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CHAPTER-1
NUMBER SYSTEM
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NUMBER SYSTEM
As they say, before you learn elementary algebra
you learn arithmetic. The subject matter of
arithmetic consists largely of various "number
systems. Lets hover over some very interesting
things on number systems.
Interesting Basics
1. Any terminating or recurring decimal is a
rational number.
2. The product of n consecutive natural numbers
is always divisible by n!
= 37 ,
222
6
= 37,
333
9
= 37
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Squaring Techniques
382
(The
Carry-Case)
622
(The
Carry-Case)
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05 = 025
15 = 225
25 = 625
35 = 1225
Observed any pattern?
Simple! Its obvious that, square of the numbers
with unit digit 5 will end with 25. And the rest
digits in the resultant will be the product of that
other digits and its next digit in the given number.
992
882
(The
Carry-Case)
1122
(The
Carry-Case)
35 -> (3 x 4) | 25 = 1225
45 -> (4 x 5) | 25 = 2025
115 -> (11 x 12) | 25 = 13225
-8
184
-12
800
+12 824
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Cubing Techniques
64 58
2*
16
32
64
16
32
64
64
16+32+
10=58
Carry
over 5
8
7.625
2*
= 7.615
8
13
32+64+
6=102
Carry
over 10
Carry
over 6
16
32
64
32
64
So Cube of 24 = 13824
(This method is applicable for finding cubes of
2-Digit Numbers only)
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Cube
1
8
27
64
125
216
343
512
729
1000
Units Digit
1
8
7
4
5
6
3
2
9
0
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HCF/LCM of Numbers
Therefore,
Example 2:
HCF = 42 / 7 = 6
LCM = 42 X 16 = 672.
It is advisable to double check
HCF = 6 = 96 / 16...........YES
LCM = 672 = 96 X 7............YES
Therefore,
HCF = 120 / 10 = 12
LCM = 120 X 3 = 360
Double check ! ! !
HCF =12 = 36 / 3...........YES
LCM = 360 = 36 X 10............YES
Solution:
220
280
375
of
60
in
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Required number
= H.C.F. of (x a), (y
b) and (z c).
Required number
= L.C.M. of x, y and z
Then, it is always
observed that
(x a) = (z b) = (z
c) = K (say)
Required number
= (L.C.M. of x, y, z) K
Required number
= (L.C.M. of x, y, z) + r
Required number
= H.C.F of (x y), (y
z) and (z x).
Solution:
If N is the number of students, it is clear from the
question that if N is divided by 4, 5, and 6, it
produces a remainders of 2, 3, & 4 respectively.
Since (4 2) = (5 3) = (6 4) = 2, the least
possible value of N is LCM (4, 5, 6) 2 = 60 2, =
58. But, 100 < N < 150. So, the next possible value
is 58 + 60 = 118.
Example 2: There are some students in the class.
Mr X brought 130 chocolates and distributed to
the students equally, then he was left with some
chocolates. Mr Y brought 170 chocolates and
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Concept of Cyclicity
10
Divisibility Rules
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
Cyclicity
2
4
5
6
7
4
6
5
6
9
8
4
5
6
3
6
6
5
6
1
2
4
5
6
7
4
2
1
1
4
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For a number
to be divisible
by:
2
4
8
16
3
9
5
10
6
12
14
15
18
20
7
(x 2y) should be divisible by 7*
13
(x + 4y) should be divisible by 13*
17
(x 5y) should be divisible by 17*
19
(x + 2y) should be divisible by 19*
* Here, y is the last digit and x is the number formed by the remaining digits. These 4 results can
be derived using the divisibility test for prime numbers.
The difference of the sum of the digits in odd positions and the
sum of the digits in even positions should be divisible by 11.
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Divisibility by 9
Lets Say X=abcdefgh is divisible
by 9 or not?
Now, 9 = 101 1
So, Sum of digits of X is done 1
at a time, that is,
a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h=P
If P is divisible by 9, then X is
also divisible by 9
Divisibility by 99
Lets Say X=abcdefgh is divisible
by 99 or not?
Now, 99 = 102 1
So, Sum of digits of X is done 2 at
a time(starting from last), that is,
ab + cd + ef + gh = P
If P is divisible by 99, then X is
also divisible by 99
Divisibility by 11
Lets Say X=abcdefgh is divisible
by 11 or not?
Now, 11 = 101 + 1
So, Alternating Subtraction &
Summation of digits of X is
done 1 at a time, that is,
a-b+c-d+e-f+g-h=P
If P is divisible by 11, then X is
also divisible by 11
Divisibility by 101
Lets Say X=abcdefgh is divisible
by 101 or not?
Now, 101 = 102 + 1
So, Alternating Subtraction &
Summation of digits of X is done
2 at a time, that is,
ab - cd + ef - gh = P
If P is divisible by 101, then X is
also divisible by 101
Divisibility by 999
Lets Say X=abcdefgh is
divisible by 999 or not?
Now, 999 = 103 1
So, Sum of digits of X is done 3
at a time(starting from last),
that is,
ab + cde + fgh = P
If P is divisible by 999, then X
is also divisible by 999
Divisibility by 1001
Lets Say X=abcdefgh is
divisible by 1001 or not?
Now, 1001 = 103 + 1
So, Alternating Subtraction &
Summation of digits of X is
done 3 at a time, that is,
ab - cde + fgh= P
If P is divisible by 1001, then X
is also divisible by 1001
X is divisible by all factors of 9, 99 & 999. Hence the same divisibility test also work for 3, 11, 27, 37, 41,
271 and others
X is divisible by all factors of 11, 101 & 1001. Hence the same divisibility test also work for 7,11, 13, 73, 137
and others too
Dividing Numbers by 5, 25, 125
32 / 5----Multiply 32 by 2 = 64-----Put 1 decimal point from the end 64, i.e., 6.4-----Hence 32 /
5 = 6.4. Similarly, 133/5 -----133 * 2 =266-----1 decimal point=26.6, hence the answer
44 /25-------Multiply 44 by 4 = 176----put decimal point after 2 places from the end, i.e., 1.76
90 /125------Multiply 90 by 8 = 720--put decimal point after 3 places from the end, i.e., 0.720
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(x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1)
For e.g. : 12 = 22 x 31
Number of divisors
= (2 + 1)x(1 + 1) = 3 x 2 = 6
Sum of Divisors
Product of Divisors
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REMAINDER THEOREM
Ground Rules
Remainder [(a x b) / c]
= Remainder [a / c] x Remainder [b / c]
Remainder [(a + b) / c]
= Remainder [a / c] + Remainder [b / c]
Remainder [(a - b) / c]
= Remainder [a / c] - Remainder [b / c]
Example:
What is the remainder when 1998 x 1999 x
2000 is divided by 7?
Solution:
1998/7 gives Remainder 3
1999/7 gives Remainder 4
2000/7 gives Remainder 5
Example:
What is the remainder when 3232 is divided by
9?
Solution
3232 = (25) * 32 = (2160)
Now 26 gives remainder 1 when divided by 9
(2160) = 2156 x 24
2156 gives remainder 1 and 24 gives remainder 7
when divided by 9 respectively
Hence final remainder = 7
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Lets classify this topic into Finding Last two digits of numbers which end in 1
Last two digits of numbers which end in 3, 7
and 9
Last two digits of numbers which end in 2
Last two digits of numbers which end in 4, 6
and 8
Last two digits of numbers which end in 1
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[15/7] = 2;
11 * 12 * 13 * 14 is completely divisible by
4!
8!! = 2 * 4 * 6 * 8 = 384
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Numbers Magic
1+2+3+ . . . . + 10 = 55
11 + 12 + . . . . + 20 = 155
21 + 22 + . . . . + 30 = 255
31 + 32 + . . . . + 40 = 355
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