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CONTRIBUTORS
Stephen L. Barten, DVM

Ellen Bronson, Med.vet

Vernon Hills Animal Hospital

Mundelein, Illinois
Reference Sources for Reptile Clinicians
Lizards (Biology)
Lizards (Differential Diagnoses by Symptoms)
Bites from Prey
Penile Prolapse
Shell Damage

Veterinary Resident
Department of Animal Health
Smithsonian National Zoological Park
Washington, District of Columbia
Paramyxovirus

R. Avery Bennett, DVM, MS, DACVS

Staff Surgeon
Bay Area Veterinary Specialists
San Leandro, California
Neurology
Surgery (Soft Tissue and Orthopedics)
Cloacal Prolapse
Upper Alimentary Tract Disease

Barbara Blanchard, M.Sc. (Zoology)

Animal Registrar/Librarian and Captive Management
Co-ordinator for Tuatara
Life Sciences
Wellington Zoo Trust
Wellington, New Zealand
Biology, Captive Management, and Medical Care of Tuatara

Wayne Boardman, B.Vet.Med., MRCVS., MACVSc

Associate Lecturer
Royal Veterinary College
London, United Kingdom
Head of Veterinary Services
Zoological Society of London
London, United Kingdom
Biology, Captive Management, and Medical Care of Tuatara

Donal M. Boyer
Curator of Herpetology
Reptile Department
San Diego Zoo
San Diego, California
Turtles, Tortoises, and Terrapins (Biology)

Thomas H. Boyer, DVM

Owner, Pet Hospital of Penasquitos
Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery
San Diego, California
Turtles, Tortoise and Terrapins (Biology)
Turtles, Tortoise and Terrapins (Differential Diagnosis
by Symptoms)
Hypovitaminosis A and Hypervitaminosis A

Daniel R. Brown, B.S., M.S., PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease (Mycoplasmosis) in Tortoises

Mary B. Brown, MS, PhD

Professor
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease (Mycoplasmosis) in Tortoises

Terry W. Campbell, MS, DVM, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Fort Collins, Colorado
Clinical Pathology of Reptiles
Hemoparasites

Professor John E. Cooper, DTVM, FRCPath,

FIBiol, FRCVS, DECVP
Professor of Pathology
Veterinary Pathology
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of the West Indies (UWI)
St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Visiting Professor
Wild Animal and Resource Management
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Makerere University, Uganda, East Africa
Dermatology
Hepatic Lipidosis

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Contributors

Margaret E. Cooper, LLB FLS

Orlando Diaz-Figueroa, DVM, MS

Guest Lecturer
University of the West Indies
St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Visiting Lecturer
Wild Animal and Resource Management
Makerere University
Kampala, Uganda, East Africa
Reptile Laws and Regulations: European

Affiliated Veterinary Specialists

Maitland, Florida
Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology

Susan Donoghue, MS, DMD, DACVN

Owner
Nutrition Support Services, Inc.
Pembroke, Virgina
Nutrition

Michael R. Cranfield, DVM

Faculty
Comparative Department Medicine
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Adjunct Assistant Professor
Maryland Regional Veterinary College
University of Maryland Medicine
College Park, Maryland
Adjunct Faculty
College of Forest Research
Mississippi State University
Starkville, Mississippi
Director of Animal Management and Research
and Conservation
Medical Department
Maryland Zoo in Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland
Director of the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project
Medical Department
Maryland Zoo in Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland
Cryptosporidiosis
Paramyxovirus

Dale DeNardo, DVM, PhD

University Veterinarian and Assistant Professor
School of Life Sciences
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
Stress in Captive Reptiles
Reproductive Biology
Dystocias

Lisa B. Done, DVM, MPVM

Veterinarian
California Wildlife Center
Calabasas, California
Oncology
Neurologic Disorders

Geraldine Diethelm, Dr.vet.med

Chief of Staff
Marathon Veterinary Hospital
Marathon, Florida
Digit Abnormalities
Hematologic and Blood Chemistry Values in Reptiles
Reptile Formulary

Bruce Ferguson, DVM, MS (Animal Behavior)

Instructor
TCVM Acupuncture, Herbal Medicine and Tui Na
Chi Institute of Chinese Medicine
Reddick, Florida
Alternative and Complementary Veterinary Therapies

Kevin T. Fitzgerald PhD, DVM, DABVP

(Canine/Feline)
Staff Veterinarian
Alameda East Veterinary Hospital
Denver, Colorado
Surgery (Biotelemetry)
Acariasis
Dysecdysis
Spinal Osteopathy
Reported Toxicities in Reptiles

Richard S. Funk, MA, DVM

Mesa Veterinary Hospital
Mesa, Arizona
Snakes (Biology)
Surgery (Venemoid)
Snakes (Differential Diagnoses by Symptoms)
Anorexia
Diarrhea
Tail Damage
Vomiting and Regurgitation
Reptile Formulary

Michael M. Garner, DVM, DACVP

President
Northwest ZooPath
Monroe, Washington
Overview of Biopsy and Necropsy Techniques

William H. Gehrmann, PhD

Professor of Biology
Department of Biology
Texas Christian University
Forth Worth, Texas
Artificial Lighting

Donald Scott Gillespie, DVM

Staff Veterinarian
Animal Health
Montgomery Zoo
Montgomery, Alabama
Lizards (section on Komodo Dragons)
Large Collections: Special Considerations

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Contributors

ix

Barry S. Gold, MD, FACP

Charles J. Innis, VMD

Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine

Department of Surgery
School of Medicine
University of Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland
Associate Professor
Department of Medicine
School of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
Working with Venomous Species: Emergency Protocols

Adjuct Professor
Department of Conservation Medicine
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Tufts University
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Associate Veterinarian
Animal Health Department
New England Aquarium
Boston, Massachusetts
Renal Disease in Reptiles: Diagnosis and Clinical Management

Ellis C. Greiner, PhD

Professor
Department of Pathology
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Parasitology

Thaddeus K. Graczyk, M.Sc., PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Health Sciences and
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland
Cryptosporidiosis

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, BS, DVM,

DABVP (Avian)
Consultant
Bird and Exotic Clinic of Seattle
Seattle, Washington
Associate
Exotic Pet and Bird Clinic
Kirkland, Washington
Medical Director
Washington Ferret Rescue and Shelter
Bothell, Washington
Attending Veterinarian
NW Zoological Supply/Terantulas.com
Edmonds, Washington
Reptile Zoonoses and Threats to Public Health

Gretchen Kaufman, DVM

Stephen J. Hernandez-Divers, BVetMed,
CBiol MIBiol, DZooMed, MRCVS, DACZM,
RCVS Recognized Specialist in Zoo
and Wildlife Medicine
Associate Professor
Exotic Animal, Wildlife and Zoological Medicine
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
Associate Editor, Journal of Zoo & Wildlife Medicine
Associate Editor, Journal of Herpetological Medicine & Surgery
Co-Director of the Veterinary Endoscopy Training Symposia
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
Diagnostic Techniques
Surgery (Laser and Radiosurgery)
Hepatic Lipidosis
Renal Disease in Reptiles: Diagnosis and Clinical Management
Appendix A
Appendix B

Peter Holz
Associate Veterinarian
Healesville Sanctuary
Healesville, Victoria, Australia
Renal Anatomy and Physiology

Assistant Professor
Department of Environment and Population Health
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Tufts University
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Allometric Scaling

Paul A. Klein, PhD

Professor Emeritus
Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory
Medicine
College of Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease (Mycoplasmosis) in Tortoises

Thomas Lane, BS, DVM

Professor Emeritus College of Veterinary Medicine
Large Animal Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Program Director
Department of Equine Science
International Equine School
Ocala, Florida
Crocodilians (Biology)

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Contributors

Martin P.C. Lawton, BVetMed, CertVOphthal,

CertLAS, DZooMed, MIBiol, FRCVS

Bonnie S. Mader-Weidner, MS (Marriage, Family,

Child Counseling and School Counseling)

RCVS Specialist in Exotic Animal Medicine

Exotic Animal and Ophthalmic Referral Centre
England

Founder, Coordinator
The Pet Loss Support Hotline
Center for Animals in Society
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Understanding the Human-Reptile Relationship

Daniel T. Lewbart, JD, MSEL

Partner
Litigation
Gerolamo McNutly Divis & Lewbart, PC
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Reptile Laws and Regulations: American

Gregory A. Lewbart, MS, VMD, DACZM

Professor of Aquatic Medicine
Department of Clinical Sciences
North Carolina State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Raleigh, North Carolina
Reptile Laws and Regulations: American

Brad A. Lock, DVM, DACZM

Adjunct Professor
Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Exotic Animal,
Wildlife and Zoological Medicine Service)
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
Assistant Curator
Herpetology
Zoo Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Behavioral and Morphologic Adaptations

Douglas Mader, MS, DVM, DABVP,

Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine
Co-owner
Marathon Veterinary Hospital
Staff Veterinarian
Marathon Sea Turtle Hospital
Key West Aquarium
Monroe County Animal Farm
Theater of the Sea
Florida Keys (Conch Republic), Florida
Adjunct Professor
School of Veterinary Medicine
Western University of the Health Sciences
Pomona, California
Understanding the Human-Reptile Relationship
Microbiology: Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of Reptiles
Parasitology
Perinatology
Emergency and Critical Care
Euthanasia
Surgery
Abscesses
Cloacal Prolapse
Calculi: Urinary
Gout
Metabolic Bone Diseases
Thermal Burns
Medical Care of Seaturtles (Medicine and Surgery)
Radiographic Anatomy

G. Neal Mauldin, DVM, DACVIM

(Internal Medicine and Oncology), DACVR
(Radiation Oncology)
Associate Professor of Veterinary Oncology
Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Oncology

Joerg Mayer, Dr.med.vet., M.Sc

Clinical Assistant Professor, Head of Exotics Service
Department of Clinical Service
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Tufts University
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Allometric Scaling

Stephen J. Mehler, DVM

Small Animal Surgery Resident
Department of Clinical Studies
Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Neurology
Upper Alimentary Tract Disease

Constance Merigo
Director of the Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle
Stranding Program
Marine Animal Rescue and Rehabilitation
New England Aquarium
Boston, Massachusetts
Medical Care of Seaturtles (Medical Management of
Cold-Stunned Seaturtles)

Mark A. Mitchell, DVM, MS, PhD

Associate Professor
Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology
Therapuetics
Salmonella: Diagnostic Methods for Reptiles

Michael J. Murray, DVM

Staff Veterinarian
Monterey Bay Aquarium
Monterey, California
Cardiopulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Cardiology
Aural Abscesses
Pneumonia

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Contributors

xi

Javier Nevarez, BS, DVM

Karen L. Rosenthal, MS, DVM, DABVP (Avian)

Clinical Instructor
Veterinary Clinical Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Contract Veterinarian
Louisiana Alligator Industry
Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Crocodilian Differential Diagnosis

Staff Veterinarian
The Avian and Exotic Pet Service
The Animal Medical Center
New York, New York
Microbiology: Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of Reptiles

John V. Rossi, DVM, MA

Small/Exotic Animal Practitioner
Riverside Animal Hospital
Jacksonville, Florida
General Husbandry and Management

Nancy OLeary, DVM, CVA

Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine
Grafton, Massachusetts
Certified Veterinary Acupuncturist
Chi Institute
Reddick, Florida
China National Society of TCVM
Bejing China
Alternative and Complementary Veterinary Therapies

Francesco C. Origgi, DVM, PhD

Scientist
Immumology and Infectious Diseases
San Raffaele Scientific Institute
Milano, Italy
Herpesvirus in Tortoises

Jean A. Par, DVM, DVSc, DACVM

Elke Rudloff, DVM, DACVESS

Director of Education
Animal Emergency Center
Glendale, Wisconsin
Emergency and Critical Care

Juergen Schumacher, Dr.med.vet., DACZM

Associate Professor of Avian and Zoological Medicine
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Inclusion Body Disease Virus

Sam Silverman, DVM, PhD, DACVR

Assistant Professor
Special Species Health
Department of Surgical Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Fungal Diseases of Reptiles

Clinical Professor
Department of Surgical and Radiological Science
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Radiologist
Private Practice
Sausalito, California
Diagnostic Imaging

Lonny B. Pace, DVM

Lynne Sigler, M.Sc.

Resident
Advanced Critical Care and Internal Medicine
Tustin, California
Glossary

Professor and Curator

University of Alberta Microfungus Collection
and Herbarium
Devonian Botanic Garden and Medical Microbiology
and Immunology
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Microbiology: Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of Reptiles

Mark Pokras, BS, DVM

Associate Professor and Director
Wildlife Clinic
Department of Environmental and Population Health
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Tufts University
N. Grafton, Massachusetts
Allometric Scaling

Bran Ritchie, DVM, MS, PhD, DABVP

Interim Department Head and Professor
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
Virology

Eileen Slomka-McFarland, LVT

Marathon Veterinary Hospital
Marathon, Florida
Disinfectants for the Vivarium

Scott J. Stahl, DVM, DABVP (Avian)

Stahl Exotic Animal Veterinary Services
Vienna, Virginia
Hyperglycemia in Reptiles

Geoff Stein, DVM

Studio City Animal Hospital
Studio City, California
Hematologic and Blood Chemistry Values in Reptiles

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Contributors

Mark D. Stetter, DVM, DACZM

Brent R. Whitaker, MS, DVM

Veterinary Services Director

Disneys Animal Programs
Walt Disney World
Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Ultrasonography

Research Associate Professor

Center of Marine Biotechnology
Baltimore, Maryland
Deputy Executive Director for Biological Programs
Biological Programs
National Aquarium in Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland
Working with Venomous Species: Emergency Protocols

Gregory W. Stoutenburgh
Aliso Viejo, California
Building a Successful Reptile Practice

Kevin M. Wright, DVM

W. Michael Taylor, DVM
Service Chief
Avian and Exotic Medicine
Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Ontario Veterinary College
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Endoscopy

E. Scott Weber III, MSc Aquatic Veterinary

Sciences, VMD
Head Veterinarian and Research Associate
Animal Health Department
New England Aquarium
Boston, Massachusetts
Medical Care of Seaturtles (Medical Management
of Cold-Stunned Seaturtles)

Jim Wellehan, DVM, MS

Resident, Zoological Medicine
Small Animal Clinical Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Understanding Diagnostic Testing

Lori D. Wendland, DVM

Assistant Scientist
Department of Pathobiology
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Associate Veterinarian
Micanopy Animal Hospital
Micanopy, Florida
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease (Mycoplasmosis) in Tortoises

Adjunct Professor
Zoological Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
College of Veterinary Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles
Philadelphia Zoological Garden
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Overview of Amphibian Medicine
Amphibian Formulary

Jeanette Wyneken, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Biological Sciences
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
Medical Care of Seaturtles (Species Identification and Biology)
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Rebecca Vera, AAS, CVT

Veterinary Technician
Alameda East Veterinary Hospital
Denver, Colorado
Surgery (Biotelemetry)
Acariasis
Dysecdysis
Spinal Osteopathy
Reported Toxicities in Reptiles

Trisha Yelen, BS
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Anesthesia and Analgesia