Mohammad Jabber M Paudac

Gen. Chem.
STEM1-RN

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
-Greek
Model
Around 440 BC, Leucippus of Miletus, in his lost book "The Greater
World System," originated the atom concept. He and his pupil,
Democritus (c460-371 BC) of Abdera, refined and extended it in
future years. There are five major points to their atomic idea. 1st,
All matter is composed of atoms, which are bits of matter too
small to be seen. These atoms CANNOT be further split into
smaller portions. 2nd,There is a void, which is empty space
between atoms.3rd, Atoms are completely solid. 4th, Atoms are
homogeneous, with no internal structure. Last, Atoms are
different in sizes, shapes, and weight. Almost all of the original
writings of Leucippus and Democritus are lost.
-Daltons
Model
John Dalton proposed that all matter is composed of very small
things which he called atoms. This was not a completely new
concept as the ancient Greeks (notably Democritus) had proposed
that all matter is composed of small, indivisible (cannot be
divided) objects. When Dalton proposed his model electrons and
the nucleus were unknown.

-Thomsons

Model
After the electron was discovered by
J.J. Thomson in 1897, people realised
that atoms were made up of even
smaller particles than they had
previously thought. However, the
atomic
nucleus
had
not
been
discovered yet and so the plum
pudding model was put forward in 1904. In this model, the atom
is made up of negative electrons that float in a soup of positive
charge, much like plums in a pudding or raisins in a fruit cake . In
1906, Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in this
field. However, even with the Plum Pudding Model, there was still
no understanding of how these electrons in the atom were
arranged. The discovery of radiation was the next step along the
path to building an accurate picture of atomic structure. In the
early twentieth century, Marie and Pierre Curie, discovered that
some elements (the radioactive elements) emit particles, which
are able to pass through matter in a similar way to Xrays (read
more about this in Grade 11). It was Ernest Rutherford who, in
1911, used this discovery to revise the model of the atom.
-Rutherfords
Model
Rutherford
carried
out
some
experiments which led to a change in
ideas around the atom. His new
model described the atom as a tiny,
dense, positively charged core called
a nucleus surrounded by lighter,
negatively
charged
electrons.
Another way of thinking about this model was that the atom was
seen to be like a mini solar system where the electrons orbit the
nucleus like planets orbiting around the sun. A simplified picture
of this is shown alongside. This model is sometimes known as the
planetary model of the atom.

-Bohrs

Model
There were, however, some problems with
Rutherford's model: for example it could
not
explain
the
very
interesting
observation that atoms only emit light at
certain wavelengths or frequencies. Niels
Bohr solved this problem by proposing that
the electrons could only orbit the nucleus in certain special orbits
at different energy levels around the nucleus.
-Chadwicks
Model
Rutherford predicted (in 1920) that another kind of particle must
be present in the nucleus along with the proton. He predicted this
because if there were only positively charged protons in the
nucleus, then it should break into bits because of the repulsive
forces between the like-charged protons! To make sure that the
atom stays electrically neutral, this particle would have to be
neutral itself. In 1932 James Chadwick discovered the neutron and
measured its mass.
-Modern Atomic Model
Electrons are in constant motion around the
nucleus, protons and neutrons jiggle within the
nucleus, and quarks jiggle within the protons
and neutrons.
This picture is quite distorted. If we drew the
atom to scale and made protons and neutrons
a centimeter in diameter, then the electrons
and quarks would be less than the diameter of
a hair and the entire atom's diameter would be greater than the
length of thirty football fields! 99.999999999999% of an atom's
volume is just empty space!

DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

-Law
of
Definite
Proportions
Dalton's atomic theory consisted of several postulates.
All matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms.
Atoms of the same element are similar in shape and mass, but
differ from the atoms of other elements.
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in a
fixed, simple, whole number ratio to form compound atoms.
Atoms of same element can combine in more than one ratio to
form two or more compounds.

 Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that can take part in a
chemical reaction.
The law of definite proportions states that a chemical compound
always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by
mass. For example, all samples of the compound carbon
monoxide contain 42.88 % carbon and 57.12 % oxygen by mass.
The atomic theory explains the law of definite proportions:
Dalton proposed that the smallest particle of carbon monoxide
was a molecule. This molecule consisted of one carbon atom and
one oxygen atom. If all oxygen atoms had a mass about 1.33
times that of carbon atoms, carbon monoxide would have exactly
the above composition.
-Law
of
Multiple
Proportions
Law of multiple proportions, statement that when two elements
combine with each other to form more than one compound, the
weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the
other are in a ratio of small whole numbers. For example, there
are five distinct oxides of nitrogen, and the weights of oxygen in
combination with 14 grams of nitrogen are, in increasing order, 8,
16, 24, 32, and 40 grams, or in a ratio of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The law was
announced (1803) by the English chemist John Dalton, and its
confirmation for a wide range of compounds served as the most
powerful argument in support of Daltons theory that matter
consists of indivisible atoms.
-Law of Conservation of Mass
According to the law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be
created nor destroyed, or the mass of reactants before a chemical
reaction begins is same as the mass of the products of the
reaction. According to Dalton's second law, atoms can neither be
created nor destroyed , which is same as the law of conservation
of mass. Hence, dalton's atomic theory helped support the law of
conservation of mass.