ECE2031 S2 2011 Topic 5 AC Steady State Analysis of Electric Circuits

ECE2031
Circuits and
Control
Copyright Monash University 2009
Topic 5
AC Steady State
Analysis of
Electric Circuits
Outline
RLC circuit transient and steady state response subject
to sinusoid voltage and current sources
Review basic facts about sinusoidal signals and phasor
transform
Review complex impedances of R, L and C
Phasor domain Ohms law, KVL and KCL
Basic phasor domain AC circuit analysis
2
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Learning outcome
ECE2031
Understand the concept of RLC circuit transient and

steady state response subject to sinusoid voltage and
current sources
Be able to calculate complex impedances of R, L and C
circuits and to perform phasor transform and inverse
phasor transform of sinusoids
Be able to use phasors , complex impedances, phasor
domain Ohms law, KVL and KCL to solve basic AC steady
state analysis problems
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Circuit analysis so far

Circuit elements
Steady state analysis
Resistors R: v(t)=i(t)R
Inductors L: v(t)=Ldi(t)/dt
Capacitors C: i(t)=Cdv(t)/dt
Voltage /current sources
KVL / KCL
Thevenin/Norton
Superposition
Transient analysis
Piecewise constant
o Step functions (DC + switch)
o Square waves (sum of step
functions)
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Same as above, but with

differential equations!
ECE2031
R, L, C with sinusoidal sources
ECE2031
Importance of sinusoidal sources

Power (AC) is transmitted in sinusoidal wave form
Most electrical equipments/devices run with AC power sinusoidal steady state is normal operation condition of
most electrical equipments/devices
Many systems are based on sinusoid waves
AM/FM radio, magnetic resonance imaging, digital video
broadcasting, wireless & optical LANs, ADSL
Sinusoids are the basic elements for signal decomposition

and composition
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
RLC circuit response to sinusoidal input

Example 5.1:
Find vC(t) = ?
R
+
iL(t)
+
vs(t)
vC(t)
_
d 2 vC 0 dvC
2
2
+
+
v
=
vS (t )
0
C
0
2
dt
Q dt
C = 1F
0 = 1/LC = 10 rad/s
Q = R/0L = 10
vS(t) = cos(2t), t 0
vC(0) = 2 V
iL(0) = 5 mA
d 2 vC dvC
+
+ 100vC = 100 cos(2t ), t 0
2
dt
dt
Solution:
vC(t) = [1.1e-t/2cos(10t-29.6) + 1.04cos(2t-1.2)] V
Complete solution = transient + steady state (S.S.)
Circuit reaches S.S. when transient dies out, which was
ignored in ENG1030
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
RLC circuit response to sinusoidal input

vC(t)
Complete
1.5
Steady state
0.5
-0.5
-1
Transient
-1.5
10
vC(t) reaches S.S. quite quickly

Comparing vCsteady(t) = 1.04 cos(2t-1.2) with source
vS(t) = cos(2t) we can see:
12
t (sec)
vCsteady(t) is sinusoidal with the same frequency as vS(t) but

different amplitude and phase
7
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
AC steady state analysis of RLC circuit

Steady state response of RLC circuits to sinusoid input is
called AC steady state analysis
As seen from Example 5.1, we can solve AC steady state
analysis problems using differential equations, but it is hard
and boring
Need to know lots of trigonometric identities and angle
formulae
Much easier to solve using phasors and complex impedances
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Revision: sinusoids
x(t ) = X M sin( t + )
ECE2031
" leads by "
Important quantities:
XM amplitude
phase angle
angular frequency
= 2f (rad/s)
f frequency (Hz)
> 0 (as above), XMsin(t) lags XMsin(t+) by radians
< 0, it leads
" lags by "
If the phase difference between two sinusoids is 0, they are in

phase, otherwise, they are out of phase
Phase angles are often expressed in degrees (instead of radians):

XMsin(t + /2) = XMsin(t + 90)
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Revision: sinusoids
10
Sine/Cosine relationships
cos(t) = sin(t + /2)
sin(t) = cos(t /2)
Either sin(t) or cos(t) can be used (cos(t) usually

used by convention)
To find the phase difference between two sinusoids

They must be the same frequency
They must have positive amplitudes
They must both be expressed as either sin(t) or
cos(t) but not a mixture
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
It is also useful to note:

-sin(t) = sin(t 180)
-cos(t) = cos(t 180)
ECE2031
Revision: phasor representation of sinusoid

A sinusoidal variable
x(t) = Xmcos(t+)
= Re{Xm ej(t+)}
= Re{Xmejtej}
Phasor for x(t)
X := Xm = Xej
11
ej(t+) = cos(t+) +
j sin(t+)
= ejt ej
= ejt
ej = 1 =
X is the phasor for x(t). It is a complex variable (not a time

function any more), it defines a transform from a time
domain sinusoid to a phasor (complex number) domain
vector
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Example 5.2 (sinusoid sum)

x1(t) = 20 cos(t-30)
x2(t) = 40 cos(t+60)
Find x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t)
Im
X2
X
60o
33.43o
-30o
Re
X1
Phasor sum
X = X1+ X2 = 20-30+ 4060
= 20(cos30-jsin30)+40(cos60+jsin60)
= 37.3+j24.6
= (37.3)2+(24.6)2tan-1(24.6/37.3)
inverse phasor
= 44.733.4 = 44.7ej33.4
transform (IPT)
x(t) = 44.7cos(t+33.4)
12
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Example 5.3 (sinusoid decomposition/resolution)

x(t) = 2cos(t+45o)
X = 245o
Im
= 2cos45o+ j2sin45o
X2=j
= 1 + j = 0o + 90o
IPT
x(t) = cos t - sin t = 2cos(t+45o)
General case: x(t) = Xmcos(t+)
X = a+jb = a0o + b90o
a = Xmcos, b = Xmsin, = tan-1(b/a)
x(t) = a cos t - b sin t
13
Dr Jingxin Zhang
X
45o
X1=1
Re
ECE2031
Graphical Interpretation
Xmejt
Im
x(t)
x(0)
Re axis
Time domain
x(t) = Xmcos(t+)
= a cos t + b sin t
a = Xmcos
b = Xmsin
= tan-1(b/a)
14
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Re
Phasor domain
X = Xmej
= a+jb
= a0o + b90o
|X| = Xm = a2+b2
ECE2031
Two sinusoids: Which is leading?

ej(t+/3)
Two sinusoids
0.5
Real axis
5/6
-0.5
-1
0.5
1.5
2.5
time (sec)
ej(t-/2)
The red sinusoid could be leading the green sinusoid

by 7/6 or lagging by 5/6. Which?
Phase difference has an ambiguity of 2 (modulo 2)
We restrict phase difference to be within [-,]
15
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Example 5.1 revisited

vS(t) = cos(2t) V
vCsteady(t) = 1.04 cos(2t-1.2) V
iC(t) = C dvCsteady/dt
= -2.0810-6 sin(2t-1.2)
= 2.0810-6 cos(2t-91.2) A
Phasors for vS(t), vC(t) and iC(t):
VS = 0o V
VCsteady= 1.04 -1.2o V
IC = ICm = 2.0810-6 -91.2o A
16
Im
VS
IC
VCsteadyRe
IC = 2.0810-6-91.2o
+
Z
VS = 0o
-
VS and IC are related by

VS = ZIC
Z is called impedance, it determines ICm and
Z = VS/IC= 0o / 2.0810-6 -91.2o = 106/2.08 91.2o
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Impedance of R,L,C Phasor domain Ohms law

Z is generally complex as seen from Example 5.1
Ohms law still holds in phasor domain except it is in
complex valued variables
Time domain
v(t) = Vmcos(t+v)
i(t) = Imcos(t+i)
v-i relationship
+
V (v(t))
17
Phasor domain
V = Vmv
(Volt)
I = ImI
(Ampare)
V = ZI
Z = Vm/Im(
v- I) (Ohm)
Z
I (i(t))
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031

Resistor
i(t) = Imcos(t+i)
I = Imi
v(t) = RImcos(t+i)
V = RI = RImi= ZI
ZR = R ()
I
V
I
V=RI
18
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031

Inductor
i(t) = Imcos(t+i)
v(t) = Ldi/dt
= -LImsin(t+i)
= LImcos(t+i+90o)
I = Imi
V = LIm(
i+90o)
= jLImi
= jLI = ZI
ZL = j
L ()
I
V
V= jLI
19
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031

Capacitor
i(t) = Cdv/dt
= -C Vmsin(t+v)
= C Vmcos(t+v+90o)
v(t) = Vmcos(t+v)
I = C Vm(
v+90o)
= jC Vmi
= jC V
V = Vm v
= I/jC = - I j/C = ZI
ZC = 1/j
C = -j/
C ()
I=jCV
V
20
Dr Jingxin Zhang
I
V
ECE2031
Comparison of V I phasor relations for

R,L,C (with I as reference)
Resistor
V = ZI = RI
Inductor
V = ZI = j
LI
Capacitor
V = ZI = I/j
C
V is in phase with I
V= j
LI
V leads I 90o
I
I
V lags I 90o
V=I/j
L
21
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Impedance of RLC combination/network

+
v(t)
-
C
i(t)
+
V
V = VR+VL+VC = ZI
Time Phasor
Z = R+jL+1/jC
v(t) V
= R+j(L-1/C)
i(t) I
RR
= R+jX()
Ldi/dt j
LI
Resistance: R
Cdv/dt j
CV
Reactance: X() = L-1/C
R and X can both be function of (Example 5.4)
Phasor domain Ohms law: V = ZI = (R+jX) I
22
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
ECE2031
Admittance, series/parallel combination

Admittance Y is analogous to conductance in
DC circuits:
1
I
Y = = (Siemens)
Z V
Series/Parallel combinations are the same as for

resistors
ZS = Z1 + Z2 + + Zn
ZP = Z1 || Z2 || || Zn =
1
1/ Z1 + 1/ Z2 + + 1/ Zn
Voltage and current division

The same as in DC case except that R1 and R2 are
replaced by Z1 and Z2
23
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Basic AC steady state analysis

Time domain
KVL
v ( t ) = 0 for all t and any loop

k
KCL
i ( t ) = 0
k
for all t at any node
24
= 0 for any loop
= 0 at any node
V-I relation
v = Ri
v = L di/dt
I = C dv/dt
Phasor Domain
Vk = R k I k
Vk = jL k Ik
1
Vk =
Ik
jC k
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031

Example 5.4: Find the impedance of a ladder network
I
Z1
Z3
Z5
+
V
Z
Z2
Z4
V=ZI
I = V/ Z
Z = V/ I
25
Z = Z1 +
1
Z2 +
1
1
Z3 +
Z 4 + Z5
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Zi can
also be
Yi
ECE2031

Example 5.4 (contd):
Z1=R1, Y2=1/jL, Z3=1/jC3, Y4=jC4, Z5=R5
Z = Z1 +
1
Y2 +
= R1 +
1
Z3 +
1
Y4 + Z 5
1
1 / jL +
1
1 / jC 3 +
1
j C 4 + R 5
R 5 C 3L 2
=
R 5C 4 L j ( L + R 5 + R 5C 3 )
=
R 52 C 3C 4 L2 3 + j( R 5C 3L ( R 5C 3L2 + R 52 C 3L + R 52 C 32 L ) 3
[ R 5C 4 L ]2 + [ ( L + R 5 + R 5C 3 )]2
= R ( ) + jX ( )
26
R and X both are function of !

Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Example 5.5: For the circuit given below find

1) Zbc = ?
L
R 2 IR
a
b
I0
2) Zac = ?
+ VL
3) IR = ?
+ VR2
IC +
+
4) VR2 = ?
+
V0
VC
C
R1
o
5) VC = ?
E
=
1
0
6) I0 = ?
c
7) IC = ?
R 1 = R 2 = 1 , L = 0 . 5 , C = 1S
8) V0 = ?
9) VL = ?
KVL1: E = VR2+VC
10) Source e(t) = ? 11) vC(t) = ?
KVL2: VC = VL+V0
12) v0(t) = ? 13) vR2(t) = ?
KCL: IR = I0+IC
14) Phasor diagram for all variables?
27
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Solution
1)
Z bc
1
= (R 1 + j L) ||
= (1 + 0.5j) || (-j)
j C
-1
1
1 + (1 + j0.5)j
1
=
+ =
1
+
0.5j
-j
1
+
0.5j
1 + 0.5j
=
0.5 + j
2)
28
-1
1 + 0.5j 0.5 + j + 1 + 0.5j

Z ac = R 2 + Z bc = 1 +
=
0.5 + j
0.5 + j
1.5 + 1.5j
=
0.5 + j
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
3) I R
1 + 0j
0 .5 + j
=
=
=
Z ac
( 1 .5 + 1 .5 j) /( 0 .5 + j)
1 .5 + 1 .5 j
4) V = I R = 0.5 + j 1 = 0.5 + j
R2
R 2
1.5 +1.5j
1.5 +1.5j
= 0.52718.435"
5)
0.5 + j
1+ 0.5j
VC = E - VR2 = 1=
1.5 +1.5j 1.5 +1.5j
= 0.527 18.435"
6)
29
VC
1 + 0.5j
1
I0 =
=
=
R 1 + j L (1.5 + 1.5j)(1 + 0.5j) 1.5 + 1.5j
Dr Jingxin Zhang
7) I = I I = 0.5 + j C
R
0
1
1.5 + 1.5j 1.5 + 1.5j
-0.5 + j
=
= 0.527 71.57 "
1.5 + 1.5j
1
"
V
=
I
R
=
1
=
0.4714
45
8) 0
0 1
1.5 + 1.5j
9) VL = VC - V0 =
30
0.5j
= 0.236 45o
1.5 + 1.5j
10) e(t) = cos t

11) vC(t) = 0.527 cos(t -18.435o)
12) v0(t) = 0.471 cos(t - 45o)
13) vR2(t) = 0.527 cos(t + 18.435o)
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
ECE2031
14) Phasor diagram
R2
VR2
IC = 0.52771.5o
E = 10
IR
I0
+ VL
VC
R1
c
R 1=R
VL = 0.236 45
VR2 , I R = 0.52718.44o
o
V0 , I 0 = 0.471 - 45o
Phasor diagram
also depicts KVL
and KCL Equs
KVL1: E = VR2+VC
KVL2: VC = VL+V0
KCL:
31
Dr Jingxin Zhang
= 1 , L = 0 . 5 , C = 1S
E = 1 0 o
VC = 0.527 -18.44o
V0
IR = I0+IC
ECE2031
AC steady state analysis techniques

For relatively simple circuits (eg, with a single source), use
Ohm's law for ac analysis, that is, V = IZ

The rules for combining Zs and Yp , KCL and KVL
Current and voltage division
For more complicated circuits with multiple sources, use
32
Nodal analysis
Loop or mesh analysis
Superposition
Source transform and superposition
Thvenin's and Norton's theorems
MATLAB
Circuit design software, eg PSPICE
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Advanced AC steady state analysis
Nodal analysis
Loop or mesh analysis
Superposition
Source transform and superposition
Thvenin's and Norton's theorems
In ENG1030 you have learnt and used the above
techniques to analyze DC circuits. We will
review and extend them to AC analysis in next
lexture
33
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
Next lecture
Phasor domain nodal and mesh (loop) analysis
Phasor domain transform and superposition
Phasor domain Thevenin and Norton theorems
Advanced phasor domain AC circuit analysis
examples
34
Dr Jingxin Zhang
Before next lecture

Read Lecture 5 Notes
Read Chapter 8.1-8.7 of Reference [1] or
Chapter 9.1-9.5 of Reference [2].
35
Dr Jingxin Zhang
ECE2031
References
ECE2031
[1] J. D. Irwin, and R. M. Nelms, Basic

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 9th Ed, John
Wiley, NJ, 2008.
[2] James W. Nilsson and Susan Riedel, Electric
Circuits, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2008.
36
Dr Jingxin Zhang

ECE2031 S2 2011 Topic 5 AC Steady State Analysis of Electric Circuits

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ECE2031 S2 2011 Topic 5 AC Steady State Analysis of Electric Circuits

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ECE2031

Copyright Monash University 2009

Copyright Monash University 2009

Understand the concept of RLC circuit transient and

Copyright Monash University 2009

Circuit analysis so far

Steady state analysis

Voltage /current sources

Copyright Monash University 2009

Same as above, but with

R, L, C with sinusoidal sources

Importance of sinusoidal sources

Sinusoids are the basic elements for signal decomposition

Copyright Monash University 2009

RLC circuit response to sinusoidal input

Copyright Monash University 2009

RLC circuit response to sinusoidal input

vC(t) reaches S.S. quite quickly

vCsteady(t) is sinusoidal with the same frequency as vS(t) but

Copyright Monash University 2009

AC steady state analysis of RLC circuit

Copyright Monash University 2009

" leads by "

" lags by "

If the phase difference between two sinusoids is 0, they are in

Phase angles are often expressed in degrees (instead of radians):

Copyright Monash University 2009

Either sin(t) or cos(t) can be used (cos(t) usually

To find the phase difference between two sinusoids

Copyright Monash University 2009

It is also useful to note:

Revision: phasor representation of sinusoid

X is the phasor for x(t). It is a complex variable (not a time

Copyright Monash University 2009

Example 5.2 (sinusoid sum)

Copyright Monash University 2009

Example 5.3 (sinusoid decomposition/resolution)

Copyright Monash University 2009

Copyright Monash University 2009

Two sinusoids: Which is leading?

The red sinusoid could be leading the green sinusoid

Copyright Monash University 2009

Example 5.1 revisited

VS and IC are related by

Copyright Monash University 2009

Impedance of R,L,C Phasor domain Ohms law

Copyright Monash University 2009

Impedance of R,L,C Phasor domain Ohms law

Copyright Monash University 2009

Impedance of R,L,C Phasor domain Ohms law

Copyright Monash University 2009

Impedance of R,L,C Phasor domain Ohms law

Copyright Monash University 2009

Comparison of V I phasor relations for

Copyright Monash University 2009

Impedance of RLC combination/network

Copyright Monash University 2009

Admittance, series/parallel combination

Series/Parallel combinations are the same as for

Voltage and current division

Copyright Monash University 2009

Basic AC steady state analysis

v ( t ) = 0 for all t and any loop

for all t at any node