15

Active Filter Circuits

Assessment Problems
AP 15.1
H(s) =

(R2 /R1 )s
s + (1/R1 C)

1
= 1 rad/s;
R1 C
R2
= 1,
R1
..

R1 = 1 ,

.. R2 = R1 = 1

Hprototype(s) =

AP 15.2
H(s) =

.. C = 1 F

s
s+1

(1/R1 C)
20,000
=
s + (1/R2 C)
s + 5000

1
= 20,000;
R1 C
.. R1 =

C = 5 F

1
= 10
(20,000)(5 106 )

1
= 5000
R2 C
.. R2 =

1
= 40
(5000)(5 106 )

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152

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

AP 15.3
c = 2fc = 2 104 = 20,000 rad/s
.. kf = 20,000 = 62,831.85
C0 =

C
kf km

.. km =

..

0.5 106 =

1
kf km

1
= 31.83
(0.5 106 )(62,831.85)

AP 15.4 For a 2nd order Butterworth high pass filter

H(s) =

s2

s2 + 2s + 1

For the circuit in Fig. 15.25

H(s) =

s2
s2 +

2
R2 C

s+

1
R1 R2 C 2

Equate the transfer functions. For C = 1F,

2
= 2,
R2 C

.. R2 =

1
= 1,
R1 R2 C 2

2 = 0.707

1
.. R1 = = 1.414
2

AP 15.5
Q = 8, K = 5, o = 1000 rad/s, C = 1 F
For the circuit in Fig 15.26
1

s
R1 C
!
H(s) =


R
+
R
2
2
1
s2 +
s+
R3 C
R1 R2 R3C 2
Ks
= 2
s + s + o2


2
,
R3 C

o
1000
=
= 125 rad/s
Q
8

..

R3 =

2
C

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Problems

153

2 106
.. R3 =
= 16 k
(125)(1)
K =

1
R1 C

.. R1 =

1
1
=
= 1.6 k
KC
5(125)(1 106 )

R1 + R2
R1 R2 R3 C 2

o2 =
106 =

(1600 + R2 )
(1600)(R2 )(16,000)(106 )2

Solving for R2,

R2 =

(1600 + R2 )106
,
256 105

246R2 = 16,000,

R2 = 65.04

AP 15.6
o = 1000 rad/s;

Q = 4;

C = 2 F
s2 + (1/R2 C 2)
#


4(1

)
1
2
s +
s+
RC
R2 C 2
2
2
s + o
1
= 2
;
o =
;
2
s + s + o
RC

H(s) =

"

R=

1
1
=
= 500
o C
(1000)(2 106 )

o
1000
=
= 250
Q
4

..

4(1 )
RC

4(1 )
= 250
RC

4(1 ) = 250RC = 250(500)(2 106 ) = 0.25

1 =

0.25
= 0.0625;
4

..

= 0.9375

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154

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

Problems
P 15.1

Summing the currents at the inverting input node yields

0 Vi 0 Vo
+
=0
Zi
Zf
..

Vo
Vi
=
Zf
Zi

Vo
Zf
.. H(s) =
=
Vi
Zi
P 15.2

[a] Zf =

R2 (1/sC2 )
R2
=
[R2 + (1/sC2 )]
R2 C2 s + 1

(1/C2 )
s + (1/R2 C2)
Likewise
(1/C1 )
Zi =
s + (1/R1 C1 )
=

.. H(s) =

(1/C2 )[s + (1/R1 C1)]

[s + (1/R2 C2)](1/C1 )

C1 [s + (1/R1 C1)]
C2 [s + (1/R2 C2)]

"

C1 j + (1/R1 C1 )
[b] H(j) =
C2 j + (1/R2 C2 )
H(j0) =

C1
C2

R2C2
R1C1

R2
R1

C1 j
C1
[c] H(j) =
=
C2 j
C2
[d] As 0 the two capacitor branches become open and the circuit reduces
to a resistive inverting amplifier having a gain of R2/R1 .
As the two capacitor branches approach a short circuit and in
this case we encounter an indeterminate situation; namely vn vi but
vn = 0 because of the ideal op amp. At the same time the gain of the
ideal op amp is infinite so we have the indeterminate form 0 .
Although = is indeterminate we can reason that for finite large
values of H(j) will approach C1 /C2 in value. In other words, the
circuit approaches a purely capacitive inverting amplifier with a gain of
(1/jC2 )/(1/jC1 ) or C1 /C2 .
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Problems

P 15.3

155

(1/C2 )
s + (1/R2 C2 )

[a] Zf =

Zi = R1 +

1
R1
=
[s + (1/R1 C1 )]
sC1
s

H(s) =

s
(1/C2 )

[s + (1/R2 C2)] R1 [s + (1/R1 C1)]

=
[b] H(j) =
H(j0) = 0

1
s
R1C2 [s + (1/R1 C1 )][s + (1/R2 C2 )]
1

R1C2 j +

j
1
R1 C1



j +

1
R2 C2

[c] H(j) = 0
[d] As 0 the capacitor C1 disconnects vi from the circuit. Therefore
vo = vn = 0.
As the capacitor short circuits the feedback network, thus
ZF = 0 and therefore vo = 0.
P 15.4

[a] c =

1
R2 C

K=

R2
R1

so R2 =
so R1 =

1
1
=
= 6366
c C
2(2500)(10 109 )
R2
6366
=
= 1273
K
5

[b] Both the cutoff frequency and the passband gain are changed.
P 15.5

[a] 5(2) = 10 V so Vcc 10 V

[b] H(j) =

5(2)(2500)
j + 2(2500)

H(j5000) =

5(5000)
5
= 2.5 + j2.5 = /135
5000 + j5000
2

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156

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

10
Vo = /135 Vi
2
[c] H(j1000) =

5(5000)
= 4.9/168.7
5000 + j1000

Vo = 4.9/168.7 Vi
[d] H(j25,000) =

so vo(t) = 9.8 cos(1000t + 168.7 ) V

5(5000)
= 0.98/101.3
5000 + j25,000

Vo = 0.98/101.3 Vi
P 15.6

so vo (t) = 7.07 cos(5000t + 135 ) V

so vo (t) = 1.96 cos(25,000t + 101.3 ) V

[a] K = 10(10/20) = 3.16 =

R2
R1

R2 =

1
1
=
= 212.21
3
c C
(2)(10 )(750 109 )

R1 =

R2
212.21
=
= 67.16
K
3.16

[b]

P 15.7

[a]

1
= 2(1000) so RC = 1.5915 104
RC
There are several possible approaches. Here, choose Rf = 150 . Then
1.5915 104
= 1.06 106
150
Choose C = 1 F. This gives

C=

c =

1
= 6.67 103 rad/s so fc = 1061 Hz
(150)(106 )

To get a passband gain of 10 dB, choose

Ri =

Rf
150
=
= 47.47
3.16
3.16

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Problems

157

Choose Ri = 47 to give K = 20 log 10(150/47) = 10.08 dB. The resulting

circuit is

1061 1000
(100) = 6.1%
1000
10.08 10
% error in passband gain =
(100) = 0.8%
10

[b] % error in fc =

P 15.8

[a] c =

1
R1 C

K=

R2
R1

so R1 =

1
1
=
= 159
c C
2(4000)(250 109 )

so R2 = KR1 = (8)(159) = 1273

[b] The passband gain changes but the cutoff frequency is unchanged.
P 15.9

[a] 8(0.25) = 2 V so Vcc 2 V

8j
[b] H(j) =
j + 8000
H(j600) =

8(j8000)
8
= / 135
8000 + j8000
2

8
Vo = / 135 Vi
2
[c] H(j1600) =

so vo (t) = 1.41 cos(8000t 135 ) V

8(j1600)
= 1.57/ 101.3
8000 + j1600

Vo = 1.57/ 101.3 Vi

so vo (t) = 392.2 cos(1600t 101.3 ) mV

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158

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[d] H(j40,000) =

8(j40,000)
= 7.84/ 168.7
8000 + j40,000

Vo = 7.84/ 168.7 Vi
P 15.10 [a] R1 =

so vo (t) = 1.96 cos(40,000t 168.7 ) V

1
1
=
= 5.10 k
3
c C
(2)(8 10 )(3.9 109 )

K = 10(14/20) = 5.01 =

R2
R1

.. R2 = 5.01R1 = 25.55 k
[b]

P 15.11 [a]

1
= 2(8000) so RC = 19.89 106
RC
There are several possible approaches. Here, choose C = 0.047 F. Then
19.89 106
= 423
0.047 106
Choose Ri = 390 . This gives
Ri =

c =

1
= 54.56 krad/s so fc = 8.68 kHz
(0.047 106 )(390)

To get a passband gain of 14 dB, choose

Rf = 5Ri = 5(390) = 1950

Choose Rf = 1.8 k to give a passband gain of 20 log 10(1800/390) = 13.3

dB. The resulting circuit is

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Problems

[b] % error in fc =

159

8683.76 8000
(100) = 8.5%
8000

% error in passband gain =

13.3 14
(100) = 5.1%
14

P 15.12 For the RC circuit

H(s) =

s
Vo
=
Vi
s + (1/RC )

R0 = km R;

C0 =

C
km kf

1
RC
.. R0 C 0 =
= ;
kf
kf
H 0 (s) =

1
= kf
R0 C 0

s
s
(s/kf )
=
=
s + (1/R0 C 0)
s + kf
(s/kf ) + 1

For the RL circuit

H(s) =

s
s + (R/L)

R0 = km R;

L0 =

km L
kf

R0
= kf
L0

H 0 (s) =

s
(s/kf )
=
s + kf
(s/kf ) + 1

R
= kf
L


P 15.13 For the RC circuit

H(s) =

Vo
(1/RC)
=
Vi
s + (1/RC )

R0 = km R;

C0 =

C
km kf

C
1
1
.. R0 C 0 = km R
= RC =
km kf
kf
kf
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1510

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

1
= kf
R0 C 0
H 0 (s) =

(1/R0 C 0)
kf
=
s + (1/R0 C 0)
s + kf

H 0 (s) =

1
(s/kf ) + 1

For the RL circuit

R0 = km R;

L0 =

km R
R0
= km = kf
0
L
L
kf

R
L

H(s) =

R/L
s + R/L

so

km
L
kf


= kf

H 0 (s) =

(R0 /L0 )
kf
=
0
0
s + (R /L )
s + kf

H 0 (s) =

1
(s/kf ) + 1

(R/L)s
s
=
s2 + (R/L)s + (1/LC)
s2 + s + o2
For the prototype circuit o = 1 and = o /Q = 1/Q.
For the scaled circuit

P 15.14 H(s) =

(R0 /L0 )s
H (s) = 2
s + (R0 /L0 )s + (1/L0 C 0)
0

where R0 = km R; L0 =

km
C
L; and C 0 =
kf
kf km

R0
km R
..
= km = kf
0
L
L
kf

R
L

= kf

kf2
1
kf km
=
=
= kf2
km
L0 C 0
LC
LC
kf
Q0 =

o0
kf o
=
=Q
0

kf

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Problems

1511

therefore the Q of the scaled circuit is the same as the Q of the unscaled
circuit. Also note 0 = kf .
.. H 0 (s) =

s2 +

 

H 0 (s) =  2
s
kf

P 15.15 [a] L = 1 H;
R=

kf
s
Q
 
kf
s+
Q

1
Q

1
Q

s
kf

s
kf

kf2

+1

C = 1F

1
1
=
= 0.05
Q
20

o0
= 40,000;
o
Thus,

[b] kf =

km =

R0
5000
=
= 100,000
R
0.05

R0 = km R = (0.05)(100,000) = 5 k
L0 =

km
100,000
L=
(1) = 2.5 H
kf
40,000

C0 =

1
C
=
= 250 pF
km kf
(40,000)(100,000)

[c]

P 15.16 [a] Since o2 = 1/LC and o = 1 rad/s,

C=

1
1
= F
L
Q

[b] H(s) =

s2

H(s) =

(R/L)s
+ (R/L)s + (1/LC)

s2

(1/Q)s
+ (1/Q)s + 1

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1512

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[c] In the prototype circuit
R = 1 ;

L = 16 H;

.. km =

1
= 0.0625 F
L

C=

R0
= 10,000;
R

kf =

o0
= 25,000
o

Thus
R0 = km R = 10 k
L0 =

km
10,000
L=
(16) = 6.4 H
kf
25,000

C0 =

C
0.0625
=
= 250 pF
km kf
(10,000)(25,000)

[d]

[e] H 0 (s) = 
H 0 (s) =

s
25,000

s2

1
16
2

s
25,000
1
16

s
25,000

+1

1562.5s
+ 1562.5s + 625 106

P 15.17 [a] Using the first prototype

o = 1 rad/s;
km =

C = 1 F;

L = 1 H;

R0
40,000
=
= 1600;
R
25

kf =

R = 25

o0
= 50,000
o

Thus,
R0 = km R = 40 k;
C0 =

L0 =

km
1600
L=
(1) = 32 mH;
kf
50,000

C
1
=
= 12.5 nF
km kf
(1600)(50,000)

Using the second prototype

o = 1 rad/s;
L=

1
= 40 mH;
25

C = 25 F
R = 1

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Problems
R0
= 40,000;
R

kf =

o0
= 50,000
o

R0 = km R = 40 k;

L0 =

km
40,000
L=
(0.04) = 32 mH;
kf
50,000

km =

1513

Thus,

C0 =

C
25
=
= 12.5 nF
km kf
(40,000)(50,000)

[b]

P 15.18 For the scaled circuit

H 0 (s) =

L0 =

..

s2 +


s2 +

km
L;
kf

R0
L0

1
L0 C 0

s+

C0 =

R
L

L0 C 0

C
km kf

kf2
1
=
;
L0 C 0
LC

R0
..
= kf
L0

R0 = km R

It follows then that

2

s +
H 0 (s) =
s2 +

 
R
L

=   2
s
kf

kf s +

s
kf

kf2
LC

2

 

= H(s)|s=s/kf

R
L

kf2
LC

1
LC

s
kf

1
LC



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1514

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

P 15.19 For the circuit in Fig. 15.31

H(s) =

s2 +
s
RC

s2 +

1
LC

It follows that

1
LC

s2 + L01C 0
H (s) = 2
s + R0sC 0 + L01C 0
0

where R0 = km R;
C0 =
..

km
L;
kf

L0 =

C
km kf

kf2
1
=
L0 C 0
LC

1
kf
=
0
0
RC
RC
2

s +
H 0 (s) =
s2 +

=  2
s
kf

kf
RC

kf2
LC

s
kf

kf2
LC

s+

2

1
RC

= H(s)|s=s/kf

1
LC



s
kf

1
LC

P 15.20 [a] For the circuit in Fig. P15.20(a)

1
s+
Vo
s2 + 1
s
 
H(s) =
=
=
1
1
2 + 1 s+1
Vi
s
+s+
Q
Q
s
For the circuit in Fig. P15.18(b)
H(s) =

Qs + Qs
Vo
=
Vi
1 + Qs + Qs
=

H(s) =

Q(s2 + 1)
Qs2 + s + Q
s2 + 1
s2 +

 
1
Q

s+1

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Problems
2

s
50,000

2
s
+ 15
50,000
2

[b] H 0 (s) =

1515

+1
s
50,000
8

+1

s + 25 10
s2 + 10,000s + 25 108

P 15.21 For prototype circuit (a):

H(s) =

Vo
Q
Q
=
1 =
Vi
Q + s+ 1
Q + s2s+1
s

H(s) =

Q(s2 + 1)
s2 + 1
 
=
Q(s2 + 1) + s
s2 + Q1 s + 1

For prototype circuit (b):

H(s) =
=

Vo
1
=
Vi
1 + (s(s/Q)
2 +1)
s2 + 1
s2 +

P 15.22 [a] km =
L0 =

[b]

 
1
Q

s+1

R0
1000
=
= 1000;
R
1

kf =

C
1
=
= 5000
0
km C
(1000)(200 109 )

km
1000
(L) =
(1) = 200 mH
kf
5000

V 10/s
V
V
+
+
=0
1000
0.2s 1000 + (5 106 /s)
V

1
5
s
+ +
1000 s 1000s + 5 106

1
100s

V =

5(s + 5000)
10(s + 5000)
=
2s2 + 10,000s + 25 106
s2 + 5000s + 12.5 106

Io =

V
25(s + 5000)
=
2
0.2s
s(s + 5000s + 12.5 106 )

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1516

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

K1
K2
K2
+
+
s
s + 2500 j2500 s + 2500 + j2500

K1 = 0.01;

K2 = 0.005

io (t) = 10 10e2500t cos 2500t mA

Since km = 1000 and the source voltage didnt change, the amplitude of
the current is reduced by a factor of 1000. Since kf = 5000 the
coefficients of t are multiplied by 5000.
P 15.23 km =

C0 =

R0
5000
=
= 100;
R
50

o0
= 5000
o

C
4 103
=
= 8 nF
km kf
(100)(5000)

50 5 k;
L0 =

kf =

700 70 k

km
100
L=
(20) = 0.4 H
kf
5000

0.05v

0.05
v = 5 104 v
100

The original expression for the current:

io (t) = 1728 + 2880e20t cos(15t 233.13 ) mA
The frequency components will be multiplied by kf = 5000:
20 20(5000) = 105 ;

15 15(5000) = 75,000

The magnitudes will be reduced by km = 100:

1728 1728/100 = 17.28;

2880 2880/100 = 28.80

The expression for the current in the scaled circuit is thus,

5

io (t) = 17.28 + 28.80e10 t cos(75,000t 233.13 ) mA

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Problems

1517

P 15.24 From the solution to Problem 14.22, o = 100 krad/s and = 12.5 krad/s.
Compute the two scale factors:
kf =

o0
2(200 103 )
=
= 4
o
100 103

km =

1 10 109
1
1 C
=
=
0
9
kf C
4 2.5 10

Thus,
R0 = km R =

8000
= 2546.48

L0 =

km
1/
L=
(10 103 ) = 253.3 H
kf
4

Calculate the cutoff frequencies:

0
c1
= kf c1 = 4(93.95 103 ) = 1180.6 krad/s
0
c2
= kf c2 = 4(106.45 103 ) = 1337.7 krad/s

To check, calculate the bandwidth:

0
0
0 = c2
c1
= 157.1 krad/s = 4 (checks!)

P 15.25 From the solution to Problem 14.35, o = 106 rad/s and = 2(10.61) krad/s.
Calculate the scale factors:
kf =

o0
50 103
=
= 0.05
o
106

kf L0
0.05(200 106 )
km =
=
= 0.2
L
50 106
Thus,
R0 = km R = (0.2)(750) = 150

C0 =

C
20 109
=
= 2 F
km kf
(0.2)(0.05)

Calculate the bandwidth:

0 = kf = (0.05)[2(10.6 103 )] = 3330 rad/s
To check, calculate the quality factor:
Q=

o
106
=
= 15

2(10.61 103 )

Q0 =

o0
50 103
=
= 15 (checks)
0
3330

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1518

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

P 15.26 [a] From Eq 15.1 we have

H(s) =

Kc
s + c

where K =

R2
,
R1

.. H 0 (s) =

K 0 c0
s + c0

where K 0 =

R02
R01

c =

1
R2C

c0 =

1
R02 C 0

By hypothesis R01 = km R1 ;
and C 0 =

R02 = km R2,

C
. It follows that
kf km

K 0 = K and c0 = kf c , therefore
H 0 (s) =

Kkf c
Kc
=s
s + kf c
+ c
kf

[b] H(s) =

K
s+1
K

[c] H 0 (s) =  s 
kf

+1

Kkf
s + kf

P 15.27 [a] From Eq. 15.4

H(s) =
c =

Ks
R2
where K =
and
s + c
R1

1
R1C

.. H 0 (s) =
and c0 =

K 0 s
R02
0
where
K
=
s + c0
R01
1

R01 C 0

By hypothesis
R01 = km R1 ;

R02 = km R2 ;

C0 =

C
km kf

It follows that
K 0 = K and c0 = kf c
.. H 0 (s) =

Ks
K(s/kf )
= s
s + kf c
+ c
kf

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Problems
Ks
s+1
K(s/kf )

[b] H(s) =

[c] H 0 (s) = 
P 15.28 [a] Hhp =

s
kf

+1

s
;
s+1

0
.. Hhp
=

 =

.. RH =
kf =

1
= 1.59 k
(2000)(0.1 106 )

o0
5000(2)
=
= 10,000

10,000
s + 10,000

1
= 10,000;
RL CL

[b] H 0(s) =

o0
1000(2)
=
= 2000

s
s + 2000

1
;
s+1

0
.. Hlp
=

Ks
s + kf

kf =

1
= 2000;
RH CH
Hlp =

1519

.. RL =

1
= 318.3
(10,000)(0.1 106 )

s
10,000

s + 2000 s + 10,000
10,000s
(s + 2000)(s + 10,000)

(2000)(10,000) = 1000 20 rad/s

(10,000)(j1000
20)

H 0 (jo ) =
(2000 + j1000 20)(10,000 + j1000 20)

j10 20

=
= 0.8333/0
(2 + j 20)(10 + j 20)

[c] o =

c1 c1 =

[d] G = 20 log 10(0.8333) = 1.58 dB

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1520

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[e]

P 15.29 [a] For the high-pass section:

o0
4000(2)
=
= 8000

1
s
H 0 (s) =
s + 8000

kf =

. .

1
= 8000;
R1 (10 109 )

R1 = 3.98 k

..

R2 = 3.98 k

For the low-pass section:

kf =

400(2)
o0
=
== 800

H 0 (s) =
. .

800
s + 800

1
= 800;
R2 (10 109 )

R2 = 39.8 k

. .

R1 = 39.8 k

0 dB gain corresponds to K = 1. In the summing amplifier we are free to

choose Rf and Ri so long as Rf /Ri = 1. To keep from having many
different resistance values in the circuit we opt for Rf = Ri = 39.8 k.

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Problems

1521

[b]

[c] H 0 (s) =

s
800
+
s + 8000 s + 800

s2 + 1600s + 64 105 2
(s + 800)(s + 8000)
q

[d] o = (8000)(800) = 800 10

(800 10)2 + 1600(j800 10) + 64 105 2

0

H (j800 10) =
(800 + j800 10)(8000 + j800 10)

j128 104 10 2

=
(800)2 (1 + j 10)(10 + j 10)

j2 10

=
(1 + j 10)(10 + j 10)
=

= 0.1818/0
[e] G = 20 log 10 0.1818 = 14.81 dB

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1522

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[f]

P 15.30 o = 2fo = 400 rad/s

= 2(1000) = 2000 rad/s
.. c2 c1 = 2000

c1 c2 = o = 400
Solve for the cutoff frequencies:
c1 c2 = 16 104 2
c2 =

16 104 2
c1

16 104 2

..
c1 = 2000
c1
or c21 + 2000c1 16 104 2 = 0
c1 = 1000

c1 = 1000(1

106 2 + 0.16 106 2

1.16) = 242.01 rad/s

.. c2 = 2000 + 242.01 = 6525.19 rad/s

Thus, fc1 = 38.52 Hz
Check:

and

fc2 = 1038.52 Hz

= fc2 fc1 = 1000Hz

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Problems

c2 =

1
= 6525.19
RL CL

RL =

1
= 30.65
(6525.19)(5 106 )

c1 =

1
= 242.01
RH CH

RH =

1
= 826.43
(242.01)(5 106 )

P 15.31 o = 1000 rad/s;

GAIN = 6

= 4000 rad/s;

C = 0.2 F

1523

= c2 c1 = 4000
o =

c1 c2 = 1000

Solve for the cutoff frequencies:

.. c21 + 4000c1 106 = 0

c1 = 2000 1000 5 = 236.07 rad/s

c2 = 4000 + c1 = 4236.07 rad/s
Check:
c1 =

= c2 c1 = 4000 rad/s

1
RL CL

.. RL =

1
(0.2

106 )(236.07)

= 21.18 k

1
= 4236.07
RH CH
RH =

1
(0.2

106 )(4236.07)

= 1.18 k

Rf
=6
Ri
If Ri = 1 k

Rf = 6Ri = 6 k

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1524

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

P 15.32 H(s) =

Zf =

Vo
Zf
=
Vi
Zi

1
(1/C2 )
kR2 =
;
sC2
s + (1/R2 C2 )

Zi = R1 +

1
sR1 C1 + 1
=
sC1
sC1

1/C2
(1/R1 C2)s
s + (1/R2 C2)
.. H(s) =
=
s + (1/R1 C1)
[s + (1/R1 C1 )][s + (1/R2 C2 )]
s/R1
=

Ks
s2 + s + o2

250s
250s
3.57(70s)

= 2
= 2
(s + 50)(s + 20)
s + 70s + 1000
s + 70s + ( 1000)2

o = 1000 = 31.6 rad/s

[a] H(s) =

= 70 rad/s
K = 3.57
o
[b] Q =
= 0.45

c1,2 =

+
2

v
!
u
u 2
t

c1 = 12.17 rad/s
P 15.33 [a] H(s) =

+ o2 = 35 +

352 + 1000 = 35 + 47.17

c2 = 82.17 rad/s

(1/sC)
(1/RC)
=
R + (1/sC)
s + (1/RC)

H(j) =

(1/RC)
j + (1/RC)

(1/RC)
|H(j)| = q
2 + (1/RC)2
|H(j)|2 =

(1/RC)2
2 + (1/RC)2

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Problems

1525

[b] Let Va be the voltage across the capacitor, positive at the upper terminal.
Then
Va Vin
Va
+ sCVa +
=0
R1
R2 + sL
Solving for Va yields
Va =

R1

LCs2

(R2 + sL)Vin
+ (R1 R2 C + L)s + (R1 + R2)

But
vo =

sLVa
R2 + sL

Therefore
Vo =

R1

H(s) =

LCs2
R1

H(j) =

sLVin
+ (L + R1 R2 C)s + (R1 + R2 )

LCs2

sL
+ (L + R1R2 C)s + (R1 + R2)

jL
[(R1 + R2) R1 LC 2 ] + j(L + R1 R2C)

L
|H(j)| = q
[R1 + R2 R1LC 2 ]2 + 2 (L + R1 R2 C)2
|H(j)|2 =
=

2 L2
(R1 + R2 R1 LC 2)2 + 2 (L + R1 R2 C)2

2 L2
R21 L2 C 2 4 + (L2 + R21 R22 C 2 2R21 LC) 2 + (R1 + R2 )2

[c] Let Va be the voltage across R2 positive at the upper terminal. Then
Va Vin
Va
+
+ Va sC + Va sC = 0
R1
R2
(0 Va )sC + (0 Va )sC +
.. Va =

0 Vo
=0
R3

R2 Vin
2R1 R2 Cs + R1 + R2

and Va =

Vo
2R3 Cs

It follows directly that

H(s) =

Vo
2R2 R3 Cs
=
Vin
2R1 R2 Cs + (R1 + R2 )

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1526

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

H(j) =

2R2 R3 C(j)
(R1 + R2 ) + j(2R1 R2 C)

2R2 R3 C
|H(j)| = q
(R1 + R2 )2 + 2 4R21 R22 C 2
|H(j)|2 =

4R22 R23 C 2 2
(R1 + R2 )2 + 4R21 R22 C 2 2

P 15.34 For the scaled circuit

H 0 (s) =

1/(R0 )2C10 C20

s2 + R02C 0 s + (R0)21C 0 C 0
1

where
R0 = km R;

C10 = C1/kf km ;

C20 = C2/kf km

It follows that
kf2
1
=
(R0 )2 C10 C20
R2 C1C2
2
R0 C10

2kf
RC1

.. H 0 (s) =

kf2 /RC1 C2
s2 +

k2

2kf
s
RC1

=  2
s
kf

+ R2 Cf1 C2
1/RC1 C2

2
RC1

s
kf

1
R2 C1 C2

1
= 10 log 10 (1 + 2n )
P 15.35 [a] y = 20 log 10
1 + 2n
From the laws of logarithms we have
10
y=
ln(1 + 2n )
ln 10
Thus


dy
10 2n 2n1
=
d
ln 10 (1 + 2n )


x = log10 =

ln
ln 10

.. ln = x ln 10
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Problems
1 d
= ln 10,
dx
dy
=
dx

dy
d

1527

d
= ln 10
dx
d
dx

20n 2n
dB/decade
1 + 2n

at = c = 1 rad/s
dy
= 10n dB/decade.
dx
1
[b] y = 20 log 10
= 10n log 10 (1 + 2 )
[ 1 + 2 ]n
=

10n
ln(1 + 2)
ln 10

dy
10n
=
d
ln 10

1
20n
2 =
2
1+
(ln 10)(1 + 2 )


As before
d
= (ln 10);
dx

dy
20n 2
..
=
dx
(1 + 2 )

At the corner c = 21/n 1

.. c2 = 21/n 1
dy
20n[21/n 1]
=
dB/decade.
dx
21/n

[c] For the Butterworth Filter

For the cascade of identical sections

dy/dx (dB/decade)

dy/dx (dB/decade)

10

10

20

11.72

30

12.38

40

12.73

13.86

[d] It is apparent from the calculations in part (c) that as n increases the
amplitude characteristic at the cutoff frequency decreases at a much
faster rate for the Butterworth filter.
Hence the transition region of the Butterworth filter will be much
narrower than that of the cascaded sections.
P 15.36 [a] n
=

(0.05)(30)
= 2.76
log10 (7000/2000)

. . n = 3
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1528

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[b] Gain = 20 log 10 q

1
1 + (7000/2000)6

= 32.65 dB

1
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
[b] fc = 2000 Hz;
c = 4000 rad/s;

P 15.37 [a] H(s) =

H 0 (s) =

kf = 4000

1
( ksf

1)[( ksf )2

s
kf

+ 1]

kf3
(s + kf )(s2 + kf s + kf2 )

(4000)3
(s + 4000)[s2 + 4000s + (4000)2 ]

[c] H 0 (j14,000) =

64
(4 + j14)(180 + j52)

= 0.02332/ 236.77
Gain = 20 log 10 (0.02332) = 32.65 dB
P 15.38 [a] In the first-order circuit R = 1 and C = 1 F.
km =

R0
1000
=
= 1000;
R
1

R0 = km R = 1000 ;

kf =
C0 =

o0
2(2000)
=
= 4000
o
1

C
1
=
= 79.58 nF
km kf
(1000)(4000)

In the second-order circuit R = 1 , 2/C1 = 1 so C1 = 2 F, and

C2 = 1/C1 = 0.5 F. Therefore in the scaled second-order circuit
R0 = km R = 1000 ;
C20 =

C10 =

C1
2
=
= 159.15 nF
km kf
(1000)(4000)

C2
0.5
=
= 39.79 nF
km kf
(1000)(4000)

[b]

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obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
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Problems

1529

(0.05)(48)
= 3.99 .. n = 4
log10 (2000/500)
From Table 15.1 the transfer function of the first section is

P 15.39 [a] n =

s2
s2 + 0.765s + 1
For the prototype circuit

H1 (s) =

2
= 0.765;
R2

R2 = 2.61 ;

R1 =

1
= 0.383
R2

The transfer function of the second section is

s2
H2 (s) = 2
s + 1.848s + 1
For the prototype circuit
2
= 1.848;
R2

R2 = 1.082 ;

R1 =

1
= 0.9240
R2

The scaling factors are:

kf =

o0
2(2000)
=
= 4000
o
1

C0 =

C
km kf

. .

km =

. .

10 109 =

1
4000km

1
= 7957.75
4000(10 109 )

Therefore in the first section

R01 = km R1 = 3.05 k;

R02 = km R2 = 20.77 k

In the second section

R01 = km R1 = 7.35 k;

R02 = km R2 = 8.61 k

[b]

P 15.40 n = 5: 1 + (1)5 s10 = 0;

s10 = 1/(0 + 360k)

so

s10 = 1
s = 1/36k

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1530

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

k sk+1

k sk+1

0 1/0

5 1/180

1 1/36

6 1/216

2 1/72

7 1/252

3 1/108

8 1/288

4 1/144

9 1/324

Group by conjugate pairs to form denominator polynomial.

(s + 1)[s (cos 108 + j sin 108 )][(s (cos 252 + j sin 252 )]
[(s (cos 144 + j sin 144 )][(s (cos 216 + j sin 216 )]
= (s + 1)(s + 0.309 j0.951)(s + 0.309 + j0.951)
(s + 0.809 j0.588)(s + 0.809 + j0.588)
which reduces to
(s + 1)(s2 + 0.618s + 1)(s2 + 1.618s + 1)
n = 6: 1 + (1)6 s12 = 0

s12 = 1

s12 = 1/180 + 360k

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Problems

k sk+1

k sk+1

0 1/15

6 1/195

1 1/45

7 1/225

2 1/75

8 1/255

3 1/105

9 1/285

4 1/135

10 1/315

5 1/165

11 1/345

1531

Grouping by conjugate pairs yields

(s + 0.2588 j0.9659)(s + 0.2588 + j0.9659)
(s + 0.7071 j0.7071)(s + 0.7071 + j0.7071)
(s + 0.9659 j0.2588)(s + 0.9659 + j0.2588)
or (s2 + 0.5176s + 1)(s2 + 1.4142s + 1)(s2 + 1.9318s + 1)

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1532

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

s2

P 15.41 H 0 (s) =
s2 +

s2

H 0 (s) =
s2
=

1
2
s+
2 k2 )
km R2 (C/km kf )
km R1 km R2 (C 2/km
f

kf2
2kf
+
s+
R2 C
R1 R2 C 2

(s/kf )2
!
2
s
1
2
(s/kf ) +
+
R2 C kf
R1 R2C 2

(0.05)(48)
= 3.99 ..
n=4
log10(32/8)
From Table 15.1 the transfer function is
1
H(s) = 2
(s + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)

P 15.42 [a] n =

The capacitor values for the first stage prototype circuit are
2
= 0.765
C1
C2 =

. .

C1 = 2.61 F

1
= 0.38 F
C1

The values for the second stage prototype circuit are

2
= 1.848
C1
C2 =

. .

C1 = 1.08 F

1
= 0.92 F
C1

The scaling factors are

km =

R0
= 1000;
R

kf =

o0
= 16,000
o

Therefore the scaled values for the components in the first stage are
R1 = R2 = R = 1000
C1 =

2.61
= 52.01 nF
(16,000)(1000)

C2 =

0.38
= 7.61 nF
(16,000)(1000)

The scaled values for the second stage are

R1 = R2 = R = 1000
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Problems

C1 =

1.08
= 21.53 nF
(16,000)(1000)

C2 =

0.92
= 18.38 nF
(16,000)(1000)

1533

[b]

P 15.43 [a] The cascade connection is a bandpass filter.

[b] The cutoff frequencies areq2 kHz and 8 kHz.
The center frequency is (2)(8) = 4 kHz.
The Q is 4/(8 2) = 2/3 = 0.67

[c] For the high pass section kf = 4000. The prototype transfer function is
Hhp (s) =
. .

s4
(s2 + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)

0
Hhp
(s) =

(s/4000)4
[(s/4000)2 + 0.765(s/4000) + 1]

1
[(s/4000)2 + 1.848(s/4000) + 1]

s4
= 2
(s + 3060s + 16 106 2)(s2 + 7392s + 16 106 2)
For the low pass section kf = 16,000
Hlp (s) =
. .

(s2

1
+ 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)

0
Hlp
(s) =

[(s/16,000)2

1
+ 0.765(s/16,000) + 1]

1
[(s/16,000)2 + 1.848(s/16,000) + 1]

(16,000)4
([s2 + 12,240s + (16,000)2 )][s2 + 29,568s + (16,000)2 ]

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1534

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

The cascaded transfer function is
0
0
H 0 (s) = Hhp
(s)Hlp
(s)

For convenience let

D1 = s2 + 3060s + 16 106 2
D2 = s2 + 7392s + 16 106 2
D3 = s2 + 12,240s + 256 106 2
D4 = s2 + 29,568s + 256 106 2
Then
H 0 (s) =

65,536 1012 4s4

D1 D2 D3 D4

[d] o = 2(4000) = 8000 rad/s

s = j8000
s4 = 4096 1012 4
D1 = (16 106 2 64 106 2 ) + j(8000)(3060)
= 106 2(48 j24.48) = 106 2(53.88/152.98 )
D2 = (16 106 2 64 106 2 ) + j(8000)(7392)
= 106 2(48 + j59.136) = 106 2 (76.16/129.07 )
D1 = (256 106 2 64 106 2) + j(8000)(12,240)
= 106 2(192 + j97.92) = 106 2(215.53/27.02 )
D1 = (256 106 2 64 106 2) + j(8000)(29,568)
= 106 2(192 + j236.544) = 106 2 (304.66/50.93 )
(65,536)(4096) 8 1024
H (jo ) = 8
( 1024 )[(53.88)(76.16)(215.53)(304.66)/360 ]
0

= 0.996/ 360 = 0.996/0

P 15.44 [a] From the statement of the problem, K = 10 ( = 20 dB). Therefore for the
prototype bandpass circuit
R1 =
R2 =

Q
16
=
= 1.6
K
10
Q
16
=

K
502

2Q2

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Problems

1535

R3 = 2Q = 32
The scaling factors are
kf =

o0
= 2(6400) = 12,800
o

km =

1
C
=
= 1243.40
0
9
C kf
(20 10 )(12,800)

Therefore,
R01 = km R1 = (1.6)(1243.30) = 1.99 k
R02 = km R2 = (16/502)(1243.40) = 39.63
R03 = km R3 = 32(1243.40) = 39.79 k
[b]

P 15.45 From Eq 15.56 we can write

H(s) =

R3 C

1
s
R1 C
2
R1 + R2
s2 +
s+
R3C
R1 R2 R3C 2




R3 C
2



or
R3
2

s
2R1
R3 C
H(s) =
2
R1 + R2
s2 +
s+
R3 C
R1 R2R3 C 2




Therefore
2
o
== ;
R3 C
Q
and K =

R1 + R2
= o2 ;
R1R2 R3 C 2

R3
2R1

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1536

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

By hypothesis C = 1 F and o = 1 rad/s
..

2
1
=
or R3 = 2Q
R3
Q

R1 =

R3
Q
=
2K
K

R1 + R2
=1
R1R2 R3
Q
Q
+ R2 =
(2Q)R2
K
K


.. R2 =

Q
2Q2 K

P 15.46 [a] First we will design a unity gain filter and then provide the passband gain
with an inverting amplifier. For the high pass section the cut-off
frequency is 500 Hz. The order of the Butterworth is
n=

(0.05)(20)
= 2.51
log10(500/200)

. . n = 3
Hhp (s) =

s3
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)

For the prototype first-order section

R1 = R2 = 1 ,

C = 1F

For the prototype second-order section

R1 = 0.5 ,

R2 = 2 ,

C = 1F

The scaling factors are

o0
kf =
= 2(500) = 1000
o
km =

C
1
106
=
=
C 0 kf
(15 109 )(1000)
15

In the scaled first-order section

106
0
0
R1 = R2 = km R1 =
(1) = 21.22 k
15
C 0 = 15 nF
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Problems

1537

In the scaled second-order section

R01 = 0.5km = 10.61 k
R02 = 2km = 42.44 k
C 0 = 15 nF
For the low-pass section the cut-off frequency is 4500 Hz. The order of
the Butterworth filter is
(0.05)(20)
n=
= 2.51;
. . n = 3
log10(11,250/4500)
Hlp (s) =

1
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)

For the prototype first-order section

R1 = R2 = 1 ,

C = 1F

For the prototype second-order section

R1 = R2 = 1 ;

C1 = 2 F;

C2 = 0.5 F

The low-pass scaling factors are

km =

R0
= 104 ;
R

kf =

o0
= (4500)(2) = 9000
o

For the scaled first-order section

1
C
=
= 3.54 nF
R01 = R02 = 10 k;
C0 =
kf km
(9000)(104 )
For the scaled second-order section
R01 = R02 = 10 k
C10 =

C1
2
=
= 7.07 nF
kf km
(9000)(104 )

C20 =

C2
0.5
=
= 1.77 nF
kf km
(9000)(104 )

GAIN AMPLIFIER
20 log 10 K = 20 dB,

.. K = 10

Since we are using 10 k resistors in the low-pass stage, we will use

Rf = 100 k and Ri = 10 k in the inverting amplifier stage.

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1538

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[b]

P 15.47 [a] Unscaled high-pass stage

Hhp (s) =

s3
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)

The frequency scaling factor is kf = (o0 /o ) = 1000. Therefore the

scaled transfer function is
0
Hhp
(s) = 

(s/1000)3
s
1000

(s +

 

+1

s
1000
3

1000)[s2

3

s
1000

+1

s
+ 1000s + 106 2]

Unscaled low-pass stage

Hlp (s) =

1
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)

The frequency scaling factor is kf = (o0 /o ) = 9000. Therefore the

scaled transfer function is
1

Hlp0 (s) = 
 
2 

s
s
s
+1
+ 9000 + 1
9000
9000
=

(9000)3
(s + 9000)(s2 + 9000s + 81 106 2)

Thus the transfer function for the filter is

729 1010 3s3
0
H 0 (s) = 10Hhp
(s)Hlp0 (s) =
D1 D2 D3 D4
where
D1 = s + 1000

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Problems

1539

D2 = s + 9000
D3 = s2 + 1000s + 106 2
D4 = s2 + 9000s + 81 106 2
[b] At 200 Hz

= 400 rad/s

D1 (j400) = 400(2.5 + j1)

D2 (j400) = 400(22.5 + j1)
D3 (j400) = 4 105 2 (2.1 + j1.0)
D4 (j400) = 4 105 2 (202.1 + j9)
Therefore
D1 D2 D3 D4 (j400) = 256 6 1014 (28,534.82/52.36 )
H 0 (j400) =

(729 3 1010 )(64 106 3)

256 6 1014 (28,534.82/52.36 )

= 0.639/ 52.36
.. 20 log 10 |H 0 (j400)| = 20 log 10 (0.639) = 3.89 dB
At f = 1500 Hz,

= 3000 rad/s

Then
D1 (j3000) = 1000(1 + j3)
D2 (j3000) = 3000(3 + j1)
D3 (j3000) = 106 2 (8 + j3)
D4 (j3000) = 106 2 (8 + j3)
H 0 (j3000) =

(729 3 1010 )(27 109 3)

27 1018 6(730/270 )

= 9.99/90
.. 20 log 10 |H 0 (j3000)| = 19.99 dB

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1540

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[c] From the transfer function the gain is down 19.99 + 3.89 or 23.88 dB at
200 Hz. Because the upper cut-off frequency is nine times the lower
cut-off frequency we would expect the high-pass stage of the filter to
predict the loss in gain at 200 Hz. For a 3nd order Butterworth
1
GAIN = 20 log 10 q
= 23.89 dB.
1 + (500/200)6

1500 Hz is in the passband for this bandpass filter. Hence we expect the
gain at 1500 Hz to nearly equal 20 dB as specified in Problem 15.39.
Thus our scaled transfer function confirms that the filter meets the
specifications.
P 15.48 [a] From Table 15.1
Hlp (s) =

(s2 + 0.518s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 1)(s2 + 1.932s + 1)

Hhp (s) =  1

s2

+ 0.518

 
1
s



+1

1
s2

1

 

1
+ 2 s + 1 s12 + 1.932 1s + 1

s6

Hhp (s) = 2
(s + 0.518s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 1)(s2 + 1.932s + 1)

P 15.49 [a] kf = 25,000

(s/25,000)6
[(s/25,000)2 + 0.518(s/25,000) + 1]

0
Hhp
(s) =

[(s/25,000)2

s6
(s2 + 12,950s + 625 106 )(s2 + 35,355s + 625 106 )

(s2

[b] H 0(j25,000) =
=

+ 2s/25,000 + 1][(s/25,000)2 + 1.932s/25,000 + 1]

1
+ 48,300s + 625 106 )
(25,000)6
[12,950(j25,000)][35,355(j25,000)][48,300(j25,000)]

(25,000)3
(12,950)(35,355)(48,300)j 3

= 0.7066/ 90
20 log 10 |H 0 (j25,000)| = 3.02 dB

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Problems

1541

P 15.50 [a] At very low frequencies the two capacitor branches are open and because
the op amp is ideal the current in R3 is zero. Therefore at low frequencies
the circuit behaves as an inverting amplifier with a gain of R2 /R1 . At
very high frequencies the capacitor branches are short circuits and hence
the output voltage is zero.
[b] Let the node where R1 , R2 , R3 , and C2 join be denoted as a, then
(Va Vi )G1 + Va sC2 + (Va Vo )G2 + Va G3 = 0
Va G3 Vo sC1 = 0
or
(G1 + G2 + G3 + sC2 )Va G2 Vo = G1 Vi
Va =

sC1
Vo
G3

Solving for Vo /Vi yields

H(s) =
=
=
=
=

G1 G3
(G1 + G2 + G3 + sC2)sC1 + G2 G3
s2 C

G1 G3
1 C2 + (G1 + G2 + G3 )C1 s + G2 G3

s2 +
s2 +
s2

where K =
and b1 =

G1 G3 /C1 C2
i

(G1 +G2 +G3 )

s
C2
1 G2 G3
G
G2 C1 C2
h
i
(G1 +G2 +G3 )
s
C2

G2 G3
C1 C2

G2 G3
C1 C2

Kbo
+ b1 s + bo
G1
;
G2

bo =

G2 G3
C1 C2

G1 + G2 + G3
C2

[c] Rearranging we see that

G1 = KG2
G3 =

b o C1 C2
b o C1
=
G2
G2

since by hypothesis C2 = 1 F
b1 =

G1 + G2 + G3
= G1 + G2 + G3
C2

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1542

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

b o C1
.. b1 = KG2 + G2 +
G2
b1 = G2 (1 + K) +

b o C1
G2

Solving this quadratic equation for G2 we get

b1
G2 =

2(1 + K)
=

b1

b21 bo C1 4(1 + K)
4(1 + K)2

b21 4bo (1 + K)C1

2(1 + K)

For G2 to be realizable
b21
4bo (1 + K)

C1 <

[d] 1. Select C2 = 1 F
2. Select C1 such that C1 <

b21
4bo (1 + K)

3. Calculate G2 (R2 )
4. Calculate G1 (R1 ); G1 = KG2
5. Calculate G3 (R3 ); G3 = bo C1 /G2
P 15.51 [a] In the second order section of a third order Butterworth filter bo = b1 = 1
Therefore,
C1

b21
1
=
= 0.05 F
4bo (1 + K)
(4)(1)(5)

. .

C1 = 0.05 F (limiting value)

[b] G2 =

1
= 0.1 S
2(1 + 4)

G3 =

1
(0.05) = 0.5 S
0.1

G1 = 4(0.1) = 0.4 S
Therefore,
R1 =

1
= 2.5 ;
G1

R2 =

1
= 10 ;
G2

R3 =

1
= 2
G3

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Problems

[c] kf =

1543

o0
= 2(2500) = 5000
o

km =

C2
1
=
= 6366.2
0
C2 kf
(10 109 )kf

C10 =

0.05
= 0.5 109 = 500 pF
kf km

R01 = (2.5)(6366.2) = 15.92 k

R02 = (10)(6366.2) = 63.66 k
R03 = (2)(6366.2) = 12.73 k
[d] R01 = R02 = (6366.2)(1) = 6.37 k
C0 =

C
1
= 8 = 10 nF
kf km
10

[e]

P 15.52 [a] By hypothesis the circuit becomes:

For very small frequencies the capacitors behave as open circuits and
therefore vo is zero. As the frequency increases, the capacitive branch
impedances become small compared to the resistive branches. When this
happens the circuit becomes an inverting amplifier with the capacitor C2
dominating the feedback path. Hence the gain of the amplifier
approaches (1/jC2 )/(1/jC1 ) or C1 /C2 . Therefore the circuit behaves
like a high-pass filter with a passband gain of C1 /C2 .

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1544

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[b] Summing the currents away from the upper terminal of R2 yields
Va G2 + (Va Vi )sC1 + (Va Vo )sC2 + Va sC3 = 0
or
Va [G2 + s(C1 + C2 + C3)] Vo sC2 = sC1 Vi
Summing the currents away from the inverting input terminal gives
(0 Va )sC3 + (0 Vo )G1 = 0
or
sC3 Va = G1 Vo ;

Va =

G1 Vo
sC3

Therefore we can write

G1 Vo
[G2 + s(C1 + C2 + C3 )] sC2 Vo = sC1 Vi
sC3
Solving for Vo /Vi gives
H(s) =

Vo
C1 C3s2
=
Vi
C2 C3s2 + G1 (C1 + C2 + C3 )s + G1 G2 ]

= h
s2 +
=

C1 2
s
C2
G1
(C1
C2 C3
2

+ C2 + C3 )s +

Ks
s2 + b 1 s + b o

G1 G2
C2 C3

Therefore the circuit implements a second-order high-pass filter with a

passband gain of C1 /C2 .
[c] C1 = K:
b1 =

G1
(K + 2) = G1 (K + 2)
(1)(1)

.. G1 =
bo =

b1
;
K +2

R1 =

K +2
b1

G1 G2
= G1 G2
(1)(1)

.. G2 =

bo
bo
= (K + 2)
G1
b1

.. R2 =

b1
bo (K + 2)

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Problems

1545

[d] From Table 15.1 the transfer function of the second-order section of a
third-order high-pass Butterworth filter is
H(s) =

Ks2
s2 + s + 1

Therefore b1 = bo = 1
Thus
C1 = K = 8 F
R1 =

8+2
= 10
1

R2 =

1
= 0.1
1(8 + 2)

P 15.53 [a] Low-pass filter:

n=

(0.05)(30)
= 3.77;
log10(1000/400)

.. n = 4

In the first prototype second-order section: b1 = 0.765, bo = 1, C2 = 1 F

C1

b21
(0.765)2

0.0732
4bo (1 + K)
(4)(2)

choose C1 = 0.03 F
G2 =

0.765

(0.765)2 4(2)(0.03)
4

0.765 0.588
4

Arbitrarily select the larger value for G2 , then

G2 = 0.338 S;

. .

G1 = KG2 = 0.338 S;
G3 =

R2 =
. .

1
= 2.96
G2
R1 =

b o C1
(1)(0.03)
=
= 0.089
G2
0.338

. .

1
= 2.96
G1
R3 = 1/G3 = 11.3

Therefore in the first second-order prototype circuit

R1 = R2 = 2.96 ;
C1 = 0.03 F;

R3 = 11.3

C2 = 1 F

In the second second-order prototype circuit:

b1 = 1.848, b0 = 1, C2 = 1 F
. . C1

(1.848)2
0.427
8

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1546

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

choose C1 = 0.30 F
G2 =

1.848

(1.848)2 8(0.3)
4

1.848 1.008
4

Arbitrarily select the larger value, then

G2 = 0.7139 S;

..

R2 =

G1 = KG2 = 0.7139 S;
G3 =

..

1
= 1.4008
G2
R1 =

b o C1
(1)(0.30)
=
= 0.4202 S
G2
0.7139

1
= 1.4008
G1
. .

R3 = 1/G3 = 2.3796

In the low-pass section of the filter

kf =

o0
= 2(400) = 800
o

km =

C2
1
125,000
=
=
02
9
C kf
(10 10 )kf

Therefore in the first scaled second-order section

R01 = R02 = 2.96km = 118 k
R03 = 11.3km = 448 k
C10 =

0.03
= 300 pF
kf km

C20 = 10 nF
In the second scaled second-order section
R01 = R02 = 1.4008km = 55.74 k
R03 = 2.38km = 94.68 k
C10 =

0.3
= 3 nF
kf km

C20 = 10 nF
High-pass filter section
n=

(0.05)(30)
= 3.77;
log10(6400/2560)

n=4

In the first prototype second-order section:

b1 = 0.765; bo = 1; C2 = C3 = 1 F
C1 = K = 1 F
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Problems

R1 =

K +2
3
=
= 3.92
b1
0.765

R2 =

b1
0.765
=
= 0.255
bo (K + 2)
3

1547

In the second prototype second-order section: b1 = 1.848; bo = 1;

C2 = C3 = 1 F
C1 = K = 1 F
R1 =

K +2
3
=
= 1.623
b1
1.848

R2 =

1.848
b1
=
= 0.616
bo (K + 2)
3

In the high-pass section of the filter

o0
kf =
= 2(6400) = 12,800
o
km =

C
1
7812.5
=
=
0
9
C kf
(10 10 )(12,800)

In the first scaled second-order section

R01 = 3.92km = 9.75 k
R02 = 0.255km = 634
C10 = C20 = C30 = 10 nF
In the second scaled second-order section
R01 = 1.623km = 4.04 k
R02 = 0.616km = 1.53 k
C10 = C20 = C30 = 10 nF
In the gain section, let Ri = 10 k and Rf = 10 k.

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1548

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[b]

P 15.54 [a] The prototype low-pass transfer function is

Hlp (s) =

1
+ 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)

(s2

The low-pass frequency scaling factor is

kflp = 2(400) = 800
The scaled transfer function for the low-pass filter is
Hlp0 (s) = 
=

1
s
800

[s2

2

0.765s
800

 

+1

2

s
800
8

1.848s
800

+1

4096 10
+ 612s + (800)2 ] [s2 + 1478.4s + (800)2 ]

The prototype high-pass transfer function is

Hhp (s) =

s4
(s2 + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)

The high-pass frequency scaling factor is

kfhp = 2(6400) = 12,800

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Problems

1549

The scaled transfer function for the high-pass filter is

0
Hhp
(s) = 

(s/12,800)4
s
12,800

[s2

2

0.765s
12,800

+ 9792s +

 

+1

s
12,800
4

(12,800)2 ][s2

2

1.848s
12,800

+1

+ 23,654.4s + (12,800)2 ]

The transfer function for the filter is

h

0
H 0 (s) = Hlp0 (s) + Hhp
(s)

[b] fo =

fc1 fc2 =

400)(6400) = 1600 Hz

o = 2fo = 3200 rad/s

(jo )2 = 1024 104 2
(jo )4 = 1,048,576 108 4
Hlp0 (jo ) =

4096 108 4

[960 104 2 + j612(3200 2 )]

[960

104 2

1
+ j1478.4(3200 2 )]

40,000
(3000 + j612)(3000 + j1478.4)

= 3906.2 106 / 322.24

1,048,576 108 4
0
Hhp
(jo ) =
[15,360 104 2 + j9792(3200 2 )]

1
[15,360 104 2 + j23,654.4(3200 2 )]

10.24 106
(48,000 + j9792)(48,000 + j23,654.4)

= 3906.2 106 / 37.76

.. H 0 (jo ) = 3906.2 106 (1/ 322.24 + 1/ 37.76 )
= 3906.2 106 (1.58/0 ) = 6176.35 106 /0
G = 20 log 10 |H 0 (jo )| = 20 log 10(6176.35 106 ) = 44.19 dB
P 15.55 [a] At low frequencies the capacitor branches are open; vo = vi . At high
frequencies the capacitor branches are short circuits and the output
voltage is zero. Hence the circuit behaves like a unity-gain low-pass filter.
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1550

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[b] Let va represent the voltage-to-ground at the right-hand terminal of R1 .
Observe this will also be the voltage at the left-hand terminal of R2 . The
s-domain equations are
(Va Vi )G1 + (Va Vo )sC1 = 0
(Vo Va )G2 + sC2 Vo = 0
or
(G1 + sC1 )Va sC1 Vo = G1 Vi
G2 Va + (G2 + sC2)Vo = 0
.. Va =

G2 + sC2Vo
G2
#

. .

"

. .

Vo
G1 G2
=
Vi
(G1 + sC1 )(G2 + sC2) C1 G2 s

(G2 + sC2)
sC1 Vo = G1 Vi
(G1 + sC1 )
G2

which reduces to
Vo
G1 G2 /C1 C2
bo
= 2 G1
G1 G2 = 2
Vi
s + b1 s + bo
s + C1 s + C1 C2
[c] There are four circuit components and two restraints imposed by H(s);
therefore there are two free choices.
G1
[d] b1 =
. . G1 = b1 C1
C1
bo =

G1 G2
bo
. . G2 = C2
C1 C2
b1

[e] No, all physically realizeable capacitors will yield physically realizeable
resistors.
[f] From Table 15.1 we know the transfer function of the prototype 4th order
Butterworth filter is
1
H(s) = 2
(s + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)
In the first section bo = 1,

b1 = 0.765

.. G1 = (0.765)(1) = 0.765 S
R1 = 1/G1 = 1.307
G2 =

1
(1) = 1.307 S
0.765

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Problems

1551

R2 = 1/G2 = 0.765
In the second section bo = 1,

b1 = 1.848

.. G1 = 1.848 S
R1 = 1/G1 = 0.541
G2 =

1
(1) = 0.541 S
1.848


R2 = 1/G2 = 1.848

P 15.56 [a] kf =

o0
= 2(3000) = 6000
o

km =

C
1
106
=
=
C 0 kf
(4.7 109 )(6000)
28.2

In the first section

R01 = 1.307km = 14.75 k
R02 = 0.765km = 8.64 k
In the second section
R01 = 0.541km = 6.1 k
R02 = 1.848km = 20.86 k

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1552

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[b]

P 15.57 [a] Interchanging the Rs and Cs yields the following circuit.

At low frequencies the capacitors appear as open circuits and hence the
output voltage is zero. As the frequency increases the capacitor branches
approach short circuits and va = vi = vo . Thus the circuit is a unity-gain,
high-pass filter.
[b] The s-domain equations are
(Va Vi )sC1 + (Va Vo )G1 = 0
(Vo Va )sC2 + Vo G2 = 0
It follows that
Va (G1 + sC1) G1 Vo = sC1Vi
and Va =

(G2 + sC2 )Vo

sC2

Thus
("

(G2 + sC2 )
(G1 + sC1 ) G1 Vo = sC1 Vi
sC2

Vo {s2C1 C2 + sC1G2 + G1 G2 } = s2 C1 C2Vi

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Problems

H(s) =

Vo
=
Vi

1553

s2

G2
G1 G2
+
s+
C2
C1 C2
Vo
s2
=
= 2
Vi
s + b1 s + bo
s2

[c] There are 4 circuit components: R1 , R2 , C1 and C2 .

There are two transfer function constraints: b1 and bo .
Therefore there are two free choices.
G1 G2
G2
[d] bo =
;
b1 =
C1 C2
C2
.. G2 = b1 C2 ;
G1 =

R2 =

1
b 1 C2

b1
bo
C1 .. R1 =
b1
b o C1

[e] No, all realizeable capacitors will produce realizeable resistors.

[f] The second-order section in a 3rd-order Butterworth high-pass filter is
s2 /(s2 + s + 1). Therefore bo = b1 = 1 and
R1 =

1
= 1 .
(1)(1)

R2 =

1
= 1 .
(1)(1)

P 15.58 [a] kf =

o0
= 104
o

C
1
105
km = 0 =
=
C kf
(75 109 )(104 )
75
C10 = C20 = 75 nF;
[b] R = 424.4 ;

R01 = R02 = km R = 424.4

C = 75 nF

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obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
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1554

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[c]

s3
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)

[d] Hhp(s) =

0
Hhp
(s) =

(s/104 )3
[(s/104 ) + 1][(s/104 )2 + (s/104 ) + 1]

s3
(s + 104 )(s2 + 104 s + 108 2)

0
(j104 ) =
[e] Hhp

. .

(j104 )3
= 0.7071/135
4
4
4
2
4
4
8
2
(j10 + 10 )[(j10 ) + 10 (j10 ) + 10 ]

0
|Hhp
| = 0.7071 = 3.01 dB

P 15.59 [a] It follows directly from Eqs 15.64 and 15.65 that
H(s) =

s2 + 1
s2 + 4(1 )s + 1

Now note from Eq 15.69 that (1 ) equals 1/4Q, hence

H(s) =

s2 + 1
s2 + Q1 s + 1

[b] For Example 15.13 o = 5000 rad/s and Q = 5. Therefore kf = 5000 and
(s/5000)2 + 1


1
s
(s/5000)2 +
+1
5 5000
s2 + 25 106
= 2
s + 1000s + 25 106

H 0 (s) =

P 15.60 [a] o = 2000 rad/s

. .

kf =

o0
= 2000
o

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Problems

km =

1555

C
1
105
=
=
C 0 kf
(15 109 )(2000)
3

R0 = km R =
=1

105
(1) = 10,610
3

so

R0 /2 = 5305

1
1
=1
= 0.9875
4Q
4(20)

R0 = 10,478 ;

(1 )R0 = 133

C 0 = 15 nF
2C 0 = 30 nF
[b]

[c] kf = 2000
H(s) =
=

(s/2000)2 + 1
1
(s/2000)2 + 20
(s/2000) + 1
s2 + 4 106 2
s2 + 100s + 4 106 2

P 15.61 To satisfy the gain specification of 20 dB at = 0 and = 1 requires

R1 + R2
= 10
R1

or

R2 = 9R1

Use the specified resistor of 11.1 k for R1 and a 100 k potentiometer for R2 .
Since (R1 + R2 )/R1  1 the value of C1 is
C1 =

1
= 39.79 nF
2(40)(105 )

Choose a capacitor value of 40 nF. Using the selected values of R1 and R2 the
maximum gain for = 1 is
20 log 10

111.1
11.1

= 20.01 dB
=1

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1556

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

When C1 = 40 nF the frequency 1/R2 C1 is
1
109
= 5
= 250 rad/s = 39.79 Hz
R2 C1
10 (40)
The magnitude of the transfer function at 250 rad/s is
|H(j250)|=1



 111.1 103 + j250(11.1)(100)(40)103 


= 
 = 7.11
3
3
11.1 10 + j250(11.1)(100)(40)10 

Therefore the gain at 39.79 Hz is

20 log 10(7.11)=1 = 17.04 dB
P 15.62 20 log 10

R1 + R2
R1

= 13.98

R1 + R2
= 5;
..
R1
Choose

R1 = 100 k. Then

1
= 100 rad/s;
R2 C1
P 15.63 |H(j0)| =

.. R2 = 4R1
R2 = 400 k

. . C1 =

1
= 7.96 nF
(100)(400 103 )

R1 + R2
11.1 + (100)
=
R1 + (1 )R2
11.1 + (1 )100

P 15.64 [a] Combine the impedances of the capacitors in series in Fig. P15.64(b) to
get
1
1

1
=
+
=
sCeq
sC1
sC1
sC1
which is identical to the impedance of the capacitor in Fig. P15.60(a).
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Problems

1557

[b]

Vx =

/sC1
V = V
(1 )/sC1 + /sC1

Vy =

R2
= V = Vx
(1 )R2 + R2

[c] Since x and y are both at the same potential, they can be shorted together,
and the circuit in Fig. 15.34 can thus be drawn as shown in Fig. 15.53(c).
[d] The feedback path between Vo and Vs containing the resistance R4 + 2R3
has no effect on the ratio Vo /Vs , as this feedback path is not involved in
the nodal equation that defines the voltage ratio. Thus, the circuit in
Fig. P15.64(c) can be simplified into the form of Fig. 15.2, where the
input impedance is the equivalent impedance of R1 in series with the
parallel combination of (1 )/sC1 and (1 )R2 , and the feedback
impedance is the equivalent impedance of R1 in series with the parallel
combination of /sC1 and R2 :
Zi = R1 +
=

(1 )R2

(1 )R2 +

(1)
sC1

R1 + (1 )R2 + R1R2 C1 s
1 + R2 C1s

Zf = R1 +
=

(1)
sC1

sC1

R2
R2 + sC1

R1 + R2 + R1 R2 C1s
1 + R2 C1s

P 15.65 As 0
|H(j)|

2R3 + R4
=1
2R3 + R4

Therefore the circuit would have no effect on low frequency signals. As

|H(j)|

[(1 )R4 + Ro ](R4 + R3 )

[(1 )R4 + R3 ](R4 + Ro )

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1558

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

When = 1
|H(j)|=1 =

Ro (R4 + R3 )
R3 (R4 + Ro )

If R4  Ro
Ro
|H(j)|=1
>1
=
R3
Thus, when = 1 we have amplification or boost. When = 0
|H(j)|=0 =

R3 (R4 + Ro )
Ro (R4 + R3 )

If R4  Ro
R3
|H(j)|=0
<1
=
R0
Thus, when = 0 we have attenuation or cut.
Also note that when = 0.5
|H(j)|=0.5 =

(0.5R4 + Ro )(0.5R4 + R3 )
=1
(0.5R4 + R3 )(0.5R4 + Ro )

Thus, the transition from amplification to attenuation occurs at = 0.5. If

> 0.5 we have amplification, and if < 0.5 we have attenuation.
Also note the amplification an attenuation are symmetric about = 0.5. i.e.
|H(j)|=0.6 =

1
|H(j)|=0.4

Yes, the circuit can be used as a treble volume control because

The circuit has no effect on low frequency signals

Depending on the circuit can either amplify ( > 0.5) or attenuate

( < 0.5) signals in the treble range
The amplification (boost) and attenuation (cut) are symmetric around
= 0.5. When = 0.5 the circuit has no effect on signals in the treble
frequency range.
P 15.66 [a] |H(j)|=1 =
. .

Ro (R4 + R3 )
(65.9)(505.9)
=
= 9.99
R3(R4 + Ro )
(5.9)(565.9)

maximum boost = 20 log 10 9.99 = 19.99 dB

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Problems

[b] |H(j)|=0 =
. .

1559

R3(R4 + R3 )
Ro(R4 + Ro )

maximum cut = 19.99 dB

[c] R4 = 500 k;

Ro = R1 + R3 + 2R2 = 65.9 k

.. R4 = 7.59Ro
Yes, R4 is significantly greater than Ro .
[d] |H(j/R3 C2 )|=1





R
 (2R3 + R4 ) + j Ro3 (R4 + R3 ) 


=

 (2R3 + R4 ) + j(R4 + Ro ) 


 511.8 + j 65.9 (505.9) 


5.9
=

 511.8 + j565.9 

= 7.44

20 log 10 |H(j/R3 C2 )|=1 = 20 log 10 7.44 = 17.43 dB

[e] When = 0
|H(j/R3 C2)|=0 =

(2R3 + R4 ) + j(R4 + Ro )
Ro
(2R3 + R4 ) + j (R4 + R3 )
R3

Note this is the reciprocal of |H(j/R3 C2)|=1 .

.. 20 log 10 |H(j/R3 C2)|+0 = 17.43 dB

[f] The frequency 1/R3 C2 is very nearly where the gain is 3 dB off from its
maximum boost or cut. Therefore for frequencies higher than 1/R3 C2 the
circuit designer knows that gain or cut will be within 3 dB of the
maximum.
P 15.67 |H(j)| =
=

[(1 )R4 + Ro ][R4 + R3]

[(1 R4 + R3 ][R4 + Ro ]
[(1 )500 + 65.9][500 + 5.9]
[(1 )500 + 5.9][500 + 65.9]

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1560

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

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