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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bioenergetics concerns:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b) 7.3kcal/molc
(c) -7.3kcal/mole
(b) Coenzyme Q
(c) Ferrodoxin
(d) Cytochrome
(b) PEP
(c) Pyruvate
(b) Porphyrins
(c) Benzenes
7.
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Entropy
(d)
(b) ADP
(c) AMP
(d) DNA
9.
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 25
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
FAD
(c)
ADP
NAD+
(c)
AMP
The total number of ATPs produced from the complete aerobic oxidation of one
molecule of glucose is:
(a) 30 (b) 36
(c) 38 (d) 44
The Krebs cycle and glycolysis is regulated by the enzyme:
(a) Glucase
(b) Phosphatase
(c) Phosphofructokinase
(d) Enolase
Matrix of mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Grana of chloroplast
Only in sunlight
(b)
(d)
co2
(a)
Xanthophyll
(d) Carotene
(b)
(c)
(d)
20.
1.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
respiration
2.
. (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 6 . (d) 12
3.
9.
acetyl CoA:
(a) Oxidative decarboxylation(b) Oxidative dehydrogenation
(c) Oxidation phosphorylation
10.
(a) Vacuole
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Cytoplasm
11.
Chapter: 12
NUTRITION
The digestion of the lipids starts in:
(a) Oral cavity (c) Duodenum
Lingual lipase digests lipids in the:
(a) Oral cavity (c) Stomach
The nutrition of an animal includes:
12.
13.
14.
15.
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
li'
(b) Birds
(d) Mammals
Structures of the small intestine that aid in the absorption of nutrients include:
(f)
Villi
10.
11.
"94]
f
(b) Cilia
16.
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
17.
production?
(a) Pepsin - liver
(c) Salivary glands and liver (d) Pancreas and salivary glands
19.
(a) Pancreas
22.
Eating which of the following would slow the rate of chemical digestion in
the mouth?
(a) Cheese
23.
(a) 6
(b) 8
(a) Pepsin
(b) Mucus
(c) Rennin
(d) HCl
25.
would be
affected in our
intestine:
(a) Amino acid
(c) Starch
26.
(b) Albumin
(d) Maltose
(a) Rectum
(b) Colon
(c) Caecum
(d) Duodenum
27.
29.
in the villi
presence of:
27.
28.
(a) Pyloric sphincter
(c) Ileocolic sphincter
The HC1 in gastric juice converts:
(a) Disaccharide to monosaccharide
(b)
(d)
Anal sphincters
Cardiac sphincter
(b)
Pepsinogen to pepsin
Enterokinase converts:
(c)
(d)
(e)
(e)
Chapter: 13
ASEOUSEXCHANGE
Fetal Haemoglobin contains:
(a) 2 a & 2 P chains (c) 2 p & 2 y chains
Haemoglobin A formation starts in
30.
Blood
(l)
Bone marrow,
Haemoglobin
Cytochromes ^
2 a & 2 y chains
(f)
1 a & 1 y chains
Liver
(f)
Spleen
(d) 4
Approximately one third of the mass of a mammalian red blood cell is:
(a) Water
(b) Haemoglobin
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c) Glycine
(d)
(b)
(c) Rubisco
(d)
(e)
(a) Mitochondria
(b)
(c) Glyoxisomes
. (d)
(f)
(b)
(d)
(g)
(a)
Lungs (b)
32.
Buccal chamber
(d)
Ribosomes
Peroxisomes
Double circuit None of these
Skin
All of these
13.
14.
Respiratory distress syndrome occurs in infants with gestation period less than
months:
(a) 6
(b) 7
(c) 8
(d) 9
(b)
(d)
(b) 54 %
(c) 25%
(d) 75%
(b) Lung
Pulmonary
(d) Mycobacterium
20.
21.
(b) Parabronchi '
(d) Lungs
Haemoglobin in man increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood to about
time:
(a) 2
(b) 10
(c) 75 (d) 50
Myoglobin is haemoglobin-like iron containing protein:
(a) Lipid
(b) Carbohydrates
(c) Protein
(d) Enzyme
22.
Myoglobin consists of
(a) I (c) 3
Each lung contains about
(a) 100 million (c) 300 million
The diameter of each alveolus is about:
(a) 0.2mm (c) 1mm
polypeptide chain(s):
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
2
4
150 million
33.
million
0.5mm
34.
million
23.
alveoli:
24.
When the blood contains a high percentage of CO2 and a very low percentage of
(m)
the breathing stops and the person becomes unconscious. This condition is
known as:
Suffocation
(b) Asphyxia
Emphysema
(d) Eupnoea
35.
When the oxygen supply to the tissue is inadequate, the condition is:
(a) Dyspnea
(b) Hypoxia
inhalation is
v
called:
(a) Vital capacity
1 The maximum volume of air that can be released from the lungs by forceful
Inner surface of the bronchi, bronchioles and fallopian tubes are lined by:
39.
(n)
(o)
It splits into the right and left bronchi to supply air to the lungs
(p)
(q)
40.
41.
Bronchi branch into the tubes of smaller diameters (less than 1 mm)
known as:
(a) Microtrachea
(c) Alveoli
(b) Bronchioles
TRANSPORT
Energy is required for:
(a) Simple diffusion (b) -Facilitated diffusion
(c) Osmosis
The bulk movement of material into a cell by the formation of a vesicle is called:
(a) Simple diffusion (b) Facilitated diffusion
(c) Endocytosis
(d) Osmosis
(d) Endocytosis
(b) Bases
(d) Acids
(b) Plasmolysis
(b) Tension
(b) Hydathodes
(b) Munch
(c) Maloon
(d) Kreb
Immunity
(r)
Cell differentiation
/ 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
L 10. 11 .
Chapter: 14
(b) Hematopoiesis
(d) Botha&c
(b) 1000
(b) Modulator
(c) Effector
(c) Heart
(d) Haemorrhage
(b) 300-400mm
(c) 500-600mm
(d) 450-500mm
(b) 1mm
(c) 10mm
(d) 2mm
(b) Snakes
(b) Keratin
Blood stains are found at the site of a murder. If I)NA profding technique is to be
used for identifying the criminal, which of the following is ideal for use?
(a) Erythrocytes
(c) Platelets
(b) Leucocytes
(d) Serum
(b) Monocyte
44.
45.
46.
22.
23.
24.
21.
Match the types of immunity listed in Column I with the examples listed in
Column II. Choose the answer that gives the correct combination of alphabets of
the two columns:
Column I
Column II
Types of immunity
Example
A. Natural active
P. Immunity developed by heredity
B. Artificial passive
Q. From mother to foetus through placenta
C. Artificial active
R. Injection of antiserum to travellers
D. Natural passive
T. Induced by vaccination
(a) A=T, B=S, C=R, D=P (c) A=S, B=R, C=T, D=Q
(b) A=S, B=T, C=Q, D=R (d) A = P, B = Q, C = R, D=T
25.
In a healthy adult man the normal diastolic pressure is:
47.
80 mm Hg
(b) * 90 mm Hg
(t)
lOOmmHg
(d) 120 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
(b) 80 mm Hg
26.
27.
28.
Which of the following matches correctly?
(g)
(h)
Superior vena cava - Receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body and
organs
(i)
Inferior vena cava - Receives deoxygenated blood from the head and body
(j)
(g)
(h)
Right ventricle -> Pulmonary aorta -> Tissues -> Pulmonary veins -> Left
auricle
(i)
Left auricle -> Left ventricle -> Aorta Arteries Tissues -> Veins Right atrium
(j)
(b)
Right auricle -> Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Tissues Veins -> Right auricle
(h)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
(b) No plasma
(a)
(j)
21.
Clotting of.blood
(a)
Chapter: 15
HOMEOSTASIS
48.
' The chemical compound which prevents the hody of fishes from harmful
effects
of urea is:
(a) Uric acid (b) Trimethylamine oxide
(u)
49.
formation in:
Cytosol
50.
Convulsions, coma and eventually death can occur due to elevated levels
in plasma of:
(k)
Urea
(b)
Uric acid
51.
Any of them
(k)
Ammonia
(b) Urea
(k)
Uric acid
(d) Creatinine
(c)
waste in
the form of:
(a) Creatinine
(b)
Trimethylamine oxide
(c) Xanthine
(d)
Urea
6. Metabolism of pyrimidine base does not produce nitrogenous waste such as:
(a) Hypoxanthine
(b)
Allantoin
(c) Uric acid
(d)
Urea
7. The basic requirement which plays its role in the maintenance of an organism
and contributes in evolutionary process is:
#
(a) Reproduction
(b)
Homeostasis
(c) Migration
(d)
Natural relation
8. Fluidity of cell membrane is altered by:
(a) High temperature. ^
(b)
Low temperature
(c) High pH
(d)
Low pH
9. In cold climate, cytosol in plant cells is super cooled by accumulating more:
(a) Glucose
(b)
Sucrose
(c) Starch
(d)
Lipids
10. Which is not a poikilotherm?
(a) Invertebrates
(b)
Amphibians
(c) Reptiles
(d)
Birds
11.
(a) Endotherm
(b)
(c) Heterotherm
(d)
12. Non shivering thermogenesis involves:
(a) Thyroid hormone
(b)
13. (c) Muscle contraction
(d)
Ammonotelic animals are
(a) Aquatic
(c) Areal
(b)
(d)
Ectotherm
None of them
Pituitary hormone
All of them
Terrestrial
Arboreal
O- 0 ,
I; 2
external environment
(w)
An organism that exerts very little control over the ion profile within its
extracellular space
(x)
An organism that actively regulates the ion profiles within its extracellular
space
(y)
54.
Ammonia excretion
55.
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
56.
Metanephridium
57.
(l)
(m)
Uric acid is excreted as a fluid, which requires less energy than storage of
ammonia crystals
(n)
fluids
Uric acid is not as toxic as ammonia, and can therefore accumulate in the body
(o)
The low pH of uric acid is more tolerable than the high pH of ammonia
58.
59.
60.
Is reabsorbed into the blood (d) Gets collected in the renal pelvis
61.
(p)
Collecting duct
62.
filtrate?
(a) Glucose
(m)
63.
(b) Urea
Plasma proteins
(d) Water
(b) Medulla
64.
dependent on:
(a) Active transport
(d)
Countercurrent mechanism
65.
(d) Diffusion
(e)
Glomerular capsule
66.
amount of:
(a) Glucose
(b)
67.
function regulation?
22.
During summer when body loses lot of water by evaporation, the release of
ADH is suppressed
23.
24.
25.
68.
69.
(b) Rennin
105 I
(b) 4/5 th
(c) VA th
(d) %th
(b)
(c) Ossification
'
(d)
l.
2.
Solidification
Deposition
3.
The fins that help in forward movement of fish are:
70.
(aa)
Fibroblasts
Osteoclasts
Non surgical reduction of bone is called:
*
Closed reduction
(q)
Vertical reduction
Osteomalcia
(q)
Osteoporosis
(o)
Osteoblasts
(e)
Tonoplasts
Open reduction
(f)
Horizontal reduction
71.
Rickets
(c)
Osteoarthritis
(a)
(c)
6.
I he fluid filled cavity adapted to reduce friction between moving bones is found
in:
26.
Cartilaginous joint
72.
(b)
7.
Synovial joint Pivot joint
8.
9.
10.
Lipid
Arthropods
Mammals
11.
(b)
(d)
The bones at the joint are held together by:
(a) Icndon
(b) Ligament
At hinge joint, the end of the muscle attached to immovable bone is called:
(a) Insertion
(b) Belly
(c) Origin
(b) Polysaccharide
(c) Protein
(d)
(d)
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Abductor
None
Pectoral girdle Sternum
(b) Actin & tropomyosin (d) Tubulin & tropomyosin
Na+ and K+
(b)
(d)
(a)
(c)
.2+
Ca2+ and Mg
(a) Compact bone
(c) Cartilage
Axial skeleton does not include:
(a) Skull
(c) Ribs
(b)
(d)
Spongy bone
All of them
(b)
(d)
Vertebral column
Pelvic girdle
Cartilaginous joints
Hinge joints
(b)
(c) Extensor
(d)
(b)
(d)
The two protein molecules, closely associated with actin filaments are
The type of muscles present in our:
73.
74.
75.
76.
The old skeleton is digested and the contents are reused to build a new
skeleton
The new skeleton is formed entirely by new secretion Blood cells are formed
in:
(a) Actin &. myosin
(c) Troponin & tropomyosin
Na+ and Ca
Ca2+ and K+
and
78.
79.
80.
25.
Which one of the following membranes secretes a watery fluid that lubricates
and cushions the joint?
(a) Tendons
(c) Ligaments
(b)
(d)
Synovial membrane
Cartilage
26. Which one of the following bones is ; the only movable portion of the skull?
(a) Maxilla
(b)
Mandible
(c) Frontal bone
(d)
Zygomatic bone
27. Which of these is the contractile protein of a muscle?
(a) Tubulin
(b)
Tropomyosin
(c) Myosin
(d)
All of these
28. The expanded portions of the
are calcium storage sites:
(a) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
(b)
Sarcoplasm
(c) Neuromuscular junctions
(d)
Myofibril'
29. Which one of the following pairs is wrong about cardiac muscles?
(a) Location - only in the heart
(b)
Function - Pumping of blood
(c) Gap junctions - No
(d)
Striated - Yes
30. Number of bones in the skull:
(a) 8
(b)
14
W (c) 22
(d)
26
31. Number of bones in human body:
(a) 198
(b)
200
(c) 204
(d)
206
32. Immature bone cells are called:
va> Osteoclasts
(b)
Osteoblasts
(c) Fibroblasts
(d)
Osteocytes
Chapter: 17
CDDRDINATIDN 6 CONTROL
A/"
81.
Catecholamines include:
(dd)
82.
Insight learning
83.
(a) Cortisol
(b) AC IH
Thyroxin
(d) SIH
84.
The thyroid
85.
Cortisol allows the body to respond to stress through its effect on:
86.
(b) 3-5%
(r)
10-15%
87.
The Olfactory nerve is the 1st cranial nerve that is concerned with the
(d) 15-20%
(b) Touch
(f)
88.
The Vagus nerve is the 10th cranial nerve that is concerned with the:
89.
(a) Chemoreceptors
(d)
Photoreceptors
90.
(a) Taste
(d) Nociceptors
(b) Touch
(ee)
Uric acid
91.
27.
(e)
Hot
92.
(a) Pressure
(d) Equilibrium
(d) Cold
(b) Touch
(ff)
93.
94.
(a) Hippocampus
(b) Cerebrum
Cell bodies
95.
(a) Genome
(b) mRNA
(s)
Fn/ymes
96.
(a) STH
(d) Ribosomes
(b) ACTH
(q)
97.
(a) Carbohydrates
(s)
(b) Proteins
98.
(g)
99.
(b) Habituation
(h)
100.
body temperature, loss of appetite and extreme thirst. His brain scan would
probably s low a tumor in:
(a) Pons
(b) Cerebellum
(e)
101.
(a) Hypothyroidism
(b) Hypoparathyroidism
28.
29.
30.
31.
103.
The part of the brain where the centre for hunger and thirst is located is:
Cerebellum
104.
(a) GABA
(gg)
Dopamine
(b) Acetylcholine
(d) Glutamic acid
105.
(a) Testosterone
(b) Progesterone
Adrenalin
(d) Aldosterone
106.
called:
(a) Mineralocorticoid (b) . Glucocorticoid
*
Endorphins
(d) Glucagon
107.
Natural
(d) Ineffective
108.
phosphorus is:
(a) Mineralocoiiicoids(a) Calcitonin
(r)
Glucagon
(d) Glucocorticoids
109.
produces:
(a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(t)
Calcitonin
110.
Sensory neuron
(d) Intemeuron
111.
cerebellum?
(i)
Regulate heartbeat
(f)
Secretes melatonin
112.
pumps:
32.
(g)
(d) Nafout&K'in
%aiN**Cv
4'
REPRODUCTION
Oxytocin secreted by the posterior pituitary stimulates milk ejection in response
to:
113.
Suckling
(b) Birth
(hh)
Although millions of sperm arc released in ejaculation, only one is needed for
The acidity of semen protects the sperm from alkalinity of the vagina
Sustentacular cclls
(u)
Spermatogonia
(t)
The oocyte will be shed thru the oviduct, uterus and vagina
(u)
(v)
(i)
(k)
Ha a lot of mitochondria
(l)
(m)
114.
Spermatogonia
Secondary spermatocytes
Menstruation
Uterus vascularization
Progesterone
Follicle stimulating hormone
(a) Estrogen
(b) Gonadotropins
(ii)
115.
(a) 150cm3
(b) 250cm3
350cm3
116.
(d) 450cm
117.
Is pregnant
118.
Which of the following does not does not cause decrease in progesteron
level?
(a) Degeneration of corpus luteum (b) Ovulation
(v)
119.
(a) 2 days
(w)
1-3 weeks
(d) 7 days
120.
cycle:
(v)
(w)
(x)
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted into a corpus albicans which
secretes progesterone
(y)
121.
(j)
(k)
(l)
Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women
(m)
122.
(a) Gametotangeny
(b) Syngamy
(n)
123.
(g)
(h)
Exchange of gases
(i)
(j)
124.
33.
34.
Exchange of gases
35.
36.
125.
(jj)
Excretion
(kk)
Exchange of gases
(ll)
(mm)
Both a & lb
126.
During ejaculation the sperm are mixed with secretions from the prostate and
seminal vesicles
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
(a) FSH
(b)
LH
(c) LTH
(d)
ICSH
Endometrium is part of:
(a) Urinary bladder
(b)
Uterus
(c) Ureter
(d)
Urethra
Maturation of sperms occurs in:
(a) Vasa deferentia
(b)
Epididymis
(c) Rete testis
(d)
Vasa efferentia
Inability of sperm to fertilize ovum is termed as:
(a) Impotence
(b)
Sterility
(c) Prostatomegaly
(d)
None of the above
In humans at the end of First meiotic dividion, the male germ cells differentiate
into:
(a) Spermatids
(b)
Spermatogonia
(c) Primary spermatocytes
(d)
Secondary spermatocytes
One primary spermatocyte produces four spermatozoa but one primary oocyte
produces:
(a) Four ova
(b)
One ovum
(c) Two ova
(d)
Sixteen ova
The correct sequence of sperniatogenetic stages leading to the formation of
sperms in a mature human testis is:
(w)
(x)
(y)
(z)
29.
30.
Spermatogenesis
Metamorphosis
Estrogen
LH
Conversion of spermatids into sperms is:
(a) Spermiogenesis
(b)
(c) Gametogenesis
(d)
(b)
(d)
128.
129.
130.
GROWTH 8 DEVELOPMENT/
131.
(a) Zygote
(a) Reproduction
(b)
(b)
(b)
rearrangement of cells
called:
(a) Gastrulation
(b)
(c) Growth
None
(d)
Organogenesis
(b) Organogenesis
(d) None
Sub-population of cells
piocess is called:
(a) Gastrulation
(c) Growth
(b) Organogenesis
(d) None
. type:
(a) Telolecithal
(b)
Mesolecithal (d)
The cells that induce the specific embryonic tissue to change their fates and
organize the host and donor tissues into a secondary embryo are called:
(a) Inducer
(b) Organizer
(c) Somites
(d) Blastodisc
10.
(b)
External
(c) Any
(d)
None
(b)
Hatching
Pasteurization
'
(b) Mcroblastic
(b)
Morulla
(c) Gastrula
(d)
None
(b) Morulla
(cj Gastrula
(d) . None
(b) Morulla
(c) Gastrula
(d) None
stage:
layer:
(a) Ectoderm (b) Mesoderm
(c) Endoderm (d) None
The continuous movement of cells of epiblast results in
layer
formation:
(a) Ectoderm (b) Mesoderm
(c) Endoderm (d) None
The rest of the cells of epiblast after forming mesoderm form
(a) Ectoderm (b) Mesoderm
(c) Endoderm (d) None
The fate of ectoderm is:
(a) Epidermis (b) Nervous System
(c) Sensory organs
(d) None
layer:
(a) Brain
(b) Muscles
(c) Glands
(oo)
Abnormal development
12.
13.
'
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
21. 22.
23.
24.
25.
The undifferentiated cells arising from the parenchyma, which are rich in RNA
and form the blastema, which precedes regeneration of planarians are called:
(a) Inducer
(b) Organizer
(c) Somites
(d) Neoblasts
(b) Aging
(d) None
(a) Regeneration
(b)
(d)
Gerontology
(pp)
None of these
(a)
(c)
Micrology
Geology
Abnormal development is cause by mutation and:
(a) Trauma
(b) Drugs
(c) Viruses
(b) Aging
29.
30.
The larval epidermis is formed from:
Clear cytoplasm
135.
Gray cytoplasm
Yellow cytoplasm
136.
31.
The meristem present at the bases of internodes in many plants is:
(a) Apical meristem
(b) Oxygen
(d) Water
33.
34.
(b)
(d)
Water All of these
Red light Ultraviolet light
Amphibia
Mammalia
35.
36.
In plants, elongation of cells is favoured by:
(a) Infrared light
(b)
(b)
(c) Reptilia
(d)
37.
38.
137.
(qq)
Teratology
(c) Degeneration
(b) Aging
(d) Abnormalities
138.
CHROMOSOMESBDNA
139.
(a) Point
(b) Insertion
(a) Silent
(b) Epiboly
(rr)
142.
(a) Microsatellite
(b) Minisatellite
(d) Macrosatellite
143.
Endonuclease (b)
DNA ligase
(aa)
DNA gyrase
DNA helicase
144.
Genome is:
(x)
(y)
(z)
(aa)
(z)
(d)
Primary structure
(b)
Secondary structure
(c)
Tertiary structure
(d)
Quaternary structure
8. The overall stability of DNA molecule in the cell medium is provided by:
(a)
Hydrogen bond
(b)
Hydrophilic interaction
(c)
Hyperphobic interaction
(d)
Hypophobic interaction
9. DNA digesting enzyme is:
(a)
DNA ligase
(b)
DNA polymerase
(c)
DNase
fd)
DNA helicase
10. The proportion of DNA and protein in chromosomes is about:
(a)
20:80
(b)
80:20
(c)
40:60
(d)
60:40
11. Sub cellular structures which become visible at the time of cell divisions
(a)
Ribosomes
(b)
Chromosomes
(c)
Nucleoli
(d)
Golgi complex
145.
(a) Valine
(b) Arginine
In genetic code, 61 codons code for 20 different types of amino acids. This
is called:
(a) Colinearity (b) Commaless
(c) Degeneracy
(d) Nonambiguity
148.
(ss)
(tt)
(uu)
The bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break
(vv)
149.
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell that can
(d) Conjugation
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 5
152.
(a) Guanine
(b) Thymine
(c) Cytosine
(d) Uracil
154.
155.
(bb)
10-200 nucleotides
156.
(bb)
To cut DNA
(aa)
To unwind DNA
'
157.
(a) Leucine
(b) Proline
(ww)
Replication + Transcription
(xx)
Replication + Translation
(yy)
Transcription + Translation
(zz)
160.
The second step of the central dogma is the transfer of information from:
161.
(a) rRNA
'
(c) mRNA
(d) cDNA
162.
(b) tRNA
What is the best evidence that genes encode the amino acid sequence of
proteins?
163.
(b) Phenylketonuria
10
(b) 20
RNA
(cc)
100
(d) 1000
31. In
(b)
(d)
Cell cycle Gi phase
G: phase Interphase
Chromosome replication occurs during the _
(a) Gi phase
(b)
(c) S phase
(d)
of mitosis:
G2 phase Interphase
4.
The period from the time a cell is produced until it completes mitosis is called
the:
(a) Mitotic phase
(b)
(b) MPF
(b) Two
(c) Four
(d) Several
12.
13.
Replication of DNA All of them
Desynapsis of homologous chromosomes starts at:
(a) Diplotene (b) Diakinesis
(c) Metaphase I
(d) Anaphase I
(b)
(d)
(b) S phase
(c) G2 phase
(d) M phase
Resting stage is the misleading term used during cell cycle for:
(a) Gi phase
(b) S phase
(c) G2 phase
(d) Interphase
(b) G2 phase
(c) S phase
(d) M phase
In humans the minimum times is taken, during the cell cycle, by:
164.
Gi
(b) S phase
(aaa)
G2 phase
(d) M phase
'
Chromosome number remains the same in the daughter cells as that in the
parent cell
cell
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Mitosis can take place in:
(a)
Haploid cell
(b)
Diploid cell
(c)
Polyploid cell
(d)
All of them
20. Cell cycle involves:
(a)
Interphase
(b)
Cytokinesis
(c)
Karyokinesis
(d)
All of them
21. The mitotic spindle is composed of:
(a)
Astral microtubules.
(b)
Polar microtubules
(c)
Kinctochore microtubules
(d)
Both b & c
22. The spindle microtubules consist of a protein:
(a)
Actin
(b)
Myosin
(c)
Tubulin
(d)
Myoglobin
23. The chromosomes in the cell become visible during meiosis in:
(a)
Leptotene
(b)
Zygotene
(c)
Pachytene
(d)
Diplotene
166.
167.
168.
(ccc)
(ddd)
(eee)
Mctaphase
Telophase
24.
25.
26.
The stage in which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle
is:
28.
29.
30.
(a) Anaphase
(c) Prophase
(b)
(d)
Metaphase
Telophase
(b)
(d)
Centre to wall
Simultaneously
(b)
(d)
Cytokinesis
Synapsis
(b)
(d)
Zygotene
Diplotene
(cc)
original
ccll
(dd)
(ee)
(ff)
(ee)
The major event that occurs during the anaphase of mitosis, which brings
169.
Albinos have a genotype of aa, while all other members of population are
(c) 50% normal, 50% albino (d) 25% normal, 75% albir.o
170.
In humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. In the cross of BB X
(d) 100%
\
171.
Normal individuals have melanin pigment in their skin, hair and eyes.
(d) 75%
An Rh' woman is married to an Rh+ man. The father of woman was also
(d) 100%
ARIATIQN B GENETICS
(fff)
(a) Gene
(b)
Locus
(c) Chromosome
(d)
Allele
Locus is a:
(a) Part of DNA
(b)
Position of a gene
(c) Partner of a gene
(d)
Complement of a gene
Polygene
Different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous condition are
called:
173.
Co-dominance (b)
(ggg)
Over dominance
(d)
LMLM (b)
LMLN
(d)
Genes for colour blindness, haemophilia and gout are linked to chromosome:
10.
Complete dominance Dominance
11.
LNLN
Both LNLN and LMLN
12.
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
7
12
13.
14.
Drosophila males are:
(a) Homozygous (c) Semizygous
An X:A ratio of
(a) 1
(c) 1 or higher
(a)
(c>
produces males in Drosophila:
(b) 0.5 or lower (d) 2 or higher
23
Heterozygous
Hemizygous
The genic system for the determination of sex is present in:
(a) Ginkgo
(b) Yeast
Albumin
(b) Opsin
(gg)
Suppose that in a sheep, a dominant allele (B) produces black hair and a
recessive allele (b) produces white hair. If you saw a black sheep, you would be
able to identify:
(gg)
(hh)
(ii)
(jj)
For the cross AABBCCDd X AAbbCcDd what is the probability that an offspring
will be AABbCcDdl
(a) 1/16
(b) 1/8
Red-headed people frequently have freckles. This is best explained by which <>l
the following?
(bb)
The genes for these two traits are linked on the same chromosomc
(cc)
(dd)
(ee)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
174.
Let A and a represent two alleles for one gene and B and b represent two
alleles for a second gene. If for a particular individual A and B were on one
chromosome and a and b were on a second chromosome then all of the following
are true except:
(hhh)
(iii)
(jjj)
175.
(b) 8
(hh)
16
(d) 24
177.
The genes that do not settle peacefully on their loci and keep on hopping
(b) Transposons
(ff)
178.
(p)
(q)
(r)
All of them
(o)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
179.
(d) Top-cross
A cross, with the phenotype of each sex reversed as compared with the
original cross, to test the role of parental sex on inheritance pattern is called:
(a) Back cross (b) Test cross
(c) Reciprocal cross
(d) Top-cross
182.
Back cross
Reciprocal cross
183.
Zoo cross
(ii)
Reciprocal cross
1.
Which of the following is a type of vector?
(a) Plasmids
(c) Viruses
(c) Cosmids
(b) cDNA
(c) B-DNA
(d) Z-DNA
PBR122
(d)
PBRoo
(b)
Polymerase
(d)
Gyrase
(b)
Cloned plant
(d)
Mutated plant
Eco R| is an:
(a) Ligase
(c) Restriction enzyme
Bt Cotton is
(a) Transgenic plant (c) Hybrid plant
5.
6.
7.
8.
185.
The mother from which nuclear DNA of udder cell was taken
186.
187.
(b)
188.
Variations observed during tissue culture of some plants are known as:
191.
Callus is:
(lll)
(ooo)
192.
18.
19.
(a) RNA
(c) DNA
Best method to determine paternity is:
(a) Protein analysis
(c) Gene counting
(b)
(d)
RNA + protein
Photosynthetic structures
(b)
(d)
Chromosome counting
DNA finger printing
(mm)
(nn)
(oo)
(kk)
(b) Immunization
(c) Biotechnology
(ll)
(gg)
(hh)
(ii)
(jj)
(mm)
(p)
322
(b) 3320
(s)
4363
(d) 6343
193.
produce a
large number of progeny plants using modern plant tissue culture methods:
(a) Vegetative propagation
(c) Anther culturing
194.
(b) Micro-propagation
(b) A bacterium
(d) Fungi
EcoRl cuts double stranded DNA when it has this sequence at the:
196.
(a) Endonucleases
(c) Plasmids
197.
(d) Virus
198.
(ppp)
Transgenic plants
Protoplasts
199.
electrophoresis gel
*
Chapter: 24
EVOLUTIDN
200.
(b) 1750
(c) 1859
(d) 1923
201.
distribution of organisms around the world and helps explain why animals on
different continents are often very different even though their environments are
similar. It also explains why fossils of animals now living in Africa occur in South
America:
(a) Molecular biology (b) Comparative anatomy
(c) Paleontology
202.
(d) Biogeography
. (a) Analogous
(b) Homologous
(c) Comparative
203.
(a) Parallel
(b) Convergent
(qqq)
(rrr)
(sss)
(ttt)
205.
forms after flood. After many generations, the river changes course and the
populations mix again. Which of the following indicates that the two populations
have formed two separate species?
The populations mix and mate and offsprings are produced although they arc
sterile
The horses interbreed but the offsprings are shorter than either of the parents
206.
Autotrophs
(nn)
207.
Which of the following is not evidence for the role of endosymbiosis in the
(b) Chemosynthetic
origin of eukaryotes?
(uuu)
(vvv)
The DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus codes for some enzymes in mitochondria
208.
species?
209.
(a) 110C
(b) 120C
(c) 130C
(d) 140C
211.
(b) Species
215.
If all members of a population are homozygous for the same allele, that
allele is said to be
(oo)
Dominant
(pp)
216.
Species
(b) Population
(q)
Individual
217.
In a population with two alleles for a particular locus, B and b. The allele
(d) No relation
(pp)
Lungfish
(d) Frog
(rr)
(ss)
(tt)
(ffff)
(ll)
(mm)
(nn)
(oo)
fly M
(d) Lamarck
219.
220.
221.
population
(jjjj)
biological population
What this statement depicts: All species of organisms arise and develop through
the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individuals
ability to compete, survive and reproduce?
Lamarckism
Darwinism
Neo-Darwinism
Which of the following is not a factor that affects the gene frequency in HardyWeinberg theorem?
(a) Mutation (b) Migrations
*
The change in frequency of the alleles at a locus that occurs by chance is called:
(a) Mutation (b) Migrations
(qq)
(b) Threatened
Conserved
(d) Endangered
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Vestigial organs
34.
35.
36.
37.
Chapter: 25
-ECOSYSTEM
i
222.
223.
Fungi (b)
Vulture
(rr)
Hyena (d)
Both b & c
224.
225.
(qq)
Succession
226.
(a) Biomc
(r)
Biosphere
227.
(a) Haeckel
(d) Habitat
(t)
Morgan
(d) Sutton
228.
(o)
(p)
(q)
229.
(a) Synecology
(b) Autecology
37.
Ecosystem
230.
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
231.
(ci)
(a)
Ammonification
(b) Nitrification
(llll)
(a)
(c)
12.
fixed by plants is gross primary production:
233.
Sunlight
Energy
13.
The total amount of.
(a) Mass (c) Biomass
In a pond community, the greatest mass present would consist of:
(a) Algae
234.
Frog
(b) Insects
(d) Fish
A climax community:
*
14.
15.
16.
In an ecosystem, the greatest amount of stored chemical bond energy is generally
found in:
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
(a) Producer
(b)
Primary consumer
(c) Secondary consumer
(d)
Decomposers
Denitrifying bacteria:
(a) Turn ammonia into NO2
(b)
Turn ammonia into N2
(c) Turn ammonia into NO3
(d)
Turn ammonia into NH4
Environment includes the
under which an organism lives:
(a) Physical conditions
(b)
Biological conditions
(c) ' Physiological conditions
(d)
Both a & b
The major unit of ecology is:
(a) Community
(b)
Ecosystem
(c) Spccies
(d)
Biome
Primary succession on a rock is called:
(a) Xeroserc
(b)
Hydrosere
(c) Derosere
(d)
Mezosere
Succulent plants such as the cacti store surplus water in:
(a) Sclerenchyma tissues
(b)
Collenchyma tissues
(c) Parenchyma tissues
(d)
Inter-cellular spaces
are like crumpled leaves attached at one point:
(a) Foliage lichens
(b)
Crustose lichens
(c) Mosses
(d)
Tortula
Over-grazing may lead to:
(a) Forest
(c) Desert
235.
(b)
(d)
(a) Air
(b) Water
(mmmm)
Soil
236.
More grass
None of these
(d) Non-living
Air
(d) Non-living
237.
The washing away of soil by the flow of water or other moving currents,
238.
benefit from other and the other is neither benefited nor harmed is called:
(a) Commensalism
(b) Mutualism
(ss)
Parasitism
(d) Predation
239.
The regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth where living
(rr)
Biosphere
(d) Community
*
240.
The living organism which can prepare their own food are:
(s)
Predators
(b) Parasites
(u)
Producers
(d) Prey
241.
(s)
38.
Biomass
242.
(l)
(d) Energy
(m)
(n)
(o)
243.
(cii)
(b)
Desen ecosystems
Forest ecosystems
246.
'
square meter?
(a) A salt marsh
(d) A grassland
247.
depth of:
(a) 400 feet
Which is a phytoplankton?
(d)
Which is a zooplankton?
(b)
(b)
(d)
2.
Which is not a hydrospheric ecosystem?
(a) Pond ecosystem
(b)
249.
(rrrr)
Profundal zone
250.
251.
All of the following are reasonable hypotheses for the high diversity
Habitat heterogeneity
Climatic variability
252.
(tt)
(uu)
(vv)
(ww)
253.
Depletion of producers
(yy)
Depletion of oxygen
(zz)
(aaa)
254.
(tt)
(uu)
(vv)
Low pH
255.
(t)
(u)
(v)
(w)
All of them
256.
(a) Light
(b) Nutrients
(v)
257.
Which becomes
ecosystem?
(a) Water
(b) Nutrients
(t)
258.
Which becomes
distribution f
In
land
ecosystem?
(a) Water
39.
(b)
Light (d)
Nutrient*
Tempcralwra
Air
(b) Light
(d) Water
North pole
Equator
(xx)
(yy)
Sandy soil
(zz)
(aaa)
(b) 250-750 mm
21.
South pole Both a & b
25.
Maximum water holding capacity is found in:
(ww)
(x)
(d)
(x)
Presence of rhizome-
(y)
(z)
Presence of herbs
(u)
40.
(p)
(ciii)
Grassland ecosystem
27.
(c)
The annual rainfall in tropical and subtropical grass lands reaches up to:
31.
(a) 250 mm
(b)
(c) 1500 mm
(d)
Forbs are:
(a) Plants
(b)
(c) Algae
(d)
Layering is the characteristic feature of:
(a) Temperate deciduous forest
(b)
(c) Grassland ecosystem
(d)
Stratification is the characteristic feature of:
(a) Temperate deciduous forest
(b)
750 mm
2000 mm
Animals
Fungi
Coniferous alpine forest
Desert ecosystem
Coniferous alpine forest
260.
(d)
Desert ecosystem
generally:
(tttt)
An of them
i (a) Herbivores
(b) Carnivores
Omnivorcs
(d) Detritivores
262.
is:
(a) Mosquito (b) Grasshopper
*
263.
(b) 1500gm/m'
37.
38.
39.
(c) 4000 g/m:
(d)
6000 g/m2
' tb)
'.(d)
High temperature
Short growing season
2;
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Geothermal energy Wind
10.
Coal
Natural gas Coal
Natural gas
Tides in oceans are produced by the gravitational pull of:
264.
Sun
(b) Moon
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
13.
14.
15.
i
16.
17.
Nuclear energy
Solid wastes
root of all other environmental
(a) Pollution
(b)
Depletion of fossil fuels
(c) Deforestation
(d)
Over population
18. As regards eating habits, early man was:
(a) Herbivorous
(b)
Carnivorous
(c) Omnivorous
(d)
All of them
265.
Which is major factor contributing to loss of biodiversity?
(yyyy) ' Habitat loss & fragmentation
(zzzz) Introduced species
267.
called:
Reforestation
Forestation
River
Forest
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
Deforestation
A-forestation
(a)
(c)
The best environment buffer is:
(a) Lake (c) Ocean
22.
50% of the rain water is contributed by:
*
Any thing produced by humans which is or may be harmful i<> Hi other living
organisms is called:
(a) Human pollution (b) Community (itMM
(c) Environmental pollution (d) Any ol ih*
23.
Wi MM)
24.
25.
(b)
10-30 kms
(d)
10-50 kms
(b)
Beriberi
(d)
Goiter
(b)
AIDS
(d)
Osteoarthritis
(b)
Scurvy
(d)
Alzheimer
28.
Ozone layer filters most of the:
(a) 10-20 kms (c) 10-40 kms
Which is a congenital disease?
(a) Diphtheria (c) Hemophilia
Which is a heritable disease?
(a) Downs syndrome (c) Cold
Which is a parasitic disease? (a) Malaria (c) Cretinism
Which disease is caused by nutritional deficiency?
(a) Gonorrhea (b) Goiter
268.
Arteriosclerosis
(d) Cholera
\
Which disease is caused by hormonal disorder?
(a) Turners syndrome(b) Tuberculosis
(ccccc) Anemia
Green house effect and acid rains are global effects of the:
(a) Environment
Weather
(b) Pollution
(d) All the above
Biodegradation
(b) Biodegeneration
(d) None of these
i Ml .
29.
30.
32.
ADDITIONAL TOPIC
XMPORTATMCE OF FUNGI! (MOLDS)
1
USEFUL ASPECTS OF FUNGI
ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
269.
270.
Fungi play vital role in the recycling of inorganic nutrients in the ecosystem.
271.
Mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth of plants with which they are
Lichens growing on rocks break them, setting stage for other organisms during
273.
Lichens are very good bioindicators of air quality as they are very sensitive to
pollution.
274.
SUBSTANCE
USES
Yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
Penicillium sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Penicillium notatum
Penicillin
(eeeee)toUsed
obtain citric
acid
Used
treat to
infections
caused
by
Lovastatin
Soil fungus
Cyclosporine
Claviceps purpurea
Penicillium sp.
Ergotine
#
.
Used to inhabit luncal
Lichens
'
Used to obtain i.
>
M MU#
H1
|| THE STAR MCAT
SERIES
. ..
>
275.
Yeast (Saccharomyces
276.
(fffff)
cerevisiae)
Fungi cause many serious plant diseases because they produce several
Fungi cause extensive damages due to rusts and smut diseases of wheat, com
and rice.
Powdery mildews, ergot of rye, red rot of sugar cane, Potato wilt, cotton roof
cot, apple scab, and brown rot of peaches, plums, apricots and cherries are some other
common plant diseases caused by fungi.
Saprobic fungi cause incalculable damage to food, wood, fiber, and leather by
decomposing them. 15-50% of world's fruit is lost each year due to fungal attack.
. Wood-rotting fungi destroy net only living trees but also structural timber. Bracket/
shelf fungi cause lot of damage to stored cut lumber as well as stands of timber of
living trees.
DAMAGE/DISEASE TO THE ANIMALS
Fungi also cause certain animal diseases. Ringworm and athletes foot are superficial
fungal infections caused by certain imperfect fungi.
Candida albicans - a yeast causes oral and vaginal thrush (candidiasis or candidosis).
Histoplasmosis is a serious infection of lungs caused by inhaling spores of a fungus
which is common in soil contaminated with bird's feces. If infection spreads into
blood stream and then lo other organs (which is very occasional), it can be serious and
even fatal.
Aspergillus fumigatus causes aspergillosis but only in persons with defective immune
system such as AIDS, and may cause death.
Some strains of Aspergillus produce one of the most carcinogenic mycotoxins called
aflatoxins. Milk, eggs and meat may also have small traces of aflatoxins.
Aspergillus contaminates improperly stored grains such as peanuts and com etc.
Ergotism is caused by eating bread made from purple ergot-contaminated rye flour.
The poisonous material in the ergot causes nervous spasm, convulsions, Psychotic
delusion and even gangrene.
Pink yeast (Rhodotorula) grows on shower curtains and other moist surfaces.
I
SOLANACEAE
SPECIES
Potato
Tomato
Brinjal (egg plant)
Mississippi sport
BIOLOGICAL NAME
Solatium tuberosum
Solatium esculentum
Solarium molangena
Capsicum annum
USE(S)
Used as a food especially in Ireland
Home garden vegetable
I sed as a vegetable
Rich source of vitamin A and C and is used
Pepper
Red Pepper
Capsicum frutescens
as condiment
Rich source of vitamin A and C and is used
Ground cherry
Tobacco plant
Death Cherries
Physalis
Nicotiana tabacum
Atropa belladona
as condiment
Produces an edible fruit in a bladder fsac)
Leaves of it arc dined to make tobacco
Produce atropine which is used in
A genus
Datura
medicines
Produce daturine which is used in
Petunia
* .' A Mfc
Cultivated for flowers as ornamental plants
Nicotiana
Cestrum
Solatium
USE(S)
Leaves yield drug 'Sewin' wt laxative
Leaves are used to cure rm^ worm aftd skin diseases
Ringworm Bush
Neutral henna
Henna
Leaves yield drug S< laxative
Nam-nam
Oil extracted from ill externally for skin
Kachnar
Cynometera cauliflora
Bauhinia variegate
Cassia obovata
Cassia senna
Cassia alata
277.
vegetables
Amaltas
A genus
Imli
Cassia fistula
Parkinsonia
Tamarindus indica
Haematoxylon
(iiiii)
Bark
used
in tanning
Produces
the isdye
Haematoxylin
BIOLOGICAL NAME
Triticum vulgare
Avena sativa
Zea mays
USE(S)
Food sources for man
Food sources for man
Rice
Barley
Oryza sativa
Hordeum vulgare
Rye ,
Secale cereale
*
(bbb)
Broomcorn
Sorghum vulgare
(ccc)
(ccc)
(Jowari)
Millet
Sugar :ane
Penisetum typhoideum
Saccharum officinarum
Bentgrass
A genus
Perennial grass
Bamboo
Agrostis
Poa
Festuca
Bambusa
Used
as food for birds and humans also
feed value
(xx)
Used to obtain sugar
Rum is obtained from it
Used in lawns as ornamental
Used in lawns as ornamental
Used in lawns as ornamental
(y)
Used in building materials for the
(yy)
thatched huts
(z)
(aa)
Kingdom Animalia
COKLOMATES
The animals with a coelom (body cavity) are called coelomates. E.g. animals from
annelids to chordates.
ACPkLOMATES
The animals without a coclom (body cavity) are called acoeloinates. E.g. Flatworms.
PSEIDOCOKLOMATKS
The animals without a true coelom (body cavity) are called pseudocoelomates. E.g.
Aschelminthes.
Pa ranchyma imeaodarm)
Matodarma!
peritonaum
Gut landodarm)
Maaodarmal
Maaantary
ACOELOMATfc
1
"m*,3CO,)
COELOMATE
PSEUDOCOELOMATE
RADIATA
A morphological condition in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically
around an oral-aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis yields
halves that are mirror images of each other is called radial symmetry.
A symmetry in which only one imaginary plane from the central axis divides the
animals into two equal halves is called bilateral symmetry.
Posterior end
Dorsal'side
Anterior end
Ventral 9de
Plane cf symmetry
Planes of symmetry
BILATERAL SYMMLIKY
Hr m i tmttm
RADIAL SYMMETRY
P1PLOBLAST1C ORGANIZATION
An organism with two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) is called diploblastic.
TRIPLOBLASTIC ORGANIZATION
An organism with three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm) is called
triploblastic.
PHYLUM PORIFERA
GENERAL CHARACTERS
279.
280.
Body with pores (.Ostia and osculum) and canals for the water passage
281.
282.
Asymmetrical
283.
284.
285.
Intracellular digestion
286.
287.
288.
REGENERATION IN POR1KERA
Sponges have great ability of regeneration. They exhibit somatic embryogenesis, a
special type of regeneration in which there is a complete reorganization of the
structure and function of participating cells or bits of tissues.
Sponges do not have any nervous system or pain receptors, so when they arc pluck
into pieces, they do not feel pain. The isolated bits get free from the influence of
adjoining cells, so they realize their own potential to change in shape or function and
develop into a new organism.
PHYLUM CN1DARIA/COELENTERATA
GENERAL CHARACTERS
Entirely aquatic, mostly marine
Radial symmetry
Diploblastic
Radial symmetry
No coelomic cavity
Two basic types of individuals: Polyps and Medusae
Body layers are epidermis and gastrodermis
Gastrovascular cavity
Sac-like digestive system
Special stinging cells called cnidocytes with stinging organelles called nematocysts
Diffused nervous system
Excretory system absent
Respiratory system absent
Asexual reproduction by budding (in polyps)
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
289.
Triploblastic
290.
Bilateral symmetry
291.
Acoelomates
292.
293.
Flatworms
294.
295.
CNS with a pair of anterior ganglia, longitudinal and transverse nerves present
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
Mostly monoecious
Examples
Taenia solium Fasciola hepatica Dugesia Schistosoma
INFECTIONS IN HIMAN'S 1)1 E TO PLATYHELMINTHES
DISEASE
Schistosomiasis
NAME
Snail fever
genus Schistosoma
Neurocysticercosis
fatigue &
fm
brain. It dizziness,
presents with
Taenia solium (Pork Tape the
Headaches,
in
...
worm)
.... . . . . . .
Diphyllobothriasis
Hydatidosis-
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Hook worm (causes Hook worm Ancylostoma duodenale
disease)
Pin worm (causes Pin worm
Etiterobius vermiculari
infection)
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascariasis)
Trichina worm (causes
Trichinella spiralis
in contaminated food
Ingestion of infected muscle
trichinosis)
Whip worm (causes Trichuriasis)Trichuris trichiura
Ingestion of contaminated
food or by unhygienic habits
Wuchereria bancrofti
Transmitted by mosquitoes
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
INFECTION IN HUMANS
Hook worm Pin worm Ascaris Filaria
MODE OF INFECTION
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
GENERAL CHARACTERS
Largest phylum with around 1.1 million species Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic
Coelomates
Segmented body divided into tagmata (head & trunk) or head, thorax and abdomen
Jointed appendages Cuticular exoskeleton
Complex muscular system, striated muscles for rapid movement Complex digestive
system Open circulatory system 4
Respiration by body surface, gills, trachca or book lungs Excretory organs called
Malpighian tubules are present Complex nervous system Well developed sensory
organs Sexes usually separate Fertilization internal Mostly oviparous
Metamorphosis both complete and incomplete Ecdysis/moulting
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ARTHROPODS AND HARMFUL IMPACTS
ON MAN
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
Honey bee produces honey and beeswax.
Silkworm produces silk.
Lac insects secrete shellac (a resin) in the form of a wax. rnsects are nacessary for
cross-fertilization of many crops.
Insect larvae are source of food for fish.
Many predaceous insects such as tiger beetles, aphid lions, ant lions and lady bird
beetles destroy harmful insects.
HARMFUL INSECTS
302.
Many types of mosquitoes, flies, fleas, lice and bugs transmit disease causing
malaria in man.
304.
African Tse tse fly transmits Trypanospoma, the cause of African sleeping
307.
308.
309.
A number of insects lay eggs on fruits and other commercial crops such as
sugar cane, maize, cotton and also on vegetables. The larvae of these insects damage
fruits and crops and cause economic loss.
\* sTI T %
Evolution
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF LAMARCKISM
MERITS
310.
311.
312.
DEMERITS
(jjjjj)
(kkkkk) Lamarck suggested the tendency to increase in size while many plants (e.g.
Lamarcks idea that the new organs result from the new needs was wrong.
(mmmmm)
Lamarcks idea that organs develop due to use and degenerate due to
But in many instances the occurrence of such variations when they are not fully
developed are of no use to the individuals in the struggle for existence. For instance,
the eye in the case of animals is useful only in a fully formed condition and surely all
the features of the eye according to Darwin could not have come into existence at one
go. It should have been by accumulation of several mutations. But then each change
by itself is of no advantage.
disadvantage r; ther than any use. For instance the antlers in deer are more obstructive
because of th^ir huge size than, of any use, when the animal has to run to avoid from
predators. In this instance nattiraT selecflbtf indeed should have limited the structures
not to grow beyond a point of usefulness.
The main drawback in Darwins theory is that hq assumed that the organisms
are having favourable and unfavourable variations. The main aspect in the mechanism
of evolution is the origin of variations. Only then one can explain the role of natural
selection. Natural selection according to Darwin is only an arbiter to decide which
variation is favourable or unfavourable. But the crux of evolutionary theory is to
explain how a variation can arise. Further, Darwin also did not distinguish between
heritable and non heritable variations.
Natural selection theory docs not satisfactorily attribute the reasons for the
presence of vestigial organs. For example appendix in human beings. These organs
should have been eliminated by natural selection during the course of evolution.
313.
there should have been transitional forms in almost all the species. But this is not the
case. Darwin however explained this away by attributing it to the faulty preservation
of fossils. In areas where no interlinking forms were found, Darwin used the term
"missing links". For instance between man and monkey.
314.
Natural selection as believed by Darwin was only a selective force and not a
creative force. Many of the current observations have indeed shown that the
environment not
(ooooo) only chooses favourable variations but also is a causative agent for variations.
315.
It could not tell whether instincts are acquired and modified through natural
selection or not.
316.
Darwin explained the survival of the fittest but not the arrival of the fittest.
317.
Why are the new inherited characteristics not diluted when the organisms
possessing with breed with the others not possessing them. Now we know that
fundamental nature of the genes itself in nol altered or diluted and the genes emerge
unchanged in the successive generations.
UNIT # 1
1.
D
9.
A
17. B
25. A
33. B
UNIT # 2
2.
10.
18.
26.
34.
A
A
D
A
C
3.
11.
19.
27.
35.
C
A
A
C
D
D
fJ-%: c
c
WL M B
1.
A
9.
B
17. B
25. C
33. A
41. C
49. D
UNIT # 3
2.
10.
IK.
26.
34.
42.
50.
A
C
D
D
B
C
A
3.
11.
19.
27.
35.
43.
51.
D
B
A
B
C
D
A
C
A
D
B
C
B
C
7.
15.
36.
44.
52.
5.
13.
21.
29.
B
C
C
A
D
5.
D
13. B
21. A
29. C
37. D
45. B
W3M A
6.
14.
22.
30.
38.
C
C
A
C
B
7.
15.
23.
31.
D
D
C
B
8.
A
<16. B
24. B
32. A
D
B
D
23.
31.
D
B
B
B
D
D
B
B
D
D
B
D
B
B
B
B
D
D
5.
C
13. C
21. A
29. A
37. A
45. D
53. C
61. C
69. D
77. C
UNIT # 4
6.
14.
22.
30.
38.
46.
54.
62.
70.
78.
1.
9.
17.
25.
33.
41.
2.
10.
18.
26.
34.
42.
B
D
B
B
B
D
B
C
)B
A
D
A
3.
11.
19.
27.
35.
A
C
D
A
A
m
12.
36.
C
D
D
D
B
5.
13.
21.
29.
37.
A
D
A
D
B
6.
14.
22.
30.
38.
C
A
B
D
B
39.
A
A
C
B
A
8.
16.
24.
32.
40.
B
B
C
D
D
UNIT # 5
1.
9.
17.
25.
33.
41.
D
C
B
D
B
D
C
2.
10.
18.
26.
34.
42.
B
A.
A
A
C
A
8.
16.
24.
32.
40.
48.
56.
64.
72.
80.
A
A
B
B
c
C
B
A
A
c
B
D
D
D
UNIT # 6
B
B
B
B
B
D
B
D
B
7.
15.
23.
31.
39.
47.
55.
63.
71.
79.
C
C
c
A
A
C
D
C
B
D
3.
11.
19.
27.
35.
43.
B
A
B
C
D
D
4.
12.
36.
44.
A
D
A
C
C
D
5.
13.
21.
29.
37.
45.
B
D
C
D
B
D
87.
95.
103.
111.
119.
127.
135.
143.
151.
159.
167.
175.
183.
191.
199.
B
D
B
D
B
D
B
D
D
D
D
B
B
D
B
B
B
D
B
D
B
D
D
A
D
C
D
B
A
D
A
B
B
A ,
D
A
D
C
88.
96.
104.
112.
120.
128.
136.
144.
152.
160.
168.
176.
184.
192.
200.
C
D
D
C
B
B
B
D
C
C
C
D
B
B
D
D
D
D
B
D
B
B
D
B
D
D
B
B
B
B
D
D
D
B
B
D
D
D
UNIT # 7
1.
9.
17.
25.
33.
41.
C
D
C
A
B
A
2.
10.
18.
26.
34.
42.
D
B
B
A
C
D
3.
11.
19.
27.
35.
43.
A
A
A
B
D
B
4.
12.
36.
44.
D
D
C
D
A
A
5.
13.
21.
29.
37.
45.
B
D
C
D
C
C
6.
14.
22.
30.
38.
46.
C
A
A
B
C
A
39.
47.
D
D
B
B
A
B
8.
16.
24.
32.
40.
48.
A
B
D
A
D
C
UNIT #8
1.
C
2.
D
10.
17. B
18.
25. C
26.
B
7.
A
C
15. D
C
23. B
UNIT# 10
1.
D
9.
B
17. B
25.
D
UNIT # 9
B
D
A
C
8.
16.
24.
3.
11.
19. i
27.
A
A
C
D Uio. warn n.
18. Hill 19.
26. Mi 27.
B
B
A
A
4.
12.
20.
28.
A
A
D
A
5.
13.
21.
29.
D
C
A
B
6.
14.
22.
30.
'A
C
C
B
7.
15.
23.
31.
D
C
2
10.
C
A
17. D
C
25. C
C
33. B
34. B
d ErM b Kl a~ b
3.
11.
c
1)
A
C
5.
13.
C
c
6.
14.
19. B
27. D
35. C
b BcM a
36.
D
B
A
21.
29.
37.
B
c
c
22.
30.
38.
B
D
D
4.
12.
20.
B
C
C
5.
13.
21.
D
1B
A
6.
14.
22.
c ETj Wm b
A I A Bi C
B
CHAPTER # 2
1. C
9. B
17. C
2.
10.
18.
A
A
B
it:
B3
A
C
B
7- !
15. |
23. i
D
B
B
C
8.
16.
24.
32.
B
D
C
B
25. A
26. B
CHAPTER # 3
28.
29.
30.
31. |
1.
A
2.
A
9.
D
10. B
17. B
IS. B
CHAPTER # 4
3.
11.
19.
D
D
D
4.
12.
20.
A
C
A
5.
13.
21.
B
D
C
/
6.
14.
22.
D
A
A
7.
15.
23.
B
C
C
8.
16.
24.
C
c
B
l.
C
2.
9.
D
10.
17. C
18.
25. A
26.
CHAPTER #5
B
B
D
C
3.
11.
19.
27.
B
D
C
D
4.
12.
20.
28.
C
D
D
D
5.
13.
21.
29.
B
B
A
C
6.
14.
22.
30.
C
C
D
A
7.
15.
23.
31.
B
C
B
D
8.
16.
24.
K.
B
D
C
D
3.
11.
19.
. 27.
C
D
B
D
4.
12.
20.
28.
A
A
C
A
5.
13.
21.
29.
A
C
D
A
6.
14. |
22. 1
30.
B
1.
B
2.
9.
B
10.
17. A
18.
25. D
26.
CHAPTER #6
it
t>
1.
9.
17.
25.
c
A
B
A
2.
10.
18.
26.
B
A
D
B
3.
11.
19.
27.
CHAPTER # 7
B
B
D
D
p
r::.1
1.
9.
17.
B
D
B
2.
10.
C
B
A
o,
'c
D>
A
4.
12.
20.
28.
A
A
A
D
5.
13.
21.
29.
A
C
D
B
6.
14.
22.
30.
D
B
B
n
AJ
H
.J
I)
25. C
33. B
34.
CHAPTER # 8
D
D
1.
C
2.
9.
A
10.
17. C
IK.
25. D
26.
33. D
CHAPTER # 9
D
B
D
B
1.
B
2.
D
9.
D
10. A
17. A
D
25. B
D
33. B
34. A
3. C
Kfl D
11. D
Bag C
19. B
A
27. A
B
35. D
36. C
3. B
4.
B
11. A
12. C
19. C
20. B
27. C
28. C
35. A
36. B
5. D
ft.
C
13. C
14. A
21. B
22. D
29. D
30. A
CHAPTER # 10
5.
13.
21.
29.
37.
5.
13.
21.
29.
37.
7.
15.
23.
31.
i.
B
2.
9.
A
10.
17. D
18.
25. B
26.
CHAPTER# 11
A
D
D
B
3.
11.
19.
27.
B
B
B
A
4.
12.
20.
28. *
C
B
C
C
5.
13.
21.
29.
A
D
A
D
6.
14.
22.
30.
B
B
A
C
7.
15.
23.
31.
D
D
C
B
8.
16.
24.
32.
C
B
D
A
1.
A
2.
9.
C
10.
17. c
18.
25. B J 26.
CHAPTER # 12
C
B
C
D
3.
11.
19.
27.
B
D
C
D
4.
12.
20.
28.
D
B
A
A
5.
13.
21.
29.
B
D
B
C
6.
14.
22.
30.
A
C
D
A
7.
15.
23.
31.
A
C
B
C
8.
1ft.
24.
32.
C
B
B
D
1.
B
2.
9.
B
10.
17. C
18.
25. D
26.
CHAPTER # 13
C
A
B
c
3.
11.
19.
27.
D
A
B
B
4.
12.
20.
28.
B
B
D
D
5.
13.
21.
29.
D
C
B
C
6.
14.
22.
30.
B
D
D
7.
15.
23.
31.
A
A
C
B
8.
16.
24.
32.
D
B
C
A
1.
9.
C
D
3.
11.
D
A
4.
12.
D
D
5.
13.
B
B
6.
14.
A
B
7.
15.
B
A
8.
16.
0
A
B
C
2.
10.
17.
25.
U
c
B
18.
26.
B
B
19.
27.
C
c
20.
28.
D
B
21.
29.
C
D
22.
30.
A
A
23.
31.
B
D
24.
32.
A
B
CHAPTER # 14
1. D
2.
C
9. B
10. C
17. A
18. B
25. C
26. A
CHAPTER # 15
itPii
A
B
F
c
A
4.
12.
20.
28.
C
D
C
A
5.
13.
21.
29.
B
A
B
B
6.
14.
22.
30.
C
C
D
C
7.
15.
23.
31.
A
B
A
D
8.
16.
24.
32.
1.
B
2.
9.
B
10.
17. A
18.
25. C
26.
CHAPTER # 16
B
D
D
A
3.
11.
19.
27.
C
D
C
C
ti 1.
12.
20.
28.
D
A
C
B
5.
13.
21.
29.
C
A
D
B
6.
14.
22.
30.
D
C
C
B
7.
15.
23.
31.
B
A
C
B
8.
16.
24.
32.
B
B
A
A
1.
B
2.
9.
C
10.
17. B
18.
25. B
26.
CHAPTER # 17
C
D
A
B
3.
11.
19.
27.
C
B
A
C
NBi
n 2.
2
2
A
C
C
A
5.
13.
21.
29.
A
B
A
C
6.
14.
22.
30.
B
D
C
c
7.
15.
23.
31.
B
A
D
D
8.
16.
24.
32.
B
C
B
B
1.
A
2.
9.
B
10.
17. B
18.
25. D
26.
Chapter # 18
A
B
D
B
3.
11.
19.
27.
B
A
C
B
4.
12.
20.
28.
B
A
C
A
5.
13.
21.
29.
D
B
A
C
6.
14.
22.
30.
A
B
B
A
7.
15.
23.
31.
C
A
B
B
8.
16.
24.
32.
D
D
C
D
1. A
2.
D
9. C
10. C
17. D
18. B
25. B
26. B
CHAPTER # 19
5.
13.
21.
A
C
D
6.
14.
22.
C
D
A
3.
11.
HI
7.
15.
23.
B
C
C
D
B
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A
B
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29.
D
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D
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37. C
38. D
CHAPTER # 20
31.
39.
A
Bj
32.
40.
i.
D
2.
9.
C
10.
17. B
18.
25. D
26.
CHAPTER # 21
A
C
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C
3.
11.
19.
27.
C
B
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c
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12.
20.
28.
D
B
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3.
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28.
A
A
D
B
5.
13.
21.
29.
1
1.
B
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B
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25. B
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