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ABSTRACT: In this paper, the necessity of counting blast load in seismic slope stability analysis is revealed. Typical soil
slope with embedded pipeline subjected to seismic and blast loads are modelled using finite difference based geotechnical
software FLAC2D. Results are shown in the form of vertical displacements along the face of slope and parametric variations for
types of soil, inclination of slope and location of pipeline are obtained. It is found that in clays, blast load must be considered
in the seismic slope stability analysis, whereas for sand, it is not essential. In clays gentle slope with pipeline close to the slope
face can be used, but in sands, pipeline must be away from slope face.
INTRODUCTION
A quantitative assessment of the stability of soil slope is
important when a judgment is needed about whether the slope
is vulnerable to failure due to various dynamic loads or not.
This assessment is made in terms of either determining the
displacement along the face of slope and/or critical
acceleration under seismic conditions.
Slopes can be subjected to various types of dynamic loads
such as earthquake load, blast load, wind load and others. A
complete slope stability analysis must consider the effects of
each dynamic load. Vibrations induced by bombing activities
of terrorists or blasting activities for tunnel constructions etc.
have detrimental effects on the existing important slopes in
seismically active zones. So the inclusion of the effect of
blast loads in addition to the seismic loads has become
todays necessity for geotechnical researchers for safe design
of such slopes.
The analysis of slope subjected to seismic load can be done
by using either pseudo-static or pseudo-dynamic approach. In
pseudo-static approach, the effects of an earthquake are
represented by constant vertical or horizontal seismic
accelerations. The first explicit application of pseudo-static
approach is the analysis of seismic slope stability by limit
equilibrium method assuming planar failure surface [1].
However this force-based approach cannot provide any
information on deformations associated with slope failure. A
method for prediction of permanent displacement of slope
subjected to any ground motion known as Sliding Block
Analysis was developed in 1965 [2]. It was further modified
by considering the movement of a rigid block on a slope in
1975 [3]. In 2003, limit analysis method [4] and in 2007,
vertical slice method [5] were used for the analysis of slope
by the conventional pseudo-static approach.
Human activities like mining, construction, and defense
works produce dynamic excitation and lead to the instability
of nearby geotechnical structures. Several incidents of slope
failures have been occurred by the explosion of oil pipeline
passing through the slope, terrorist attack, blast in mining etc.
639
6m
Soil slope
3m
Foundation soil
Table 2 Blast input parameters for dry soils as per TM5- 8551 [14]
ta
Soil
v
n
c x 105
f
Type
m/s
ms
Dense
1000
2.50
18.40
0.75
0.50
Sand
Soft
1500
2.50
21.75
0.75
0.33
Clay
2000
2.25
34.60
0.75
0.25
Stiff
Clay
ta
Fig. 2 Blast pressure vs. time history with ta as rise time and
td as damped time.
(1)
P0
160( Uc) f ( 3
R
W
) n
(a)
(2)
From the peak, the pulse decays monotonically with time as,
P0 e
( t
ta
(3)
2
(b)
Fig. 3 Vertical displacement contours of soft clay slope with
embedded pipeline at 3m away from slope face with slope
inclination of 30 subjected to (a) Seismic Load (b) Blast
Load
640
2m
3m
4m
30
35
40
Seismic
Blast
Seismic
Blast
Seismic
Blast
-12.0
-0.1
-40.0
-20.0
-40.0
-30.0
-9.0
-0.1
-22.5
-4.0
-35.0
-15.0
2m
3m
4m
30
35
40
Seismic
Blast
Seismic
Blast
Seismic
Blast
0.03
0.03
-0.04
0.23
-0.05
0.25
0.03
0.20
-0.05
0.23
-0.10
0.25
0.03
0.20
-0.025
0.24
-0.40
0.25
-0.15
-0.10
-15.0
0.10
-30.0
-12.5
2m
3m
4m
30
35
40
Seismic
Blast
Seismic
Blast
Seismic
Blast
0.013
0.100
-0.025
0.150
-0.025
0.200
0.035
0.100
-.0.025
0.170
-0.050
0.250
0.013
0.100
-0.025
0.200
-0.050
0.250
Density in kg/m3
E
Elastic modulus in Pa
f
Ground coupling factor
kh
Horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient
Vertical seismic acceleration coefficient
kv
P0
Peak pressure in N/m2
Poissons ratio
d
Position of the pipeline from the face of slope in m
R
Radius of the pipeline modelled as a cavity in m
I
Soil friction angle in degree
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