shahzad fazal@comsats.edu.

pk
Mathematics Department

Shahzad Fazal Bhatti

Spring 2013

MTH 231 Linear Algebra

SSE, LUMS

About Me

MS Industrial Engineering
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, USA

Studied Maths at CIIT

One quiz per assignment

Assignments & Quizzes

Due in roughly two weeks at the

START of the class.

Approximately one assignment

every fortnight.

Exams

No makeup exams unless arrangements are made in advance

of the exam date.

Two Sessionals and a Final Exam.

10
15
10
15
50

Assignments

Quizzes

Sessional I

Sessional II

Terminal

Grading Policies

Lay; Linear Algebra and its applications 3rd ed. (Text book)

Kolman; Elementary Linea Algebra with Applications, 9th ed.

Nicholson; Linear Algebra with Applications, 3rd ed.

Strang; Linear Algebra and its Applications, 4th ed.

Books

Linear Equation

Matrix Algebra

Linear Transformations

Vector Spaces

Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors

Orthogonal Vectors etc

Topics List

Computer Graphics

Mechanics, Stability

Data Fitting, Covariance

Statistics

Chemistry, Biology

Codes, Number Theory

Quantum Codes, Quantum Mechanics

Computer Games

Differential Equations

Solving two LINEAR equations in two variables is no big deal.

We can write y = 15 x, substitute in the second equation to get

2x + 3(15 x) = 37 or x = 8 and so, y = 7.

Two equations and two variables

Let x be the number of bicycles and y the number of tricycles.

So, x + y = 15 and 2x + 3y = 37. We have to find x and y .

15 kids have bicycles or tricycles. Together they count 37 wheels.

How may have bicycles?

Heres a Riddle

A solution of the system is a list or set of numbers that will

satisfy each equation in the system. (not just any one)

A collection of two or more linear equations is a system of

linear equations.

Linear equations have NO NON-LINEAR terms like powers,

square roots, trig, exp, log of the variables.

Systems of Linear Equations

Subtract the 2 equations to get 2y = 4

Divide both sides by 2 to get y = 2

Substitute in either equation, say the first one to get x = 3

Our solution is (3, 2)

x + 6y = 9

x + 4y = 5

We might

Consider the system

Systems of 2 Equations in 2 Variables

(3, 2)

Each equation here represents a straight line in the plane

Geometric Meaning

Two lines could coincide (one equation just a multiple of the other
equation)

OR

Two lines could be parallel (same slope)

Two Lines NEED NOT Intersect at a Point

x1 2x2 = 1

x1 + 2x2 = 3

x2

x1 + 3x2 = 3

x1 2x2 = 1

x1
x1 2x2 = 1
x1 + 2x2 = 1

x1

x2

A system of linear equations has either EXACTLY ONE solution

(The Good) or NO solution (The Bad) or INFINITELY MANY
solutions (The Ugly).
x2

The Good, The Bad and The Ugly!!!

x1

If the system of linear equations has no solution, the system is

inconsistent.

If the system of linear equations has one solution or infinitely many

solutions, the system is consistent.

Consistent and Inconsistent Systems

x 2y + z =
0
3y 12z = 12
8x+ 10y + 18z = 18

We will come back to this in detail later.

Solution is x = 29, y = 16, z = 3.

Not so easy!!!

Solve

Three Equations in Three Variables

More equations lead to intersections of these planes.

At a point, parallel planes or along a line.

The solution set to one equation in 3 variables represents a

plane.

Geometry Again!

1 2
1
3 12
= 0
8 10
18

The matrix with the right hand side of equations augmented to the
coefficient matrix is called the augmented matrix.

0
1 2
1
0
3 12
12
8 10
18 18

x 2y + z =
0
3y 12z = 12
8x+ 10y + 18z = 18

The coefficients (the numbers multiplying the variables) are

aligned in columns and is called the coefficient matrix.

Information about the 3 equations can be written in a rectangular

array called a matrix.

Matrix Notation

An m n matrix has m rows and n columns. (Order matters)

The augmented matrix has 3 rows and 4 columns, so its size

is 3 4 (read 3 by 4)

0
1 2
1
0
3 12
12
8 10
18 18

Tells how many rows and columns the matrix has.

Size of a Matrix

Use the x in the first equation to get rid of the x in the other
2 equations. Then use the y in the second equation to eliminate
y in the remaining equation and so on until the solution stares
at you.

to solve.

Idea: Replace one system with an equivalent system that is easier

Now that we have a matrix notation for our system of 3 equations

with 3 unknowns, we can use this to solve our system.

Back to Solving

Multiply (scale) all the terms of an equation by a NON-ZERO

constant.

Interchange 2 equations (including the right hand side)

Replace one equation by sum of itself and a multiple of

another equation in the system.

Good news is that these changes will NOT change the solution of
the system.

Three Operations