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One-Sample of
Hypothesis
Chapter Goals
After completing this chapter, you should be
able to:
What is a Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a claim
(assumption) about a
population parameter:
population mean
Example: The mean monthly cell phone bill
of this city is = $42
population proportion
Example: The proportion of adults in this
city with cell phones is p = .68
H0 : x 3
(continued)
Population
Is x = 20 likely if = 50?
If not likely,
REJECT
Null Hypothesis
Suppose
the sample
mean age
is 20: x = 20
Now select a
random sample
Sample
20
If it is unlikely that
we would get a
sample mean of
this value ...
= 50
If H0 is true
... then we
reject the null
hypothesis that
= 50.
Level of Significance,
Level of Significance
and the Rejection Region
Level of significance =
H0: 3
HA: < 3
Represents
critical value
H0: 3
HA: > 3
H0: = 3
HA: 3
Rejection
region is
shaded
/2
Two tailed test
/2
0
Type I Error
Reject a true null hypothesis
Considered a serious type of error
The probability of Type I Error is
Type II Error
Fail to reject a false null hypothesis
The probability of Type II Error is
Key:
Outcome
(Probability)
Decision
H0 True
H0 False
Do Not
Reject
H0
No error
(1 - )
Type II Error
()
Reject
H0
Type I Error
()
No Error
(1-)
, then
when
when
when
Critical Value
Approach to Testing
H0: 3
HA: < 3
-z or x , is called a
critical value
Reject H0
-z
x
x = z
Do not reject H0
z or x , is called a
critical value
H0: 3
HA: > 3
Do not reject H0
x = z
Reject H0
H0: = 3
HA: 3
z/2
or
x/2
x/2
/2
/2
Lower
Reject H0
Upper
Do not reject H0
-z/2
x/2
Lower
x /2 = z /2
Reject H0
z/2
x/2
Upper
Critical Value
Approach to Testing
Known
Unknown
Large
Samples
Small
Samples
Unknown
x
z =
Large
Samples
Small
Samples
Hypothesis
Tests for
Known
The test statistic is:
t n1
x
=
s
n
But is sometimes
approximated
using a z:
x
z =
Unknown
Large
Samples
Small
Samples
Hypothesis
Tests for
Known
Unknown
t n1
x
=
s
n
Large
Samples
(The population must be
approximately normal)
Small
Samples
Reject H0
-z= -1.645
Do not reject H0
x
2.84 3 .16
z =
=
=
= 2.0
0.8
.08
n
100
-1.645
-2.0
Do not reject H0
= .05
x
Reject H0
2.8684
2.84
Do not reject H0
0.8
x = z
= 3 1.645
= 2.8684
n
100
Since x = 2.84 < 2.8684,
p-value example
P( x 2.84 | = 3.0)
2.84 3.0
= P z
0.8
100
= .05
p-value =.0228
x
2.8684
2.84
p-value example
(continued)
p-value =.0228
Reject H0
= .10
Do not reject H0
z=1.28
Reject H0
Review:
Finding Critical Value - One Tail
What is z given = 0.10?
.90
Standard Normal
Distribution Table (Portion)
.10
= .10
.50 .40
.07
.08
.09
0 1.28
Critical Value
= 1.28
x
53.1 52
z =
=
= 0.88
10
n
64
Example: Decision
(continued)
= .10
Do not reject H0
1.28
0
z = .88
Reject H0
p -Value Solution
(continued)
0
Do not reject H0
1.28
z = .88
Reject H0
P( x 53.1 | = 52.0)
53.1 52.0
= P z
10
64
H0: = 168
HA: 168
/2=.025
Reject H0
-t/2
-2.0639
n = 25
is unknown, so
use a t statistic
Critical Value:
t24 = 2.0639
t n1 =
/2=.025
Do not reject H0
1.46
Reject H0
t/2
2.0639
x
172.50 168
=
= 1.46
s
15.40
n
25
Proportions
(continued)
P = p
p =
n
The sampling
distribution of p is
normal, so the test
statistic is a z
value:
z=
pp
p(1 p)
n
Hypothesis
Tests for p
np 5
and
n(1-p) 5
np < 5
or
n(1-p) < 5
Not discussed
in this chapter
Check:
n p = (500)(.08) = 40
n(1-p) = (500)(.92) = 460
H0: p = .08
HA: p .08
z=
= .05
n = 500, p = .05
.05 .08
= 2.47
.08(1 .08)
500
Decision:
pp
=
p(1 p)
n
Reject
Reject H0 at = .05
Conclusion:
.025
.025
-1.96
-2.47
1.96
There is sufficient
evidence to reject the
companys claim of 8%
response rate.
p -Value Solution
(continued)
Reject H0
/2 = .025
Reject H0
/2 = .025
.0068
.0068
-1.96
z = -2.47
p-value = .0136:
1.96
z = 2.47
Type II Error
50
52
Reject
H0: 52
Do not reject
H0 : 52
Type II Error
(continued)
50
52
Reject
H0: 52
Do not reject
H0 : 52
Type II Error
(continued)
50
52
Reject
H0: 52
Do not reject
H0 : 52
Calculating
6
= 52 1.645
= 50.766
n
64
cutoff = x = z
(for H0 : 52)
So = P( x 50.766 ) if = 50
50
50.766
Reject
H0: 52
52
Do not reject
H0 : 52
Calculating
(continued)
50.766 50
P( x 50.766 | = 50) = P z
= P(z 1.02) = .5 .3461 = .1539
64
Probability of
type II error:
= .1539
50
52
Reject
H0: 52
Do not reject
H0 : 52
Chapter Summary
Chapter Summary
(continued)