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67028

ESTIMATION OF THE RMS STRESS IN SKIN PANELS SUBJECTED TO RANDOM


ACOUSTIC LOADING
1.

INTRODUCTION
The important parameters in determining the response of typical aircraft structures to high intensity acoustic
loads have been outlined in Item No. 74037. A complete theory to describe the response has been developed
by Powell (Reference 3) but because of its complexity it cannot readily be used for design. Nevertheless,
this memorandum outlines the complete theory in order to show the significance of the major parameters
and also the limitations, in practice, of any simplified theory.
The simplified theory is then outlined and experimental results are given to show the orders of accuracy
which can be achieved on full scale structures in true noise environments. There is a dearth of adequately
documented experimental results in the literature but those results which are available show reasonable
agreement with the simplified theory. Experimental results are generally within a factor of 2 of the rms
stress estimates. In view of the severe simplifications which have been made, this order of accuracy is
probably the best that can be expected. It can be seen from an Srms N curve, as found for example in Item
No. 72015, that a factor of 2 on stress corresponds to a factor between 5 and 15 on life.

2.

NOTATION

surface area

shorter dimension of panel

frequency

fn

fundamental natural frequency of skin panel assuming all edges to be fixed

fr

undamped natural frequency of rth mode of built-up structure

2
j rr

joint acceptance coefficient of response of structure in rth mode to a particular pressure


field

L ps ( f )

spectrum level of acoustic pressure at frequency f

2 (f)
L ss

spectral density of stresses at frequency f

Mr

generalised mass in rth mode

So

stress at point of interest per unit uniform static pressure on panel

Sr

stress at point of interest due to unit displacement in rth mode

S rms

rms stress at point of interest due to acoustic loading

thickness of panel
Issued May 1967
With Amendment A, October 1972
1

3.

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y rms

rms displacement of centre of panel due to acoustic loading

y0

static displacement of centre of panel per unit uniform static pressure on panel

damping ratio of fundamental mode of vibration of skin panel

damping ratio of rth mode of vibration of skin panel

GENERAL THEORY
When a built-up structure made of a series of plates and beams is excited by distributed random forces the
spectral density of the stress at position x is given in terms of the normal modes of the structure by

2 (f) =
Lss

2 L 2 (f)
S r2 ( x )A 2 jrr
ps
-------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 [ ( f 2 f 2 ) 2 + 4 2 f 2 f 2 ]16 4
M
r=1 r
r
r r

(3.1)

Then the root mean square value of the stress at position x is given by
S rms ( x ) =

2 ( f ) df
L ss

(3.2)

Equation (3.1) has already been simplified by the omission of cross terms arising due to the coupling
between the modes of vibration. Such a simplification is reasonable in the case of lightly damped structures
such as aircraft fuselages and control surfaces.
Even if the cross terms are small a large number of direct terms will be significant if the excitation forces
have a broad frequency bandwidth. Thus in cases of broad band excitation, such as jet noise and boundary
layer pressure fluctuations, the computation of response using Equation (3.1) for all the modes having
frequencies in the bandwidth of the excitation is prohibitively lengthy. Consequently there has been great
interest in developing approximate solutions based on considerable theoretical simplification of the
structure and, to a lesser extent, the pressure field. The approximations have been supported by structural
tests in true or simulated acoustic environments. As a result of this a semi-empirical design procedure for
aircraft skin structure has been built up.

4.

SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF RESPONSE FOR STRESSES IN PLATES

4.1

Introduction
The simplified theory is derived on the assumption that the major part of the response is due to the
contribution of one dominant mode. Tests on full scale structures have shown that in certain types of
structure (primarily large skin plates) the response spectrum has only one major peak resulting from one
mode of vibration. In other structures, such as control surface skin plating, there are many peaks in the
response spectrum. Even in this case, however, the simple theory gives a reasonable estimate of the overall
stress level; here errors due to two or three assumptions appear to have a self-cancelling effect. It is thus
most important that experimental evidence be obtained to discover the limitations of the simplified
expression. Some test results available to date are discussed in Section 5.


4.2

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Plate stresses
The simplified theory is obtained by applying the following assumptions to Equations (3.1) and (3.2).
(i)

Assume that the dominant form of skin vibration is that of the individual plates vibrating in their
fundamental mode only.
This eliminates the summation and simplifies the structure to a set of single independent plates
responding in one mode only.

(ii)

Assume that the pressure is exactly in phase over the whole plate.
2 becomes an integral of the mode
The result of this assumption is that the response coefficient, jrr
shape only. This is reasonable for jet excitation of typical sizes of plates, but may be inadequate
for boundary layer excitation.

(iii)

Assume that the spectrum level of acoustic pressures is constant over the range of frequencies close
to the natural frequency of the fundamental mode of the panel. This is reasonable for lightly damped
structures.

As a result of these simplifications the expression for root mean square stress becomes

Srms = ------ fnLps ( fn )S o .
4

(4.1)

A calculation procedure based on this equation is given in Item No. 72005.


4.3

Effect of change in plate size and thickness


On the assumption that only one mode of vibration is excited by the noise the simplified Equation (4.1)
can be used to study the effects of changes in plate dimensions on the rms stress. If the plate aspect ratio is
kept constant the natural frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration is proportional to t/b 2 and the
static stress parameter is proportional to b 2 /t 2 . Then if it is assumed that the spectrum level of acoustic
pressure is the same at the new natural frequency, the rms stress varies in the following way:
Srms bt 3 / 2 .

(4.2)

This gives a very rough guide as to how the rms stress increases with increase in plate width and decreases
with increase in plate thickness.
In many practical cases however failure occurs initially in the attachments of the skin to the supporting
frames or ribs. The loads coming on to these attachments are due partly to the inertia force from the vibrating
skin. The root mean square of the inertia force is proportional to
( skin mass ) f n2 yrms .
An expression for y rms can be derived in a form similar to Equation (4.1):

yrms = ------ fnL ps ( fn )yo .
4

(4.3)

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Now for a fixed aspect ratio, y o is proportional to b 4 /t 3, the skin mass is proportional to bt, and it follows
that the rms inertia force is proportional to t . Thus it can be seen that the rms stresses in the plate are
reduced by increasing the plate thickness, whereas the inertia forces on the plate attachments are increased.

5.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

5.1

Flat plates
Figure 1 shows a comparison of estimated and measured stresses in flat or curved plates. The estimated
stresses are calculated from estimated frequencies in all but a few cases. The results given in Reference 2
are for single flat plates fully fixed at their edges and show very good agreement between theory and
experiment as would be expected. Additional results for panels made up of many plates again show
reasonably good agreement between the estimates and the experimental results. In this case the two
predominant simplifications appear to have a self-cancelling effect; the assumption of a single mode of
response is unrealistic and should result in an under estimate of the actual stress; on the other hand the
assumption of full fixation at the stiffeners gives an over estimate of the stress at the elastic edge supports.

5.2

Control surfaces
In the case of control surfaces, two skins are attached together by ribs and thus both skins and ribs vibrate
because of the mechanical coupling between them. Even when the sound pressures are much greater on
one side of the control surface, due to acoustic shielding, the stresses in both skins are very similar. This
type of structure is not so amenable to the simple form of analysis outlined in Section 4 as now the sound
energy incident on one skin, minus the reflected energy, is shared by two vibrating skins and the
inter-connecting ribs. Consequently the stress level must be less than half and is possibly about one-third
of that which would have been induced in a single plate. The root mean square stress is then given by

Srms = 1/3 ------ fnLps ( fn )S o .


4

(5.1)

This generally applies to tailplanes, elevators and flaps.


Where there is equal sound energy incident on both skins, as may be the case for fins and rudders, the
overall excitation level is increased by approximately 3dB (intensity has been doubled). Thus the stress
would be 1.4 times higher than for the single-sided exposure. Equation (5.1) should therefore be modified
to read
1.4
Srms = ------- ------ fn L ps ( fn )So .
3 4

(5.2)

This factor of 1.4 has been shown to be reasonable in the tests reported in Reference 4.
Figure 2 shows a comparison of test results and estimates calculated from estimated frequencies using either
Equation (5.1) or (5.2) as appropriate. It can be seen that there is reasonably good agreement between
estimates and experiment.


5.3

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Discussion of results
The difference between the experimental and theoretical results arises from the multi-modal response
aspects discussed in Section 5.1 and also from many other practical effects. In the first place the description
of the noise excitation field may not be very accurate for various reasons. In some tests the structure was
very close to the jet and was therefore in the hydrodynamic pressure field. It is very difficult in these
conditions to position a microphone to measure the true pressure on the structure. Also in other
measurements the results have only been quoted as octave band levels and hence the estimation of the
spectrum level at the structural frequency can be in error. The frequency at which the spectrum level should
be determined is also in doubt in the cases of multi-modal response. The other major simplification is the
assumption that the pressures are completely correlated over the whole plate.
On the structural side, equally severe assumptions are made. Details of the local structure such as rib or
stiffener flange width and thickness relative to the plate dimensions affect the rms stress level in the plate.
There is also an energy transfer between the plate and the adjacent structure. This has been included in the
case of control surfaces by the assumption that both skins have the same rms stress level. This is not strictly
true in all cases. A third practical point is that the strain gauges integrate the strain over their gauge length.
This will have a more severe effect in measurements of strain at the edges of the plate where there is an
appreciable strain gradient.
As a result of all these effects and others which may be present in particular cases, it is not surprising to
see the amount of scatter in the experimental results. The majority of the results lie between one half and
twice the theoretical prediction. The additional effects of the hydrodynamic field and structural curvature
may account for some of the discrepancies, as may differences between the actual damping and the assumed
values. Details of the structure and descriptions of the test conditions for each set of results are given in
Reference 5.

6.

REFERENCES

1.

MILES, J.W.

On structural fatigue under random loading. J. Aeronaut. Sci. Vol. 21,


No. 11, pp. 753-762, November 1954.

2.

LASSITER, L.W.
HESS, R.W.
HUBBARD, H.H.

An experimental study of the response of simple panels to intense


acoustic loading. J. Aeronaut. Sci. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 19-24, January
1957.

3.

POWELL, A.

On the fatigue failure of structures due to vibrations excited by random


pressure fields. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol. 30, No. 12, pp. 1130-1135,
December 1958.

4.

SCHJELDERUP, H.C.

Structural acoustic proof testing. Aircr. Engng Vol. 31, No. 368,
pp. 297-303, October 1959.

5.

CLARKSON, B.L.

Stresses in skin panels subjected to random acoustic loading. J. R.


Aeronaut. Soc., Vol. 72, No. 695, pp. 1000-1010, 1968.

67028

104
9
8
7
6





Centre

Edge
Flat plates
Curved plates
Flat plates (based on
measured frequency)

5
4

Estimated r.m.s. stress lbf/in

103
9
8
7
6
5
4

102
102

103

2
2

Measured r.m.s. stress lbf/in

FIGURE 1 FLAT AND CURVED PLATES


6

104

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104
9
8
7
6




Centre

Edge
Control Surfaces
Tailplanes

5
4

Estimated r.m.s. stress lbf/in

103
9
8
7
6
5
4

102
102

103

Measured r.m.s. stress lbf/in2

FIGURE 2 TAILPLANES AND CONTROL SURFACES


7

104

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THE PREPARATION OF THIS DATA ITEM
The work on this particular Item was guided and monitored by the Fatigue Committee which first met in
1955 and now has the following membership:
Chairman
Dr G. Forrest

Aluminium Laboratories Ltd

Vice-Chairman
Mr R.H. Sandifer

Handley Page Ltd

Members
Mr K.E. Cheverton
Mr R.A. Clare
Mr H.L. Cox
Mr A.J. Fenner
Dr W.J. Harris
Mr H.B. Howard
Mr N.H. Mason
Mr E.L. Ripley
Mr V.A.B. Rogers

Bristol Siddeley Engines Ltd, Filton


Ministry of Technology
National Physical Laboratory
National Engineering Laboratory
Bristol Siddeley Engines Ltd, Edgware
Independent
Ministry of Technology
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Westland Aircraft Ltd.

In the preparation of this Item the Committee has been assisted by:
Prof. B.L. Clarkson
Mr J.A. Hay
Mr W.T. Kirkby
Mr N.A. Townsend
Mr D.R.B. Webb

University of Southampton
British Aircraft Corporation (Weybridge) Ltd
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd, Hatfield
Royal Aircraft Establishment.

The Members of staff of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit concerned were:
Mr E.R. Welbourne
Mr J.B. Milburn

Head of Solid Body Mechanics Group


Solid Body Mechanics Group.

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