Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Part B ( 5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. a)i)List out the advantages of combined power plants
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If the forced draught is used alone, then the furnace cannot be opened either for firing or
inspection because the high pressure air inside the furnace will try to blow out suddenly and
there is every chance of blowing out the fire completely and furnace stops.
If the induced draught is used alone, then also furnace cannot be opened either for firing or
inspection because the cold air will try to rush into the furnace as the pressure inside the furnace
is below atmospheric pressure. This reduces the effective draught and dilutes the combustion. To
overcome both the difficulties mentioned above either using forced draught or induced draught
alone, a balanced draught is always preferred.
ii) Name the different types of condenser. Describe the operation of surface condenser.
Steam condenser are of two types: 1. Surface condenser. 2. Jet condensers
In surface condensers there is no direct contact between the steam and cooling water and the
condensate can be re-used in the boiler: In such condenser even impure water can be used for
cooling purpose whereas the cooling water must be pure in jet condensers. Although the capital
cost and the space needed is more in surface condensers but it is justified by the saving in
running cost and increase in efficiency of plant achieved by using this condenser. Depending
upon the position of condensate extraction pump, flow of condensate and arrangement of tubes
the surface condensers may be classified as follows:
(i) Down flow type. Steam enters at the top and flows downward. The water flowing through the
tubes in one direction lower half comes out in the opposite direction in the upper half shows a
longitudinal section of a two pass down-flow condenser.
(ii) Central flow condenser. In this condenser the steam passages are all around the periphery
of the shell. Air is pumped away from the centre of the condenser. The condensate moves
radially towards the centre of tube nest. Some of the exhaust steams while moving towards the
centre meets the undercooled condensate and pre-heats it thus reducing undercooling.
(iii) Evaporation condenser. In this condenser steam to be condensed is passed through a series
of tubes and the cooling waterfalls over these tubes in the form of spray. A steam of air flows
over the tubes to increase evaporation of cooling water, which further increases the condensation
of steam.
13 a) i) Describe the various factors to be considered while selecting site for nuclear power
station.
The various factors to be considered while selecting the site for nuclear plant are as follows :
1. Availability of water. At the power plant site an ample quantity of water should be available
for condenser cooling and made up water required for steam generation. Therefore the site
should be nearer to a river, reservoir or sea.
2. Distance from load center. The plant should be located near the load center. This will mini-
PWRs keep water under pressure so that it heats, but does not boil. Water from the reactor and
the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. In this way, most of the
radioactivity stays in the reactor area. In a PWR, the primary coolant (water) is pumped under
high pressure to the reactor core where it is heated by the energy generated by the fission of
atoms. The heated water then flows to a steam generator where it transfers its thermal energy to a
secondary system where steam is generated and flows to turbines which, in turn, spin an electric
generator. In contrast to a boiling water reactor, pressure in the primary coolant loop prevents the
water from boiling within the reactor. All LWRs use ordinary water as both coolant and neutron
moderator.
b)i)What are the factors considered in selecting a prime mover for a hydro electric power
plant?
ii) Describe the working of a low head hydro plant with a neat sketch.
Low Head Power Plants: These power plants are also known as Canal power plants. A dam is
built on the river and the water is diverted into a canal which conveys the water into a forebay
from where the water is allowed to flow through turbines. After this, the water is again
discharged into the river through a tail race. At the mouth of the canal, head gates are fitted to
control the flow in the canal. Before the water enters the turbines from the forebay, it is made to
flow through screens or trash-racks so that no suspended matter goes into the turbines. If there is
any excess water due to increased flow in the river or due to decrease of load on the plant, it will
flow over the top of the dam or a waste weir can be constructed along the forebay so that the
excess water flows over it into the river. For periodic cleaning and repair of the canal and the
forebay, a drain gate is provide on the side of the waste weir. The head gate is closed and the
drain gate is opened so that whole of the water is drawn from the forebay and the canal for their
cleaning and repair.
14a)Write a note on the i) fuel system ii) lubrication system of a diesel power plant.
Fuel system
The fuel is delivered to the plant by railroad tank car, by truck or by barge and tanker and stored
in the bulk storage situated outdoors for the sake of safety. From this main fuel tank, the fuel oil
is transferred to the daily consumption tank by a transfer pump through a filter. The capacity of
the daily consumption should be at least the 8-hour requirement of the plant. This tank is located
either above the engine level so that the fuel flows by gravity to the injection pump or below the
engine level and the fuel oil is delivered to the injection pump by a transfer pump driven from
the engine shaft, Fuel connection is normally used when tank-car siding or truck roadway is
above tank level. If it is below tank level, then, an unloading pump is used to transfer fuel form
tank car to the storage tank
The five essential functions of a fuel injection system are:
1. To deliver oil from the storage to the fuel injector.
2. To raise the fuel pressure to the level required for atomization.
3. To measure and control the amount of fuel admitted in each cycle.
4. To control time of injection.
5. To spray fuel into the cylinder in atomized form for thorough mixing and burning.
The above functions can be achieved in a variety of ways. The following are the systems, which
are usual on power station diesels:
1. Common Rail.
2. Individual Pump Injection.
3. Distributor.
Lubrication system:
Since frictional forces causes wear and tear of rubbing parts of the engine and thereby the life of
the engine is reduced. So the rubbing part requires that some substance should be introduced
between the rubbing surfaces in order to decrease the frictional force between them. Such
substance is called lubricant. The lubricant forms a thin film between the rubbing surfaces. And
lubricant prevents metal-to-metal contact. So we can say Lubrication is the admission of oil
between two surface having relative motion.
The main function of lubricant is to,
1. To reduce friction and wear between the parts having relative motion by minimizing the force
of friction and ensures smooth running of parts.
2. To seal a space adjoining the surfaces such as piston rings and cylinder liner.
3. To clean the surface by carrying away the carbon and metal particles caused by wear.
4. To absorb shock between bearings and other parts and consequently reduce noise.
5. To cool the surfaces by carrying away heat generated due to friction.
6. It helps the piston ring to seal the gases in the cylinder.
7. It removes the heat generated due to friction and keeps the parts cool.
The various parts of an engine requiring lubrication are;
1. Cylinder walls and pistons.
2. Main crankshaft bearings.
3. Piston rings and cylinder walls.
4. Big end bearing and crank pins.
5. Small end bearing and gudgeon pin bearings.
6. Main bearing cams and bearing valve tappet and guides
7. Timing gears etc.
8. Camshaft and cam shaft bearings.
9. Valve mechanism and rocker arms.
b) i)List out the advantages of gas turbine plant.
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6.
In the cycle warm surface water at 27C is admitted into an evaporator in which the pressure is
maintained at a value slightly below the saturation pressure corresponding to that water
temperature. Water entering the evaporator, there four, finds itself superheated at the new
pressure. This temporarily superheated water undergoes volume boiling causing that water to
partially flash to steam to an equilibrium two-phase condition at the new pressure and
temperature. The low pressure in the evaporator is maintained by a vacuum pump that also
removes the dissolved non-condensable gases from the evaporator. The evaporator now contains
a mixture of water and steam of very low quality at 2. The steam is separated from the water as
saturated vapor at 3. The remaining water is saturated at 4 and is discharged as brine back to the
ocean. The steam at 3 is, by conventional power plant standards, a very low-pressure, very high
specific-volume working fluid (0.0317 bar, 43.40 m 3 /kg, compared to about 160 bar, 0.021 m
3 /kg for modern fossil power plants). It expands in a specially designed turbine that can handle
such conditions to 5. Since the turbine exhaust system will be discharged back to the ocean in
the open cycle, a direct-contact condenser is used, in which the exhaust at 5 is mixed with cold
water from the deep cold-water pipe at 6, which results in a near-saturated water at 7. That water
is now discharged to the ocean.
The cooling water reaching the condenser at 13C is obtained from deep water at 11C (51.8F).
This rise in temperature is caused by heat transfer between the progressively warmer outside
water and the cooling water inside the pipe as it ascends the cold water pipe. There are thus three
temperature differences, all about 2C: one between warm surface water and working steam, one
between exhaust steam and cooling water, and one between cooling water reaching the condenser
and deep water. 'These represent external irreversibilitys that reduce the over-all temperature
difference between heat source and sink from 27 11 = 16C (28.8F) to 25 15 =
10C (18F) as the temperature difference available for cycle work. It is obvious that because of
the very low temperature differences available to produce work, the external differences must be
kept to absolute minimum to realize as high efficiency as possible. Such a necessary approach,
unfortunately,
ii) Explain with a schematic-diagram the working of a dry steam geothermal power plant.
160 W
Load
(W)
40 W
midnight
W
5 am
6 pm
am
7 pm
am
9 pm
am
midnight
W