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Amplitude Modulation
Contents
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Amplitude Modulation
The Envelope and No Overmodulation
Example for Single Tone Modulation
Measuring the Modulation Index
Transmitted vs. Message Power in s(t)
Powers in Single Tone Case (cont.)
Spectrum of an AM Signal (cont.)
Demodulating by Envelope Detection
Square-Law Envelope Detector (cont.)
Sampling Rate for Square-Law Detector
Hilbert Transforms and Complex
Envelope
Hilbert Transforms (cont.)
Pre-Enveope or Analytic Signal
Spectrum of Pre-Envelope
Pre-Envelope of AM Signal
Envelope Detector Using the Hilbert
Transform
Experiment 5.1 Making an AM
Slide 18
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28
29
30
31
Modulator
Experiment 5.1 (cont. 1)
Experiment 5.1 (cont. 2)
Sending Data from the DSK to the PC
Using Windows Sound Recorder to
Capture the DSK LINE OUT
Using Windows Sound Recorder to
Capture the DSK LINE OUT (cont.)
Experiment 5.2 Making a SquareLaw Envelope Detector
Experiment 5.2 Square-Law Detector (cont.)
Experiment 5.2.1 The Square-Law
Detector Output with No Input Noise
Experiment 5.2.2 The Square-Law
Detector Output with Input Noise
Experiment 5.5.2 Square-Law Detector
with Input Noise
Generating Gaussian Random
Numbers
Gaussian RVs (cont. 1)
Gaussian RVs (cont. 2)
Gaussian RVs (cont. 3)
Measuring the Signal Power
5-ii
Slide 32
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5-iii
5-1
5-2
0.5
0.5
1.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Normalized Time t /T
5-3
1+
5-4
emin
emax
emin
emax
5-5
5-6
Ac ( + c ) + Ac ( c )
Ac
Ac
+
ka M ( + c ) +
ka M ( c )
2
2
M ()
c W
Ac
ka M ( +c )
2
Ac
c c +W 0
Ac
ka M ( c )
2
Ac
c W
c +W
5-7
Demodulating an AM Signal by
Envelope Detection
()2
H()
()
y(t)
0.5A2c [1 + ka m(t)]2
+ 0.5A2c [1 + ka m(t)]2 cos 2c t
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-11
1
t
H() = j sign =
for > 0
for = 0
for < 0
X()
= H()X() = (j sign ) X()
Some Useful Hilbert Transform Pairs
H
cos c t = sin c t
sin c t = cos c t
cos(c t + ) = cos c t +
m(t)c(t) = m(t)
c(t)
5-12
5-13
2X()
X+ () = 2X()u() =
X(0)
for > 0
for = 0
for < 0
X()
= X+ ( + c ) = 2X( + c )u( + c )
When these definitions are used, x(t) is usually a
bandpass signal and c is a frequency in the
passband. Then x
(t) is a lowpass signal.
5-14
5-15
()
s(t)
()2
s
2 (t)
()
+
e(t)
s2 (t)
5-16
Chapter 5, Experiment 1
Making an AM Modulator
Write a C program for the TMS320C6713 to:
1. Initialize McBSP0, McBSP1, and the codec as
in Chapters 2 and 3, and use the left channel.
2. Read samples m(nT ) from the codec at a 16
kHz rate.
Convert the samples into 32-bit integers
by shifting them arithmetically right by 16
bits. The resulting integers lie in the range
215 .
3. AM modulate the input samples to form the
sequence
s(nT ) = Ac [1 + ka m(nT )] cos 2fc nT
where the carrier frequency is fc = 3 kHz and
Ac is a constant chosen to give a reasonable
size output.
5-17
5-18
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5-20
5-21
5-22
5-23
5-24
Experiment 5.2.1
Observing the Square-Law Detector
Output with No Input Noise
Attach the signal generator to the ADC input
and the oscilloscope to the DAC output.
Set the signal generator to create an AM
wave with a sinusoidal modulating signal with
a frequency between 100 and 400 Hz. Use a 3
kHz carrier frequency.
Capture and plot the AM input signal and
the output of your demodulator.
Experiment 5.2.2
Observing the Square-Law Detector
Output with Input Noise
Experiment demodulating signals corrupted by
additive, zero mean, Gaussian noise.
5-25
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5-28
Let v = 1 e
2
r2
2
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()2
Lowpass Filter
x(n) = s2 (n)
1a
p(n) = (1a)x(n)+ap(n1)
1 az 1
5-31
Experiment 5.3
5-32
Experiment 5.3
Hilbert Transform Demodulator (cont. 1)
Choosing the band to be centered in the
Nyquist band also seems to improve the filter
amplitude response generated by
REMEZ.EXE. To center the band, choose the
upper cutoff frequency to be
f2 = 0.5fs f1
where fs is the sampling frequency.
Enter 1 for the magnitude of the Hilbert
transform in the band and 1 for the weight
factor.
Select N so that the amplitude response of
the filter is quite flat over the signal passband
and ripples caused by incomplete cancellation
of the 2fc components are essentially invisible
in the demodulated output.
5-33
Experiment 5.3
5-34
L delays
s[n L]
s[n]
z 1
h0
z 1
h1
z 1
hL
hL1
z 1
hL+1
hN 1
+
y[n] = s
[n L]
N
1
X
hn ejnT =
hn ejnT
n=0
n=0
L1
X
hL ejLT +
2L
X
hn ejnT
n=L+1
5-35
ejLT hL +
2L
X
L1
X
hn ej(nL)T
n=0
hn ej(nL)T
n=L+1
"
ejLT hL +
+
L
X
L
X
hLn ejnT
n=1
hL+n ejnT
n=1
5-36
H ()
jLT
L
X
hLn e
n=1
ejLT 2j
L
X
jnT
jnT
hLn sin nT
n=1
5-37
0 for v < 0
FV (v) = P (V v) =
v for 0 v < 1
1 for v 1
=
=
P (Y y) = P (F 1 (V ) y)
0
fV (v) =
1
for v < 0
for 0 v 1
for v > 1
5-39
=
=
2
2
1
fR, (r, )
x +y
2
2
(x,y) = 2 2 e
(r,)
2
2
1
1
x2
y2
e 2
e 2
2
2
5-40