Fasteners

A Research Project

Presented to the Faculty of the Industrial Technology

Department Technology Department Technology University of the Philippines
Cavite Campus

By

RYAN JAY A. DEGUIO

PRECHIE E. YRIGAN
DINA P. CASTILLON
CARLA A. RAMIREZ

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements for

(CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY)

July 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher Mrs.
Rebecca Dela Cuesta
who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
FASTENERS which
also helped us in doing a lot of research and learn about so many new things about
the given topic.
We are really thankful.
Secondly, we would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in
finalizing this
Project within the limited time frame.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES
Title page

PAGE
i

Acknowledgement
ii
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

4

Chapter 2 DEFINITION
5
Chapter 3 Types/Kinds of Fasteners and its Production
6
(Production Video)

Bolts

Nuts

Screws

Anchor Screws

Rivets

Nails

Washers

Adhesives

Chapter 3 - Proper Disposal

Chapter 4 Precaution

iii

REFERENCE

I.INTRODUCTION
The simplicity of fasteners can be misleading to students of
construction. It is easy to believe only that nails are driven, screws are
turned, and sticky stuff is used to glue. Although this tends to be true, joining
material together so it will last a long time is more challenging. Many times,
a fastener is used for just one type of material. Some fasteners should never
be use with certain other materials. The fasteners selected often separate a
quality of job from a shoddy one.
Fasteners have been evolving for centuries. Today they come in many
styles, shapes, and sizes requiring different fastening techniques. It is
important for the carpenter to know what fasteners are available, which
securing technique should be employed, and how to wisely select the most
appropriate fastener for various materials under different conditions.
There are many kinds of fasteners made of various materials. Selecting
the proper fastener is important for strength and durability.

HISTORY
The invention of the screw thread is attributed to Archimedes in the
3rd Century BC. The Archimedes Screw consisted of a cylinder with an
internal continuous screw thread. When the lower end was placed into water
and the cylinder rotated, water was raised to a higher level. The principle
was also applied for handling light, loose materials such as grain, sand and
ashes. The screws that we have today use the same technique in that a

mating threaded component, rather than water, is moved through the

cylinder.
Sir Joseph Whitworth, the British mechanical engineer, was well known for his
work on engineering standards. In 1841, he proposed the introduction of
standard fastener sizes to the Institution of Civil Engineers. These comprised
of a universal set of specifications for the angle and pitch of screw threads.
The Whitworth thread became the first standard thread system in the world.
A screw thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on the
external or internal surface of a cylinder. Threads on bolts, screws and studs
are examples of 'external threads', while those in nuts or tapped holes are
'internal threads'.

II. DEFINITON
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two
or more objects together.
Fasteners can also be used to close a container such as a bag, a box, or an
envelope; or they may involve keeping together the sides of an opening of
flexible material, attaching a lid to a container, etc. There are also specialpurpose closing devices, e.g. a bread clip. Fasteners used in these manners
are often temporary, in that they may be fastened and unfastened
repeatedly.
Some types of woodworking joints make use of separate internal
reinforcements, such as dowels or biscuits, which in a sense can be
considered fasteners within the scope of the joint system, although on their
own they are not general purpose fasteners.
Items like a rope, string, wire (e.g. metal wire, possibly coated with plastic, or
multiple parallel wires kept together by a plastic strip coating), cable, chain,
or plastic wrap may be used to mechanically join objects; but are not
generally categorized as fasteners because they have additional common
uses. Likewise, hinges and springs may join objects together, but are
ordinarily not considered fasteners because their primary purpose is to allow
articulation rather than rigid affixment.

Other alternative methods of joining materials

include: crimping, welding, soldering, brazing, taping, gluing, cementing, or
the use of other adhesives. The use of force may also be used, such as
with magnets, vacuum (like suction cups), or even friction.

III.TYPES OF FASTENERS
Production of Bolts: (Example video.1)
A. Bolts - Threaded shafts that use a threaded nut to
fasten metal together. Bolts are sized by length and
thread. Bolts are stronger than screws. Bolts are classified
by the type
of head. (Figure no.1)
TYPES OF BOLTS
Carriage bolt
Smooth round head & course thread that starts part way
down the shaft.
Usually used to attach a wooden part to metal.
(Figure no.1.1)
Machine bolt
Hexagonal head & only partially threaded.
Used for precision attachment using threads to secure
materials together.
(Figure no.1.2)

Tap bolt
Similar to a machine bolt but the whole body is threaded.
(Figure no.1.3)
Stove bolt
Round or flat head with course thread along the whole body.
General purpose fastener used when precision fit is not necessary.
(Figure no.1.4)
Stud bolt
No head and threaded on both ends.
One end is driven into material & the other end is left exposed so
that other parts can be fastened to it.
(Figure no.1.5)

Advantages
1.Bolts offer much better joint quality than a screw, mostly because the
threads are more tightly controlled.
2.Bolted joints aren't particularly sensitive to the condition of the parent
material.
3.They are easily disassembled, as opposed to something like riveting or
welding, which requires cutting.
Disadvantages
1.They can become loose over time as the nut backs off (this can be
addressed to some extent by using the proper preload and thread-locking
features) or as the material creeps.
2. Damage to a threaded hole is tough to replace.
Production of Nuts: (Example no.2)
B. Nuts - Type of hardware fastener with a threaded hole. Usually hexagonal
to permit tightening with a wrench but may also be square, knurled, winged
or otherwise shaped. Along with a bolt, nuts are designed to capture and
fasten objects together.
Types of Nuts
Machine screw nut (Hex nut)
Square or hexagonal shaped with fine or course thread.
(Figure no.2)
Jam nut (Lock nut)
Thinner than an ordinary nut.
Used as a lock to keep another nut from loosening.
(Figure no. 2.1)
Castle nut
Has slots cut into the top of the nut that extend upward
making
it look like a castle.

A hex nut with a slightly reduced slotted cylindrical section on one end.
Used with a cotter pin to prevent loosening. (Figure no. 2.2)
Wing nut
A nut with two thin flat wings.
Used in place of a regular nut and can be turned with the
thumb and forefinger.
(Figure no.2.3 )
Advantages:
1.Can be undone so items can be taken apart.
2.Come in various lengths and sizes.
3.Lock nuts can be used for firm fixings.

Disadvantages:
1.Can work loose with vibration.
2.If correct size spanner is not used you can round the head.
3.Can become cross threaded damaging the threads.

Production of Screws: (Examples video no.3)

C.
Screws is a type of fastener, sometimes similar to a bolt, typically
made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread
(external thread) or just thread. A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around
a nail. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complimentary
thread, known as a female thread (internal thread), often in the form of a nut
or an object that has the internal thread formed into it. Others screw threads
are designed to cut a helical grove in a softer material as the screw is
inserted. The most common uses of screw are to hold objects together and to
position objects.
(Figure no.3)

KINDS OF SCREW
1.Wood Screw - a tapering metal screw with a sharp point.
(Figure no.13)
2.Machine Screw - a fastening device similar to a bolt but having a socket
in its head that allows it to be turned with a screwdriver.
(Figure no.14)
3.Sheet Metal Screw - also called Tapping Screws or Self-Threading
Screws. Used to fasten light pieces of metal together or to attach
covers,
Panels and other light parts. These screws have sharp threads that can cut
their
own grooves Into metal. They come with coarse or fine threads and are
usually
case hardened to cut threads and withstand hard twisting forces.
Distinguishable
from wood screws in that they are threaded all the way from the point to the
head.
(Figure no.15)
4.Lags Screw - Bolt is a bolt head with a screw body. Has either a square or
hexagonal head. Used in fastening where maximum holding power is
needed
(Holding a vice to a work bench).
(Figure no.16)
5.Set Screw Frequently used to hold a knob, collar, pulley or gear to a
rotating shaft. There are a variety of head or point styles, each best
suited for its job. Generally made of high-strength material and are heat
treated. Not an especially strong type of fastening depend on friction and
shear to hold parts together.
(Figure no.17)
Advantages:
1.If you changed your mind about construction you can easily remove them
depending upon the job you are performing.

2.They are very strong and resist the problem of loosing once the material
connect begins to shrink or expand.
3.They are highly resistant to rust and prevents moisture comes in contact
with its metal.
4.

Can be easily removed

5.

Some new screw do not need pilot holes or clearances

6.

Can be used to joint dissimilar materials (e.g. plastic to wood)

Disadvantages:
1.

Steel screws will rust if outside.

2.

Some screws can be hard to remove.

3.

It is difficult to get screws out if the shear off.

4.
If holes are not correctly prepared, screws can split material when
inserted.

Production of Anchors: (Examples video no.4)

D. Anchors special kinds of fasteners use to attach parts to solid masonry
and hollow walls and ceilings.
Classification of Anchors
1.Heavy duty anchors used to install things, such as machinery, hand
nails, dock bumpers and storage racks.
(Figure no.18)
1.1

Wedge anchor used when high resistance to pullout is required.

(Figure no.19)

1.2 Sleeve anchor work by inserting them into a hole drilled into
concrete. Turning the nut pulls the working end of the sleeve anchor up

through the sleeve, expanding and anchoring itself securely in the

concrete, brick or block.
(Figure no.20)
2.Medium duty anchors used for hanging pipe and ductwork, securing
window and door frames and installing cabinets.
(Figure no.21)
2.1 Split fast anchors one piece steel with two sheared expanded
halves at the base.
(Figure no.22)
2.2 Single and double expansion anchors used with machine screws
or bolts. Drill a hole of recommended diameter to a depth equal to the length
of the anchor.
(Figure no.23)
3.Light duty anchors commonly used for quick and easy fastening in
solid masonry.
(Figure no.24)
3.1 Hammer Drive Anchor has a body of zinc alloy containing a steel
expander pin.
(Figure no.25)
3.2 Aluminum Drive Anchor both the body and pin are aluminum to
avoid the corroding action of electrolysis.
(Figure no.26)
3.3
Nylon Nail Anchor used a nylon body and a threaded steel
expander pin.
(Figure no.27)
Electrolysis the decomposition of one of two unlike metals in contact with
each other in the presence of water.
(Figure no.28)

Production of Rivets: (Example video no.5)

E.Rivets - Metal pins that look like bolts with no threads. Used to hold pieces
together permanently. Used when fastening metals together that are not
easily welded, or where welding is not practical.
(Figure no.29)
Rivets Characteristics
Made from different materials such as soft steel, aluminum, copper, and
brass.
Come with a variety of different shapes and heads.
For application, rivets are placed in holes, pre-drilled in materials and
fastened together.
Two Types of Rivets
Snap Riveting - are most commonly used in sheet metal, although
they can also be used to join acrylic and some woods to metals. They are
normally made from soft iron and are available with a range of heads, the
most common being the countersunk or round head. This round head type of
rivet is known as snap head rivet
(Figure no.30)
Pop riveting - Another form of rivet is the pop rivet, which is used
with a pop rivet gun and is very useful when you only have access to one
side of the object or are joining a very thin sheet of material. A pop rivet
consists of a hollow rivet mounted on a head pin. As the head pin is drawn up
through the hollow rivet by the gun, it will pop when the tension on it
reaches a certain point. The pop riveting process is simple and only requires
a hole to be drilled for the rivet to be placed into. Although technically a
permanent meth-od of joining, both snap and pop riveted joints can be
undone simply by drilling through the two pieces to removed the rivet itself.
(Figure no.31)
Advantages:
1.Can be drilled to undo joints.
2.Joints can be created as hinges.
3.Little specialist equipment required.
Disadvantages:
1.Can be time consuming when snap riveting.

Production of Nails: (Example video no.6)

F.Nails
There are hundreds of kinds of nails manufactured for just about any kind of
fastening job. They differ according to purpose, shape, material, coating, and
in other ways. Nails are made of aluminum, brass, copper, steel and other
metals. Some nails are hardened so that they can be driven into masonry
without bending.
(Figure no.32)
most commonly used nails.
Uncoated steel nails are called bright nails. Various coatings maybe applied
to reduce corrosion, increase holding power, and enhance appearance. To
prevent rusting, steel nails are coated with zinc. This nails are called
galvanized nails. They maybe coated by being dipped in molten zinc (hot
dipped galvanized nails), or they maybe electroplated with corrosion
resistant metal (plated nails).
NAIL SIZES
(Figure no.33)
KINDS OF NAILS
a.Common nails are made of wire, are of heavy gauge, and have a
medium sized nails. They have pointed end and a smooth shank. A barbed
section just under the head increases the holding power of common nails.
b.Box nails are similar to common nails, except they are thinner. Because
of their small gauge, they can be used closed to edges and ends with less
danger of splitting the wood.
c.Finish nails are of light gauge with a very small head. They are used
mostly to fasten interior trim. The small head is sunk into the wood with the
nail set and covered with filler.
d.Casing nails are similar to finish nails. The head is coned shape and
slightly larger than that of the finish nail, but smaller than that of the
common nail.

e.Duplex nails on temporary structures, such as wood scaffolding and

concrete forms, the duplex nail is often used. The lower head ensures that
the piece is fasten tightly.
f.Brads are small finishing nails. They are size according to length in inches
and gauge. Brads are used for fastening thin materials, such as small
molding.
g.Roofing nails are short nails of fairly heavy gauge with wide, round
heads. They are used for such purposes as fastening roofing material and
soft board wall sheathing.
h.Masonry nails may be cut nails or wire nails. This nails are made from
hardened steel to prevent them from bending when being driven into
concrete or other masonry.
Advantages:
1.The finish looks nicer .
2.Nails are widely used because they are easily available and inexpensive .
3.Nails work best when used to hold pieces of wood together .
Disadvantages:
1.Nails dont work with bricks or metal .
Production of Washers: (Example video no.7)
G.Washers
-Placed under the bolt head or the nuts for a firmer fasten.
-Designed to protect the surface under a bolt or nut.
-Used to spread load of a mechanical connection out over a greater area.
Types of washers
Plain washers
Circular, small flat piece to widen the bearing surface of a bolt head or nut.
Measured by the diameter of the bolt that fits into it.
(Figure no.34)
Lock washer

Used to lock a nut or screw in place, prevent it from moving from vibrations.
Helical spring - looks like a coil from a spring that tightens when applied to

prevent movement.
(Figure no.35)
Toothed has teeth that wedge into bearing surface when applied to

prevent movement.
(Figure no.36)

Advantages:
1.Can be undone so items can be taken apart.
2.Come in various sizes.
Disadvantages:
1.Can work loose with vibration

Production of Adhesives: (Example video no.8)

H.Adhesives
-is any substance applied to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate
items that binds them together and resists their separation

Kinds of Adhesives
1.Glue mostly used for interior finish work.
1.1 Yellow Glue is faster setting, they are available under a number of
trade names and are excellent for joining wood parts not subjected to
moisture.
1.2 Urethane Glue 1.3 Contact Cement widely used to apply plastic laminates for kitchen
countertops.
2.Mastics they come in cans or cartridges used in hand or air guns. These
adhesives prove a stronger bond, and fewer fasteners are needed.

2.1 Construction adhesive used in a glue floor system. It can be used in a

cold weather, even on wet or frozen wood. Also used in stairs to increase
stiffness and eliminate squeaks.
2.2 Panel adhesive used to apply wall paneling, foam insulation, gypsum
board, and hardboard to wood, metal, and masonry. Usually dispensed with a
caulking gun.
2.3 Troweled Mastics - a premium oil based mastic for perimeter pointing
around wood and metal window and door frames.
Advantages:
1.
Ability to join dissimilar materials;
2.
Fast and cheap joining technique;
3.
Provides design convenience and flexibility;
Disadvantages:
1.
Importance of right joint design;
2.
Difficult disassembly of joined parts;
3.
Necessity to fixture (hold together) the joined parts during curing;
4.
Low creep strength.

Proper Disposal
1.In disposing bolts, nuts, nails, washer and other types of fastener gather it

in a container to avoid accidents.

2.Dispose your old fastener in non-biodegradable.
3.If you want to monetize it, you can sell it in the junk shop, and the shop will

recycle the old fastener to a new metal and make another fastener and etc.
Precaution
1.Always keep your fasteners in the box or its container.
2.Always keep the fasteners away from the children.

3.Always wear eye protection when driving nails. Some nails are hard and
brittle at the same time. Pieces of them can break off and become shrapnel.
4.Use the correct fastener style and size for a particular application. This will
ensure the building performs as expected and lasts a long time.
5.Always keep your fastener in a good shape when performing activities
avoid unnecessary incidents.

REFERENCE
http://www.slideshare.net/worldofsteel/fasteners-presentation?qid=1055207a-c1eb4128-b8f5-274eddaf531a&v=&b=&from_search=1
http://www.slideshare.net/exoticbolts/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-screws
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Screw.html
http://www.melfast.com/blog/2016/04/the-environmental-challenges-of-using-stainless-steelfasteners/
http://www.adhesives.org/adhesives-sealants/adhesives-sealants-overview/healthsafety/environmental-protection
CARPENTRY FLOYD GOYT/FOURTH EDITION