Unit 3 Lesson 5: Why People Migrate

International migration is usually a carefully considered individual or family decision. The major reasons to
migrate to another country can be grouped into two categories: economic and noneconomic. The factors
that encourage a migrant to actually move tend to fall into three categories: pull factors, push factors, and
networks. An economic migrant looking for a job may be encouraged to move by employer recruitment of
guest workers. The availability of jobs in the new place works as a pull factor. Migrants crossing borders for
noneconomic reasons may be moving to escape persecution, which are push factors that push people out
of a place.
A worker in rural Mexico may decide to migrate to the United States because a friend or relative tells him of
a job. In this case, the availability of higher wage jobs is a pull factor. The same worker may not have a regular job at home or may face debts from a family members medical emergency, and these push factors also
encourage emigration. For this worker, a network of friends and relatives already played a role by providing
information on jobs and wages in the United States. This network and others pave the way at many points
during the migration process. Networks encompass everything from moneylenders who provide the funds
needed to pay a smuggler for help crossing the border to employers or friends and relatives at the
destination who help migrants find jobs and places to live.
Give an example of each:
Pull factor:

Push factor:

A network:

One of the most important noneconomic motivations for crossing national borders is family unification. In
such cases, the immigrant in the destination country is a pull factor for family migration. Spouses and
children join the immigrant first and may be followed by parents and brothers and sisters, in so-called chain
migration.
Effects of Globalization
Globalization has increased links between countries, as evidenced by sharply rising flows of goods and
money over national borders and the growth of international and regional bodies that regulate such
movements. However, controlling the entry and stay of people is a core element of national sovereignty, and
flows of people are not governed by a comprehensive global migration regime. Most nation-states do not
welcome newcomers as immigrants, but almost all of the industrialized or high-income countries have guest
worker programs that allow local employers to recruit and employ foreign workers. These countries also
attract significant numbers of unauthorized or irregular migrant workers.
According to the last paragraph, how is the movement of people different from the movement of
goods?

Many experts believe globalization has led to increased economic inequality between countries. This
inequality encourages international migration. The worlds almost 200 nation-states have per capita incomes
that range from less than $250 per person per year to more than $50,000, a difference that provides a
significant incentive for people, especially young adults, to migrate for higher wages and more opportunities.
Demographic and economic differences encourage migration, but it takes networks or links between areas
to support actual moves. Globalization and improved technology has expanded these networks. These
networks have been shaped and reinforced by three major transformations in the past half-century: the
communications, transportation, and rights revolutions.
The communications revolution helps potential migrants learn about opportunities abroad. The best information comes from migrants established abroad, since they can provide family and friends with
understandable information. Cheaper communication by cell phone or the Internet helps migrants quickly
transmit job information and advice on how to cross national borders. Meanwhile, films and television
programs depicting life in high-income countries may encourage people, particularly the young, to assume
that migration will inevitably lead to economic betterment.
One major benefit of the transportation revolution has been the declining cost of travel. With todays
relatively low transportation costs, traveling anywhere in the world legally typically costs less than $2,500.
Describe how improvements in communication and transportation impact migration:

While the communications and transportation revolutions help migrants to learn about opportunities and to
cross national borders, the human rights revolution affects their ability to stay. After World War II, most
industrialized countries strengthened the constitutional and political rights of people within their borders and
most granted social or economic rights to residents in their evolving welfare states without distinguishing
between citizens and migrants. That may change, however, as the more developed countries begin to worry
more about dealing with large numbers of immigrants. For this reason, migration remains a significant
global issue.
Adapted from: Managing Migration: The Global Challenge. Population Reference Bureau. 20 November 2012
<http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2008/managingmigration.aspx>.