of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane. The calculated directivity and radiation power
are 2.13 dB and 0.054 watt, respectively.
65
Figure 1 Contour of the Radiated Electric Field of a Half Wavelength Dipole
66
Figure 2 Far Electric Field of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane at r = 10 m
67
Figure 3 Radiation Pattern of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane
68
Figure 4 Directive Gain of a Half Wavelength Dipole on E-Plane
69
70
Part VI. Advanced Wave Propagation Examples
Harmonic Analysis for a Microstrip Low-Pass

Filter (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a microstrip low-pass filter using ANSYS
commands.
The microstrip low-pass filter is distributed on a dielectric substrate backed by a PEC ground plane. The width
of the input and output microstrip lines are 2.413 mm. The width of the stub is 2.54 mm. The strip is assumed to
be perfectly conducting of thickness 0 m. The substrate material is a lossless dielectric of relative permittivity
2.2. The thickness of the substrate is 0.794 mm. The top and side views of the structure are shown in the figure
below. The characteristic impedance of the microstrip line is assumed to be 50 Ohm. To extract the S-parameter,
the current density source is used to excite the system. The PML absorbing material is used to enclose the
structure excepting the ground plane.
Figure 1 Top and Side views of Low-Pass Filter

!"$#&% ')(
+*-,.% /&'0#&% ')(

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Microstrip Filter
/nopr
/prep7
! --- set up elements and materials --epsr=2.3
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1,,,0
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! --- set up structure --w1=2.413
w2=2.54
s1=5.65
s2=4.194
c=0.794
*dim,_a,array,10
Harmonic Analysis for a Microstrip Low-Pass Filter (Command Method)

*dim,_b,array,9
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+s1/2
_a(3)=_a(2)+s1/2
_a(4)=_a(3)+s1
_a(5)=_a(4)+w1
_a(6)=_a(5)+s2
_a(7)=_a(6)+w1
_a(8)=_a(7)+s1
_a(9)=_a(8)+s1/2
_a(10)=_a(9)+s1/2
_b(1)=0
_b(2)=_b(1)+s1
_b(3)=_b(2)+s1/2
_b(4)=_b(3)+s1/4
_b(5)=_b(4)+s1/4
_b(6)=_b(5)+w2
_b(7)=_b(6)+s1/4
_b(8)=_b(7)+s1/4
_b(9)=_b(8)+s1
h1=s1/8
h2=w1/5
h3=w2/5
h4=s2/7
nz1=6
nz2=4
npmlz=3
scal=1.e-3
*do,_i,1,9
*do,_j,1,8
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
! --- 2d meshing --type,11
esize,h1
asel,all
asel,u,loc,x,_a(4),_a(7)
asel,u,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
amesh,all
alls
asel,a,loc,x,_a(6),_a(7)
lsel,s,loc,y,_b(1),_b(9)
cm,lgr1,line
lesize,lgr1,h1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(6)+_a(7))/2
cm,lgr2,line
lesize,lgr2,h2
amesh,all
alls
lsel,s,loc,y,_b(1),_b(9)
cm,lgr3,line
lesize,lgr3,h1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lgr4,line
lesize,lgr4,h4
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
lsel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(10)
cm,lgr4,line
lesize,lgr4,h1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,lgr5,line
lesize,lgr5,h3
74

amesh,all
alls
asel,r,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(6)+_a(7))/2
cm,lgr6,line
lesize,lgr6,h2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,lgr7,line
lesize,lgr7,h3
amesh,all
alls
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lgr8,line
lesize,lgr8,h4
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,lgr9,line
lesize,lgr9,h3
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,z,0
cm,agr1,area
! --- 3d meshing --type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c
alls
mat,2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,c
alls
! --- 3d PML elements --type,2
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c
mat,2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,c
alls
type,2
mat,2
esize,,npmlz
asel,s,loc,z,c
vext,all,,,0,0,c
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
alls
nummrg,all
! --- PEC for strip, ground plane and PML walls --nsel,s,loc,z,0
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,0
d,all,ax,0
75

nsel,s,loc,z,0
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(10)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(9)
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z,2*c
d,all,ax,0
! --- excitation current --nsel,s,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,r,loc,z,-c,0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.,-1
alls
! --- define the ports --hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,50.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,z,-c,c
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,TLINE,,v2,,50.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(7)
nsel,r,loc,z,-c,c
bf,all,port,2
! --- define voltage paths on ports --y1=scal*_b(4)
xv1=scal*0.5*(_a(4)+_a(5))
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*c
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
y2=scal*_b(7)
xv2=scal*0.5*(_a(6)+_a(7))
path,v2,2
ppath,1,nv21
ppath,2,nv22
pasave,all
alls
save
fini
! --- launch the full-method frequency sweep solution --/solu
spswp,0.5e9,20e9,0.5e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: S11 of microstrip low-pass filter and Figure 3: S21 of microstrip low-pass filter depict the S11 and
S21 of the microstrip low-pass filter from 0.5 GHz to 20 GHz, respectively.
76
Figure 2 S11 of microstrip low-pass filter
77
Figure 3 S21 of microstrip low-pass filter
78
Harmonic Analysis for a Three-Stub

Rectangular Waveguide Filter (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a three-stub rectangular waveguide filter using
ANSYS commands.
The waveguide filter consists of a straight rectangular metallic hollow waveguide with a cross-section 19.05 x
9.252 mm2 and three tuning stubs. The side view of the structure is shown on the left in the figure below, and
the FEA model is shown on the right. Due to the symmetry of the geometry and of the TE10 waveguide excitation
to be analyzed, only one-half of the filter needs to be modeled. The perfect electric condition is applied to the
metallic surfaces of the waveguide and the impedance matching condition of TE10 mode is imposed at the input
and output ports.
Figure 1 Side View and FEA Model of Filter (Dimensions are in mm)


is a comment.
Harmonic Analysis for a Three-Stub Rectangular Waveguide Filter (Command Method)

/batch,list
/title, Three-Stub Waveguide Filter
/nopr
/prep7
! define elements and materials
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1,,,0
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! define dimensions of the geometry
scal=1.e-3
cw=19.05
ch=9.525
_s1=cw
_s2=17.23
_gap1=2.86
_gap2=2.01
_stub=18.9
_xg1=_gap1
_xg2=_gap2
_yg1=0.25*ch
! set up 2d numerical domain
*dim,_a,array,14
*dim,_b,array,5
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+(_s1-_xg1)
_a(3)=_a(2)+_xg1
_a(4)=_a(3)+_gap1
_a(5)=_a(4)+_xg1
_a(6)=_a(5)+(_s2-_xg1-_xg2)
_a(7)=_a(6)+_xg2
_a(8)=_a(7)+_gap2
_a(9)=_a(8)+_xg2
_a(10)=_a(9)+(_s2-_xg2-_xg1)
_a(11)=_a(10)+_xg1
_a(12)=_a(11)+_gap1
_a(13)=_a(12)+_xg1
_a(14)=_a(13)+(_s1-_xg1)
_b(1)=-ch/2
_b(2)=_b(1)+ch-_yg1
_b(3)=_b(2)+_yg1
_b(4)=_b(3)+_yg1
_b(5)=_b(4)+(_stub-_yg1)
*do,_i,1,13
*do,_j,1,2
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
*do,_j,3,4
rect,_a(3),_a(4),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
rect,_a(7),_a(8),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
rect,_a(11),_a(12),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
aglue,all
! 2d meshing
nx1=20
nx2=8
nx3=12
nx4=18
nx5=8
nx6=12
hx1=(_a(2)-_a(1))/nx1
hx2=(_a(3)-_a(2))/nx2
hx3=(_a(4)-_a(3))/nx3
hx4=(_a(6)-_a(5))/nx4
hx5=(_a(7)-_a(6))/nx5
hx6=(_a(8)-_a(7))/nx6
ny1=8
ny2=6
ny3=15
hy1=(_b(2)-_b(1))/ny1
80

hy2=(_b(3)-_b(2))/ny2
hy3=(_b(5)-_b(4))/ny3
nz=10
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(3)+_b(4))/2
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(4)+_b(5))/2
cm,ly3,line
lesize,ly3,hy3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(13)+_a(14))/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(10)+_a(11))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(12)+_a(13))/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(11)+_a(12))/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(9)+_a(10))/2
cm,lx4,line
lesize,lx4,hx4
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(6)+_a(7))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(8)+_a(9))/2
cm,lx5,line
lesize,lx5,hx5
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(7)+_a(8))/2
cm,lx6,line
lesize,lx6,hx6
alls
type,11
amesh,all
nummrg,all
alls
! 3d meshing
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz
asel,s,loc,z,0
vext,all,,,0,0,cw/2
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
etdele,11
alls
nummrg,all
! PEC on waveguide wall
nsel,s,loc,z,cw/2
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(5)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(4),_a(7)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(3)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(3)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(4)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(7)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(8)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(11)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(12)
81
Harmonic Analysis for a Three-Stub Rectangular Waveguide Filter (Command Method)

d,all,ax,0
! define a local coordinates for waveguide ports
local,11,,,,,,,90
csys,0
! define port
hfport,1,rect,11,TE10,IMPD,scal*cw,scal*ch,1.
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)*scal
sf,all,port,1
hfport,2,rect,11,TE10,IMPD,cw*scal,ch*scal
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(14)*scal
sf,all,port,2
alls
save
fini
! perform solution
/solu
spswp,10.e9,15.e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: |S11| of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter depicts the S11 of simulated 3-stub waveguide filter from 10
GHz to 15 GHz. Figure 3: Electric Field Contour of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter at 15 GHz shows the electric
field contour at 15 GHz.
Figure 2 |S11| of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter
82
Figure 3 Electric Field Contour of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter at 15 GHz
83
84
Harmonic Analysis for Multi-layer Microstrip

Interconnect (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a multi-layer microstrip interconnect using
ANSYS commands.
The multi-layer microstrip interconnect is distributed over three signal layers. The input and output ports are at
the uppermost layer. The distance to the second signal layer is 0.4 mm. The distance between the second and
third signal layer is 0.4 mm. The third (bottom) layer is 0.8 mm above a perfectly conducting plane. The substrate
material is a lossless dielectric of relative permittivity 0f 9.8. The entire structure is placed inside a perfectly conducting box of length 20 mm, width 10 mm and height 6.6 mm. Hence, the uppermost interconnect is 5.0 mm
below the top of the box. The graphic on the left in the figure below depicts the structure without showing the
substrate and enclosing box. The graphic on the right shows the geometry of the three-layer interconnect (top
view). The microstrip is taken to be infinitesimally thin, perfectly conducting, of width 1.2 mm and the characteristic impedance 55 Ohms. The transitions from one layer to other are effected through perfectly conducting
square vias of side 1.2 mm. To extract the S-parameter, the current density source is used to excite the system.
The PML absorbing material is placed behind the excitation source and terminates the output port.
Harmonic Analysis for Multi-layer Microstrip Interconnect (Command Method)
Figure 1 Three-layer Interconnect


is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Multilayer Microstrip Interconnect
/nopr
/prep7
! --- define elements and material --epsr=9.8
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1,,,0
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! --- define geometry --w=1.2
s=2.2
l=6.0
ls=5.6
c1=0.4
c2=0.4
c3=0.8
bw=2.7
86

bh=5.0
*dim,_a,array,6
*dim,_b,array,11
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+bw
_a(3)=_a(2)+w
_a(4)=_a(3)+s
_a(5)=_a(4)+w
_a(6)=_a(5)+bw
_b(1)=0
_b(2)=_b(1)+l/2
_b(3)=_b(2)+l/4
_b(4)=_b(3)+l/4
_b(5)=_b(4)+l
_b(6)=_b(5)+w
_b(7)=_b(6)+ls
_b(8)=_b(7)+w
_b(9)=_b(8)+l
_b(10)=_b(9)+l/8
_b(11)=_b(10)+l/2
*do,_i,1,5
*do,_j,1,10
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
! --- choose mesh size --hx1=w/4
hx2=s/6
hx3=(_a(2)-_a(1))/5
hy1=hx1
hy2=(_b(7)-_b(6))/10
hy3=(_b(2)-_b(1))/5
nz1=4
nz2=7
nz3=12
scal=1.e-3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lxblnk,line
lesize,lxblnk,hx3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
cm,lxstrip,line
lesize,lxstrip,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
cm,lxstub,line
lesize,lxstub,hx2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
*do,_i,2,4
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(_i)+_b(_i+1))/2
*enddo
*do,_i,8,10
*enddo
cm,lyprp,line
lesize,lyprp,hy3
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(7)+_b(8))/2
cm,lystrip,line
lesize,lystrip,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
cm,lystub,line
lesize,lystub,hy2
alls
asel,a,loc,y,_b(10),_b(11)
cm,apml,area
! --- 2-d meshing --type,11
asel,all
amesh,all
87

alls
! --- 3-d meshing --type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,loc,z,-c1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,-(c1+c2)
vext,all,,,0,0,-c3
mat,2
esize,,nz3
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bh
alls
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,loc,z,-c1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,-(c1+c2)
vext,all,,,0,0,-c3
mat,2
esize,,nz3
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bh
alls
! --- clean up 2-d element --asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nummrg,all
alls
! --- set up PEC for microstrip, vias, ground plane and PML walls --nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,u,loc,y,_b(6),_b(7)
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec1,node
nsel,s,loc,z,-c1
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec2,node
nsel,s,loc,z,-(c1+c2)
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec3,node
nsel,r,loc,z,0,-c1
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec4,node
nsel,r,loc,z,-c1,-(c1+c2)
88

d,all,ax,0
cm,npec5,node
nsel,s,,,npec1
nsel,a,,,npec2
nsel,a,,,npec3
nsel,a,,,npec4
nsel,a,,,npec5
cm,npec,node
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(6)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(11)
nsel,a,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3)
nsel,a,loc,z,bh
d,all,ax,0
alls
! --- assign excitation current --nsel,s,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,r,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3),0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.,-1
alls
! --- define transmission line port --hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,55.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3),bh
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,TLINE,,v2,,55.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(9)
nsel,r,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3),bh
bf,all,port,2
alls
! --- define voltage paths
y1=scal*_b(4)
xv1=scal*0.5*(_a(2)+_a(3))
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*(c1+c2+c3)
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
y2=scal*_b(9)
xv2=scal*0.5*(_a(2)+_a(3))
path,v2,2
ppath,1,nv21
ppath,2,nv22
pasave,all
alls
save
fini
/solu
! --- perform solution over the frequency range --spswp,55.e6,10.05e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: S11 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect and Figure 3: S21 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect depict the magnitude of S11 and S21 fro 0.55 GHz to 10 GHz, respectively. The pattern of electric field
at 6.5 GHz is shown in Figure 4: Electric Field Contour of Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect at 6.5 GHz.
89
Figure 2 S11 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect
90
Figure 3 S21 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect
91
Figure 4 Electric Field Contour of Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect at 6.5 GHz
The Touchstone file is listed as follow

!
ANSYS S-parameter Data for 2 Ports (Transmission Line).
# GHz S
! Freq
0.5500
0.8000
1.0500
1.3000
1.5500
1.8000
2.0500
2.3000
2.5500
2.8000
3.0500
3.3000
3.5500
3.8000
4.0500
4.3000
4.5500
4.8000
5.0500
5.3000
5.5500
5.8000
6.0500
92
DB R 55.
|S11|
<S11
-10.586 -139.524
-9.474 -163.757
-8.519 177.585
-7.798 159.309
-7.265 140.275
-6.920 121.118
-6.799 101.999
-6.952
82.741
-7.494
62.693
-8.468
42.305
-10.071
21.466
-12.746
-0.348
-17.579 -24.110
-30.635 -56.537
-23.199 113.152
-16.041
86.057
-12.735
62.480
-11.057
40.321
-10.419
18.522
-10.630
-3.630
-11.726 -26.854
-13.972 -52.099
-18.143 -80.242
|S21|
-0.386
-0.516
-0.657
-0.788
-0.902
-0.986
-1.017
-0.978
-0.854
-0.674
-0.456
-0.238
-0.075
-0.002
-0.019
-0.107
-0.235
-0.352
-0.410
-0.390
-0.299
-0.174
-0.063
<S21
-53.065
-72.785
-93.033
-113.339
-133.354
-153.086
187.257
167.493
147.187
126.413
105.029
82.806
59.706
36.011
12.185
-11.287
-34.213
-56.716
-79.079
-101.655
-124.832
-148.953
185.844
|S12|
-0.386
-0.516
-0.657
-0.788
-0.902
-0.986
-1.017
-0.978
-0.854
-0.674
-0.456
-0.238
-0.075
-0.002
-0.019
-0.107
-0.235
-0.352
-0.410
-0.390
-0.299
-0.174
-0.063
<S12
-53.065
-72.785
-93.033
-113.339
-133.354
-153.086
187.257
167.493
147.187
126.413
105.029
82.806
59.706
36.011
12.185
-11.287
-34.213
-56.716
-79.079
-101.655
-124.832
-148.953
185.844
|S22|
<S22
-10.586 -139.524
-9.474 -163.757
-8.519 177.585
-7.798 159.309
-7.265 140.275
-6.920 121.118
-6.799 101.999
-6.952
82.741
-7.494
62.693
-8.468
42.305
-10.071
21.466
-12.746
-0.348
-17.579 -24.110
-30.635 -56.537
-23.199 113.152
-16.041
86.057
-12.735
62.480
-11.057
40.321
-10.419
18.522
-10.630
-3.630
-11.726 -26.854
-13.972 -52.099
-18.143 -80.242

6.3000
6.5500
6.8000
7.0500
7.3000
7.5500
7.8000
8.0500
8.3000
8.5500
8.8000
9.0500
9.3000
9.5500
9.8000
10.0500
-28.815 -115.762 -0.001 159.798 -0.001 159.798

-24.396
56.778 -0.011 133.463 -0.011 133.463
-16.846
28.486 -0.085 107.147 -0.085 107.147
-14.286
3.056 -0.159
80.676 -0.159
80.676
-14.299 -23.299 -0.158
53.411 -0.158
53.411
-17.632 -52.183 -0.069
24.150 -0.069
24.150
-39.377
24.216
0.007
-8.652
0.007
-8.652
-12.158
48.036 -0.265 -45.028 -0.265 -45.028
-5.417
13.873 -1.470 -82.412 -1.470 -82.412
-2.522 -19.324 -3.599 -116.859 -3.599 -116.859
-1.312 -45.705 -6.028 215.285 -6.028 215.285
-0.625 -77.587 -8.700 187.522 -8.700 187.522
-0.425 -92.929 -10.332 170.339 -10.332 170.339
-2.705
10.910 -7.750 212.830 -7.750 212.830
-8.146
66.104 -8.762 221.922 -8.762 221.922
-4.729 173.671 -12.306 222.941 -12.306 222.941
-28.815 -115.762
-24.396
56.778
-16.846
28.486
-14.286
3.056
-14.299 -23.299
-17.632 -52.183
-39.377
24.216
-12.158
48.036
-5.417
13.873
-2.522 -19.324
-1.312 -45.705
-0.625 -77.587
-0.425 -92.929
-2.705
10.910
-8.146
66.104
-4.729 173.671
93
94
Harmonic Analysis for Microstrip Meander Line

(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a microstrip meander line using ANSYS commands.
Microstrip meander lines are used to introduce delay (or phase shift in the case of time-harmonic excitations).
The figure below depicts the top view of the meander line. The strip is assumed to be perfectly conducting of
thickness 0 mm and width 0.4 mm. The microstrip meander line is embedded in a lossless substrate of relative
permittivity 9.8. The meander line is placed 0.5 mm above a perfectly conducting plane. The entire structure is
placed inside a perfectly conducting box of width 5 mm and height 2.5 mm. Hence the top wall of the box is 2.0
mm above the meander line. For these dimensions, the characteristic impedance of the buried microstrip is
about 45 Ohm.
Figure 1 Microstrip Meander Line (Top View)


is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Microstrip meander line
/nopr
/prep7
! --- define elements and materials --epsr=9.8
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1,,,0
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
! --- set up geometry --w=0.4
gap=0.6
lz1=5.0
lz2=5.6
stub=2.2
xleft=0.8
xright=1.2
blow=0.5
bup=2.0
Z0=45
*dim,_a,array,6
*dim,_b,array,27
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+xleft
_a(3)=_a(2)+w
_a(4)=_a(3)+stub
Harmonic Analysis for Microstrip Meander Line (Command Method)

_a(5)=_a(4)+w
_a(6)=_a(5)+xright
_b(1)=0
_b(2)=_b(1)+lz1/2
_b(3)=_b(2)+lz1/4
_b(4)=_b(3)+lz1/4
_b(5)=_b(4)+lz1
*do,_i,6,22,2
_b(_i)=_b(_i-1)+w
_b(_i+1)=_b(_i)+gap
*enddo
_b(24)=_b(23)+w
_b(25)=_b(24)+lz2
_b(26)=_b(25)+lz2/4
_b(27)=_b(26)+lz2/2
*do,_i,1,5
*do,_j,1,26
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
asel,all
*do,_i,1,4
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
*do,_i,8,20,4
*enddo
*do,_i,24,26
*enddo
cm,strip1,area
asel,all
*do,_i,1,4
*enddo
*do,_i,6,22,2
*enddo
*do,_i,24,26
*enddo
cm,strip2,area
asel,all
*do,_i,6,22,4
*enddo
cm,strip3,area
asel,all
asel,s,,,strip1
asel,a,,,strip2
asel,a,,,strip3
cm,strip,area
asel,all
asel,a,loc,y,_b(26),_b(27)
cm,apml,area
asel,all
! --- set up element size --hx1=w/5
hx2=stub/14
hx3=(_a(2)-_a(1))/4
hy1=hx1
hy2=gap/6
hy3=(_b(2)-_b(1))/6
nz1=4
nz2=16
scal=1.e-3
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
96

*do,_i,2,4
*enddo
*do,_i,24,26
*enddo
cm,ly3,line
lesize,ly3,hy3
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
*do,_i,7,23,2
*enddo
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
*do,_i,6,22,2
*enddo
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
alls
! --- meshing the model --type,11
amesh,all
alls
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-blow
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bup
! --- PML elements --type,2
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-blow
esize,,nz2
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bup
alls
! --- clean up 2-d element --asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nummrg,all
! --- PEC for microstrip and exterior walls except ports
asel,s,,,strip
da,all,ax,0.
alls
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(6)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(27)
nsel,a,loc,z,-blow
97

nsel,a,loc,z,bup
d,all,ax,0
! --- excitation current --nsel,s,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,r,loc,z,-blow,0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.,-1
alls
! --- transmission line port --hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,Z0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,z,-blow,bup
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,TLINE,,v2,,Z0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(25)
nsel,r,loc,z,-blow,bup
bf,all,port,2
! --- define voltage routines --y1=scal*_b(4)
xv1=scal*0.5*(_a(4)+_a(5))
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*blow
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
y2=scal*_b(25)
path,v2,2
ppath,1,nv21
ppath,2,nv22
pasave,all
alls
save
fini
! --- launch the solution --/solu
spswp,100.e6,10.1e9,200.e6,1,,2,0
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: S11 of the Microstrip Meander Line depicts the S11 of the microstrip meander line from 0.5 GHz to
10 GHz. Figure 3: The Contour of Electric Field Magnitude shows the contour of electric field magnitude.
98
Figure 2 S11 of the Microstrip Meander Line
99
Figure 3 The Contour of Electric Field Magnitude
100
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular

Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a rectangular waveguide with a ridge discontinuity using ANSYS commands.
The metallic ridge discontinuity is located at the center of the rectangular waveguide, shown in the figure below.
Due to the symmetry of the geometry and of the TE10 waveguide excitation to be analyzed, only one-half of the
structure needs to be modeled. The perfect electric condition is applied to the metallic surfaces of the waveguide
and perfectly matched layers (PML) terminate the input and output ports.
Figure 1 Waveguide with Ridge Discontinuity (Dimensions are in mm)


is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Rectangular Waveguide with a ridge discontinuity
/nopr
/prep7
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1,,,0
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! define the geometry and numerical domain
scal=1.e-3
cw=19.05
ch=9.524
_l=5.08
_w=1.016
_h=7.619
_dp=cw/8
_dw=2*cw/3
_ds=_l/4
_dpml=cw/5
*dim,_a,array,4
*dim,_b,array,3
_a(1)=0
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (Command Method)
_a(2)=_a(1)+_w/2
_a(3)=_a(2)+_w
_a(4)=cw/2
_b(1)=-ch/2
_b(2)=_b(1)+_h
_b(3)=ch/2
_c3=0
_c2=_c3-_dp
_c1=_c2-_dpml
_c4=_c3+_dw
_c5=_c4+_ds
_c6=_c5+_l
_c7=_c6+_ds
_c8=_c7+_dw
_c9=_c8+_dp
_c10=_c9+_dpml
*do,_i,1,3
*do,_j,1,2
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
! set up the mesh
_nx1=4
_nx2=8
_nx3=18
_ny1=18
_ny2=8
_nz1=2
_nz2=14
_nz3=3
_nz4=15
_nzpml=4
hx1=(_a(2)-_a(1))/_nx1
hx2=(_a(3)-_a(2))/_nx2
hx3=(_a(4)-_a(3))/_nx3
hy1=(_b(2)-_b(1))/_ny1
hy2=(_b(3)-_b(2))/_ny2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1,,ny1,1.0
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2,,ny2,1.0
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
alls
! 2d mshing
type,11
amesh,all
alls
! 3d meshing
type,1
mat,1
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c3-_c2)
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,_c4-_c3
esize,,_nz3
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
esize,,_nz4
asel,s,loc,z,_c5
102

esize,,_nz3
asel,s,loc,z,_c6
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c7
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,loc,z,_c8
type,2
esize,,_nzpml
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c2-_c1)
asel,s,loc,z,_c9
vext,all,,,0,0,_c10-_c9
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
etdele,11
alls
nummrg,all
! PEC on waveguide wall
nsel,s,loc,x,cw/2
nsel,a,loc,y,-ch/2
nsel,a,loc,y,ch/2
nsel,a,loc,z,_c1
nsel,a,loc,z,_c10
d,all,ax,0
d,all,ax,0
alls
! define input and output port
hfport,1,rect,,TE10,SOFT,cw*scal,ch*scal,1.
nsel,s,loc,z,scal*_c3
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,rect,,TE10,SOFT,cw*scal,ch*scal
nsel,s,loc,z,_c8*scal
bf,all,port,2
alls
save
fini
! perform the solution
/solu
spswp,10e9,15e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: |S21| of the Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity depicts the |S21| of the simulated
structure from 10 GHz to 15 GHz. Figure 3: Electric Field Contour of the Waveguide with a Ridge at 15 GHz
shows the electric field contour at 15 GHz.
103
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (Command Method)
Figure 2 |S21| of the Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity
104
Figure 3 Electric Field Contour of the Waveguide with a Ridge at 15 GHz
105
106
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular

Waveguide with a Dielectric Post on Adaptive
Mesh (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a rectangular waveguide with a dielectric post
by adaptive meshing using ANSYS commands.
The dielectric post (12 10.16 6 mm3, r = 8.2) is located at the center of the rectangular waveguide (22.86
10.16 mm2), shown in Figure 1: Waveguide with Dielectric Post (Dimensions are in mm). The perfect electric
condition is applied to the metallic surfaces of the waveguide and the impedance matching boundary condition
of TE10 mode is used at the input and output ports. Four iterations of adaptive meshes are used to approach an
accurate solution for the S-parameter at 10 GHz. Then, the S-parameters are calculated on the refined mesh from
8 GHz to 12 GHz.
Figure 1 Waveguide with Dielectric Post (Dimensions are in mm)


is a comment.
/title, Dielectric Post in a Rectangular Waveguide
/com, Waveguide Dimension: 22.86x10.16 mm^2 (Cutoff Frequency: 6.56 GHz)
/com, Dielectric Post: 12 x 10.16 x 6 mm^3 at the center of waveguide, epsr = 8.2
/com, Frequency Range: 8 - 12 GHz for TE10 mode
/nopr
/prep7
! define the structure
ch=10.16e-3
cw=22.86e-3
c=12e-3
d=6e-3
epsr=8.2
freq=10e9
cl=5*d
! define the elements and materials
et,1,HF119,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
mp,murx,2,1.
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post on Adaptive Mesh (Command
mp,perx,2,epsr
block,-cw/2,cw/2,-ch/2,ch/2,-cl/2,cl/2
block,-c/2,c/2,-ch/2,ch/2,-d/2,d/2
vsbv,1,2,,delete,keep
vglue,all
! 3-d meshing
h1=cw/5
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,3
mat,2
vmesh,2
! Tangential E is zero on all side walls
asel,s,loc,y,-ch/2
asel,a,loc,y,ch/2
asel,a,loc,x,-cw/2
asel,a,loc,x,cw/2
da,all,ax,0.
! define waveguide ports
asel,s,loc,z,-cl/2
sfa,all,,port,1
hfport,1,rect,,te10,impd,cw,ch,1
asel,s,loc,z,cl/2
sfa,all,,port,2
hfport,2,rect,,te10,impd,cw,ch
alls
fini
! set up adaptive loop and perform solution at 10 GHz
_n=4
*do,_i,1,_n
*if,_i,gt,1,then
/prep7
hferefine,_i-1
fini
*endif
/solu
ANTYPE,harmic
harfre,10e9
eqslv,sparse
solve
fini
/post1
sparm,1,1
fini
*enddo
! perform final solution on refined mesh over frequency band
/solu
spswp,8e9,12e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
The Target Results

The first four figures below show the mesh densities during the initial mesh and three iterations of mesh refinement. The results for |S11| on each mesh are 0.266, 0.230, 0.241 and 0.246, respectively. Figure 6: |S11| of Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post from 8 GHz to 12 GHz depicts the |S11| of the simulated structure from
8 GHz to 12 GHz on the final refined mesh.
108
Figure 2 Initial Mesh Density
109
Figure 3 Mesh Density after First Mesh Refinement Iteration
110
Figure 4 Mesh Density after Second Mesh Refinement Iteration
111
Figure 5 Mesh Density after Third Mesh Refinement Iteration
112
Figure 6 |S11| of Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post from 8 GHz to 12 GHz
113
114
Harmonic Analysis of a Parallel-Plate

Waveguide with a Lumped Circuit Load
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the s-parameter of a parallel-plate waveguide with a lumped circuit
load using ANSYS commands.
The finite element model is shown in Figure 1: 3-D Parallel-plate Waveguide Model. The waveguide is 15 mm
high by 5 mm wide. A perfect electric conductor boundary condition is applied to the top and bottom walls of
the waveguide. The impedance matching boundary condition of TEM mode is used at the input and output
ports. The lumped circuit load is shown in Figure 2: 1-D Transmission Line Impedance Load. The calculations
are performed at a frequency of 5 GHz.
Figure 1 3-D Parallel-plate Waveguide Model
Figure 2 1-D Transmission Line Impedance Load
The circuit loads applied are equivalent to the circuit load for the 1-D transmission line. As shown in Figure 3: Lumped Circuit Loads, since there are three elements on a cross section and the lumped loads are applied
at the vertical edges of the hexahedral elements, 2Z/3 is applied at the mid-nodes of the edges using the BF
Harmonic Analysis of a Parallel-Plate Waveguide with a Lumped Circuit Load (Command Method)
command with Lab = LUMP. HF Emag imposes the lumped circuit loads on the end nodes of the element edges
as well as the mid-nodes. Impedance Z represents a shunt RCL circuit as shown in Figure 4: Shunt RCL Circuit.
Figure 3 Lumped Circuit Loads

Figure 4 Shunt RCL Circuit


is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Lumped Circuit in Parallel-plate Waveguide
/com,
/nopr
/prep7
ch=0.015
! height of the parallel-plate waveguide
cw=0.005
! width of the parallel-plate waveguide
freq=5.e9
! frequency
lamda=0.06
_omega=2.*3.1415926535*freq
h=lamda/10
! mesh size
cl=0.5*lamda
Zc=(ch/cw)*377.0
! wave impedance of parallel-plate waveguide
_R=Zc/3
! resistance
_C=1.0d0/(_R*_omega)
! capacitance
_L=_R/(_omega)
! inductance
! define element and material
et,1,120,1
! 1st order hex element
mp,murx,1,1.
! permeability
mp,perx,1,1.
! permittivity
local,11
wpcsys,,11
! define structure
block,-cw/2,cw/2,-ch/2,ch/2,0,cl
block,-cw/2,cw/2,-ch/2,ch/2,0,-cl
vglue,all
! meshing the structure
esize,h
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,all
! PEC on top and bottom wall
nsel,s,loc,y,-ch/2
116

nsel,a,loc,y,ch/2
d,all,ax,0.
! define input and output port
hfport,1,para,11,tem,impd,cw,ch,1
hfport,2,para,11,tem,impd,cw,ch
nsel,s,loc,z,cl
sf,all,port,1
nsel,s,loc,z,-cl
sf,all,port,2
! define shunt RCL circuit at vertical edges
nsel,s,loc,x,-cw/2
nsel,a,loc,x,cw/2
nsel,r,loc,z,0
bf,all,lump,1,_R,_C,_L
alls
save
fini
! perform solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
! extract s-parameter
/post1
sparm,1,1
fini
Target Results
A S11 value of 0.5002 is calculated for 5 GHz. Transmission line theory gives value of 0.5.
117
118
Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and

Impedance Parameters
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to convert, list, and plot S (scattering), Y (admittance), and Z (impedance)
parameters of a T-type transmission line using the ANSYS postprocessor. The T-type transmission line network
is shown in the following figure.
Figure 1 T-type Transmission Line Network

where:
Z1 = 1/jC, Z2 = jL; Z3 = R + j(L -1/C)
R = 10
C = 10-11 F
L = 7 x 10-9 H
Z01 = 50 ; Z02 = 75
= angular frequency
The Touchstone file T_network.s2p of S-parameters for the T-type network follows:
# GHz S MA R 50. 75.
1.000 0.6297 169.6
2.000 0.6470 100.7
3.000 0.7459 73.82
4.000 0.8192 58.46
5.000 0.8681 48.31
0.5316
0.6755
0.6105
0.5315
0.4622
26.08
-9.873
-28.45
-40.29
-48.53
0.5316
0.6755
0.6105
0.5315
0.4622
26.08
-9.873
-28.45
-40.29
-48.53
0.7363
0.7126
0.7846
0.8442
0.8855
99.68
65.89
51.31
41.82
35.09
Smith Charts
To plot network parameters on a Smith chart, the following commands are issued in interactive mode:
/post1
PLSCH,T_network,s2p,S,1
PLSCH,T_network,s2p,Y,1
fini
! plot S11 on Smith Chart

! plot Y11 on Smith Chart
S11 and Y11 plots are shown in the following figures. PLSCH,T_network,s2p,Y,1 converts the S-parameters to Yparameters and plots them.
Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and Impedance Parameters
Figure 2 S11 on Smith Chart
120
Figure 3 Y11 on Smith Chart
Network Parameters vs. Frequency Plots

To plot S11, S21, Z11, and Z21 parameters versus frequency, the following commands are issued in interactive
mode:
/post1
PLSYZ,T_network,s2p,S,MAG,1,1,2,1
PLSYZ,T_network,s2p,Z,MAG,1,1,2,1
fini
! plot S11 and S21 versus frequency

! plot Z11 and Z21 versus frequency
PLSYZ,T_network,s2p,Z,1 converts the S-parameters to Z-parameters and plots them.
121
Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and Impedance Parameters
Figure 4 S11 and S21 Magnitude vs. Frequency
122
Figure 5 Z11 and Z21 Magnitude vs. Frequency
Touchstone File Conversion

To generate a Touchstone file of Y-parameters, the following commands are issued in interactive mode:
/post1
PRSYZ,T_network,s2p,Y,MA
fini
PLSYZ T_network,s2p,Y,MA converts the S-parameters to Y-parameters and creates the following Touchstone
file with the name T_network_SYZ.s2p.
! 2-port Y-parameter file,
# GHz Y MA R 50. 75.
!freq
magY11
angY11
1.00000 0.24744 -25.2489
2.00000 0.02924 -85.4203
3.00000 0.01681 -87.4959
4.00000 0.01203 -88.2378
5.00000 0.00943 -88.6262
5 frequency points
magY21
0.10135
0.01401
0.00826
0.00596
0.00468
angY21
143.034
90.8503
90.1989
90.0865
90.0374
magY12
0.10135
0.01401
0.00826
0.00596
0.00468
angY12
143.034
90.8503
90.1989
90.0865
90.0374
magY22
0.05352
0.01264
0.00791
0.00582
0.00461
angY22
-56.8150
-89.9250
-89.9931
-89.9947
-90.0011
123
124
Part VII. Advanced Wave Resonance Examples
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a

Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the resonant frequencies of a dielectric resonator (DR) on a microstrip substrate using ANSYS commands.
A cylindrical dielectric resonator is located on the top of a microstrip substrate with metallic enclosure (D = 10
mm, h = 5 mm, r = 36, s = 9.6, Hs = 1 mm, H = 6 mm, R = 15 mm), as shown on the left in the figure below.
Modal analysis is used to find the resonant frequencies in the structure. One quarter of the structure is used for
the numerical model because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry. Since the structure is open and the
fringe fields exist in the space, the metallic enclosure should be placed far enough away from the resonator in
order to minimize the effect of the metallic enclosure that is necessary for modal analysis. The resonant modes
can be obtained by the combination of boundary conditions on two symmetric planes, in other words, PMCPEC, PMC-PMC or PEC-PEC. The wedge element is used for analysis as shown on the right in the figure below.
Figure 1 Geometry and FEA Model of Dielectric Resonator


is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate
/nopr
/prep7
! define the structure
r1=5.
r2=15
h=5.
hc=6
hs=1.
eps1=9.6
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
eps2=36
scal=1.e-3
! set up boundary key: _bc=0 PMC-PMC; _bc=1 PEC-PMC; _bc=2 PEC-PEC
_bc=1
et,11,200,5
et,1,120,1
mp,perx,1,1.
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,2,eps1
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,3,eps2
mp,murx,3,1.
hsize=r1/8
hz=h/12
_nz1=4
_nz2=nint(h/hz)+1
_nz3=nint((hc-h)/hz)+1
_c1=0
_c2=_c1+hs
_c3=_c2+h
_c4=_c3+(hc-h)
pcirc,r1,0,0,90
pcirc,r2,0,0,90
aglue,all
! 2d-meshing
esize,hsize
type,11
amesh,all
! 3d-meshing
mat,2
esize,,_nz1
type,1
asel,s,loc,z,0
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c2-_c1)
csys,1
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,r,loc,x,0,r1
cm,_area1,area
csys,0
esize,,_nz2
mat,3
type,1
asel,s,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
mat,1
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
esize,,_nz3
mat,1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c4-_c3)
alls
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edele,all
alls
nummrg,all
alls
! set up PEC boundary condition
csys,1
nsel,s,loc,x,r2
d,all,ax,0
csys,0
nsel,s,loc,z,_c1
nsel,a,loc,z,_c4
*if,_bc,eq,1,then
128

nsel,a,loc,x,0
*elseif,_bc,eq,2,then
nsel,a,loc,x,0
nsel,a,loc,y,0
*endif
d,all,ax,0
fini
! perform a solution
/solu
antype,modal
modopt,lanb,2,1.e6,10.e9,,on
mxpand,,,,yes
solve
fini
Target Results
The three lowest resonant modes are TM01, HEM and TE01. The corresponding resonant frequencies are 3.98
GHz, 5.18 GHz and 5.94 GHz, respectively. The electric fields of the three lowest modes are shown in the following
three figures.
Figure 2 The Electric Field of TM01 Mode in a DR with a Metallic Enclosure
129
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
Figure 3 The Electric Field of HEM Mode in a DR with a Metallic Enclosure
130
Figure 4 The Electric Field of TE01 Mode in a DR with a Metallic Enclosure
131
132
Modal Analysis for Dispersion of a Microstrip

Line (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the dispersion of a microstrip line using ANSYS commands.
Modal analysis is used to find the dispersion of the fundamental mode of the microstrip line, shown on the left
in the figure below. One half of the structure is used for the numerical model because of the symmetry of the
fields and geometry. The metallic enclosure should be placed far enough away from the resonator to minimize
the effect of the metallic enclosure that is necessary for modal analysis. The triangular element is used for analysis as shown on the right in the figure below.
Figure 1 Geometry and FEA Model of the Microstrip Line

Modal Analysis for Dispersion of a Microstrip Line (Command Method)

is a comment.
/batch, list
/title, Dispersion of Isotropic Microstrip Line
/com, Freq = 1-20 GHz
/com, w=h=1.27 mm,er=8.875,X=12.7 mm,Y=12.7 mm
/nopr
/prep7
! set up structure
w=1.27e-3
h=1.27e-3
X=12.7e-3
Y=12.7e-3
er=8.875
et,1,118,1
emunit,mks
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,er
! define numerical model and meshing
rect,0,w/2,0,h
rect,w/2,X/2,0,h
rect,0,w/2,h,Y
rect,w/2,X/2,h,Y
aglue,all
mshkey,0
mshape,1
mat,2
lsel,s,line,,1,3,2
lesize,all,,,4
lsel,s,line,,2,4,2
lesize,all,,,6
amesh,1
lsel,s,line,,17,18
lesize,all,,,20,2
lsel,s,line,,6
lesize,all,,,3
amesh,5
mat,1
lsel,s,line,,11
lesize,all,,,1
lsel,s,line,,19,20
lesize,all,,,25,3
amesh,6
lsel,s,line,,22
lesize,all,,,6
lsel,s,line,,21
lesize,all,,,18,2
amesh,7
lsel,all
! set up PEC
lsel,s,line,,3
lsel,a,loc,y,0,
lsel,a,loc,y,Y
lsel,a,loc,x,X/2
dl,all,,ax,0.
lsel,all
finish
! perform solution
/solu
hfpcswp,1.e9,20.e9,0.5e9,1
finish
134
The Target Results

The output file generated by the HFPCSWP command is listed below for the dispersion, and the electric field of
the fundamental mode at 20 GHz is shown in Figure 2: Electric field of the Fundamental Mode in the Microstrip
Line at 20 GHz.
_________________________ HFPCSWP RESULTS_____________________________
MODE NUMBER:
FREQ (GHz)
1.0000
1.5000
2.0000
2.5000
3.0000
3.5000
4.0000
4.5000
5.0000
5.5000
6.0000
6.5000
7.0000
7.5000
8.0000
8.5000
9.0000
9.5000
10.0000
10.5000
11.0000
11.5000
12.0000
12.5000
13.0000
13.5000
14.0000
14.5000
15.0000
15.5000
16.0000
16.5000
17.0000
17.5000
18.0000
18.5000
19.0000
19.5000
20.0000
1.
BETA (RAD/M)
0.5112E+02
0.7683E+02
0.1027E+03
0.1288E+03
0.1550E+03
0.1815E+03
0.2082E+03
0.2352E+03
0.2623E+03
0.2896E+03
0.3172E+03
0.3449E+03
0.3727E+03
0.4008E+03
0.4290E+03
0.4573E+03
0.4858E+03
0.5144E+03
0.5432E+03
0.5721E+03
0.6011E+03
0.6303E+03
0.6595E+03
0.6889E+03
0.7184E+03
0.7480E+03
0.7777E+03
0.8075E+03
0.8374E+03
0.8673E+03
0.8974E+03
0.9275E+03
0.9577E+03
0.9880E+03
0.1018E+04
0.1049E+04
0.1079E+04
0.1110E+04
0.1141E+04
______________________________________________________________________
135
Modal Analysis for Dispersion of a Microstrip Line (Command Method)
Figure 2 Electric field of the Fundamental Mode in the Microstrip Line at 20 GHz
136
Part VIII. Advanced Wave Scattering Examples
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic

Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic sphere coated by a lossy
dielectric layer using ANSYS commands.
The radius of the metallic sphere is 0.8 cm. The relative complex permittivity of the lossy dielectric layer is r=4i, with thickness 0.2 cm. To calculate the normalized RCS of the lossy dielectric-coated metallic sphere, the incident
plane wave is taken as -x-polarized with incident angles =0 and =180. One half of the structure is used for
the numerical model, because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry as shown in Figure 1: FEA Model for
Scattering Analysis of a Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere. The PML absorbing material encloses the
modeled domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve the accuracy, a 3-element buffer is placed between
the dielectric sphere and the equivalent source surface. Also, a 3-element buffer is placed between the equivalent
source surface and the PML interface.
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
Figure 1 FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, RCS from a Lossy Dielectric-coated Metallic Sphere
/com, Problem: The radius of sphere = 0.8 cm, the thickness of dielectric layer = 0.2 cm
/com,
Incident Wave: +x polirazation with PHI =0, THETA=180 (degree) at 15 GHz
/com,
/nopr
/prep7
! frequency, material and structure dimensions
freq=15.e9
lambda=3.e8/freq
ra=8.e-3
rb=ra+2.e-3
epsr=4.
loss=1./epsr
wave1=3.e8/(sqrt(epsr)*freq)
wave2=3.e8/freq
! define the computational domain
h=wave2/15
a=rb+3*h
140

b=a+3*h
c=b+4*h
! define the elements and materials
et,1,HF119,1
et,2,HF119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,lsst,1,loss
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! set up numerical model
sphere,ra,rb,0,180
block,-a,a,0,a,-a,a
block,-b,b,0,b,-b,b
block,-c,c,0,c,-c,c
csys,2
vsel,s,loc,x,0,ra/2
vdel,all
alls
csys,0
vglue,all
! meshing
esize,wave1/10
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,1
esize,h
mat,2
vmesh,4,6,2
type,2
vmesh,5
alls
nummrg,all
nsel,s,loc,x,-a,a
nsel,r,loc,y,0,a
nsel,r,loc,z,-a,a
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a
nsel,a,loc,x,-a
nsel,a,loc,y,a
nsel,a,loc,z,-a,
nsel,a,loc,z,a
sf,all,mxwf
alls
nsel,s,loc,x,c
nsel,a,loc,x,-c
nsel,a,loc,y,c
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z, c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
d,all,ax,0.
csys,0
allsel,all
! define incident plane wave
plwave,1,0,0,0,180
fini
! perform solution
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
141
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
! calculate normalized RCS
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,11,,pmc
prhffar,rcsn,,0,0,,0,180,36,,
prhffar,rcsn,,90,90,,0,180,36,,
fini
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the lossy dielectric-coated metallic sphere is shown in Figure 2: Scattering Electric Field Contour of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere. Figure 3: Normalized
RCS of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-plane and H-plane depicts the RCS of the dielectriccoated metallic sphere on the E-plane (=0) and H-plane (=90), respectively.
Figure 2 Scattering Electric Field Contour of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere
142
Figure 3 Normalized RCS of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-plane and
H-plane
143
144
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric

Sphere (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) from the scattering of a dielectric
sphere using ANSYS commands.
The relative permittivity of the dielectric sphere is r = 2.56. To calculate the bistatic RCS of the dielectric sphere,
the incident plane wave is taken as x-polarized with incident angles = 0 and = 0. The electric size is k0a = 1
(k0 is the wave number in free space). One half of the structure is used for the numerical model, because of the
symmetry of the fields and geometry, as shown in Figure 1: FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric
Sphere. The PML absorbing material encloses the modeled domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve
the accuracy, a 4-element buffer is placed between the dielectric sphere and the equivalent source surface. Also,
a 4-element buffer is placed between the equivalent source surface and the PML interface.
Figure 1 FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric Sphere
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Sphere (Command Method)

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, RCS of a Dielectric Sphere
/com, Problem: Calculate RCS of a Dielectric Sphere
/com, Structure: ka=1 (a - radius of sphere, k - vacuum wavenumber), er=2.56
/com, Numerical Model: 1/2 Structure
/com,
PML enclosure except on symmetric planes
/com,
Plane Wave: +x polarization, Phi=0 (deg), Theta=0 (deg)
/nopr
/prep7
! define structure and frequency
ra=1
freq=4.7746e7
epsr=2.56
! define computational domain
lamda1=3.e8/(sqrt(epsr)*freq)
lamda2=3.e8/freq
h1=lamda1/20
h2=lamda2/20
a=ra+4*h1
b=a+4*h2
c=b+4*h2
et,1,HF119,1
et,2,HF119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! set up numerical domain
sphere,0,ra,0,180
block,-a,a,0,a,-a,a
block,-b,b,0,b,-b,b
block,-c,c,0,c,-c,c
vsbv,4,3,,dele,keep
vsbv,3,2,,dele,keep
vsbv,2,1,,dele,keep
vglue,all
! volume definition: v1 - dielectric sphere; v5 - PML; v3, v4 - air
! meshing
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,1
mat,2
vmesh,3
esize,h2
vmesh,4
type,2
vmesh,5
nsel,s,loc,x,-a,a
nsel,r,loc,y,0,a
nsel,r,loc,z,-a,a
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a
nsel,a,loc,x,-a
nsel,a,loc,y,a
nsel,a,loc,z,-a
nsel,a,loc,z,a
sf,all,mxwf
nsel,all
esel,all
! define PEC boundary condition
nsel,s,loc,x,c
nsel,a,loc,x,-c
nsel,a,loc,y,c
146

nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z, c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
alls
plwave,1,0,0,0,0
fini
! perform solution
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
! RCS calculation
/post1
set,1,1
! set up image symmetric plane
hfsym,,,pmc
prhffar,rcs,,0,90,1,0,180,36
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: RCS of the Dielectric Sphere depicts the RCS of the dielectric sphere on E-plane (=0) (black line) and
H-plane (=90) (gray line). The contour of the scattering electric field is shown in Figure 3: Contour of the
Scattering Electric Field from a Dielectric Sphere.
Figure 2 RCS of the Dielectric Sphere
147
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Sphere (Command Method)
Figure 3 Contour of the Scattering Electric Field from a Dielectric Sphere
148

Cube (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic cube using ANSYS
commands.
The edge lengths of the metallic cube are 0.755 wavelength. To calculate the bistatic RCS of the metallic cube,
the incident plane wave is taken as x-polarized with incident angles =90 and =0. One half of the structure is
used for the numerical model, because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry. The PML absorbing material
encloses the modeled domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve the accuracy, a 4-element buffer is
placed between the metallic cube and the equivalent source surface. Also, a 4-element buffer is placed between
the equivalent source surface and the interface of 6-layer PML.

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, RCS of Metallic Cube (0.755x0.755x0.755 wavelength**3)
/com, Incident Wave: +X polirazation with PHI = 90 (deg), THETA = 180 (deg)
/nopr
/prep7
! structure dimensions
freq=300e6
wavel=3.e8/freq
a=0.755*wavel
b=a
! define elements and material
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! define mesh size
h=wavel/14
_n1=4
_n2=4
_npml=6
*dim,_a,array,5
*dim,_b,array,9
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+a/2
_a(3)=_a(2)+_n1*h
_a(4)=_a(3)+_n2*h
_a(5)=_a(4)+_npml*h
_b(5)=0
_b(6)=_b(5)+b/2
_b(7)=_b(6)+_n1*h
_b(8)=_b(7)+_n2*h
_b(9)=_b(8)+_npml*h
_b(4)=_b(5)-b/2
_b(3)=_b(4)-_n1*h
_b(2)=_b(3)-_n2*h
_b(1)=_b(2)-_npml*h
_c4=-a/2
_c5=_c4+a
_c6=_c5+_n1*h
_c7=_c6+_n2*h
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Cube (Command Method)

_c8=_c7+_npml*h
_c3=_c4-_n1*h
_c2=_c3-_n2*h
_c1=_c2-_npml*h
_nz=nint((_c5-_c4)/h)+1
*do,_i,1,4
*do,_j,1,8
rect,_b(_j),_b(_j+1),_a(_i),_a(_i+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
asel,all
agen,2,all,,,,,-a/2
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
asel,r,loc,x,_b(4),_b(6)
cm,_soli,area
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
asel,u,,,_soli
cm,_air,area
asel,all
lsel,s,loc,y,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_b(4)+_b(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,_lxy,line
lesize,_lxy,h
lsel,all
lsel,u,,,_lxy
cm,_lair,line
lesize,_lair,h
type,11
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
amesh,all
asel,s,area,,_soli
agen,2,all,,,,,(_c5-_c4)
esize,,_nz
type,1
mat,1
asel,s,area,,_air
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c5-_c4)
esize,,_n1
asel,s,loc,z,_c5
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c6-_c5)
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c4-_c3)
esize,,_n2
asel,s,loc,z,_c6
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c7-_c6)
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c3-_c2)
type,2
esize,,_npml
asel,s,loc,z,_c7
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c8-_c7)
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c2-_c1)
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
asel,a,loc,z,_c5
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nsel,s,loc,y,_a(1),_a(4)
nsel,r,loc,x,_b(2),_b(8)
cm,_inte,node
nsel,s,loc,z,_c2,_c7
nsel,u,,,_inte
esln,s,1
emodif,all,type,2
alls
nummrg,all
150

nsel,s,loc,x,_b(3),_b(7)
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,_b(3)
nsel,a,loc,x,_b(7)
nsel,a,loc,y,_a(3)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c3
nsel,a,loc,z,_c6
sf,all,mxwf
nsel,all
esel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,_b(9)
nsel,a,loc,y,_a(5)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c1
nsel,a,loc,z,_c8
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,s,loc,x,_b(4),_b(6)
d,all,ax,0.
allsel,all
plwave,1,0,0,90,0
fini
! perform solution
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
! calculate RCS
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,,pmc
prhffar,rcsn,,0,0,,0,180,36
prhffar,rcsn,,90,90,,0,180,36
fini
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the metallic cube is shown in Figure 1: Scattering Electric Field
Contour from the Metallic Cube. Figure 2: Normalized RCS of the Metallic Cube on E-Plane and H-Plane depicts
the RCS of the metallic cube on E-plane (=0) and H-plane (=90), respectively.
151
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Cube (Command Method)
Figure 1 Scattering Electric Field Contour from the Metallic Cube
152
Figure 2 Normalized RCS of the Metallic Cube on E-Plane and H-Plane
153
154

Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic sphere coated by a
dielectric layer using ANSYS commands.
The radius of the metallic sphere is 0.333 wavelength. The relative permittivity of the dielectric layer is r = 4 with
thickness 0.067 wave length. To calculate the bistatic RCS of the dielectric-coated dielectric sphere, the incident
plane wave is taken as - x-polarized with incident angles = 0 and = 0. One half of the structure is used for
the numerical model, because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry as shown in Figure 1: FEA Model for
Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere. The PML absorbing material encloses the modeled
domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve the accuracy, a 4-element buffer is placed between the
dielectric-coated metallic sphere and the equivalent source surface. Also, a 3-element buffer is placed between
the equivalent source surface and the PML interface.
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
Figure 1 FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere

is a comment.
/batch,list
/title, RCS of a Dielectric-coated Metallic Sphere
/com, Problem: A metallic sphere (radiu=0.333 wavelength) coated by dielectric layer
/com,
(thickness=0.067 wavelength, Er=4)
/com,
Incident Wave: -x polirazation with PHI = 0 (degree), THETA = 0 (degree)
/nopr
/prep7
! problem dimensions and set-up
freq=300e6
lambda=3.e8/freq
epsr=4
wave1= lambda /sqrt(epsr)
wave2=lambda
h1=wave1/16
h2=wave2/16
ra=0.333*lambda
s=0.067*lambda
rb=ra+s
a=rb+4*h2
156

b=a+3*h2
c=b+4*h2
! --- define elements and materials --et,1,HF119,1
et,2,HF119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! --- set up the geometry --sphere,ra,rb,0,180
sphere,rb,a,0,180
vsel,all
cm,vequi,volu
block,-b,b,0,b,-b,b
block,-c,c,0,c,-c,c
vsbv,3,vequi,,delete,keep
csys,2
vsel,s,loc,x,0,ra/2
vdel,all
alls
csys,0
vglue,all
! --- meshing --csys,0
smrtsize,4
! meshing
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,1
mat,2
esize,h2
vmesh,3
esize,h2
vmesh,6
vmesh,5
alls
nummrg,all
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,0,a
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a
sf,all,mxwf
alls
csys,0
nsel,s,loc,x,c
nsel,a,loc,x,-c
nsel,a,loc,y,c
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z,c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
d,all,ax,0.
csys,0
allsel,all
plwave,-1,0,0,0,0
fini
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
157
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
fini
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,,pmc
prhffar,rcsn,,0,0,,0,180,36,,
fini
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the dielectric-coated metallic sphere is shown in Figure 2: Scattering Electric Field Contour of The Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere. Figure 3: Normalized RCS of the DielectricCoated Metallic Sphere on E-Plane depicts the RCS of the dielectric-coated metallic sphere on the E-plane (=0).
Figure 2 Scattering Electric Field Contour of The Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere
158
Figure 3 Normalized RCS of the Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-Plane
159
160
Harmonic Analysis of a Thick Bandpass

Frequency Selective Surface (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the power transmission coefficient for a thick bandpass frequency
selective surface using ANSYS commands. The frequency selective surface is a thick perfectly conducting screen
perforated with a periodic array of annular apertures. The conducting screen is 0.1 cm thick. The outer radius of
the annular slot is 0.45 cm. The inner radius is 0.40 cm. A square grid is selected with a periodic spacing of 1 cm.
The FEA model is shown in Figure 1: Unit Cell. Perfect electric conductor boundary conditions are applied to
the aperture and PML wall. The calculations are performed at normal incidence and a frequency of 10 GHz.
Figure 1 Unit Cell

is a comment.
/batch,list
/com,Thick Annular-Slot Band-pass FSS
Harmonic Analysis of a Thick Bandpass Frequency Selective Surface (Command Method)

/com
/nopr
/prep7
_frq=10e9
! working frequency
lamda=3.e8/_frq
scal=1.e-2
phi=0
! incident phi angle
! define element and geometry
theta=0
! incident theta angle
et,1,119,1
! normal element
et,2,119,1,,,1
! PML element
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
x0=scal*0.5
y0=scal*0.5
rb=scal*0.45
ra=rb/1.125
plate_h=scal*0.1
cyl4,0,0,ra,0,rb,360,plate_h
h1=lamda/15
h2=0.3*h1
_n1=6
_n2=4
_npml=6
*dim,_c,array,10
_c(4)=0
_c(3)=_c(4)-0.05*lamda
_c(2)=_c(3)-0.25*lamda
_c(1)=_c(2)-_npml*h1
_c(5)=_c(4)+plate_h
_c(6)=_c(5)+0.05*lamda
_c(7)=_c(6)+0.25*lamda
_c(8)=_c(7)+0.25*lamda
_c(9)=_c(8)+_npml*h1
*do,_i,5,8
block,-x0,x0,-y0,y0,_c(_i),_c(_i+1)
*enddo
*do,_i,4,2,-1
block,-x0,x0,-y0,y0,_c(_i),_c(_i-1)
*enddo
alls
vglue,all
numcmp,all
/number,1
! meshing master surfaces and copy mesh to slave surfaces
et,3,200,5
type,3
esize,h2
asel,s,loc,x,-x0
asel,a,loc,y,-y0
asel,r,loc,z,_c(3),_c(6)
amesh,all
esize,h1
asel,s,loc,x,-x0
asel,a,loc,y,-y0
asel,u,loc,z,_c(3),_c(6)
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-x0
agen,2,all,,,2*x0
asel,s,loc,y,-y0
agen,2,all,,,0,2*y0
alls
nummrg,all
! meshing volumes
type,1
esize,h2
vsel,s,loc,z,_c(3),_c(6)
vmesh,all
esize,h1
vsel,a,loc,z,_c(6),_c(8)
162

vmesh,all
type,2
esize,h1
vsel,a,loc,z,_c(8),_c(9)
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,3
alls
! coupling master/slave nodes
nsel,s,loc,x,-x0
nsel,a,loc,x,x0
cpcyc,ax,,,2*x0,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-y0
nsel,a,loc,y,y0
cpcyc,ax,,,0,2*y0,0,1
alls
! set up PEC on aperture and PML wall
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(1)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(9)
d,all,ax,0
csys,1
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(4)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(5)
nsel,u,loc,x,ra,rb
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
nsel,a,loc,x,rb
d,all,ax,0
alls
csys,0
! port definitions
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(7)
bf,all,port,1
hfport,1,PLAN,,,SOFT,0.,1.,0.,phi,theta
alls
save
fini
! perform a solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,_frq
solve
fini
! calculate power transmission coefficient
/post1
fssparm
fini
Target Results
A 0.50 power transmission coefficient is calculated for 10 GHz. The mode matching method presented in the
paper Bandpass Grids with Annular Apertures by Ann Roberts and Ross C. McPhedran, IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 36, No. 5., May 1988, pp. 607611 gives a value of 0.47.
163
164
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric

Grating (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine scattering of a dielectric grating using ANSYS commands.
The dielectric grating has the dimensions and material properties shown in the following figure. Period D = 11.28
mm, thickness h = 4.37 mm, l1 = l2 = 5.64 mm. The relative permittivities are: 1 = 6.13 (E-glass) and 2 = 3.7 (silica)
The oblique incident wave is a transverse electric polarization (TE) wave, E = Eox, with incident angles = 90o
and = 5o. A unit cell is under investigation. PML absorbing elements are used to truncate the model in the z
direction.
Figure 1 Dielectric Grating


is a comment.
/batch,list
/nopr
/prep7
! define structure and numerical model
frq=15.5e9
! central frequency
lamda=3.e8/frq
theta=5
! incident theta angle
phi=90
! incident phi angle
D=11.28e-3
! grating period
h=4.37e-3
! grating thickness
_xd=D/4
zpml=lamda/4
! thickness of PML layer
zprt=lamda/2
! distance between port and PML
eps1=6.13
! E-glass (relat. permit.)
eps2=3.7
! silica (relat. permit.)
h_grt=lamda/(12*sqrt(eps1))
! mesh size
! define element and materials
et,1,120,1
! normal element
et,2,120,1,,,1
! PML element
et,3,200,7
! temp. surface mesh
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,eps1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,eps2
! E-glass
! silica
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Grating (Command Method)

mp,murx,3,1.
! air
mp,perx,3,1.
! generate volumes for numerical model
*dim,_z,array,7
*dim,_y,array,4
_z(4)=0
_z(3)=_z(4)-h
_z(2)=_z(3)-lamda/4
_z(1)=_z(2)-zpml
_z(5)=_z(4)+zprt
_z(6)=_z(5)+lamda/4
_z(7)=_z(6)+zpml
_y(1)=-D/2
_y(2)=_y(1)+D/4
_y(3)=_y(2)+D/2
_y(4)=_y(3)+D/4
*do,_i,1,6
*do,_j,1,3
block,-_xd,_xd,_y(_j),_y(_j+1),_z(_i),_z(_i+1)
*enddo
*enddo
vglue,all
numcmp,all
alls
! mesh master surfaces
type,3
esize,h_grt
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
asel,a,loc,y,_y(1)
asel,u,loc,z,_z(2),_z(6)
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
asel,a,loc,y,_y(1)
asel,r,loc,z,_z(3),_z(4)
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
asel,a,loc,y,_y(1)
amesh,all
alls
! copy mesh to slave surfaces
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
agen,2,all,,,2*_xd
asel,s,loc,y,-D/2
agen,2,all,,,0,D
alls
nummrg,all
! mesh the volumes
type,1
mat,1
esize,h_grt
vsel,s,loc,z,_z(3),_z(4)
vsel,u,loc,y,_y(2),_y(3)
vmesh,all
mat,2
vsel,r,loc,y,_y(2),_y(3)
vmesh,all
mat,3
esize,h_grt
vsel,a,loc,z,_z(4),_z(6)
vmesh,all
! PML meshes
type,2
mat,3
esize,h_grt
vsel,a,loc,z,_z(6),_z(7)
vmesh,all
166

alls
! delete surface mesh
aclear,all
alls
! coupling master/slave nodes
nsel,s,loc,x,-_xd
nsel,a,loc,x,_xd
cpcyc,ax,,,2*_xd,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-D/2
nsel,a,loc,y,D/2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,D,0,1
alls
! define ports
nsel,s,loc,z,_z(5)
bf,all,port,1
hfport,1,PLAN,,,SOFT,1.,0.,0.,phi,theta
alls
! set up PEC
nsel,s,loc,z,_z(1)
nsel,a,loc,z,_z(7)
d,all,ax,0.0
alls
fini
! perform the solution
/solu
spswp,12.5e9,17.5e9,0.25e9,1,,2,0
fini
! postprocessing
/post1
/yrange,0,1
plsyz,file,s1p,s,mag,1,1
fini
Target Results
The following figure depicts the magnitude of the reflection coefficient |S11| from 12.5 to 17.5 GHz.
Note Reflectance is equal to the power reflection coefficient and the square of the reflection coefficient.
167
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Grating (Command Method)
Figure 2 Reflection Coefficient of Dielectric Grating
168
dispersion characteristics, 5, 29, 101
HFSCAT command, 429

HFSYM command, 436
high-frequency analysis, 11
advanced example problems, 39
basic example problems, 5
boundary conditions, 45
circuit parameters, 438
current source, 421
electric field source, 424
elements, 31
excitation sources, 415
field calculations, 434
material properties, 43
mesh refinement, 31
modal analysis, 51
physics environment, 42
plane wave source, 423
quality factor, 54
S-parameters, 438
scattering field analysis, 429
surface magnetic field source, 423
units, 43
waveguide modal source, 416
Index
A
adaptive remeshing, 61
analysis
high-frequency electromagnetic, 11
antenna arrays, 412
B
boundary conditions
harmonic high-frequency analysis, 45
perfect electric conductor, 46
perfect magnetic conductor, 47
perfectly matched layers, 49
surface impedance, 47
C
Cutoff frequencies, 29, 101
elements
high-frequency, 31
EMF command, 439
example problems
high-frequency advanced analysis, 39
high-frequency basic analysis, 5
wave propagation, advanced, 73
wave propagation, basic, 9
wave radiation, advanced, 39
wave radiation, basic, 5
wave resonance, advanced, 127
wave resonance, basic, 21
wave scattering, advanced, 139
wave scattering, basic, 33
F
frequency selective surface, 439
H
HF 118 element, 31
HF119 element, 31
HF120 element, 31
HFANG command, 437
HFEIGOPT command, 52
HFEREFINE command, 31
HFNEAR command, 434
HFPORT command, 416
IMPD command, 439
L
lumped circuits, 426
M
MMF command, 439
modal analysis, 51
N
network parameter conversion, 441
P
perfect electric conductor, 46
perfect magnetic conductor, 47
perfectly matched layers, 49
attenuation factors, 49
normal reflection coefficients, 49
periodic arrays, 412
periodic boundary conditions, 412
permittivity, 43
physics environment
high-frequency electromagnetic analysis, 42
plane wave source port, 416
PLHFFAR command, 435
PLSP command, 438
PLWAVE command, 423
Index
postprocessing, 433
power parameters, 439
PRHFFAR command, 435
Propagating constants, 5, 29, 101
Q
QFACT command, 54
R
relative permittivity, 43
S
scattering field analysis, 429
Smith chart, 441
SPARM command, 438
specific absorption rate, 432
SPSWP command, 438
surface impedance, 47
T
transmission line port, 416
U
units, 43
W
wave propagation
advanced examples, 73
basic examples, 9
wave radition
basic examples, 5
wave resonance
basic examples, 21
wave scattering
basic examples, 33
waveguide port, 416
Index2

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