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Signal Processing
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P
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a
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tal S i and M
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Module
9: Digital Communication Systems
i
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on 013
d
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Pra
2
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Module Overview:

Module 9.1: The analog channel

ng erli
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Meeting the power constraint
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Modulation and
and 2013
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P
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ReceiverPdesign

Module 9.2: Meeting the bandwidth constraint cessi

Module 9.3:

Module 9.4:

Module 9.5:

Module 9.6: ADSL

sing terli
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Signal Processing
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Overview:

9.1

sing terli
s
e
c
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P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
Analog channel constraints
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Satisfying the constraints
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
The many incarnations of a signal

Overview:

9.1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
Analog channel constraints
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Satisfying the constraints
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
The many incarnations of a signal

Overview:

9.1

sing terli
s
e
c
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P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
Analog channel constraints
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Satisfying the constraints
ran 20
P
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Pao
The many incarnations of a signal

Digital data throughputs

Transatlantic cable:
1866: 8 words per minute (5 bps)

sing terli
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c
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l Pr10
2005: Alcatel Tera10, fiber, 8.4 Tbpsn(8.4
a
ti
g
arbps)
i
S
M
l
d
a
2012: fiber, 60 Tbps Digit
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
Voiceband modems
o
l
Paobps
1950s: Bell 202, 1200
1956: AT&T, coax, 48 voice channels (3Mbps)

1990s: V90, 56Kbps

2008: ADSL2+, 24Mbps
9.1

Digital data throughputs

Transatlantic cable:
1866: 8 words per minute (5 bps)

sing terli
s
e
c
o 12 n Vet
l Pr10
2005: Alcatel Tera10, fiber, 8.4 Tbpsn(8.4
a
ti
g
arbps)
i
S
M
l
d
a
2012: fiber, 60 Tbps Digit
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
Voiceband modems
o
l
Paobps
1950s: Bell 202, 1200
1956: AT&T, coax, 48 voice channels (3Mbps)

1990s: V90, 56Kbps

2008: ADSL2+, 24Mbps
9.1

Success factors for digital communications

sing terli
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P
integers are easy to regenerate
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
good phase control
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
adaptive algorithms
o
l
Pao

1) power of the DSP paradigm:

9.1

Regenerating signals

sing terli
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P
l
a
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art
i
S
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l
d
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Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
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ao

x(t)

9.1

Regenerating signals

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

x(t)/G + (t)

9.1

Regenerating signals

sing terli
s
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c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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G [x(t)/G + (t)] = x(t) + G (t)

9.1

Regenerating signals

sing terli
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l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

x1 (t) = G sgn[x(t) + (t)]

9.1

Success factors for digital communications

g theory:
2) algorithmic nature of DSP is a perfect match with information
rli
ssin

9.1

roce in Vette
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
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CDs and DVDs error correction
Digi doni an 13
20
ran decoding
P
trellis-coded modulation and
Viterbi

o
l
Pao
JPEGs entropy coding

Success factors for digital communications

sing terli
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P
miniaturization
l
a
gn
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S
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l
d
general-purpose platforms igita
D
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
power efficiency
o
l
Pao

3) hardware advancement

9.1

The many incarnations of a conversation

air

copper

copper

Switch

9.1

Switch
ng

essi etterli
c
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V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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ao
Base Station

coax

fiber

Network

CO

The analog channel

sing terli
s
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c
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bandwidth constraint
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
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l
d
ta
power constraint
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
both constraints
will
affect the final capacity of the channel
Pao

unescapable limits of physical channels:

9.1

The analog channel

sing terli
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c
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bandwidth constraint
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
power constraint
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
both constraints
will
affect the final capacity of the channel
Pao

unescapable limits of physical channels:

9.1

The analog channel

sing terli
s
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c
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bandwidth constraint
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
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l
d
ta
power constraint
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
both constraints
will
affect the final capacity of the channel
Pao

unescapable limits of physical channels:

9.1

The analog channels capacity

sing terli
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robe reliably
Vedelivered
P
l
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maximum amount of information that
can
over a channel
i
a
t
gnper second)
ar
i
S
M
l
(bits
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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Pao

9.1

10

Bandwidth vs capacity

simple thought experiment:

9.1

n
we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence
erli samples over a
essi ofetdigital
t
c
o
r
continuous-time channel
in V
al P

gn
art
i
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we interpolate the sequence iof
anda period Ts
D gi samples
niwith
o
d
013unit of time...
anmore
2
r
send
info
per
if we make Ts small we can
P
lo
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... but the bandwidth of the signal will grow as 1/Ts

11

Bandwidth vs capacity

simple thought experiment:

9.1

n
we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence
erli samples over a
essi ofetdigital
t
c
o
r
continuous-time channel
in V
al P

gn
art
i
S
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we interpolate the sequence iof
anda period Ts
D gi samples
niwith
o
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013unit of time...
anmore
2
r
send
info
per
if we make Ts small we can
P
lo
Pao
... but the bandwidth of the signal will grow as 1/Ts

11

Bandwidth vs capacity

simple thought experiment:

9.1

n
we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence
erli samples over a
essi ofetdigital
t
c
o
r
continuous-time channel
in V
al P

gn
art
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we interpolate the sequence iof
anda period Ts
D gi samples
niwith
o
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013unit of time...
anmore
2
r
send
info
per
if we make Ts small we can
P
lo
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... but the bandwidth of the signal will grow as 1/Ts

11

Bandwidth vs capacity

simple thought experiment:

9.1

n
we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence
erli samples over a
essi ofetdigital
t
c
o
r
continuous-time channel
in V
al P

gn
art
i
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we interpolate the sequence iof
anda period Ts
D gi samples
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013unit of time...
anmore
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send
info
per
if we make Ts small we can
P
lo
Pao
... but the bandwidth of the signal will grow as 1/Ts

11

Power and capacity

sing
li
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
suppose noise variance is 1
l
igita oni and 3
D
suppose we are transmitting integers
and between
2011 and 10: lots of guessing errors
r
P

o
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Pao fewer errors but less information
transmit only odd numbers:

another thought experiment:

9.1

r
all channels introduce noise; at the receiver we
ces to guess
ette what was transmitted
rohave

12

Power and capacity

sing
li
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
suppose noise variance is 1
l
igita oni and 3
D
suppose we are transmitting integers
and between
2011 and 10: lots of guessing errors
r
P

o
l
Pao fewer errors but less information
transmit only odd numbers:

another thought experiment:

9.1

r
all channels introduce noise; at the receiver we
ces to guess
ette what was transmitted
rohave

12

Power and capacity

sing
li
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
suppose noise variance is 1
l
igita oni and 3
D
suppose we are transmitting integers
and between
2011 and 10: lots of guessing errors
r
P

o
l
Pao fewer errors but less information
transmit only odd numbers:

another thought experiment:

9.1

r
all channels introduce noise; at the receiver we
ces to guess
ette what was transmitted
rohave

12

Power and capacity

sing
li
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
suppose noise variance is 1
l
igita oni and 3
D
suppose we are transmitting integers
and between
2011 and 10: lots of guessing errors
r
P

o
l
Pao fewer errors but less information
transmit only odd numbers:

another thought experiment:

9.1

r
all channels introduce noise; at the receiver we
ces to guess
ette what was transmitted
rohave

12

Example: the AM radio channel

x(t)

sinc t)g terli

s
e
cos(
c
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P
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a
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S
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Digi doni an 13

ran 20
P
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9.1

13

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

sing terli
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c
each channel is 8KHz
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
power limited by law:
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
daytime/nighttime
ran 20
P
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interference
Pao
health hazards

9.1

14

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

sing terli
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c
each channel is 8KHz
ro in Vet
P
l
a
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power limited by law:
l
d
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Digi doni an 13
daytime/nighttime
ran 20
P
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interference
Pao
health hazards

9.1

14

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

sing terli
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c
each channel is 8KHz
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P
l
a
gn
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power limited by law:
l
d
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Digi doni an 13
daytime/nighttime
ran 20
P
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interference
Pao
health hazards

9.1

14

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

sing terli
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c
each channel is 8KHz
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P
l
a
gn
art
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power limited by law:
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
daytime/nighttime
ran 20
P
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interference
Pao
health hazards

9.1

14

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

sing terli
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c
each channel is 8KHz
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P
l
a
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power limited by law:
l
d
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Digi doni an 13
daytime/nighttime
ran 20
P
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l
interference
Pao
health hazards

9.1

14

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

sing terli
s
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c
each channel is 8KHz
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P
l
a
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art
i
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power limited by law:
l
d
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Digi doni an 13
daytime/nighttime
ran 20
P
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interference
Pao
health hazards

9.1

14

Example: the telephone channel

CO

sing terli
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c
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P
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DigNetwork
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and 2013
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P
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9.1

15

Example: the telephone channel

9.1

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
power limited by law to 0.2-0.7V
rms
l Sig nd Ma
a
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Dig doni a 13
noise is rather low: SNR usually
20
ran30dB ormore
P
o
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Pao
s
one channel from around 300Hz to around 3000Hz
roce

16

Example: the telephone channel

9.1

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
power limited by law to 0.2-0.7V
rms
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
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Dig doni a 13
noise is rather low: SNR usually
20
ran30dB ormore
P
o
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Pao
s
one channel from around 300Hz to around 3000Hz
roce

16

Example: the telephone channel

9.1

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
power limited by law to 0.2-0.7V
rms
l Sig nd Ma
a
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Dig doni a 13
noise is rather low: SNR usually
20
ran30dB ormore
P
o
l
Pao
s
one channel from around 300Hz to around 3000Hz
roce

16

The all-digital paradigm

keep everything digital until we hit the physical channel

..01100
01010...

sing terli
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c
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P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
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l
d
ta
s[n]
Digi TXdoni an 13 D/A
ran 20
P
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ao

9.1

s(t)

Fs = 1/Ts

17

Lets look at the channel constraints

sing terli
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e
c
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P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
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l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13power constraint
ran 20
P
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ao
bandwidth constraint

9.1

Fmin

Fmax

18

Converting the specs to a digital design

sing terli
s
e
c
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P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
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Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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ao

9.1

Fmin

Fmax

19

Converting the specs to a digital design

sing terli
s
e
c
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P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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ao

9.1

Fmin

Fmax

Fs /2

19

Converting the specs to a digital design

sing terli
s
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c
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P
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a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
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Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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ao

9.1

min

max

20

Transmitter design
some working hypotheses:

9.1

convert the bitstream into a sequence of symbols a[n] via a mapper

ng
model a[n] as a white random sequence (add a scrambler
rli bitstream to make sure)
essi on ethe

roc in Vett
P
l
a
now we need to convert a[n] into a continuous-time
gn
art signal within the constraints
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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Pao

21

Transmitter design
some working hypotheses:

9.1

convert the bitstream into a sequence of symbols a[n] via a mapper

ng
model a[n] as a white random sequence (add a scrambler
rli bitstream to make sure)
essi on ethe

roc in Vett
P
l
a
now we need to convert a[n] into a continuous-time
gn
art signal within the constraints
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

21

Transmitter design
some working hypotheses:

9.1

convert the bitstream into a sequence of symbols a[n] via a mapper

ng
model a[n] as a white random sequence (add a scrambler
rli bitstream to make sure)
essi on ethe

roc in Vett
P
l
a
now we need to convert a[n] into a continuous-time
gn
art signal within the constraints
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

21

Transmitter design
some working hypotheses:

9.1

convert the bitstream into a sequence of symbols a[n] via a mapper

ng
model a[n] as a white random sequence (add a scrambler
rli bitstream to make sure)
essi on ethe

roc in Vett
P
l
a
now we need to convert a[n] into a continuous-time
gn
art signal within the constraints
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
a[n]
P
o
l
..01100
o
a
Mapper
?
s(t)
P Scrambler
01010...

21

First problem: the bandwidth constraint

Pa (e j ) = a2

sing terli
s
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c
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P
l
a
gn
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i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
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ao

a2

9.1

min

max

22

First problem: the bandwidth constraint

Pa (e j ) = a2

sing terli
s
e
c
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P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
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ao

a2

9.1

min

max

22

sing terli
s
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c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
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i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

END OF MODULE 9.1

P

sing terli
s
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c
t
Signal Processing
ro in VeDigital
P
l
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
tal S i and M Module 9.2: Controlling the Bandwidth
i
g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
r
P

aolo

Overview:

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Upsampling
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Fitting the transmitters spectrum
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

23

Overview:

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Upsampling
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Fitting the transmitters spectrum
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

23

Shaping the bandwidth

sing terli
s
e
c
et
ro spectral
Vsupport
P
bandwidth constraint requires us to control
the
of a signal
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
S
tal i andof M
we need to be able to shrink
a full-band signal
Digi thedsupport
on 013
n
a
the answer is multirate techniques
2
lo Pr
o
a
P

Our problem:

9.2

24

Shaping the bandwidth

sing terli
s
e
c
et
ro spectral
Vsupport
P
bandwidth constraint requires us to control
the
of a signal
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
S
tal i andof M
we need to be able to shrink
a full-band signal
Digi thedsupport
on 013
n
a
the answer is multirate techniques
2
lo Pr
o
a
P

Our problem:

9.2

24

Shaping the bandwidth

sing terli
s
e
c
et
ro spectral
Vsupport
P
bandwidth constraint requires us to control
the
of a signal
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
S
tal i andof M
we need to be able to shrink
a full-band signal
Digi thedsupport
on 013
n
a
the answer is multirate techniques
2
lo Pr
o
a
P

Our problem:

9.2

24

Multirate signal processing

sing terli
s
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c
Vet signal
P
increase or decrease the number of samples
inroa discrete-time
l
n
i
a
t
Sign nd Mar
l
a
t
i
equivalent to going to continuous
and resampling
Dig time
oni a 013
d
n
ra
staying in the digital worldloisPcleaner
2
o
a
P

In a nutshell:

9.2

25

Multirate signal processing

sing terli
s
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c
Vet signal
P
increase or decrease the number of samples
inroa discrete-time
l
n
i
a
t
Sign nd Mar
l
a
t
i
equivalent to going to continuous
and resampling
Dig time
oni a 013
d
n
ra
staying in the digital worldloisPcleaner
2
o
a
P

In a nutshell:

9.2

25

Multirate signal processing

sing terli
s
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c
Vet signal
P
increase or decrease the number of samples
inroa discrete-time
l
n
i
a
t
Sign nd Mar
l
a
t
i
equivalent to going to continuous
and resampling
Dig time
oni a 013
d
n
ra
staying in the digital worldloisPcleaner
2
o
a
P

In a nutshell:

9.2

25

Upsampling via continuous time

sing terli
s
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c
Pro tin Vet x [n]
Int gnal
Mar
l Si
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
20 Ts /K
raTns
P

o
l
ao
xc (t)

x[n]

9.2

26

Upsampling (K = 3)
x[n]

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

27

Upsampling (K = 3)
xc (t)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

27

Upsampling (K = 3)

b
b

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

27

Upsampling (K = 3)
x [n]
b

b
b

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

27

Upsampling

As per usual, we can choose Ts = 1...

g
erli
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
m= l P
na Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
D igi doni an 13
x [n]r=
anxc (n/K) 20
P
o
l
o
xc (t) =

Pa

m=

9.2

n
x[m] sinc(t
essi m)

x[m] sinc

n

28

Upsampling

As per usual, we can choose Ts = 1...

g
erli
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
m= l P
na Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
D igi doni an 13
x [n]r=
anxc (n/K) 20
P
o
l
o
xc (t) =

Pa

m=

9.2

n
x[m] sinc(t
essi m)

x[m] sinc

n

28

X (e j )

Upsampling (frequency domain)

1
0

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
/2

9.2

29

X (e j )

Upsampling (frequency domain)

1
0

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13 = /T
ran 20
P
o
l

ao

X (j)

/2

9.2

29

X (e j )

Upsampling (frequency domain)

1
0

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13 = /(T /K )
ran 20
P
o
l
0

ao

X (j)

/2

9.2

29

X (e j )

Upsampling (frequency domain)

1
0

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13 = /(T /K )
ran 20
P
o
l
0

ao

X (j)

/2

X (e j )

9.2

1
0

/2

/4

/2

29

Upsampling in the digital domain

what can we do purely digitally?

we need to increase the number of samples by K

sing terli
s
e
c
obviously xU [m] = x[n] when m multiple ofPKro
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
Mar
l Sig elsewhere
for lack of a better strategy, put
zeros
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
example for K = 3:
ran 20
P
o
l
Paxo [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
U

9.2

30

Upsampling in the digital domain

what can we do purely digitally?

we need to increase the number of samples by K

sing terli
s
e
c
obviously xU [m] = x[n] when m multiple ofPKro
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
Mar
l Sig elsewhere
for lack of a better strategy, put
zeros
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
example for K = 3:
ran 20
P
o
l
Paxo [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
U

9.2

30

Upsampling in the digital domain

what can we do purely digitally?

we need to increase the number of samples by K

sing terli
s
e
c
obviously xU [m] = x[n] when m multiple ofPKro
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
Mar
l Sig elsewhere
for lack of a better strategy, put
zeros
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
example for K = 3:
ran 20
P
o
l
Paxo [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
U

9.2

30

Upsampling in the digital domain

what can we do purely digitally?

we need to increase the number of samples by K

sing terli
s
e
c
obviously xU [m] = x[n] when m multiple ofPKro
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
Mar
l Sig elsewhere
for lack of a better strategy, put
zeros
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
example for K = 3:
ran 20
P
o
l
Paxo [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
U

9.2

30

Upsampling in the Time Domain

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

31

Upsampling in the Time Domain

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

0
b

9.2

31

Upsampling in the digital domain

in the frequency domain

ing
l Pr rtin V
m=
a
n
g
i d Ma
tal S i X
i
an x[n]e jnK
g
i
D
=n
o
d
013
an n=
2
r
P

aolo
j

XU (e ) =

9.2

essjmetterl
xoUc[m]e

= X (e jK )

32

Upsampling in the digital domain

in the frequency domain

ing
l Pr rtin V
m=
a
n
g
i d Ma
tal S i X
i
an x[n]e jnK
g
i
D
=n
o
d
013
an n=
2
r
P

aolo
j

XU (e ) =

9.2

essjmetterl
xoUc[m]e

= X (e jK )

32

Upsampling in the digital domain

in the frequency domain

ing
l Pr rtin V
m=
a
n
g
i d Ma
tal S i X
i
an x[n]e jnK
g
i
D
=n
o
d
013
an n=
2
r
P

aolo
j

XU (e ) =

9.2

essjmetterl
xoUc[m]e

= X (e jK )

32

X (e j )

Upsampling in the digital domain

1
0

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
/2

9.2

33

X (e j )

Upsampling in the digital domain

1

X (e j )

1
0
5

9.2

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
4 a
o 2 0 2 3 4
P3
/2

33

X (e j )

Upsampling in the digital domain

1

X (e j )

XU (e j )

0
5

9.2

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
4 a
o 2 0 2 3 4
P3
/2

1
0

/2

/2

33

X (e j )

Upsampling in the digital domain

1

X (e j )

XU (e j )

0
5

9.2

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
4 a
o 2 0 2 3 4
P3
/2

1
0

/2

/2

33

X (e j )

Upsampling in the digital domain

1

X (e j )

XU (e j )

0
5

9.2

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
4 a
o 2 0 2 3 4
P3
/2

1
0

/2

/2

33

X (e j )

Upsampling in the digital domain

1

X (e j )

XU (e j )

0
5

9.2

sing/2 ter3/4
li
s
e
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
4 a
o 2 0 2 3 4
P3
/2

1
0

/2

/4

/2

33

Upsampling in the digital domain

back in time domain...

insert K 1 zeros after every sample

ideal lowpass filtering with c = /K

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
g(n)
art )
i
S
M
l
x [n]
=
x

sinc(n/K
U
d
ta
Digi doX
ni an 13 


an= x20[i ] sinc n i

r
P
U
olo

Pa

m=

9.2

i =

x[m] sinc

n


34

Upsampling in the digital domain

back in time domain...

insert K 1 zeros after every sample

ideal lowpass filtering with c = /K

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
g(n)
art )
i
S
M
l
x [n]
=
x

sinc(n/K
U
d
ta
Digi doX
ni an 13 


an= x20[i ] sinc n i

r
P
U
olo

Pa

m=

9.2

i =

x[m] sinc

n


34

Downsampling

9.2

ing
l Pr rtin Ve
a
n
g
a]
i
M[nK
=dxU
tal S x[n]
n
i
a
g
i
i
D
doncomplicated
n
013 (aliasing)
a
downsampling of generic signals
more
2
r
P

lo
Pao

l
ss original:
given an upsampled signal we can always recover
tter
ocethe

35

Downsampling

9.2

ing
l Pr rtin Ve
a
n
g
a]
i
M[nK
=dxU
tal S x[n]
n
i
a
g
i
i
D
doncomplicated
n
013 (aliasing)
a
downsampling of generic signals
more
2
r
P

lo
Pao

l
ss original:
given an upsampled signal we can always recover
tter
ocethe

35

Remember the bandwidth constraint?

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

Fmin

Fmax

Fs /2

36

Heres a neat trick

let W = Fmax Fmin ; pick Fs so that:

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Fs = KW , K N
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
W
2 Pran

o
l
max min = 2
=
o
Fs Pa K

Fs > 2Fmax (obviously)

we can simply upsample by K

37

Heres a neat trick

let W = Fmax Fmin ; pick Fs so that:

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Fs = KW , K N
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
W
2 Pran

o
l
max min = 2
=
o
Fs Pa K

Fs > 2Fmax (obviously)

we can simply upsample by K

37

Heres a neat trick

let W = Fmax Fmin ; pick Fs so that:

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Fs = KW , K N
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
W
2 Pran

o
l
max min = 2
=
o
Fs Pa K

Fs > 2Fmax (obviously)

we can simply upsample by K

37

Heres a neat trick

let W = Fmax Fmin ; pick Fs so that:

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Fs = KW , K N
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
W
2 Pran

o
l
max min = 2
=
o
Fs Pa K

Fs > 2Fmax (obviously)

we can simply upsample by K

37

Data rates

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper second
art
we produce (and transmit) W symbols
i
S
M
l
nd
igita onofi athe
W is sometimes called theDBaud nrate
d
13 and is equal to the available
0system
a
2
r
P

bandwidth
lo
Pao

upsampling does not change the data rate

38

Data rates

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper second
art
we produce (and transmit) W symbols
i
S
M
l
nd
igita onofi athe
W is sometimes called theDBaud nrate
d
13 and is equal to the available
0system
a
2
r
P

bandwidth
lo
Pao

upsampling does not change the data rate

38

Data rates

9.2

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper second
art
we produce (and transmit) W symbols
i
S
M
l
nd
igita onofi athe
W is sometimes called theDBaud nrate
d
13 and is equal to the available
0system
a
2
r
P

bandwidth
lo
Pao

upsampling does not change the data rate

38

Transmitter design, continued

..01100
01010...

9.2

Mapper
ing

a[n]

ess etterli
c
o
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
ital ni and s[n]
Digb[n]
o
and 2013 D/A
r
P
aolo
Scrambler

s(t)

cos c n

39

Meeting the bandwidth constraint

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

min

max

40

Meeting the bandwidth constraint

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

min

max

40

Meeting the bandwidth constraint

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

min

max

40

Meeting the bandwidth constraint

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

min

max

40

Raised Cosine

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

P
0

9.2

/2

/2

41

Raised Cosine

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

P
0

9.2

/2

/2

41

Raised Cosine

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

P
0

9.2

/2

/2

41

Raised Cosine

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

P
0

9.2

/2

/2

41

Raised Cosine

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

b
b

18

9.2

P
b

12

0
b

12

b
b

18

42

Spectral shaping with raised cosine

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.2

min

max

43

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

END OF MODULE 9.2

P

sing terli
s
e
c
t
Signal Processing
ro in VeDigital
P
l
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
tal S i and M
i
g
Module 9.3: Controlling the Power
i
D
on 013
d
n
Pra
2
aolo

Overview:

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
M
Signaling alphabet and power tal Sig
d
Digi doni an 13
QAM signaling
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
Noise and probability of error

44

Overview:

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
M
Signaling alphabet and power tal Sig
d
Digi doni an 13
QAM signaling
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
Noise and probability of error

44

Overview:

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
M
Signaling alphabet and power tal Sig
d
Digi doni an 13
QAM signaling
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
Noise and probability of error

44

Transmission reliability

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
receiver obtaines a sequence a[n] ign
art
S
M
l
d
ita noise:
even if no distortion we cant
Digavoid
ni ana[n]1=
o
3 a[n] + [n]
d
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
when noise is large, weamake
P o an error

transmitter sends a sequence of symbols a[n]

45

Transmission reliability

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
receiver obtaines a sequence a[n] ign
art
S
M
l
d
ita noise:
even if no distortion we cant
Digavoid
ni ana[n]1=
o
3 a[n] + [n]
d
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
when noise is large, weamake
P o an error

transmitter sends a sequence of symbols a[n]

45

Transmission reliability

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
receiver obtaines a sequence a[n] ign
art
S
M
l
d
ita noise:
even if no distortion we cant
Digavoid
ni ana[n]1=
o
3 a[n] + [n]
d
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
when noise is large, weamake
P o an error

transmitter sends a sequence of symbols a[n]

45

Transmission reliability

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
receiver obtaines a sequence a[n] ign
art
S
M
l
d
ita noise:
even if no distortion we cant
Digavoid
ni ana[n]1=
o
3 a[n] + [n]
d
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
when noise is large, weamake
P o an error

transmitter sends a sequence of symbols a[n]

45

Probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
power of the noise wrt power of the signal
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
decoding strategy
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
alphabet of transmission symbols
o
l
Pao

depends on:

9.3

46

Probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
power of the noise wrt power of the signal
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
decoding strategy
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
alphabet of transmission symbols
o
l
Pao

depends on:

9.3

46

Probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
power of the noise wrt power of the signal
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
decoding strategy
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
alphabet of transmission symbols
o
l
Pao

depends on:

9.3

46

Signaling alphabets

9.3

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
Signinterpolated
Mar samples over the channel
we want to send some upsampled
l and
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
how do we go from bitstream rtoan
samples? 20
P

o
l
Pao
we have a (randomized) bitstream coming in roces

47

Signaling alphabets

9.3

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
Signinterpolated
Mar samples over the channel
we want to send some upsampled
l and
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
how do we go from bitstream rtoan
samples? 20
P

o
l
Pao
we have a (randomized) bitstream coming in roces

47

Signaling alphabets

9.3

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
Signinterpolated
Mar samples over the channel
we want to send some upsampled
l and
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
how do we go from bitstream rtoan
samples? 20
P

o
l
Pao
we have a (randomized) bitstream coming in roces

47

Mappers and slicers

mapper:

split incoming bitstream into chunks

r
s chunk
assign a symbol a[n] from a finite alphabet A otoceeach
ette

slicer:

sing
l Pr rtin V
a
n
g
a
i
tal S i and M
i
g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
r
P

aolo

9.3

receive a value a[n]

decide which symbol from A is closest to a[n]

piece back together the corresponding bitstream

li

48

Example: two-level signaling

mapper:

sing terli
s
e
c
riso0 in Vet
P
a[n] = G if the bit is 1, a[n] = G if the bit
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
slicer:
ran 20
P
(
o
l
1 if a[n]
Pa>o0
n-th bit =

split incoming bitstream into single bits

0 otherwise

9.3

49

Example: two-level signaling

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

0
1
b

2
0

9.3

10

15

20

25

30

50

Example: two-level signaling

2
b

b
b

0
b

bb

bb

b
b

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

2
0

9.3

10

15

20

25

30

50

Example: two-level signaling

2
b

b
b

0
b

bb

bb

b
b

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

2
0

9.3

10

15

20

25

30

50

Example: two-level signaling

lets look at the probability of error after making some hypotheses:

g

9.3

n
essi etterli
c
o
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
bits in bitstream are equiprobable
l
igita oni and 3
D
noise and signal are independent
and 201
r
P
olo noise with zero mean and variance
PaGaussian
noise is additive white
0

a[n] = a[n] + [n]

51

Example: two-level signaling

Perr = P[ [n] < G | n-th bit is 1 ] P[ n-th bit is 1 ]+

P[ [n] > G | n-th bit is 0s]sP[
ingn-th bitrliis 0 ]

roce
Sig nd Ma
l
a
t
i
= P[ [n]ig> G ]
D
oni a 013
d
n
Z
P1ra 2
q
= Paolo
d
e
2
G

ette

V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +
naP[l P[n] >rGtin])/2
2
2 2
0

20

= Q(G /0 ) =

9.3

1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2

52

Example: two-level signaling

Perr = P[ [n] < G | n-th bit is 1 ] P[ n-th bit is 1 ]+

P[ [n] > G | n-th bit is 0s]sP[
ingn-th bitrliis 0 ]

roce
Sig nd Ma
l
a
t
i
= P[ [n]ig> G ]
D
oni a 013
d
n
Z
P1ra 2
q
= Paolo
d
e
2
G

ette

V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +
naP[l P[n] >rGtin])/2
2
2 2
0

20

= Q(G /0 ) =

9.3

1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2

52

Example: two-level signaling

Perr = P[ [n] < G | n-th bit is 1 ] P[ n-th bit is 1 ]+

P[ [n] > G | n-th bit is 0s]sP[
ingn-th bitrliis 0 ]

roce
Sig nd Ma
l
a
t
i
= P[ [n]ig> G ]
D
oni a 013
d
n
Z
P1ra 2
q
= Paolo
d
e
2
G

ette

V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +
naP[l P[n] >rGtin])/2
2
2 2
0

20

= Q(G /0 ) =

9.3

1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2

52

Example: two-level signaling

Perr = P[ [n] < G | n-th bit is 1 ] P[ n-th bit is 1 ]+

P[ [n] > G | n-th bit is 0s]sP[
ingn-th bitrliis 0 ]

roce
Sig nd Ma
l
a
t
i
= P[ [n]ig> G ]
D
oni a 013
d
n
Z
P1ra 2
q
= Paolo
d
e
2
G

ette

V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +
naP[l P[n] >rGtin])/2
2
2 2
0

20

= Q(G /0 ) =

9.3

1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2

52

Example: two-level signaling

Perr = P[ [n] < G | n-th bit is 1 ] P[ n-th bit is 1 ]+

P[ [n] > G | n-th bit is 0s]sP[
ingn-th bitrliis 0 ]

roce
Sig nd Ma
l
a
t
i
= P[ [n]ig> G ]
D
oni a 013
d
n
Z
P1ra 2
q
= Paolo
d
e
2
G

ette

V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +
naP[l P[n] >rGtin])/2
2
2 2
0

20

= Q(G /0 ) =

9.3

1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2

52

Example: two-level signaling

transmitted power

g
s2 = G 2 P[n-th bit is 1] + G 2 P[n-th
ssin bit isrl0]i
roce in Vette
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
= G2

9.3

Perr = Q(s /0 ) = Q( SNR)

53

Example: two-level signaling

transmitted power

g
s2 = G 2 P[n-th bit is 1] + G 2 P[n-th
ssin bit isrl0]i
roce in Vette
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
= G2

9.3

Perr = Q(s /0 ) = Q( SNR)

53

Example: two-level signaling

transmitted power

g
s2 = G 2 P[n-th bit is 1] + G 2 P[n-th
ssin bit isrl0]i
roce in Vette
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
= G2

9.3

Perr = Q(s /0 ) = Q( SNR)

53

Probability of error

Perr

100

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

1010

1020

P
0

9.3

10
SNR (dB)

20

54

Lesson learned:

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
increasing G increases the power
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
we cant go above the channels
constraint!
20
ranpower
P
o
l
Pao
to reduce the probability of error increase G

55

Lesson learned:

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
increasing G increases the power
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
we cant go above the channels
constraint!
20
ranpower
P
o
l
Pao
to reduce the probability of error increase G

55

Lesson learned:

9.3

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
increasing G increases the power
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
we cant go above the channels
constraint!
20
ranpower
P
o
l
Pao
to reduce the probability of error increase G

55

Multilevel signaling

9.3

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
r
ignmultilevel
Masignaling
to increase the throughput we can
l Suse
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
many ways to do so, we will just
20surface
ranscratchthe
P
o
l
Pao
s
binary signaling is not very efficient (one bit at
rocaetime)

56

Multilevel signaling

9.3

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
r
ignmultilevel
Masignaling
to increase the throughput we can
l Suse
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
many ways to do so, we will just
20surface
ranscratchthe
P
o
l
Pao
s
binary signaling is not very efficient (one bit at
rocaetime)

56

Multilevel signaling

9.3

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
r
ignmultilevel
Masignaling
to increase the throughput we can
l Suse
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
many ways to do so, we will just
20surface
ranscratchthe
P
o
l
Pao
s
binary signaling is not very efficient (one bit at
rocaetime)

56

PAM

mapper:

sing terli
s
e
c
chunks define a sequence of integers k[n] P{0,
ro1, . . .i,n2MVet 1}
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
M
l
a[n] = G ((2 + 1) + 2k[n]) i(odd
ta integersdaround zero)
Dig doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
slicer:

split incoming bitstream into chunks of M bits

a [n] = arg min[|a[n] a|]

aA

9.3

57

PAM, M = 2, G = 1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro 1 in Vet 3
P
l
3
1
0
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
distance between points is 2GPran

o
l
Pao
using odd integers creates a zero-mean sequence
b

9.3

58

PAM, M = 2, G = 1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro 1 in Vet 3
P
l
3
1
0
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
distance between points is 2GPran

o
l
Pao
using odd integers creates a zero-mean sequence
b

9.3

58

PAM, M = 2, G = 1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro 1 in Vet 3
P
l
3
1
0
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
distance between points is 2GPran

o
l
Pao
using odd integers creates a zero-mean sequence
b

9.3

58

From PAM to QAM

9.3

sing
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
can we increase the throughputta
even
l further?d M
Digi doni an 13
heres a wild idea, lets use complex
20
ran numbers
P

o
l
Pao

r
es
error analysis for PAM along the lines of binary
ette
rocsignaling

li

59

From PAM to QAM

9.3

sing
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
can we increase the throughputta
even
l further?d M
Digi doni an 13
heres a wild idea, lets use complex
20
ran numbers
P

o
l
Pao

r
es
error analysis for PAM along the lines of binary
ette
rocsignaling

li

59

From PAM to QAM

9.3

sing
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
can we increase the throughputta
even
l further?d M
Digi doni an 13
heres a wild idea, lets use complex
20
ran numbers
P

o
l
Pao

r
es
error analysis for PAM along the lines of binary
ette
rocsignaling

li

59

QAM
mapper:

split incoming bitstream into chunks of M bits, M even

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gann independent
art PAM sequence ai [n]
use the remaining M/2 bits to define
i
S
M
l
igita oni and 3
a[n] = G (ar [n] + jai [n]) D
and 201
r
P
lo
Pao
use M/2 bits to define a PAM sequence ar [n]

slicer:

a [n] = arg min[|a[n] a|]

aA

9.3

60

QAM, M = 2, G = 1
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
1
Re
ran1 20
P
o
l
o
b

Pa

9.3

61

QAM, M = 4, G = 1
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn1
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
3
3
Re
ran 1 20 1
P
o
l
1
ao
b

b
b

b
b

9.3

62

QAM, M = 8, G = 1
Im
b

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.3

63

QAM
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

b
b

b
b

9.3

64

QAM
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

b
b

b
b

9.3

64

QAM
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

b
b

b
b

9.3

64

QAM
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn Mart
i
S
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

b
b

b
b

9.3

64

QAM
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

b
b

b
b

9.3

64

QAM
Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

b
b

b
b

9.3

64

QAM, probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
Perr = P[| Re([n])| > G P
]+
roP[| Im([n])|
Vet > G ]
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig n<d GMa | Im([n])| < G ]
= 1 P[|
Re([n])|
a
t
i
DigZ doni a 13
n
20
= 1oPra f (z) dz

l
D
Pao

9.3

65

QAM, probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
Perr = P[| Re([n])| > G P
]+
roP[| Im([n])|
Vet > G ]
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig n<d GMa | Im([n])| < G ]
= 1 P[|
Re([n])|
a
t
i
DigZ doni a 13
n
20
= 1oPra f (z) dz

l
D
Pao

9.3

65

QAM, probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
Perr = P[| Re([n])| > G P
]+
roP[| Im([n])|
Vet > G ]
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig n<d GMa | Im([n])| < G ]
= 1 P[|
Re([n])|
a
t
i
DigZ doni a 13
n
20
= 1oPra f (z) dz

l
D
Pao

9.3

65

QAM, probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an G13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

9.3

66

QAM, probability of error

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn Mart
i
S
l
ta Perr ed
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
o
G2
2
0

Pa

9.3

67

QAM, probability of error

transmitted power (all symbols equiprobable and independent):
s2 = G 2

1 X 2
|a| ng
2M
essi

erli
aA
t
c
t
o
e
r
al P
tin V
n
2 2 M ar
g
i
S
tal = G (2d M 1)
Digi doni a3n 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

Perr e

9.3

G2

(M+1)

e 32

SNR

68

QAM, probability of error

transmitted power (all symbols equiprobable and independent):
s2 = G 2

1 X 2
|a| ng
2M
essi

erli
aA
t
c
t
o
e
r
al P
tin V
n
2 2 M ar
g
i
S
tal = G (2d M 1)
Digi doni a3n 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

Perr e

9.3

G2

(M+1)

e 32

SNR

68

QAM, probability of error

transmitted power (all symbols equiprobable and independent):
s2 = G 2

1 X 2
|a| ng
2M
essi

erli
aA
t
c
t
o
e
r
al P
tin V
n
2 2 M ar
g
i
S
tal = G (2d M 1)
Digi doni a3n 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

Perr e

9.3

G2

(M+1)

e 32

SNR

68

Probability of error

Perr

100

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
DigiQAMdoni an 13
4-point
n
20
16-point
raQAM
P

o
l
64-point
QAM
o

1010

Pa

1020

9.3

10

20
SNR (dB)

30

69

Probability of error

Perr

100

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
DigiQAMdoni an 13
4-point
n
20
16-point
raQAM
P

o
l
64-point
QAM
o

1010

Pa

1020

9.3

10

20
SNR (dB)

30

69

Probability of error

Perr

100

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
DigiQAMdoni an 13
4-point
n
20
16-point
raQAM
P

o
l
64-point
QAM
o

1010

Pa

1020

9.3

10

20
SNR (dB)

30

69

QAM, the recipe

9.3

pick a probability of error you can live with (e.g. 106

in)g

ess etterli
c
o
r
find out the SNR imposed by the channels
constraint
tin V
nal Ppower
r
g
a
i
S


dM
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni an 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
ran 20
P
o
l
final throughput will P
beao
MW

70

QAM, the recipe

9.3

pick a probability of error you can live with (e.g. 106

in)g

ess etterli
c
o
r
find out the SNR imposed by the channels
constraint
tin V
nal Ppower
r
g
a
i
S


dM
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni an 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
ran 20
P
o
l
final throughput will P
beao
MW

70

QAM, the recipe

9.3

pick a probability of error you can live with (e.g. 106

in)g

ess etterli
c
o
r
find out the SNR imposed by the channels
constraint
tin V
nal Ppower
r
g
a
i
S


dM
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni an 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
ran 20
P
o
l
final throughput will P
beao
MW

70

QAM, the recipe

9.3

pick a probability of error you can live with (e.g. 106

in)g

ess etterli
c
o
r
find out the SNR imposed by the channels
constraint
tin V
nal Ppower
r
g
a
i
S


dM
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni an 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
ran 20
P
o
l
final throughput will P
beao
MW

70

QAM

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn symbolMwe
artcan use given the power constraint
i
with QAM, we know how many bits
per
S
l
igita oni and 3
D
we know the theoretical throughput
01
and of the
2transmitter
r
P

o
l
Pao

where we stand:

we know how to fit the bandwidth constraint

but how do we transmit complex symbols over a real channel?

9.3

71

QAM

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn symbolMwe
artcan use given the power constraint
i
with QAM, we know how many bits
per
S
l
igita oni and 3
D
we know the theoretical throughput
01
and of the
2transmitter
r
P

o
l
Pao

where we stand:

we know how to fit the bandwidth constraint

but how do we transmit complex symbols over a real channel?

9.3

71

QAM

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn symbolMwe
artcan use given the power constraint
i
with QAM, we know how many bits
per
S
l
igita oni and 3
D
we know the theoretical throughput
01
and of the
2transmitter
r
P

o
l
Pao

where we stand:

we know how to fit the bandwidth constraint

but how do we transmit complex symbols over a real channel?

9.3

71

QAM

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn symbolMwe
artcan use given the power constraint
i
with QAM, we know how many bits
per
S
l
igita oni and 3
D
we know the theoretical throughput
01
and of the
2transmitter
r
P

o
l
Pao

where we stand:

we know how to fit the bandwidth constraint

but how do we transmit complex symbols over a real channel?

9.3

71

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

END OF MODULE 9.3

P

sing terli
s
e
c
t
Signal Processing
ro in VeDigital
P
l
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
tal S i and M
i
g
Module
9.4: Modulation and Demodulation
i
D
on 013
d
n
Pra
2
aolo

Overview:

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

s
Trasmitting and recovering the complex passband
roce signal

Design example

Channel capacity

9.4

72

Overview:

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

s
Trasmitting and recovering the complex passband
roce signal

Design example

Channel capacity

9.4

72

Overview:

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

s
Trasmitting and recovering the complex passband
roce signal

Design example

Channel capacity

9.4

72

QAM transmitter design

a[n]

..01100
01010...

Scrambler

Mapper

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
gb[n]
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an . 1. .3
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

b[n] = br [n] + jbi [n] is a complex-valued baseband signal

9.4

73

QAM transmitter design

a[n]

..01100
01010...

Scrambler

Mapper

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
gb[n]
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an . 1. .3
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

b[n] = br [n] + jbi [n] is a complex-valued baseband signal

9.4

73

Complex baseband signal

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.4

min

max

74

The passband signal

sing terli
s
e
c
s[n] = Re{b[n] e j n } l Pro
Vet
n
i
a
t
n
Marc n + j sin c n)}
l S+igjbi [n])(cos
d
a
= Re{(b
[n]
t
r
n
i
Dig doni a 13
0 sin c n
= br [n]
b2
an c n
i [n]
rcos
P

o
l
Pao
c

9.4

75

The passband signal

sing terli
s
e
c
s[n] = Re{b[n] e j n } l Pro
Vet
n
i
a
t
n
Marc n + j sin c n)}
l S+igjbi [n])(cos
d
a
= Re{(b
[n]
t
r
n
i
Dig doni a 13
0 sin c n
= br [n]
b2
an c n
i [n]
rcos
P

o
l
Pao
c

9.4

75

The passband signal

sing terli
s
e
c
s[n] = Re{b[n] e j n } l Pro
Vet
n
i
a
t
n
Marc n + j sin c n)}
l S+igjbi [n])(cos
d
a
= Re{(b
[n]
t
r
n
i
Dig doni a 13
0 sin c n
= br [n]
b2
an c n
i [n]
rcos
P

o
l
Pao
c

9.4

75

Complex baseband signal

Re

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni a0n 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

DTFT {br [n]}

9.4

76

Complex baseband signal

Re

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni a0n 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

DTFT {br [n]}

DTFT {bi [n]}

9.4

76

Complex baseband signal

Re

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni a0n 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

DTFT {bi [n] cos c n}

DTFT {bi [n]}

9.4

76

Complex baseband signal

Re

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni a0n 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

DTFT {bi [n] cos c n}

DTFT {bi [n] sin c n}

9.4

76

Recovering the baseband signal

lets try the usual method (multiplying by the carrier, see Module 5.5):

sing terli
s
e
c
tn
rboi [n] sinincVn ecos
P
s[n] cos c n = br [n] cos2 canl
c
t
gn
ar
i
S
M
l
sin 2 n
ta1 + cos 2dn
=
Dibgri[n] doni2 an c 13 bi [n] 2 c
ran 20
P
o
l
1
Pao = br [n] + 1 (br [n] cos 2c n bi [n] sin 2c n)
2

9.4

77

Recovering the baseband signal

lets try the usual method (multiplying by the carrier, see Module 5.5):

sing terli
s
e
c
tn
rboi [n] sinincVn ecos
P
s[n] cos c n = br [n] cos2 canl
c
t
gn
ar
i
S
M
l
sin 2 n
ta1 + cos 2dn
=
Dibgri[n] doni2 an c 13 bi [n] 2 c
ran 20
P
o
l
1
Pao = br [n] + 1 (br [n] cos 2c n bi [n] sin 2c n)
2

9.4

77

Recovering the baseband signal

lets try the usual method (multiplying by the carrier, see Module 5.5):

sing terli
s
e
c
tn
rboi [n] sinincVn ecos
P
s[n] cos c n = br [n] cos2 canl
c
t
gn
ar
i
S
M
l
sin 2 n
ta1 + cos 2dn
=
Dibgri[n] doni2 an c 13 bi [n] 2 c
ran 20
P
o
l
1
Pao = br [n] + 1 (br [n] cos 2c n bi [n] sin 2c n)
2

9.4

77

Recovering the baseband signal

lets try the usual method (multiplying by the carrier, see Module 5.5):

sing terli
s
e
c
tn
rboi [n] sinincVn ecos
P
s[n] cos c n = br [n] cos2 canl
c
t
gn
ar
i
S
M
l
sin 2 n
ta1 + cos 2dn
=
Dibgri[n] doni2 an c 13 bi [n] 2 c
ran 20
P
o
l
1
Pao = br [n] + 1 (br [n] cos 2c n bi [n] sin 2c n)
2

9.4

77

Complex baseband signal

DTFT {br [n] cos c n bi [n] sin c n}

Re

9.4

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 020
P
o
l
ao

78

Complex baseband signal

DTFT {(br [n] cos c n bi [n] sin c n) cos c n}

Re

9.4

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 020
P
o
l
ao

78

Complex baseband signal

DTFT {(br [n] cos c n bi [n] sin c n) cos c n}

Re

9.4

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 020
P
o
l
ao

78

Complex baseband signal

DTFT {br [n]}

Re

9.4

Im

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 020
P
o
l
ao

78

Recovering the baseband signal

9.4

sing terli
s
e
c
roused ininupsampling
Vet
P
as a lowpass filter, you can use the sameafilter
l
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
matched filter technique Dig
oni a 013
d
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P

79

Recovering the baseband signal

9.4

sing terli
s
e
c
roused ininupsampling
Vet
P
as a lowpass filter, you can use the sameafilter
l
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
matched filter technique Dig
oni a 013
d
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P

79

Recovering the baseband signal

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
rti [n] sin2 c n
gc nn sin c M
i
s[n] sin c n = br [n] cos

n ab
S
l
d
ta
Dig1i don1i an 13
0 sin 2c n bi [n] cos 2c n)
= Prbai n
[n] + (br2[n]

2
2
o
l
Pao
similarly:

9.4

80

Recovering the baseband signal

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
rti [n] sin2 c n
gc nn sin c M
i
s[n] sin c n = br [n] cos

n ab
S
l
d
ta
Dig1i don1i an 13
0 sin 2c n bi [n] cos 2c n)
= Prbai n
[n] + (br2[n]

2
2
o
l
Pao
similarly:

9.4

80

Recovering the baseband signal

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
rti [n] sin2 c n
gc nn sin c M
i
s[n] sin c n = br [n] cos

n ab
S
l
d
ta
Dig1i don1i an 13
0 sin 2c n bi [n] cos 2c n)
= Prbai n
[n] + (br2[n]

2
2
o
l
Pao
similarly:

9.4

80

QAM transmitter, final design

..01100
01010...

Mapper
ing

a[n]

ess etterli
c
o
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
tal i and
b[n]
s[n]
Digi doc[n]
n
3
1
Re
D/A
n
0
2
ra
P

o
l
ao
Scrambler

s(t)

e jc n

9.4

81

QAM receiver, idealized design

br [n]

s [n]
b

s (t)

cos c n
sin c n

b[n]

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet j
P
l
a

gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
bi [n]
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

a[n]

9.4

Slicer

Descrambler

..01100
01010...

82

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

9.4

g
analog telephone channel: Fmin = 450Hz, Fmax = 2850Hz
ssin

erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
lP
usable bandwidth: W = 2400Hz, center
Fticn= 1650Hz
nafrequency
r
g
a
i
S
l
n3d M
itathat
a
i
pick Fs = 3 2400 = 7200Hz,
K
=
Digso
n
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
c = 0.458
Pao

83

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

9.4

g
analog telephone channel: Fmin = 450Hz, Fmax = 2850Hz
ssin

erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
lP
usable bandwidth: W = 2400Hz, center
Fticn= 1650Hz
nafrequency
r
g
a
i
S
l
n3d M
itathat
a
i
pick Fs = 3 2400 = 7200Hz,
K
=
Digso
n
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
c = 0.458
Pao

83

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

9.4

g
analog telephone channel: Fmin = 450Hz, Fmax = 2850Hz
ssin

erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
lP
usable bandwidth: W = 2400Hz, center
Fticn= 1650Hz
nafrequency
r
g
a
i
S
l
n3d M
itathat
a
i
pick Fs = 3 2400 = 7200Hz,
K
=
Digso
n
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
c = 0.458
Pao

83

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

9.4

g
analog telephone channel: Fmin = 450Hz, Fmax = 2850Hz
ssin

erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
lP
usable bandwidth: W = 2400Hz, center
Fticn= 1650Hz
nafrequency
r
g
a
i
S
l
n3d M
itathat
a
i
pick Fs = 3 2400 = 7200Hz,
K
=
Digso
n
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
c = 0.458
Pao

83

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

maximum SNR: 22dB

pick Perr = 106

using QAM, we find

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art!
i
S
M
l
d 22/10
ta
Dig=i log2do1nia3n 10136 4.1865
M
0
)
ran 22ln(10
P
o
l
ao

P use a 16-point constellation

so we pick M = 4 and

9.4

final data rate is WM = 9600 bits per second

84

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

maximum SNR: 22dB

pick Perr = 106

using QAM, we find

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art!
i
S
M
l
d 22/10
ta
Dig=i log2do1nia3n 10136 4.1865
M
0
)
ran 22ln(10
P
o
l
ao

P use a 16-point constellation

so we pick M = 4 and

9.4

final data rate is WM = 9600 bits per second

84

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

maximum SNR: 22dB

pick Perr = 106

using QAM, we find

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art!
i
S
M
l
d 22/10
ta
Dig=i log2do1nia3n 10136 4.1865
M
0
)
ran 22ln(10
P
o
l
ao

P use a 16-point constellation

so we pick M = 4 and

9.4

final data rate is WM = 9600 bits per second

84

Example: the V.32 voiceband modem

maximum SNR: 22dB

pick Perr = 106

using QAM, we find

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art!
i
S
M
l
d 22/10
ta
Dig=i log2do1nia3n 10136 4.1865
M
0
)
ran 22ln(10
P
o
l
ao

P use a 16-point constellation

so we pick M = 4 and

9.4

final data rate is WM = 9600 bits per second

84

Theoretical channel capacity

we used very specific design choices to derive the throughput

what is the best one can do?

9.4

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
Shannons capacity formula is the upper
gn boundMart
i
S
l
ta
nd
Digi Cd=onWi alog
an 202 1(13+ SNR)
r
P
lo
Pao example C 17500 bps
for instance, for the previous
the gap can be narrowed by more advanced coding techniques

85

Theoretical channel capacity

we used very specific design choices to derive the throughput

what is the best one can do?

9.4

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
Shannons capacity formula is the upper
gn boundMart
i
S
l
ta
nd
Digi Cd=onWi alog
an 202 1(13+ SNR)
r
P
lo
Pao example C 17500 bps
for instance, for the previous
the gap can be narrowed by more advanced coding techniques

85

Theoretical channel capacity

we used very specific design choices to derive the throughput

what is the best one can do?

9.4

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
Shannons capacity formula is the upper
gn boundMart
i
S
l
ta
nd
Digi Cd=onWi alog
an 202 1(13+ SNR)
r
P
lo
Pao example C 17500 bps
for instance, for the previous
the gap can be narrowed by more advanced coding techniques

85

Theoretical channel capacity

we used very specific design choices to derive the throughput

what is the best one can do?

9.4

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
Shannons capacity formula is the upper
gn boundMart
i
S
l
ta
nd
Digi Cd=onWi alog
an 202 1(13+ SNR)
r
P
lo
Pao example C 17500 bps
for instance, for the previous
the gap can be narrowed by more advanced coding techniques

85

Theoretical channel capacity

we used very specific design choices to derive the throughput

what is the best one can do?

9.4

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
Shannons capacity formula is the upper
gn boundMart
i
S
l
ta
nd
Digi Cd=onWi alog
an 202 1(13+ SNR)
r
P
lo
Pao example C 17500 bps
for instance, for the previous
the gap can be narrowed by more advanced coding techniques

85

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

END OF MODULE 9.4

P

sing terli
s
e
c
t
Signal Processing
ro in VeDigital
P
l
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
tal S i and M
i
g
Module 9.5: Receiver Design
i
D
on 013
d
n
Pra
2
aolo

Overview:

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Adaptive equalization
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Timing recovery
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

86

Overview:

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
Adaptive equalization
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Timing recovery
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

86

A blast from the past

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.5

87

A blast from the past

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
t
ro or ainfaxVemachine
P
a sound familiar to anyone whos used a amodem
l
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
whats going on here?
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

87

Graphically
br [n]

s [n]
b

s (t)

cos c n
sin c n

b[n]

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet j
P
l
a

gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
bi [n]
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

a[n]

9.5

Slicer

Descrambler

..01100
01010...

88

Pilot tones

if s [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

sing
li
l
rtin + )n) + j sin( n)}
gna0)n) Mj asin((2
i
S
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2
+
l
c
c
0
0
igita oni and 3
D
= cos(0 n) + j sin(0an)nd
201
r
P

o
l
= e j n Pao

r n)}
es
= H{cos((c + 0 )n) cos(c n) j rcos((
ttesin(
b[n]
c
P oc c +Ve0)n)

9.5

89

Pilot tones

if s [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

sing
li
l
rtin + )n) + j sin( n)}
gna0)n) Mj asin((2
i
S
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2
+
l
c
c
0
0
igita oni and 3
D
= cos(0 n) + j sin(0an)nd
201
r
P

o
l
= e j n Pao

r n)}
es
= H{cos((c + 0 )n) cos(c n) j rcos((
ttesin(
b[n]
c
P oc c +Ve0)n)

9.5

89

Pilot tones

if s [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

sing
li
l
rtin + )n) + j sin( n)}
gna0)n) Mj asin((2
i
S
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2
+
l
c
c
0
0
igita oni and 3
D
= cos(0 n) + j sin(0an)nd
201
r
P

o
l
= e j n Pao

r n)}
es
= H{cos((c + 0 )n) cos(c n) j rcos((
ttesin(
b[n]
c
P oc c +Ve0)n)

9.5

89

Pilot tones

if s [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

sing
li
l
rtin + )n) + j sin( n)}
gna0)n) Mj asin((2
i
S
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2
+
l
c
c
0
0
igita oni and 3
D
= cos(0 n) + j sin(0an)nd
201
r
P

o
l
= e j n Pao

r n)}
es
= H{cos((c + 0 )n) cos(c n) j rcos((
ttesin(
b[n]
c
P oc c +Ve0)n)

9.5

89

In slow motion

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.5

90

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference

propagation delay

linear distortion

clock drifts

91

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference

propagation delay

linear distortion

clock drifts

91

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference

propagation delay

linear distortion

clock drifts

91

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference

propagation delay

linear distortion

clock drifts

91

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference handshake and line probing

propagation delay

linear distortion

clock drifts

91

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
propagation delay delay estimation
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
linear distortion
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
clock drifts

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference handshake and line probing

91

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
propagation delay delay estimation
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
linear distortion adaptive equalization
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
clock drifts

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference handshake and line probing

91

Its a dirty job...

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
propagation delay delay estimation
M
l
igita oni and 3
D
linear distortion adaptive equalization
and 201
r
P
aolo
clock drifts timingPrecovery

but a receiver has to do it:

9.5

interference handshake and line probing

91

The two main problems

s (t)

s(t)

sing A/D
s
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
Ts
Ts
tal i and
i
g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
r

channel distortion D(j)olo P

Pa
s[n]

9.5

D/A

D(j)

s [n]

(time-varying) discrepancies in clocks Ts = Ts

92

The two main problems

s (t)

s(t)

sing A/D
s
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
Ts
Ts
tal i and
i
g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
r

channel distortion D(j)olo P

Pa
s[n]

9.5

D/A

D(j)

s [n]

(time-varying) discrepancies in clocks Ts = Ts

92

The two main problems

s (t)

s(t)

sing A/D
s
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
Ts
Ts
tal i and
i
g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
r

channel distortion D(j)olo P

Pa
s[n]

9.5

D/A

D(j)

s [n]

(time-varying) discrepancies in clocks Ts = Ts

92

Delay compensation

Assume the channel is a simple delay: s (t) = s(t d ) D(j) = e jd

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
t
gNn and |M| <ar1/2
i
S
we can write d = (b + )Ts with
b

l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
b is called the bulk delay
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
is the fractional delay
channel introduces a delay of d seconds

93

Delay compensation

Assume the channel is a simple delay: s (t) = s(t d ) D(j) = e jd

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
t
gNn and |M| <ar1/2
i
S
we can write d = (b + )Ts with
b

l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
b is called the bulk delay
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
is the fractional delay
channel introduces a delay of d seconds

93

Delay compensation

Assume the channel is a simple delay: s (t) = s(t d ) D(j) = e jd

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
t
gNn and |M| <ar1/2
i
S
we can write d = (b + )Ts with
b

l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
b is called the bulk delay
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
is the fractional delay
channel introduces a delay of d seconds

93

Delay compensation

Assume the channel is a simple delay: s (t) = s(t d ) D(j) = e jd

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
t
gNn and |M| <ar1/2
i
S
we can write d = (b + )Ts with
b

l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
b is called the bulk delay
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
is the fractional delay
channel introduces a delay of d seconds

93

Offsetting the bulk delay (Ts = 1)

s[n]

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

0
b

9.5

94

Offsetting the bulk delay (Ts = 1)

s(t)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

0
b

9.5

94

Offsetting the bulk delay (Ts = 1)

s (t)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20
P
o
l
ao

0
b

9.5

94

Offsetting the bulk delay (Ts = 1)

s [n]

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran0 20b
P
o
l
ao

0
b

9.5

b
b

b+

94

Estimating the fractional delay

transmit b[n] = e j0 n (i.e. s[n] = cos((c + 0 )n))

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
after demodulation and bulk delay offset:
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta i andj (n )
Digi dob[n]
n = e 13
n
a
20
r
P

o
l
multiply by known frequency
Pao
j n
j

receive s [n] = cos((c + 0 )(n b ))

e
b[n]

9.5

=e

95

Estimating the fractional delay

transmit b[n] = e j0 n (i.e. s[n] = cos((c + 0 )n))

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
after demodulation and bulk delay offset:
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta i andj (n )
Digi dob[n]
n = e 13
n
a
20
r
P

o
l
multiply by known frequency
Pao
j n
j

receive s [n] = cos((c + 0 )(n b ))

e
b[n]

9.5

=e

95

Estimating the fractional delay

transmit b[n] = e j0 n (i.e. s[n] = cos((c + 0 )n))

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
after demodulation and bulk delay offset:
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta i andj (n )
Digi dob[n]
n = e 13
n
a
20
r
P

o
l
multiply by known frequency
Pao
j n
j

receive s [n] = cos((c + 0 )(n b ))

e
b[n]

9.5

=e

95

Estimating the fractional delay

transmit b[n] = e j0 n (i.e. s[n] = cos((c + 0 )n))

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
after demodulation and bulk delay offset:
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta i andj (n )
Digi dob[n]
n = e 13
n
a
20
r
P

o
l
multiply by known frequency
Pao
j n
j

receive s [n] = cos((c + 0 )(n b ))

e
b[n]

9.5

=e

95

Compensating for the fractional delay

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
we need to compute subsample values
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni anddelay h[n] = sinc(n + )
in theory, compensate withDaigsinc fractional
o
and 2013
r
P
lo approximation
in practice, use local Lagrange
Pao

s [n] = s(n )Ts (after offsetting bulk delay)

96

Compensating for the fractional delay

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
we need to compute subsample values
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni anddelay h[n] = sinc(n + )
in theory, compensate withDaigsinc fractional
o
and 2013
r
P
lo approximation
in practice, use local Lagrange
Pao

s [n] = s(n )Ts (after offsetting bulk delay)

96

Compensating for the fractional delay

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
we need to compute subsample values
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni anddelay h[n] = sinc(n + )
in theory, compensate withDaigsinc fractional
o
and 2013
r
P
lo approximation
in practice, use local Lagrange
Pao

s [n] = s(n )Ts (after offsetting bulk delay)

96

Compensating for the fractional delay

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
we need to compute subsample values
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni anddelay h[n] = sinc(n + )
in theory, compensate withDaigsinc fractional
o
and 2013
r
P
lo approximation
in practice, use local Lagrange
Pao

s [n] = s(n )Ts (after offsetting bulk delay)

96

Compensating for the fractional delay

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

97

Compensating for the fractional delay

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

97

Lagrange approximation (see Module 6.2)

as per usual, choose Ts = 1

we want to compute x(n + ), with | | < 1/2

local Lagrange approximation around n

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
N
a
X
t
n
gx[n
ar(t)
(N)
i
S
M
l
xL (n; t) =

k]L
d k
ta
Digi k=N
ni an 13
o
d
ranN 20
P
o
l
Y ti
o
PLa(N)
(t) =
k = N, . . . , N
k

i =N
i 6=n

9.5

k i

x(n + ) xL (n; )
98

Lagrange approximation (see Module 6.2)

as per usual, choose Ts = 1

we want to compute x(n + ), with | | < 1/2

local Lagrange approximation around n

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
N
a
X
t
n
gx[n
ar(t)
(N)
i
S
M
l
xL (n; t) =

k]L
d k
ta
Digi k=N
ni an 13
o
d
ranN 20
P
o
l
Y ti
o
PLa(N)
(t) =
k = N, . . . , N
k

i =N
i 6=n

9.5

k i

x(n + ) xL (n; )
98

Lagrange approximation (see Module 6.2)

as per usual, choose Ts = 1

we want to compute x(n + ), with | | < 1/2

local Lagrange approximation around n

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
N
a
X
t
n
gx[n
ar(t)
(N)
i
S
M
l
xL (n; t) =

k]L
d k
ta
Digi k=N
ni an 13
o
d
ranN 20
P
o
l
Y ti
o
PLa(N)
(t) =
k = N, . . . , N
k

i =N
i 6=n

9.5

k i

x(n + ) xL (n; )
98

Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

99

Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

99

Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

99

Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

99

Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

99

Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)

2
1

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

0
1

9.5

99

Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
b

bc

0
1

9.5

99

Lagrange interpolation as an FIR

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
(N)
l
a
define d [k] = Lk ( ), k = N, . . . i,gNn
art
S
M
l
igita oni and 3
d [k] form a (2N + 1)-tapDFIR
and 201
r
P
xL (n; ) = (x d )[n] aolo
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )

100

Lagrange interpolation as an FIR

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
(N)
l
a
define d [k] = Lk ( ), k = N, . . . i,gNn
art
S
M
l
igita oni and 3
d [k] form a (2N + 1)-tapDFIR
and 201
r
P
xL (n; ) = (x d )[n] aolo
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )

100

Lagrange interpolation as an FIR

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
(N)
l
a
define d [k] = Lk ( ), k = N, . . . i,gNn
art
S
M
l
igita oni and 3
d [k] form a (2N + 1)-tapDFIR
and 201
r
P
xL (n; ) = (x d )[n] aolo
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )

100

Lagrange interpolation as an FIR

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
(N)
l
a
define d [k] = Lk ( ), k = N, . . . i,gNn
art
S
M
l
igita oni and 3
d [k] form a (2N + 1)-tapDFIR
and 201
r
P
xL (n; ) = (x d )[n] aolo
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )

100

Example (N = 1, second order approximation)

(1)

L1 (t) = t

t1
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l P2ro

gna
artin
Digi (1) doni at + 113
rLa1n(t) =t 20
P
o
l
2
o
Si = (1nd t)(1
M + t)
Lt0al (t)
(1)

Pa

9.5

101

Example (N = 1, second order approximation)

ing erli
s1
s
e

c
0.08
n
=

l Pro
Vett

n
i
a

t
n
r
l =Sig 0.96nd Mna= 0
d0.2it[n]
a
a
n=1

Dig do
ni0.12

1
n
0

a
0 2
otherwise

o Pr

Pao

9.5

102

Delay compensation algorithm

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
compute the 2N + 1 Lagrangian
coefficients
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
filter with the resulting FIR ran
20
P

o
l
Pao
estimate the delay

103

Delay compensation algorithm

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
compute the 2N + 1 Lagrangian
coefficients
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
filter with the resulting FIR ran
20
P

o
l
Pao
estimate the delay

103

Delay compensation algorithm

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
compute the 2N + 1 Lagrangian
coefficients
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
filter with the resulting FIR ran
20
P

o
l
Pao
estimate the delay

103

Compensating for the distortion

sing terli
s
e

s
(t)
c
ro in VetA/D
P
l
D/A
D(j)
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
s(t)

s[n]

9.5

s [n]

104

Compensating for the distortion

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
s[n]
s [n]
gnD(z) Mart
i
S
l
d
a
t
n
i
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

9.5

105

Example: adaptive equalization

s[n]

sing terli
s
e
c
s [n] Pro
et
V
l
n
i
a
t
D(z)
se [n] = s[n]
n E (z) r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
o

Pa

9.5

106

Example: adaptive equalization

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
but we dont know D(z) in advance
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
D(z) may change over time ran
20
P

o
l
Pao

in theory, E (z) = 1/D(z)

107

Example: adaptive equalization

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
but we dont know D(z) in advance
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
D(z) may change over time ran
20
P

o
l
Pao

in theory, E (z) = 1/D(z)

107

Example: adaptive equalization

9.5

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
but we dont know D(z) in advance
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
D(z) may change over time ran
20
P

o
l
Pao

in theory, E (z) = 1/D(z)

107

Adaptive equalization

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
igita oni and 3
e[n]D
and - 201 s[n]
r
P
aolo
se [n]

s [n]

E (z)

9.5

108

Adaptive equalization: bootstrapping via a training sequence

s[n]
at [n]

TX

...

sing terli
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ro in Vet
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Digi doni an 13
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9.5

109

Adaptive equalization: bootstrapping via a training sequence

s[n]
at [n]

s [n]

TX

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnse [n] Mart
i
S
l
d
E (z)igita
D
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

Pe[n]

s[n]
-

9.5

...

Modulator

at [n]

109

Adaptive equalization: online mode

g
rli
eSlicer
t
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
tal i and
Digi s [n]
don 2013
n
a
r
P
Modulator
aolo
se [n]

s [n]

E (z)

e[n]

in
Demod
cess

a[n]
b

9.5

110

So much more to do...

how do we perform the adaptation of the coefficients?

s
how do we compensate for differences in clocks?
roce

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
how do we recover from interference?
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig noise?
oni a 013
d
how do we improve resilience to
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P
adaptive signal processing

9.5

111

So much more to do...

how do we perform the adaptation of the coefficients?

s
how do we compensate for differences in clocks?
roce

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
how do we recover from interference?
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig noise?
oni a 013
d
how do we improve resilience to
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P
adaptive signal processing

9.5

111

So much more to do...

how do we perform the adaptation of the coefficients?

s
how do we compensate for differences in clocks?
roce

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
how do we recover from interference?
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig noise?
oni a 013
d
how do we improve resilience to
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P
adaptive signal processing

9.5

111

So much more to do...

how do we perform the adaptation of the coefficients?

s
how do we compensate for differences in clocks?
roce

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
how do we recover from interference?
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig noise?
oni a 013
d
how do we improve resilience to
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P
adaptive signal processing

9.5

111

So much more to do...

how do we perform the adaptation of the coefficients?

s
how do we compensate for differences in clocks?
roce

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
how do we recover from interference?
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig noise?
oni a 013
d
how do we improve resilience to
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P
adaptive signal processing

9.5

111

So much more to do...

how do we perform the adaptation of the coefficients?

s
how do we compensate for differences in clocks?
roce

sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
how do we recover from interference?
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig noise?
oni a 013
d
how do we improve resilience to
n
a
2
lo Pr
o
a
P
adaptive signal processing

9.5

111

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

END OF MODULE 9.5

P

sing terli
s
e
c
t
Signal Processing
ro in VeDigital
P
l
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
tal S i and M
i
g
Module 9.6: ADSL
i
D
on 013
d
n
Pra
2
aolo

Overview:

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
Signaling strategy
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Discrete Multitone Modulationra
(DMT)
n
20
P

o
l
Pao
Channel

112

Overview:

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
Signaling strategy
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Discrete Multitone Modulationra
(DMT)
n
20
P

o
l
Pao
Channel

112

Overview:

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
Signaling strategy
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Discrete Multitone Modulationra
(DMT)
n
20
P

o
l
Pao
Channel

112

The telephone network today

voice
network

CO

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
CO Dig
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
Pao
DSLAM
internet

9.6

113

The telephone network today

voice
network

CO

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
CO Dig
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
Pao
DSLAM

last mile

internet

9.6

113

The last mile

9.6

sing
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
very large bandwidth (well overta
1MHz)
l
dM
Digi doni an 13
very uneven spectrum: noise, attenuation,
etc.
0
ran 2interference,
P
o
l
Pao

ces COetter
copper wire (twisted pair) between home andro
nearest

li

114

The last mile

9.6

sing
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
very large bandwidth (well overta
1MHz)
l
dM
Digi doni an 13
very uneven spectrum: noise, attenuation,
etc.
0
ran 2interference,
P
o
l
Pao

ces COetter
copper wire (twisted pair) between home andro
nearest

li

114

The last mile

9.6

sing
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
very large bandwidth (well overta
1MHz)
l
dM
Digi doni an 13
very uneven spectrum: noise, attenuation,
etc.
0
ran 2interference,
P
o
l
Pao

ces COetter
copper wire (twisted pair) between home andro
nearest

li

114

The ADSL channel

POTS
upstream
downstream

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.6

1MHz

115

The ADSL channel

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
u

9.6

1MHz

116

Idea: split the band into independent subchannels

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
u

9.6

1MHz

117

Subchannel structure

9.6

sing
li
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
equal subchannel bandwidth Fmax
dM
tal/N
Digi doni an 13
equally spaced subchannels with
frequency
20 kFmax /N, k = 0, . . . , N 1
rancenter
P
o
l
Pao

r
allocate N subchannels over the total positiverobandwidth
ces
ette

118

Subchannel structure

9.6

sing
li
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
equal subchannel bandwidth Fmax
dM
tal/N
Digi doni an 13
equally spaced subchannels with
frequency
20 kFmax /N, k = 0, . . . , N 1
rancenter
P
o
l
Pao

r
allocate N subchannels over the total positiverobandwidth
ces
ette

118

Subchannel structure

9.6

sing
li
al P artin V
n
g
i
S
equal subchannel bandwidth Fmax
dM
tal/N
Digi doni an 13
equally spaced subchannels with
frequency
20 kFmax /N, k = 0, . . . , N 1
rancenter
P
o
l
Pao

r
allocate N subchannels over the total positiverobandwidth
ces
ette

118

The digital design

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
rokFmax i/N
V=et2 k
n
center frequency for each subchannel nka=l P2
t
r
2N
l Sig nd MaFs
a
t
i
a
g
i
i
D 2 on
bandwidth of each subchannelrand
013
2
P
2N

aolo
to send symbols overPa subchannel: upsampling factor K 2N
pick Fs = 2Fmax (Fmax is high now!)

119

The digital design

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
rokFmax i/N
V=et2 k
n
center frequency for each subchannel nka=l P2
t
r
2N
l Sig nd MaFs
a
t
i
a
g
i
i
D 2 on
bandwidth of each subchannelrand
013
2
P
2N

aolo
to send symbols overPa subchannel: upsampling factor K 2N
pick Fs = 2Fmax (Fmax is high now!)

119

The digital design

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
rokFmax i/N
V=et2 k
n
center frequency for each subchannel nka=l P2
t
r
2N
l Sig nd MaFs
a
t
i
a
g
i
i
D 2 on
bandwidth of each subchannelrand
013
2
P
2N

aolo
to send symbols overPa subchannel: upsampling factor K 2N
pick Fs = 2Fmax (Fmax is high now!)

119

The digital design

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
rokFmax i/N
V=et2 k
n
center frequency for each subchannel nka=l P2
t
r
2N
l Sig nd MaFs
a
t
i
a
g
i
i
D 2 on
bandwidth of each subchannelrand
013
2
P
2N

aolo
to send symbols overPa subchannel: upsampling factor K 2N
pick Fs = 2Fmax (Fmax is high now!)

119

The digital design (N = 3)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.6

120

The digital design (N = 3)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.6

0 = 0

1 = 2/6 2 = 4/6

120

The digital design (N = 3)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

9.6

0 = 0

1 = 2/6 2 = 4/6

120

The digital design

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
decide on constellation size independently
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n zeros 20
noisy or forbidden subchannelsra
send
P

o
l
Pao
put a QAM modem on each channel

121

The digital design

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
decide on constellation size independently
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n zeros 20
noisy or forbidden subchannelsra
send
P

o
l
Pao
put a QAM modem on each channel

121

The digital design

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
decide on constellation size independently
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n zeros 20
noisy or forbidden subchannelsra
send
P

o
l
Pao
put a QAM modem on each channel

121

The subchannel modem

ak [m]

g
sine j(2/2N)kn
s
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
in V
nal P Mabrkt[n]
g
ck [n]
i
S
ta l i and
i
2N

g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
r
P

aolo

9.6

122

The bank of modems

e j(2/2N)(0n)
a0 [m]

2N

b0 [n]

c0 [n]

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
egn
art
i
S
M
l
c[n]
igita b o[n]ni anc d[n] 3
+
2N D
d
an 201
.P
. .r
o
l
e
Pao
e j(2/2N)(1n)

a1 [m]

2N

b1 [n]

c1 [n]

j(2/2N)(2n)
2

a2 [m]

Re

s[n]

j(2/2N)(N2)n

cN2 [n]

bN2 [n]
aN2 [m]

2N

e j(2/2N)(N1)n
cN1 [n]

bN1 [n]
aN1 [m]

9.6

2N

123

If it looks familiar...
check back Module 4.3, the DFT reconstruction formula:

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet

A
P
l
a

gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and +
A Dig
x[n]

do 2013
n
a
r
P ...

aolo
A0
0

PA

9.6

1
1

2
2

N2

N2

N2

AN1
N1

N1

124

DMT via IFFT

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
Vet via an IFFT
l Pro rtefficiently
we will show that transmission can be n
implemented
n
i
a
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Discrete Multitone Modulation
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

125

DMT via IFFT

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
Vet via an IFFT
l Pro rtefficiently
we will show that transmission can be n
implemented
n
i
a
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Discrete Multitone Modulation
Dig doni a 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao

125

The great ADSL trick

instead of using a good lowpass filter, use thesi2N-tap

ng interval
rli indicator:

ces Vette
o
r
P
l
(igna
artin
S
M
l
gita= o1ni afornd0 n < 2N
Dih[n]
013
and 0 otherwise
2
r
P
aolo

9.6

126

Interval indicator signal (Module 4.7)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b

9.6

2N 1

127

DTFT of interval signal (Module 4.7)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

|H(e j )|

P
0

9.6

/N

128

DTFT of interval signal (Module 4.7)

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

|H(e j )|

P
0

9.6

/N

128

Back to the subchannel modem

eg
n
i
s
s
eb [n] ettecrli[n]
c
o
r
k
lP
tin V k
r
2N Signa
ak [m]
a
dM
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
2NB samples/sec
symbols/sec
Pao
j(2/2N)kn

rate: B

9.6

129

Back to the subchannel modem

eg
n
i
s
s
eb [n] ettecrli[n]
c
o
r
k
lP
tin V k
r
2N Signa
ak [m]
a
dM
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
2NB samples/sec
symbols/sec
Pao
j(2/2N)kn

rate: B

9.6

129

Back to the subchannel modem

by using the indicator functionsas

sinaglowpass:
rli

roce in Vette
P
l
a
gn j(2/2N)nk
art
i
S
M
l
e d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
akl[n/2N]
ck [n]
P
o
Pao

9.6

130

The bank of modems, revisited

e j(2/2N)(0n)
a0 [n/2N]

sing terli
s
e
c

a [n/2N]
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art c[n]
e
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
a [n/2N]
Di.g. .i doni an 13 +
n
0
a
2
lo Pre
o
a

a P[n/2N]
e j(2/2N)(1n)

j(2/2N)(2n)

s[n]

j(2/2N)(N2)n

N2

e j(2/2N)(N1)n
aN1 [n/2N]

9.6

131

The complex output signal

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
k=0
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n
20. . . aN1 [m] 0 0
= 2N IDFT2N o Par0a
[m] a1 [m]

l
Pao
(m = n/2N)

c[n] =

9.6

N1
X

ak [n/2N]e j 2N nk


. . . 0 [n]

132

The complex output signal

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
k=0
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n
20. . . aN1 [m] 0 0
= 2N IDFT2N o Par0a
[m] a1 [m]

l
Pao
(m = n/2N)

c[n] =

9.6

N1
X

ak [n/2N]e j 2N nk


. . . 0 [n]

132

We can do even better!

we are interested in s[n] = Re{c[n]} = (c[n] + c [n])/2

it is easy to prove (exercise) that:

snin g terli
s
e
c
o
et
IDFT x0 x1 x2 . . . xN2 xN1 al P=r IDFTtinxV
0 xN1 xN2
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t


i
a
g
c[n] = 2N IDFT a0 [m] Dai 1 [m] d.o. n
. i aN1 [m]
0
0
.
.
.
0
[n]
3
1
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT

9.6





. . . x2 x1

 o

2a0 [m] a1 [m] . . . aN1 [m] aN1

[m] aN2
[m] . . . a1 [m] [n]

133

We can do even better!

we are interested in s[n] = Re{c[n]} = (c[n] + c [n])/2

it is easy to prove (exercise) that:

snin g terli
s
e
c
o
et
IDFT x0 x1 x2 . . . xN2 xN1 al P=r IDFTtinxV
0 xN1 xN2
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t


i
a
g
c[n] = 2N IDFT a0 [m] Dai 1 [m] d.o. n
. i aN1 [m]
0
0
.
.
.
0
[n]
3
1
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT

9.6





. . . x2 x1

 o

2a0 [m] a1 [m] . . . aN1 [m] aN1

[m] aN2
[m] . . . a1 [m] [n]

133

We can do even better!

we are interested in s[n] = Re{c[n]} = (c[n] + c [n])/2

it is easy to prove (exercise) that:

snin g terli
s
e
c
o
et
IDFT x0 x1 x2 . . . xN2 xN1 al P=r IDFTtinxV
0 xN1 xN2
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t


i
a
g
c[n] = 2N IDFT a0 [m] Dai 1 [m] d.o. n
. i aN1 [m]
0
0
.
.
.
0
[n]
3
1
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT

9.6





. . . x2 x1

 o

2a0 [m] a1 [m] . . . aN1 [m] aN1

[m] aN2
[m] . . . a1 [m] [n]

133

We can do even better!

we are interested in s[n] = Re{c[n]} = (c[n] + c [n])/2

it is easy to prove (exercise) that:

snin g terli
s
e
c
o
et
IDFT x0 x1 x2 . . . xN2 xN1 al P=r IDFTtinxV
0 xN1 xN2
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t


i
a
g
c[n] = 2N IDFT a0 [m] Dai 1 [m] d.o. n
. i aN1 [m]
0
0
.
.
.
0
[n]
3
1
n
0
a
2
r

lo P
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT

9.6





. . . x2 x1

 o

2a0 [m] a1 [m] . . . aN1 [m] aN1

[m] aN2
[m] . . . a1 [m] [n]

133

ADSL transmitter
s[2Nm]
2a0 [m]
a1 [m]
a2 [m]

s[2Nm + 1]
b

s[2Nm + 2]
b

s[2Nm + 3]

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ra n 20
P
o
l
ao
s[2Nm + 4]

aN2[m]

IFFT

aN1[m]

parallel to serial

s[2Nm + 5]

s[n]

s[2Nm + N 4]
s[2Nm + N 3]

9.6

s[2Nm + N 2]
s[2Nm + N 1]

134

ADSL specs

Fmax = 1104KHz

N = 256

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper symbol
art
each QAM can send from 0 to 15 bits
i
S
M
l
igita
i and 3
forbidden channels: 0 to 7D(voice)ndon
201
ra
P

o
l
channels 7 to 31: upstream
Pao data
max theoretical throughput: 14.9Mbps (downstream)

135

ADSL specs

Fmax = 1104KHz

N = 256

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper symbol
art
each QAM can send from 0 to 15 bits
i
S
M
l
igita
i and 3
forbidden channels: 0 to 7D(voice)ndon
201
ra
P

o
l
channels 7 to 31: upstream
Pao data
max theoretical throughput: 14.9Mbps (downstream)

135

ADSL specs

Fmax = 1104KHz

N = 256

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper symbol
art
each QAM can send from 0 to 15 bits
i
S
M
l
igita
i and 3
forbidden channels: 0 to 7D(voice)ndon
201
ra
P

o
l
channels 7 to 31: upstream
Pao data
max theoretical throughput: 14.9Mbps (downstream)

135

ADSL specs

Fmax = 1104KHz

N = 256

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper symbol
art
each QAM can send from 0 to 15 bits
i
S
M
l
igita
i and 3
forbidden channels: 0 to 7D(voice)ndon
201
ra
P

o
l
channels 7 to 31: upstream
Pao data
max theoretical throughput: 14.9Mbps (downstream)

135

ADSL specs

Fmax = 1104KHz

N = 256

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper symbol
art
each QAM can send from 0 to 15 bits
i
S
M
l
igita
i and 3
forbidden channels: 0 to 7D(voice)ndon
201
ra
P

o
l
channels 7 to 31: upstream
Pao data
max theoretical throughput: 14.9Mbps (downstream)

135

ADSL specs

Fmax = 1104KHz

N = 256

9.6

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gnper symbol
art
each QAM can send from 0 to 15 bits
i
S
M
l
igita
i and 3
forbidden channels: 0 to 7D(voice)ndon
201
ra
P

o
l
channels 7 to 31: upstream
Pao data
max theoretical throughput: 14.9Mbps (downstream)

135

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

END OF MODULE 9.6

P

sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao

END OF MODULE 9
P