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Physics XI
Waves
Author: P. K. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
H. O. D. Physics, Concept Bokaro Centre
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2007 P. K. Bharti
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2013-2015
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WAVES
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Travelling wave equation (Waveform)
Definition of wave
1.
2.
1.
2.
y=
f ( kx t ) ;
along + ve x - axis
y f ( kx + t ) ;
=
kx + t )
; A : constant
y = ( kx t ) + ( kx t )
2
v
x
Sine wave
=
y A sin ( kx t + )
or=
y A cos ( kx t + )
(sinusoidal waveform)
Wave pulse
Trough
Wave train
v=
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WAVES
denoted as or f. So we have, =
v
= f
T
1
M .E. unit length =
2 A2
4
Interference (superposition)
= f=
T
k
=
v
1
v 2 A2
2
Power =
Important relation:
v
=
k=
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=
y A sin(t kx + )
=
y A sin { (t x / v) + }
=
y A sin {k (vt x) + }
t x
=
y A sin 2 +
T
y = y1 + y2 + ... + yn
Please note that during interference (destructive or
constructive) the total energy of two waves remains
conserved.
1
2 A2
4
1
= 2 A2
4
=
y2 A2 sin(t kx + )
By the superposition principle, the resultant displacement at
point is
y = y1 + y2
=
y A1 sin ( kx t ) + A2 sin ( kx t + )
=
y A sin ( kx t + )
A=
A2 sin
tan =
A1 + A2 cos
A2
where,
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A1
WAVES
( A1 + A2 )
A=
A=
(Constructive interference)
A + A + 2 A1 A2 cos =
A=
2
1
2
2
(Constructive interference)
nI
A = A1 A2
(Destructive interference)
( A1 A2 )
... (i)
(standing wave)
( 2n + 1) ,
A=
y=
2 A sin kx cos t
( A1 + A2 )
A=
=
y A {sin ( kx t ) + sin ( kx + t )}
A + A + 2 A1 A2 (1)
2
1
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In this case nodes are formed at the fixed ends all the time.
Therefore, the boundary conditions are:
y = 0 (node) at x = 0 for all t
y = 0 (node) at x = L for all t
(Destructive interference)
Standing waves
nv
, nI
f
=
2L
n F
, nI
=
f
2L
(String fixed at both ends)
... (ii)
v
2L
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WAVES
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SOUND WAVES
Basic Concepts of Sound Waves
In this case nodes are formed at the fixed ends all the time
and antinodes at the free end all the time . Therefore, the
boundary conditions are: Here the boundary conditions are:
i) y = 0 (node) at x = 0 for all t.
ii) As y = L is a free end, antinodes will form there.
Using these boundary conditions on Eqn. (i), we arrive at:
L=
( 2n 1)
Using, f =
=
f
, nI
we get:
( 2n 1) v
, nI
4L
2n 1 F
, nI
=
f
4L
=
s s0 sin ( kx t )
(ii)
or
the
excess
pressure
generated
as:
=
p p0 sin ( kx t )
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v=
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WAVES
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Newtons formula:
L=
PV = constant
P V + V P = 0
P
= P
V / V
P
B=
( 2n 1)
Using, f =
, nI
we get:
( 2n 1) v
4L
, nI
... (ii)
B
=
Laplaces correction:
f
=
So,
=
v
PV = constant
ln P + ln V =
constant
P
V
P
+
= 0
= P
P
V
V / V
P
B=
So,
=
v
B
=
=
p2 p0 sin(kx + t )
The resultant pressure at a point x at a point t can be written
as:
=
p p1 + p2
2 p0 sin kx cos t
p=
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... (i)
nv
f
=
, nI
2L
n F
=
f
, nI
2L
... (iii)
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WAVES
Beats
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f1 f 2
Sound intensity
=
p2 p0 sin 2 ( t x / v )
+
2
=
p 2 p0 cos 1
( t x / v ) sin 1 2 ( t x / v )
2
2
=
p 2 p0 cos
( t x / v ) sin ( t x / v )
2
I av
=
1 2
+ 2
=
and 1
=
Assuming
2
2
(dB ) = 10 log10
I
I0
( / 2 ) / 2 .
variation = 2 {( / 2 ) / 2 } = / 2 =f1 f 2
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WAVES
vs
t=0
vs
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Compression
t=t
Compression
Compression
O
vs t
x vs t
vT
v0
S
vT
v0T
vs
v0
t=0
S
vs
v0
vo t
vs t
t=T
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WAVES
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v+v0
v+v0
vvs
T'=
T
v+v0
Therefore the apparent frequency experienced by the
listener will be:
v+vo
f '=
f
vvs
f '=
v + vo
f
v vs
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WAVES
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Physics Class Schedule for Std XIIth (Session 2014-15) by Pranjal Sir
Sl. No.
Main Chapter
Basics from XIth
1.
2.
Electrostatic Potential
and Capacitance
PART TEST 1
3.
Current Electricity
SUMMER BREAK
4.
Moving charges and
Magnetism
P a g e | 10
Board level
Unit 1 & 2
4th May
NA
6th, 8th, 10th, 13th
May
NA
11th May
6th, 8th, 10th, 13th
May
NA
18th May
NA
21st May 2013 to 30th May 2013
Force on a charged particle (Lorentz
31st May, 1st &
force), Force on a current carrying
3rd Jun
wire, Cyclotron, Torque on a current
carrying loop in magnetic field,
magnetic moment
Biot Savart Law, Magnetic field due
to a circular wire, Ampere circuital
law, Solenoid, Toroid
Competition Level
Unit 4
th
3 Mar to 4 Apr 14
Unit 3
PART TEST 2
PART TEST 3
Topics
NA
20th May
NA
15th Jun
NA
NA
22nd Jun
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WAVES
5.
6.
PART TEST 4
7.
17 , 19 & 21st
Jun
24th, 26th & 28th
Jun
NA
6th Jul
NA
8th, 10th & 12th
Jul
NA
19th & 20th July
NA
13th Jul
8th, 10th & 12th
Jul
15th July
19th & 20th July
27th Jul
31st Jul & 2nd
Aug
3rd Aug
5th & 7th Aug
9th & 12th Aug
14th Aug
16th Aug
27th Jul
31st Jul & 2nd
Aug
3rd Aug
5th & 7th Aug
9th & 12th Aug
14th Aug
16th Aug
Upto Unit 10
12th Oct
12th Oct
12th Oct
9th Nov
NA
9th Nov
8th, 9th & 11th
Nov
16th Nov
18th Nov to
Board Exams
18th Nov to JEE
Unit 5 & 6
Alternating current
8.
Electromagnetic
Waves
PART TEST 5
Revision Week
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th
Unit 7 & 8
Upto unit 8
th
3rd Aug
9.
Reflection
5th & 7th Aug
Refraction
9th & 12th Aug
Prism
Ray Optics
14th Aug
Optical Instruments
Not in JEE Adv
Syllabus
Competition Level
NA
19th & 21st Aug
19th, 21st, 23rd, 24th Aug
th
th
10.
Huygens Principle
26 Aug
26 Aug
26th Aug
th
th
th
th
Interference
28 & 30 Aug 28 & 30 Aug
28th & 30th Aug
st
st
Diffraction
Wave Optics
31 Aug
31 Aug
31st Aug
nd
nd
Polarization
2 Sep
2 Sep
2nd Sep
th
th
Competition Level
NA
4 & 6 Sep
4th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th Sep
th
th
Unit 9 & 10
PART TEST 6
14 Sep
14 Sep
14th Sep
th
th
REVISION ROUND 1 (For JEE Main & JEE Advanced Level): 13 Sep to 27 Sep
Upto Unit 10
Grand Test 2
28th Sep
28th Sep
28th Sep
Upto Unit 8
Grand Test 1
Dual Nature of
Radiation and Matter
Grand Test 3
12.
Atoms
13.
Nuclei
X-Rays
PART TEST 7
14.
Semiconductors
15.
Communication
System
PART TEST 8
Unit 11, 12 & 13
PART TEST 9
Revision Round 2
(Board Level)
Revision Round 3
(XIth portion for JEE)
30 Full Test Series
P a g e | 11
Unit 14 & 15
Competition Level
Unit 11, 12, 13, X-Rays
Mind Maps & Back up classes for late
registered students
NA
18th Nov to
Board Exams
18th Nov to JEE
Complete Syllabus
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