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CIGRE Session 46
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SOMMAIRE| CONTENTS
N 2 8 5 Av r i l
| April 2016
LIFE OF ASSOCIATION
ANNUAL REPORT
BROCHURES THEMATIQUES
TECHNICAL BROCHURES
4 - 11
In memoriam Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck
SC A3 & B3 Joint Colloquium, September/October 2015,
Nagoya, Japan
SC D2 colloquium, October 2015, Lima, Peru
Two days CIGRE Tutorials at ELECRAMA Exhibition 15th
and 16th February 2016, in Bangalore, India
12 - 39
SC A2 Transformers
SC A3 High voltage equipment
SC B1 Insulated cables
SC B2 Overhead lines
42 - 45
644 GT D1.38 : Caractristiques communes et
techniques dessai mergentes pour les quipements
lectriques supraconducteurs haute temprature
(HTS)
644 WG D1.38: Common characteristics and emerging
test techniques for high temperature superconducting
power equipment
46 - 51
645 GT B2.28 : Donnes mtorologiques pour
lvaluation des charges climatiques des lignes
ariennes
645 WG B2.28: Meteorological data for assessing
climatic loads on overhead lines
Klaus Frohlich
Prsident du
Comit
Technique/
Chairman of the
Technical
Committee:
Mark WALDRON
52 - 57
646 GTC A2/D1.41 : Isolation des transformateurs
CCHT : conductivit de lhuile
646 JWG A2/D1.41: HVDC transformer insulation: oil
conductivity
Trsorier/
Treasurer:
Richard Bevan
58 - 67
647 GT C5.17 : Mcanismes de capacit: besoins,
solutions et tat des lieux
647 WG C5.17: Capacity mechanisms: needs, solutions
and state of affairs
Secrtaire
Gnral/
Secretary
General:
Philippe Adam
philippe.adam@cigre.org
Edition/
Redaction:
Publicit/
Advertising:
Conception
ralisation
et impression :
Dpt lgal :
ISSN :
Copyright
Photo de
couverture/
Front cover Page:
68 - 73
648 GT C4.603 : Techniques et outils analytiques pour
lvaluation des ajustements de puissance
648 WG C4.603: Analytical techniques and tools for
power balancing assessments
edition@cigre.org
Tl. : 01 53 89 10 03
74 - 79
649 GT B4.54 : Guide pour lextension de la dure de
vie des systmes CCHT existants
649 WG B4.54: Guidelines for life extension of existing
HVDC systems
Estelle Tijou
estelle.tijou@cigre.org
Tl. : 01 53 89 12 95
80 - 83
650 GT C3.10 : Indicateurs de performance de
dveloppement durable pour la production d'nergie
lectrique
650 WG C3.10: Sustainable development performance
indicators for electric power generation
Imprimeries Conformes
Tl. : 01 40 74 00 18
84 - 87
651 GT C5.19 : Rapport sur les aspects rglementaires
de la rponse de la demande dans les marchs
d'lectricit
651 - WG C5.19: Report on regulatory aspects of the
demand response within electricity markets
Copyright 2016
ELECTRA
In memoriam
In memoriam
Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck
* December 6, 1938 - February 7, 2016
It can be stated that nearly everybody in the community of power systems has at some time become aware of the expert
Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck and many have personally been in touch with him and his activities during the last decades.
At least when using the current IEC standards on insulation coordination and surge arresters we should be aware that many
subjects have been worked out by he himself or with his support. His contributions are present in IEC standards, CIGRE
publications and different journal papers.
He started his career as assistant professor at Technische Universitaet Darmstadt after his study on electrical engineering.
From 1971 up to 2008 he was with FGH, an independent German research institute dealing with power systems. As head of the
test laboratories and by his responsibility for power transmission and distribution equipment for many years he was involved in
the practical aspects of engineering subjects. During the last years he was active as consultant in various fields of power systems.
During all the time he has been working in national and international committees of CIGRE and IEC in the fields of
insulation coordination, overvoltage protection and surge arresters and adjacent fields. For this he was honored several times.
He has become a Distinguished Member of CIGRE, nominated directly when this distinction was created in 1996. In 1995 he
received the CIGRE Technical Committee Award in acknowledgement of his outstanding contribution in the activities of Study
Committee 33 on Insulation Coordination. In IEC TC 28 he was active as Chairman from 1996 up to 2014. Not only for this he
was chosen for the IEC 1906 Award last year.
Many of us had the pleasure to meet him personally during the last decades. During meetings it was always fascinating
and a great experience to see him arguing with absolute engagement and an extraordinary knowledge in his mind. Very often
he argued: "Thats not correct! You dont understand this", followed by his detailed explanation of the subject concerned.
Despite sometimes intensive controversial discussions on technical details it was always a great pleasure to be with him
during the coffee break afterwards. He never took controversial points of view personally. So quite sure all of us agree that we
lost a great colleague, teacher, expert, friend and special character. His contributions will keep helping us in several aspects
in the future.
Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck in the center of his colleagues of IEC TC 28 during IEC General Meeting in Tokyo 2014
CIGRE SC A3 & B3 Joint colloquium titled Challenges for Future Reliability of T&D Substations and Equipment was
held in Nagoya, Japan on 27th September to 2nd October 2015. 240 experts from 29 countries attended the colloquium.
Tutorial, regular meetings for both SCs and technical tour to Higashi-Shimizu substation were taken place during the
colloquium.
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
Joint colloquium
After greeting by both SC A3 and B3 chairmen, Hiroki Ito and Terry Krieg,
opening session of the colloquium started with two keynote presentations
titled General Information of Chubu Electric and Recent Reformation of
Electric Power System presented by Satoru Katsuno, president of Chubu
Electric Power, and titled Uncertainty and Risk/Asset management by Mark
Waldron, TC chairman of CIGRE.
61 papers related to preferential subjects PS1: Life cycle asset management
and PS2: Future challenges for HV and MV substations and equipment were
presented. The technical session started with a joint session with common
subjects for SC A3 and B3 on the first day of the colloquium, and 17 related
papers were presented. SC A3 & B3 individual sessions followed on the second
day of the colloquium. They were held in two rooms related to the peculiar
subjects for each SC.
Joint tutorial
The tutorials based on the results of the WG activities were provided in
accordance with the regional interests after the two day colloquium.
(1) SC A3 Tutorial
WG A3.28 Switching Phenomena for EHV and UHV Equipment
WG A3.29 Deterioration of Aging Substation Equipment and Possible
Mitigation Techniques
(2) SC B3 Tutorial
JWG B3-C1-C2.14 Circuit Configuration Optimization
WG B3.31 Air Insulated Substations Design for Severe Climate Condition
WG B3.30 SF6-Application in the Electric Power Industry and Responsible use of SF6 - Challenges and Options
WG B3.32 Saving through Optimized Maintenance of Air Insulated Substations
SC regular meetings
The SC meetings were held by SC A3 and SC B3 separately. Regular members and observers along with the WG conveners
attended to the SC meetings and discussed the strategic plan and action plan, the progress of AG and WG activity, Green
Book, new work proposals and future events of each SC.
ELECTRA 5
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
Technical tour
A visit to Higashi-Shimizu substation of Chubu Electric Power was
arranged on the last day of the meeting period. Blessed with good weather
and spectacular view of Mt Fuji, delegates took a tour of the substation with
50/60Hz frequency converter, transformer and GIS.
ELECTRA
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
2015 SC D2 Colloquium
Lima - PERU
SC D2 Chairman: Carlos Samitier (ES)
Chairperson of the Organizing Committee: Maycoll Mendoza (PE)
Introduction
The Cigr Andean National Committee, (Comit Andino del Consejo Internacional de Grandes Redes Elctricas or
CANCigr), composed of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, decided in 2014 to invite Cigr Study Committee D2 (SC
D2) to hold its regular meeting and colloquium in Lima, Peru.
Since the creation in 2006 of the Cigr Andean National Committee, it is the first time that a SC hold an event in one of
these countries; SC D2 was indeed honoured of such an invitation and in particular with this opportunity to initiate fruitful
exchanges and discussions with Andean Cigr members.
SC D2 members
The SC D2 Chairman, Mr. Carlos Samitier, and the Andean National Committee Chairman, Mr. Luis Velasco, decided
thus to organize the following events in Lima:
The SC D2 regular meeting.
A SC D2 tutorial.
Two round tables on:
- Common practices, challenges and
evolution of ICT for power system
operation;
- Achievement and challenges of
international
working
bodies
related to power utilities.
The SC D2 colloquium with three
preferential subjects.
A specific training session on SCADA.
As concerns the SC D2 colloquium, a
total of 30 synopses have been received
and evaluated. Following the selection
process only 22 synopses were accepted:
SC D2 meeting
ELECTRA 7
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
10 on the Preferential Subject n1 - Special Reporter: Lhoussain Lhassani
(NL)
6 on the Preferential Subject n2 - Special Reporter: Marcelo Costa De
Araujo (BR)
6 on the Preferential Subject n3 - Special Reporter: Maurizio Monti (FR
SC D2 Secretary)
However, some authors were not able to attend the colloquium due to last
minute constraints and only 21 presentations were carried.
Nearly 100 persons attended this event, i.e. the tutorial, round tables and
colloquium.
The organisation of the event was well planned and in particular live translation
in Spanish was provided. The attendance was active and a number of questions
were raised either during the tutorial, the round tables or colloquium.
It could be stated that this was a first experience for Andean colleagues to
discuss subjects with Cigr experts and this was mutually appreciated.
The event was opened by Mr. Luis Velasco, Chairman of CanCIGRE, and Mr.
Carlos Samitier, Chairman of Cigr SC D2.
Then, a tutorial session was carried out on various subjects of interest to
Andean members:
Optimizing the operation and maintenance of the telecommunication
system by Mr. Mehrdad Mesbah (AGD2.03 convenor);
Disaster recovery and service continuity across the information system by
Mr. Herwig Klima (WGD2.34 convenor);
Cyber security in the electrical power system by Mr. Lhoussain Lhassani
(Special reporter);
Deploying standard information exchange in the power system, IEC
61850, by Mr. Thierry Lefbvre (IEC TC 57 Chairman), Mr. Jaume Darne
(expert) and Mr. Carlos Rodriguez (expert);
European market design, flow based market coupling by Mr. Maurizio
Monti (expert).
Tutorial
Questions were raised by the attendance on these different subjects showing the
appropriate selection of topics.
A first round table on Common practices, challenges and evolution of ICT for
Power System operation was chaired by Mr. Thierry Lefbvre IEC TC57 Chairman
with the following items:
Mr. Roberto Tamayo
The role of ICT in Peru power system by Mr. Jaime Guerra (COES);
Power system regulation and ICT requirements by Mr. Roberto Tamayo (OSINERGMIN);
The role of ICT in the management of natural disasters, Fukushima tsunami by Mr. Tamotsu Fujii (KEPCO);
Information exchange needs for the internal energy market by Mr. Maurizio Monti (ENTSO-E WG EDI convener);
Telecom management centre a tool to improve system operation by Mr. Sacha Kwik (JWGD2/B2.39 convener).
The colloquium was held with the three following subjects:
Colloquium
8 No. 285 - April 2016
ELECTRA
As more of the critical business processes are being automated and new devices being added to achieve the smart grid
vision of the future, the challenge rapidly becomes one of having too much data from a variety of new sources but too little
facilities to collect them in an appropriate time delay. The papers for this preferential subject focus on the following items:
Local and wide area networks for IEC 61850 applications;
Synchrophasors for protection and automation;
Network synchronisation and time distribution techniques;
Performance aspects and impact of impairments.
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
What have been the improvements since the 2009 SC D2 Colloquium in Japan where the subject Information and
Telecommunication systems available in emergencies at electric utilities was discussed? The papers for this preferential
subject focus on following items:
Network resilience techniques and architectures;
Maintenance techniques to assure business continuity;
Information system restore strategies;
Maintaining disaster recovery capability.
The dinner
ELECTRA 9
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
ELECTRA
B4 HVDC & Power Electronics, Abhay Kumar (Sweden): HVDC and its applications from Indian Perspective,
explained market drivers for HVDC transmission, new challenges for electric transmission, HVDC technologies, systems
and applications, future developments and HVDC projects (with special focus on India).
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
B3 Substations, Terry Krieg (Australia): 21st Century Substations Evolution in Design and Management presented
some background aspects impacting substation development and also global trends including energy, prices, productivity,
CO2 emission and other Industry trends. Future concepts and design trends (network design, materials, equipment, and
knowledge) were also discussed. Tutorial topics covered recent work in the design and management of substations for
severe weather conditions including heat, drought, dust, rain and humidity, snow and ice, wind, hurricanes, floods,
standards from technical brochure 614 and the optimization of substation circuit configuration including assessment
criteria, service security, maintenance, operation from Brochure 585. Future topics for the work of SC B3 were proposed
and discussed.
D2 Information Systems and Telecommunication, Carlos Samitier (Spain): Smart Grid, provided information
on Smart Grid definition, conceptual models, components, challenges, micro-grids, user interfaces, core technologies,
standards, telecom services, cyber-attacks and countermeasures, security challenges, vulnerabilities, risks, measures for
protection and control, operation management, faults & anomalies management, interactions.
Indian representatives of SCs presented the relevant current situation in India related to the tutorials, giving valuable
additional information. This triggered several additional aspects in the lively discussions.
The presenters commend the organizers on the venue and the overall event organisation and sincerely hope, that
CIGRE will have the pleasure and the opportunity to again present the work of relevant Study Committees at the next
ELECRAMA or other future events in India.
ELECTRA 11
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC A2
Transformers
By Claude Rajotte, SC A2 Chairman
Scope
The scope of Study Committee A2, simply named Transformers, covers different types of equipments and components,
included in the following items:
Power transformers (including industrial, DC converter and phase-shifting transformers)
Reactors (shunt, series, saturated and smoothing)
Transformer components (bushings, tap changers, accessories, etc.)
In the past, the activities of SCA2 "Transformers" (and its predecessor SC12) focused on design problems related to the
rapid increase of rated voltage and power. Nowadays, SC A2 activities focuses on reliability, life management, economics,
safety, new technologies and concepts, electrical environment, pre-standardisation, etc. SC A2 orientations are also taking
into account CIGRE strategic directions as "The electrical system of the future", "Making the best use of the existing system"
and "Focus on environment and sustainability".
The four key domains for SC A2 are described in the transformer "Life cycle" diagram shown in the following figure:
The different activities in each of these key domains made during year 2015 are described in this report.
12
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
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Design, manufacturing and testing
Up to the middle of the twentieth century, system voltage rose step by step to a maximum level of roughly 300 kV,
climbed to 800 kV around 1965 and is now reaching level as high as 1200 kV. During this impressive evolution, SC A2
(named SC 12 before the reorganisation of CIGRE in 2004) played an important role for a better comprehension of the
transformer performances under transient and overvoltage, short-circuits, DC condition and thermal performance. With
the increased stressed applied to transformers and with evolution of the technologies, there are still many issues where SC
A2 is contributing.
2015
SC A2
Thermal modeling tools are now commonly used in transformer design. WG A2.38 "Transformer Thermal Modeling"
has the purpose of describing state-of-the-art techniques in transformer thermal modelling to evaluate winding hottestspot temperature as well as hot spots on other metal parts. Transformer loadability in service will also be explored through
dynamic modelling to insure the best use of existing transformers. WG A2.38 finished their work in 2015 and plans to
publish the final brochure early in 2016.
HVDC converter transformer reliability is an important concern, and it motivates the creation of JWG A2/D1.41
"HVDC Transformer Insulation Oil Conductivity". The insulation materials used in a HVDC transformer are the same
as in a conventional AC transformer; however, the applied electrical stresses are different due to the addition of the DC
stress components superimposed to AC and impulse voltages. Especially in oil, very different field distributions have
been observed. Under AC and impulse voltage applications, the electrical-stress distribution can be determined by the
permittivity of the oil and PB materials. Conversely, for steady state DC voltage application, the electrical stress can be
determined by the electrical conductivity of the insulating materials. In general, insulating oil has a lower permittivity
(dielectric constant) and a higher conductivity than pressboard, which makes the AC voltage more concentrated in the oil
and the DC voltage more concentrated in the pressboard. Temperature has also an effect on AC and DC field distribution.
Thus, it was shown that oil conductivity variation in oil/solid insulation impacts the design and reliability of transformers.
A better standardization to measure oil conductivity is one of the main aims of this WG. JWG A2/D1.41 finished their work
in 2015 and plans to publish the final brochure early in 2016.
Last year, two new activities were started in this key domain. The first one is JWG A2/D1.51 "Improvement to Partial
Discharge Measurements for Factory and Site Acceptance Tests of Power Transformers". This WG scope will be to compare
alternative methods for PD measurements, in particular UHF method that is known as a more robust technique against
external noise than current technology (acoustic) and allows a differentiation of external and internal PD. In particular, this
WG will evaluate the applicability of such alternative methods for factory and site acceptance tests.
The second new activity started last year is WG A2.52 "High-frequency transformer models for non-standard waveforms".
Transformer manufacturers do not supply, in general, the customer with a model of the transformer, neither a black-box
model nor a white-box model. This prevents the customer from including the transformer in network studies. The focus
of this JWG is to continue the work of JWG A2/C4.39, terminated in 2014, in the direction of transformer modelling with
the objective of providing the customers with useful high-frequency models of the transformer for application in system
transient studies.
ELECTRA
13
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC A2
component responsible to a significant proportion of transformer failure. Because of bushing failure mode may be
catastrophic, this component also affect the safety that justified the attention of WG A2.43. The tasks of this WG will be to
established bushing failure definition, to estimate bushing failure rate, failure mechanism for different bushing technologies
(Oil Impregnated Paper, Resin Impregnated Paper, etc.), design and testing, maintenance, condition monitoring and
predicted life time. WG A2.43 almost completed it work in 2015 and the brochure will be published in 2016.
Moreover, examples of recently reported events leading to severe damage during transformer transportation led to the
starting of WG A2.42 "Guide on Transformer Transportation". Guidance on the relations between the transformers mechanical
design, design reviews, action when an unwanted transportation event occurred, measurements during transportation and
its interpretation, and internal inspection on the installation site are addressed. This WG also almost finished it work in 2015
and plans to publish a final brochure in 2016.
Another important contributor to this key domain is WG A2.45 "Transformer failure investigation and post-mortem
analysis". When a transformer is scrapped, it is very important to collect all relevant information and make as much
observations as possible, as such information can be used to guide future decisions on a transformer population. This WG
will develop a structured procedure for careful dismounting the transformer to extract all the important information. This
WG plans to complete and publish it work in 2016.
Finally, WG A2.50 "Effect of the distributed energy sources and consequent induced reverse power flow (step up) on transmission
and distribution transformers" is addressing the effect of step up operation on transformers that were not designed for this
purpose. This new way of operating transformers became possible by the introduction of more and more renewable or
distributed small power generation that created power injection in the lower voltage level and creates an upstream power
flow and changes the usual step down operation of the transformer into a step up mode to transfer the energy. In the
network of the future, the design of the transformer and regulation of the voltages may no longer be suitable for a safe and
long-term operation. Furthermore, most distributed energy generation utilises inverters, which may produce harmonics on
the network which may also affect transformer life.
14
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
Nevertheless, the lack of standardization and doubts regarding the reliability and potential benefits of such systems are
impeding technology consolidation. The market now offers numerous sensors and monitoring systems but there is no
consensus on how to manage, process and convert data to derive relevant information. Brochure #625 gives a functional
description of TICM systems and possible architectures, interpretation methods, data management, strategic and economic
aspects and finally, some monitoring case examples.
Finally, a new WG was started this year on this key domain. Measurement of the frequency response is now commonly
used in the industry to assess the mechanical condition of transformer windings. The analysis of the results, the so-called
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA), is based on comparison with a reference measurement which is either a previous
measurement on the same unit, a measurement on an identical transformer or a measurement on another phase of a threephase transformer. In 2008, CIGR published a guide (Brochure #342) on the assessment of the mechanical condition of
transformer windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) and then, an IEC published in 2012 a standard on this
measurement mainly based on previous CIGRE. All this work was done to describe how to perform the measurement but
now, there is still a need in the industry to obtain more guidance on the interpretation of the results. The ultimate goal would
be to develop an internationally agreed objective interpretation algorithm that can be applied to condition assessment (input
to health index), troubleshooting (diagnosis after incident) and ultimately as pass-fail criteria for transformer short- circuit
testing. Thus, WG A2.53 Objective interpretation methodology for the mechanical condition assessment of transformer
windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) was started in 2015.
2015
SC A2
SC A2 Colloquium in Shanghai
On September 20-24, 2015, SC A2 colloquium was held in Shanghai, China with the participation of SC A3 and B3. The
colloquium welcomes more than 200 participants from 36 countries with the publication of 71 papers, 46 oral presentations
and 25 poster presentations. Colloquium objectives were:
Gather experts in a very specialized colloquium
Hold several WG/AG meetings
Organize Workshops to disseminate CIGRE knowledge
Organize joint events and create links between SC
Bring new ideas and material for existing WGs
Bring new ideas for future WGs and future Preferential Subjects
Make SC A2 activities better known in the host country
Here are the preferential subjects and key statements presented and discussed
during the colloquium:
PS 1: EHV/UHV and EVHDC/UHVDC Transformers and their components
Since the last 10 years, new generation of very big transformers: 1500
MVA single phase; 500 kV/1000 MVA 3 phases; 800 kVDC transformers
In parallel, the industry had developed a new generation of components:
very long RIP bushings, OLTC with enhanced step voltage, lead exit,
etc.
Assembling big non-transportable transformers on-site have been
experimented with successes
New challenges for design, manufacturing, drying solid insulation
Recent statistics on short-circuit testing shows that 25% of the tested
transformers failed at the first attempt
As it is not always possible to apply short-circuit testing on very big
transformers, alternative approaches are proposed: test on one leg, test
on mock-up, etc.
PS 2: Equipment technologies for substations of the future and Smart Grid
Several technologies available to improve the Eco performance
Importance to test new types of oil: performances & characteristics
Prototype with natural ester oil: up to 300 MVA / 420 kV
Natural esters: drying solid insulation and may be reclaimed
Gas Insulated Transformers: new applications in Hydro power or
Off-shore transformers
Importance to have a global approach for fire safety
ELECTRA
15
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC A2
Outlook
Several workshops are available within SC A2 to disseminate the results of the WGs during local and international events.
The already long list of available workshops will continue to extend by the preparation of workshop for each completed
brochure.
The preferential subjects for the next Paris Session 2016 are the following:
Advances in transformer diagnostic and monitoring
EVH/UHV and EHVDC and UHVDC Transformers and their components
Transformer windings
The different SC A2 Advisory Groups (Strategic planning, Customer and tutorial, Technology, Utilisation and Ultra High
Voltage Transformer AC/DC) are working together with SC Members and SC Chairman and Secretary to select the most
interesting subjects for future WG, sessions and colloquium. Several subjects for new Working Groups are under discussion.
Two new WG are planned to be started early 2016. The first one is about Transformer Life Extension to define means to
extend service life of and unit which is aged but in good enough condition while ensuring the required level of reliability at a
targeted cost to implement mitigation solutions to keep a failing unit in service until a planned replacement. The second one
is about Transformer Efficiency. Energy efficiency is becoming more and more important as a worldwide issue for electricity
transmission and distribution and standardization is in place in several countries for distribution transformers. For power
transformers, several work on standardization bodies and regions regulations and are on-going and are facing number of
difficulties. In particular some variations and exceptions to face specific design and in-service aspects are considered from
on-going benchmark. This would need additive clarifications on their application to most of power transformer types.
Other WGs are under discussion; in particular one about Effects of DC Bias on power transformers that is a major
concern in several regions of the world and another one about Transformer Site Installation.
16
ELECTRA
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ANNUAL
REPORT
2015/2016
SC A3
CIGRE SC A3 High Voltage equipment and SC B3 Substation had a joint colloquium titled Challenge for
Transmission & Distribution (T&D), Substation & Equipment of the future in Nagoya in September-October 2015.
Both Study Committees participated in the SC A2 Transformer colloquium held in Shanghai one week before.
These colloquiums demonstrate that SC A3 and B3 maintain excellent collaboration sharing in various subjects.
Part of the common activities includes the design, construction, life management, maintenance and operation of
substations and their associated equipment.
Thirty-three reports were presented in the Nagoya colloquium for the common Preferential Subject (PS) of Life
cycle asset management and 28 Reports for the PS New challenge for future T&D network. Several tutorials were
provided during the colloquiums in Shanghai and Nagoya in accordance with the regional concerns on Reliability
surveys on Equipment by WG A3.06, Inductive and transformer switching by an A3 expert, UHV & EHV
switching phenomena by WG A3.28, and Deterioration of Ageing Substation Equipment by WG A3.29. SC A3
also reported the progress in the national events held in different countries such as Bangalore India, Rio de Janeiro
Brazil, Wellington New Zealand, Jeddah Saudi Arabia etc.
The objectives of CIGRE are to disseminate and promote the interchange of technical knowledge and field
experience among different countries in the field of electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Being the
largest global association in the field of electric power systems, CIGRE provides a unique platform to combine the
expertise of universities, laboratories, manufacturers and utilities. Numerous international working groups develop
solutions for emerging problems in an international context, which are often related to the scope of different
CIGRE Study Committees. This knowledge is distributed in CIGRE tutorials, colloquia, symposia and sessions all
over the world in a practice-oriented way which is most valuable for the electrical engineering community and for
standardisation institutions. SC A3 will continue these efforts.
CIGRE SC A3 is responsible for the collection of field experience from distribution through transmission voltages,
technical evaluation of power studies and technical analyses, dealing with both AC and DC substation equipment
that is not explicitly dealt with by other SCs. The activities focus primarily on the following subjects.
18
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015/2016
SC A3
DC-DS&ES, DC-CT&VT, DC-MOSA (LA) used for 500 kV-DC gas insulated switchgear
MO Surge arresters
B. Richter
WG A3.29
Ageing of HV equipment
A. Maheshwari
WG A3.30
Overstressing of HV equipment
A. Carvalho
WG A3.31
F. Rahmatian
JWG A3.32/CIRED
N. Uzelac
WG A3.33
G. Li
JWG A3/B4.34
DC switchgears
C. Franck
WG A3.35
Controlled switching
A. Mercier
WG A3.36
M. Kriegel
JWG A3/B5/C4.37
Out-of-phase phenomena
A. Janssen
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2015/2016
SC A3
JWG A3/B4.34 is collecting technical requirements on DC switchgears along with DC circuit breakers with
different technologies potentially applicable to radial and meshed multi-terminal DC systems. The JWG will
investigate the technical capabilities and limitations of existing and projected DC switching equipment mainly with
mechanical operating drives. From the analysis of the differences between the technical requirements and technical
capabilities, the development of new DC switching equipment will be presented in mid-2016.
WG A3.35 is collecting field experience in order to update the previous survey on controlled switching applications
by WG A3.07. The WG will provide guidelines and best practices for the commissioning and operation of controlled
switching projects, which would expect to contribute to future standardization based on IEC62271-302.
WG A3.36 investigates simulation tools focusing on temperature rise tests by following the activity of WG A3.24.
The new WG deals with multi-physics simulations and simplified engineering tools. Ongoing work is focusing on
defining critical parameters with respect to accuracy of thermal modelling. A benchmark has been started for MV
and HV switchgears. The outline of the Technical Brochure was drafted.
20
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
hampered the WGs in supplying appropriate background information to the IEC. At the same time protection
experts pay a lot of attention to prevent or cope with out-of-phase situations, both for instabilities in the system and
in power plants. A scoping document has been presented to the three SCs involved to address the need for more in
depth knowledge
2015/2016
SC A3
WG A3.30 is reviewing recommendable practices for detecting and mitigating potential overstresses in substation
equipment. The WG focus on the identification of the different kinds of stresses affecting HV equipment,
standardized stress limits, stress evaluation procedures and utilities practices on how to work around the
overstresses in short-term planning or in system operation. Stressing factors related to electrical, environmental
and operational causes are considered. These results are compiled in a risk matrix, including cross-referencing the
stressing factors with the relevant equipment standards. The Delphi method was applied to select the most relevant
pairs of stress parameters X equipment performance parameters. The goal of WG A3.30 is to publish a CIGRE
Technical Brochure that addresses equipment risks in face of overstresses, equipment limits as well as mitigation
solutions. It will summarize the findings of the WG and give guidance with regard to overstress management of high
voltage substation equipment, looking forward to avoid equipment damages and to not endanger system reliability.
Ageing aspects of end-of-life decisions are addressed by WG A3.29.
JWG A3.32 is reviewing the current and future trends of non-intrusive diagnostic methods to apply, especially in
service, in the condition monitoring of circuit breakers, fault interrupters and reclosers used in both distribution
and transmission systems. It will provide user feed-back and experience from utilities, manufacturers and service
providers. In the aim to optimize maintenance costs of switchgear equipment, there is a general trend in the utilities
to move from time-based maintenance to condition based and risk based maintenance taking advantage of modern
diagnostic tools. The WG will focus on HV circuit breakers used in air insulated substations and on pole top and
substation mount circuit breakers, reclosers and fault interrupters used in distribution systems. The scope of work
will also include reviewing the existing state of the art of non-intrusive methods and their field experience applied
in transmission and distribution systems to assist in the evaluation of equipment conditions, and analyzing the
technical vs economical benefit for applying non-intrusive methods. The WG conducted a survey in 2015 to better
understand current condition monitoring practices and propose cost effective condition monitoring methods that
will cover future needs. TB is expected to be delivered by the end of 2016.
ELECTRA
21
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC A3
functionality and compactness as SF6 equipment. The first pilot circuit breaker and GIS applications based on
vacuum, CO2 and other gas mixture technologies have been installed in the field to gain confidence in application
of new technology to the highvoltage range between 72.5 kV and 170 kV. However, the Global Warming Potential
(GWP) of SF6 alone is not adequate to measure the environmental impact of electric power equipment. The
environmental impact of any specific application should be evaluated and compared using, for example, Life Cycle
Assessment. (See TB589 published by WG A3.27).
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ANNUAL
REPORT
DS Bus-transfer currents attain 3400 A at the rated voltage of 550 kV, 2430 A at 420 kV, 2660A at 300 kV, 2560 A
at 245 kV, 1820 A at 170 kV and 1930 A at 72 kV not exceeding the current of 4000 A. Ninety (90) percent values
exceed 1600 A for the rated currents higher than 3000 A for the rated voltages of 72.5-500 kV. Therefore SC A3
recommends that the requirement for DS Bus-transfer currents should be 80 % of the rated currents for the rated
voltages of 72kV and above. Since there is still a slight discrepancy between the requirements and IEC62271-102,
SC A3 will continuously investigate the field experience as much as possible.
2015
SC A3
Even though DS Bus-charging currents at 420 kV AIS exceeds the existing standard value in one country, most of
the currents at the rated voltages from 123 kV to 550 kV, especially for GIS applications, are covered by the standard
values.
Both Electromagnetically & Electrostatically ES Induced currents significantly exceed the standard values,
especially for the cases of higher nominal current. CIGRE will further investigate the field experience concerning
whether such ESs have any reliability problems on the requirements.
DS Bus-transfer currents exceed 1600A for the rated currents higher than 3000 A
ELECTRA
23
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
Insulated cables
Pierre Argaut/Chairman SC B1 & Alain Gille/Secretary SC B1
SC B1
Construction
Testing
Operation
Construction, installation
Operation,
maintenance,
reliability
Cable &
Accessories
design
Design
System design
Monitoring
diagnostics
Rating, ampacity
Removal
24
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
The previous annual reports of SC B1 [Electra 261][Electra 267][Electra 273][Electra 279] have reported that the
Strategic Directions of SC B1 have been fully aligned on the four Technical Directions adopted by the Technical
Committee of Cigre [Electra 249 and 256] and all the activities of the Study Committee B1 are organized accordingly:
2015
At the end of 2015, the membership of SC B1 is 24 regular members and 14 Observer Members.
SC B1
Working Groups
Each year, new Working Groups are launched to address each of the four Technical Directions [Electra 249]:
Technical Direction 1: The electrical power system of the future,
Technical Direction 2: Making best use of the existing power system,
Technical Direction 3: Focus on environment and sustainability,
Technical Direction 4: Communication on power system issues for decision-makers.
The new work items are decided by the SC members present at the Annual Study Committee Meeting. Following
decision of the Study Committee, the Terms Of Reference (TOR) are most often prepared by Task Forces.
The proposals of New Work Items submitted to the Study Committee are prepared by the Customer Advisory
Group (CAG) and formally established by the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) of the Study Committee. Each Region
of the World is represented in the CAG to gather the needs of the Regional Target Groups. At each CIGRE Session,
questionnaires are proposed during the Group Discussion Meeting to identify the needs of the Target Groups of the
Study Committee.
At the end of 2015, 1 JWG and 19 WG are at work to cover the Four Technical Directions.
Sessions/Colloquia/Symposia
The Preferential Subjects for CIGRE Sessions are proposed to address these Technical Directions in order to collect
International contributions to each of them. For the Session, one Special Reporter prepares a Special Report for the
Group Discussion Meeting with around 15 questions. 50 prepared contributions are accepted to allow enough time
for spontaneous contributions. One or two invited contributions from other SCs or Organizations give additional
information to B1 Audience.
WG number
JWG B1/B3.33
Electra 279
Technical Brochure 605
WG B1.11
Electra 279
Technical Brochure 606
WG B1.40
Availability on eCigre:
February 2015
Electra 280
Technical Brochure 610
WG B1.42
Electra 281
Technical Brochure 622
WG B1.43
Electra 281
Technical Brochure 623
WG B1.35
Electra 284
Technical Brochure 640
ELECTRA
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ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC B1
WG B1.37
WG B1.28
WG B1.34
WB B1.36
26
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
conference were extremely interesting as well and included five tutorials, the Technical exhibition with 40 exhibitors,
three Technical visits to sites of interest and the workshops WETS15 and WETS D15. The closing session included a
round table about the state of the art of DC Cables and Systems Researches. The success of Jicable 15 confirmed that
this event is one of the leading worldwide forums for insulated power cables, and the outstanding technical level of the
conference further raised the expectations for next edition in 2019.
2015
SC B1
ELECTRA
27
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC B1
28
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
Recommend cable and accessory design changes,
Recommend installation improvements, for example, alternative cable duct designs, to use or not to use direct
buried cables and to include cable snaking or not,
Suggest test protocols specific for each major disturbance, for example seismic situations, reference industry and
academic investigations,
Whenever possible visit utilities and sites to gain first-hand knowledge of events,
Evaluate existing international and domestic standards for their relevance to cable systems due to large
disturbances, for example IEEE Standard 693-2005 on Recommended Practices for Seismic Design of Substations
Make contact with storm centers around the world to assess availability and advantages of early warning systems.
The Convener of this WG is Harry Orton (CA).
2015
SC B1
ELECTRA
29
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
At the time this report is made, all the TOR of these Working Groups have been duly approved by the Technical
Committee (January 2016).
SC B1
The Polish member of SC B1, has sent a proposal for future work. Indeed DSO Companies are looking for possibility
to analyze condition of MV cables. They use diagnostics systems (PD and Tan delta). Poland has good experience in
this area. It would be good to connect knowledge from different DSOs. The Polish SC B1 panel believes that it will be
very helpful and useful to launch a WG/TF. The scope would cover the following topics:
Diagnostic methods used in MV cable network
Cable diagnostics requirements in electrical tests after installation and after repair
Diagnostics in assessing technical condition of the cable line
Management of data received from diagnostic tests.
SC B1 decided to set up a TF on this topic for a one year period. The TF should discuss whether or not to establish
a Working Body on this matter. Decision will be taken during 2016 Study Committee meeting in Paris. The Convener
of this Task Force is Slawomir Noske from Poland.
4.8. JWG B4/B1.73 Surge and extended overvoltage testing of HVDC Cable
Systems
During the SC meeting, it was expected that the SC B4 will suggest in the coming weeks to launch a JWG about
surges and extended overvoltages for extruded DC cable systems. Several Countries could appoint members for this
JWG and Sweden could propose a convener. After discussion within the Technical Committee, JWG B4/B1/C4.73 has
been launched and the TOR have been approved by the Technical Committee Chairman. The Convener of this JWG
is Markus Saltzer from Sweden.
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The final report is expected to be circulated within SC B1 in 2017.
2015
WG B1.45 Thermal monitoring of cable circuits and grid operators use of dynamic rating systems
The convener of the Working Group is Blandine Hennuy from Belgium.
The final report is expected for circulation within the Study Committee before December 2016.
SC B1
ELECTRA
31
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC B1
Spring ICC (Fort-Lauderdale 3-7 April 2016)
UHV Colloquium ( Montreal 9-11 May 2016)
SEERC Conference (Portoroz 7-8 June 2016)
C4 Colloquium (Bologna 27-29 June 2016)
CIGRE Session (Paris 21-26 August 2016)
CMD 2016International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis(XiAn 25-28 September 2016)
AORC B1 Panel (Bangkok 25-26 October 2016) in conjunction with CEPSI
Fall ICC Meeting (Scottsdale: Oct30-Nov2)
11th annual conference of CIGRE Canada (Vancouver, 17-19 October 2016).
7. Tutorials
In compliance with Technical Direction TD4, SC B1 offered in 2015 various tutorials all along 2015 in India
(Mumbai), Sweden (Lund), France (Versailles), Norway (Kristiansand), and Brazil (Rio).
By the end of 2015, the list of validated Tutorials is
Ref
WG
Title
ELT 169
21.04
Available
TB 177
21.06
Available
TB 194
21.17
Available
TB 228
B1.07
Available
TB 247
B1.02
TB 250
21.19
Available
TB 268
B1.05
Available
TB 272
B1.03
TB 279
B1.04
Available
TB 283
21.18
Available
TB 303
B1.06
Available
TB 347
B1.26
Available
TB 358
B1.09
Available
TB 379
B1.10
Available
TB 398
B1.21
Available
a) Large Cross-sections
b) Composite Screen Design
Available
Available
TB 415
B1.24
Available
TB 446
B1.25
Available
TB 476
B1.22
Available
TB 490
B1.27
Available
TB 496
B1.32
Available
TB 531
B1.30
Available
TB 538
B1.31
Available
TB 559
B1.23
Available
TB 560
B1.29
Available
TB 610
B1.40
Available
B1.42
Testing of transition joints between HVDC cables with lapped and with
extruded insulation up to 500kV
Available
TB 622
32
Status
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
TB 640
B1.35
Pending
TB 623
B1.43
Pending
Feasibility study of a common dry type interface for GIS power cable of
52 kV and above
Pending
TB 605
B1/B3.33
2015
SC B1
8. Conclusion
Since 2010, Study Committee B1 has fully aligned its Technical Strategies with the four Technical Directions of the
Technical Committee of CIGRE (Electra 249). SC B1 Working Groups are currently working in these four directions.
Sessions Preferential Subjects are also proposed to collect International contributions to each of them. Most of the
Working Groups of SC B1 are dealing with Technical Direction 1 (Network of the Future) and more and more are also
covering Distribution Cable Systems.
Emphasis is given to Technical Directions 3 (Focus on Environment and Sustainability) and 4 (Produce unbiased
information for non-technical audience). Technical Brochure 610 about Offshore Generation Cable Connection is
an example of such unbiased information. A tutorial is available. It has been delivered at Jicable 2015 together with
other SCB1 Tutorials. The three Preferential Subjects proposed for Session 2016 cover the four Technical Directions.40
reports have been accepted. The Special Reporter for the 2016 Session is Walter Zenger from the United States. His
report will be available in May and will give some practical details regarding the Discussion Group Meeting. Future
work by SCB1 is decided by the Study Committee Members attending the SC B1 meeting on recommendation of the
Strategic Advisory Group. Most of proposals for further work are established by the Customer Advisory Group which
is the link of SCB1 to its Target Groups through questionnaires distributed during Discussion Group Meetings in
CIGRE Sessions and through direct links to the CAG members covering all continents.
At present almost 330 cable experts are participating to this task with 460 contributions. Many high technical value
publications (around 200) are available on e-cigre. Tutorials sessions have been organized and proposals are made by
the Tutorial Advisory Group (TAG) of SC B1 to disseminate this information worldwide. In 2015, more than 5 Tutorial
Sessions have been given. Several ones are being scheduled in 2016.
Any further information is currently available on SC B1s website: http://b1.cigre.org
IN MEMORIAM
BECKER Jean
Jeans birthday is 30 August 1938. He got a diploma as Electrical engineer AIM AILG in Electronics
and Electro-technique from the University of LIEGE in Belgium as: Master of Science in Engineering.
From 1964 to 2003 he has been in the Electrical Cable Business: involved in the development and
testing of all kinds of cables (low, medium and high voltage, communication cables, special cables), in
the manufacturing of low, MV, HV and EHV cables, in the development and testing of HV and EHV
accessories in the design of HV and EHV links, and installation of HV and EHV cables. He was the
Competence Center Manager of the Extra High Voltage Cables for the Nexans Group during the last ten
years of his career. Since 1978, he was a member of IEC TC20-WG16, dealing with the international specifications of low, medium high and
extra high voltage cables, accessories and cable systems. Since 1985 he was active in CIGRE as an expert in HV and EHV cable systems. He
has been the Convener of two major CIGRE Working Groups 21.09 (After Laying Tests on High Voltage Extruded Insulation Cable Systems
which published in Electra 173) and B1.06 (Revision of qualification procedures for HV & EHV AC extruded underground cable systems
which published TB 303 in August 2006) and he contributed to several other CIGRE WGs as an expert or as Secretary (WG B1.25, TB 446).
Jean suddenly passed away in April 2015.He was then the Secretary of the International Scientific and Technical Committee of JICABLE
2015.
We all deeply miss Him.
SC B1
ELECTRA
33
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
Overhead lines
By Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou, Chairman SC B2
SC B2
The main highlight of the year for SC B2 was the Study Committee meeting in Cape Town, in connection with the very
successful CIGRE-IEC International Symposium entitled Development of Electricity Infrastructures on Sub-Saharan
Africa. SC B2 comprises members from 22 countries plus observers from 15 countries. Seven Advisory Groups help to
coordinate 21 working groups and two joint working groups (B1.B2.C3.13 Environmental issues and D2.B2.39 Optical
fibres), with a total 534 members from 41 countries.
Four Technical Brochures and two papers for the CIGRE Science & Engineering Journal (CSE) were published in 2015:
TB 631: Coatings for protecting overhead power network equipment in winter conditions
TB 638: Guide to overall line design
TB 643: Guide to the operation of conventional conductor systems above 100C
TB 645: Meteorological data for assessing climatic loads on overhead lines
Evaluation of 500kV High Surge Impedance Loading (HSIL) transmission lines solutions concerning electric
fields and line parameters, CSE, issue No. 2, June 2015
Wind induced motion on bundle conductors (excluding galloping), CSE, issue No. 2, June 2015
SC B2 is structured according to the following three strategic directions:
Acceptability of new OHL
Capacity of existing OHL
Reliability and availability of all OHL
which are linked with the following four key technical areas of expertise:
Electrical performance
Towers, insulators and foundations
Mechanical behavior of conductors and fittings
Asset management, reliability, availability.
SC B2s activities in these four key technical areas are described in more detail in the following sections.
Electrical performance
In 2015, as in previous years, the emphasis in technical advisory group TAG4 was on the Electrical Performance aspects
of designing, analyzing and utilizing new materials and techniques in the design of new lines and increasing the utilization
and reliability of existing overhead transmission lines. The main topics include modifications of existing lines to raise
thermal capacity and to increase electrical limits related to voltage drop and surge impedance loading. We continue to
be concerned with improving existing analytical tools to maintain electrical clearances at high temperature, optimizing
the design of new lines, and ensuring electrical safety through analysis of step potential calculations. To accomplish this
wide spectrum of activities, a total of seven approved working groups were active in 2015, while the work of two recently
disbanded groups was published, yielding an article for CSE and a new technical brochure.
WG B2.38 completed a paper - Evaluation of 500kV High Surge Impedance Loading (HSIL) transmission lines
solutions concerning electric fields and line parameters - which was published in CSE in June 2015. The monopole
tower shown in the photograph uses guyed supports with a single lattice pole and structural parts between phases. To
achieve a natural capacity (SIL) of 1200 MW, a combination of light compaction and semi-expanded bundles were
used.
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ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
WG B2.42 completed its Guide to operation of conventional conductor systems above 100C which was published
in 2016. It is intended to provide improved tools for evaluating creep and annealing when pushing older lines to much
higher than original design temperatures without reconductoring. Issues such as high temperature aluminum creep
elongation and annealing are quantified.
WG B2.51 was studying methods for the Optimized design of overhead transmission lines including the results of
its questionnaire in the newly published technical brochure TB 638. Their work was completed in 2015. The bar chart
compares line cost breakdown by component for 7 different designs in North America.
SC B2
120kV, DC, 1
CURLEW, 30km
138kV, SC, 1
Suwannee, 55km
138kV, SC, 1
FALCON, 36km
345kV, DC, 2
Cardinal, 237km
TOTAL MATERIAL COST CONSTRUCTION COST DESIGN COSTS LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL COST
WG B2.55 is expanding and refining the existing technical brochure TB 244 on Conductors for line uprating to
consider newer types of high temperature conductor and to incorporate references to recent CIGRE B2 technical brochures
on sag-tension, ac resistance, and thermal rating calculations. This working group should complete their work in 2016.
WG B2.56 is concerned mainly with the safety aspects of Ground potential rise at overhead AC transmission line
structures during faults. The group has met on five occasions since its founding in 2013 and is scheduled to complete its
work in 2016.
WG B2.59 held its first meeting in Paris in 2014. It is concerned with the prediction of variable overhead line thermal
ratings and requires the involvement of line design, system operations, and meteorologists. It is unique in that it cooperates
with a parallel task force of IEEE Subcommittee 15.11 on Overhead Lines.
Two new working groups in this technical area met for the first time in 2015, WG B2.62 on the design and analysis of
compact HVDC lines and WG B2.63 on the design and analysis of compact HVAC lines.
ELECTRA
35
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
Some of these new materials have considerable durability, environmental friendliness, timely structure delivery and good
quality material availability. The aim of this new group is to collect the experiences of utilities around the world with the
use of such materials.
SC B2
WG.B2.65 - Detection, prevention and repair of sub-surface corrosion in overhead line Supports, anchors and
foundations.
Metallic grillage type foundations and stay anchors involving direct steel to soil contact have been used successfully by
many utilities in different regions. There are, however, a number of instances where the severity of subsurface corrosion
has resulted in catastrophic failures (figure 4), and/or expensive restoration programs in affected lines. The aim of this
Working Group is to prepare a report on the causes of subsurface corrosion, and to study the failure mechanisms, detection,
prevention and repair techniques of affected line structures and/or foundations.
The Customer Advisory Group (CAG) addressed new topics for TAG5 as a result of a recent survey carried out.
After appreciation and discussion among TAG5 members, two Terms of Reference (TOR) for new groups are under
preparation:
Assessment and testing of wood poles
Foundations for difficult soil and geological conditions
36
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC B2
WG B2.48 also completed a draft on Experience with the mechanical performance of non-conventional conductors
which was reviewed in 2015 and sent to SC members and observers for comments at the end of 2015. The brochure is
expected to be completed early in 2016.
WG B2.49 completed a brochure on Safe design tensions for single conductors fitted with elastomer cushioned
suspension units in 2015. The brochure should be published at the beginning of 2016.
WG B2.50 is working on the preparation of a TB on Correct handling and installation of fittings and conductors.
Completion of the work is expected in 2017.
The focus of WG B2.58 is on the Self-damping characterization of High Temperature Low Sag conductors. This
WG is particularly interesting since it generates and makes available new data on the subject. It is expected to complete its
work in 2018.
Task Force B2.06.7 is examining the Interaction of vibration dampers with surge arresters. It is about to complete a
paper on the subject at the beginning of 2016, which will be published in CSE journal.
ELECTRA
37
ANNUAL
REPORT
2015
SC B2
Two WGs and one TF are expected to complete their work in 2016. A new Working Group was proposed in 2015 on Safe
handling of HTLS conductors, which are increasingly common on the market. Approval should be obtained in early 2016.
Another proposal is under preparation on Conductor sustainability, since many lines throughout the world have now
exceeded their expected life. Other topics are also being evaluated for a third WG.
38
ELECTRA
ANNUAL
REPORT
WG B2.52 The use of robotics in assessment and maintenance of OHL
In order to maintain or increase the reliability of aging OHLs, new robotic technologies are becoming available to assess
and diagnose the condition of various OHL components. This WG is reviewing recent developments and will summarise
the potential benefits of the increased use of robotics by utilities. It is anticipated that a draft document will be reviewed
shortly which will allow final publication in 2016.
WG B2.53 Management guidelines for outsourcing OHTL technical expertise
This study will present guidelines on how to achieve the right balance between outsourcing vs. maintaining in-house
technical expertise. In addition, the study will present some best practices for transferring in-house expertise to, and
retention of, new engineers and field personnel that do not have an overhead transmission line background. The WG
distributed a survey in May 2013. We received responses from 20 Asset Owners in 12 countries and 18 Service Providers
in 6 countries. The WG is currently aiming to have the final publication of the TB and Electra report ready by the SC B2
meeting in Paris in 2016.
2015
SC B2
JWG C3/B2/B1.13 Environmental issues of high voltage transmission lines for rural and urban areas
The aim of this Joint Working Group of B2 and C3 is to create a reference document to enable transmission companies
and others to understand how these issues are dealt with in other countries. The aim is to advance the work already done in
previous CIGRE Technical Brochures, especially TB 147 and TB 50. Work is on-going and the overall aim is to have a draft
TB ready for review by the Paris 2016 meeting.
ELECTRA
39
ELECTRA
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644
42
GT D1.38
brochure thmatique
Introduction
Au cours des annes passes des progrs impressionnants
en matire dquipements lectriques mettant en uvre
des matriaux HTS ont t rendus possibles, en premier
lieu parce que le matriau est devenu disponible en grandes
quantits et a t constamment amlior, en second lieu
parce que le matriau isolant lectrique est adapt et utilis
correctement, et en troisime, du fait des progrs raliss en
matire de rfrigration et de cryognie. Ces trois points,
matriaux HTS, isolants lectriques et techniques de
cryognie, sont des facteurs critiques de russite de la R&D,
et ils doivent tous trois tre pris en compte trs srieusement.
Ce rapport a par consquent pour objectif d'aborder ces
questions en se focalisant tout spcialement sur le cas des
quipements lectriques mentionns auparavant.
Isolation lectrique
Pour lisolation lectrique lazote liquide et lazote gazeux
sous pression sont, pour les tensions moyennes et hautes,
dexcellents milieux isolants lectriques ; pour les trs
hautes tensions il faut rassembler plus de donnes pour
mieux prvoir le comportement de lisolation. Les isolations
solides, comme par ex. le Kapton et la fibre de verre poxyde,
sont souvent utilises et peuvent tre considres comme
des milieux isolants lectriques fiables. Les principaux
domaines de la R&D future concernent les tudes dtailles
sur lapparition des dcharges partielles, les mcanismes de
cration des bulles et les tudes sur les nouveaux matriaux
solides aux conditions cryogniques.
Matriaux HTS
En ce qui concerne le point du dveloppement des
matriaux HTS, plusieurs options de matriaux sont
ELECTRA
Isolation cryognique et
refroidissement cryognique
Lisolation cryognique et le refroidissement cryognique
sont des lments vitaux dans la R&D de tous les quipements
lectriques HTS, et le systme de refroidissement doit tre
conu avec soin pour chaque utilisation. Diffrents types
de cryorfrigrateurs sont disponibles auprs de plusieurs
compagnies, et on a dmontr par de nombreux essais
sur site que le systme cryognique pouvait rpondre aux
exigences d'exploitation. Cependant des amliorations
supplmentaires, essentiellement sur le rendement, la
maintenance et le rapport cot-performance, sont
WG D1.38
technical brochure
644
Introduction
The impressive progress in the past towards power
applications based on HTS materials has been possible
firstly because the material is available in larger quantities
and has been improved steadily, secondly because electrical
insulating material is adapted and used appropriately, and
thirdly because progress has been made in cooling and
cryogenic issues. All three items, HTS material, electrical
insulation and cryogenics, are critical factors for successful
R&D, and all three have to be seriously taken into account.
Therefore this report aims to address and focus on these
issues for the power equipment mentioned above.
Insulation
For the electrical insulation, liquid nitrogen and gaseous
nitrogen under pressure are excellent electrical insulation
media at medium and high voltages, and it is only for extra
high voltages that more data needs to be collected to better
predict insulation behavior. Solid insulation, such as e.g.
Kapton and glass fibre epoxy, is also often used and can be
considered as a reliable electrical insulation medium. The
main fields for further R&D include detailed investigation of
partial discharge inception, creation of bubble behavior and
investigation of new solid materials at cryogenic conditions.
HTS material
Concerning the the status of HTS material development,
several material options are now available in sufficient
quantities and quality to develop large scale demonstrators
and prototypes for nearly all power equipment. For 1G
and MgB2 wires and tapes, single piece lengths of more
than 1 km are available industrially and the quality and the
Cables
Superconducting cables have been operated successfully
in field tests up to lengths of 1 km and at voltages up to 150
kV. Their electrical insulation in the cable and the terminals
has been reliable, and it is expected that 2G material will
be more extensively used in future cables. Operating
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Cbles
Les cbles supraconducteurs ont t utiliss avec succs
dans des essais in situ, pour des longueurs allant jusqu' 1
km, et pour des tensions allant jusqu' 150 kV. Les isolations
lectriques des cbles et les extrmits se sont rvles
fiables, et on pense que le matriau 2G sera utilis plus
largement dans les cbles futurs. Le retour d'exprience
de l'exploitation fait ressortir que la fiabilit du cble
dpend surtout du systme cryognique, ce qui dmontre
l'importance de ce systme dans la satisfaction des exigences
de l'exploitation. A ce jour, aprs une dure cumule d'essai
in situ de beaucoup plus de 10 ans, on n'a pas constat de
dgradation de cble, et les premires directives d'essai
des cbles supraconducteurs ont dj t prpares
[CIGRE2013a].
Machines Tournantes
Il y a diverses applications intressantes des machines
tournantes supraconductrices, comme dans la propulsion
des navires, les gnratrices oliennes, les gnratrices
lectriques, les moteurs couples, ou mme, long terme,
des machines pour les avions lectriques. Elles sont toutes
diffrentes par leur puissance, leur taille, leur couple et
leur vitesse, et ceci fait quun type unique de machine ne
rpondra pas toutes les applications. Jusqu maintenant,
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Transformateurs
A ce jour quelques projets ont concern le dveloppement
de transformateurs supraconducteurs, dont la plus
grande puissance nominale tait de 28 MVA. Plusieurs
transformateurs dune puissance nominale de quelques
MVA ont dj t construits et tests. Le matriau 2G
semble tre le type de matriau le plus prometteur pour
les transformateurs supraconducteurs, du fait de son
ratio cot-performance intressant et des possibilits de
raliser un conducteur prsentant des pertes faibles. Pour
lisolation dilectrique, lazote liquide et le Kapton ont t
majoritairement utiliss et ont affich un comportement
fiable. Il est utile de mentionner quil nexiste quun nombre
rduit de constructeurs du cryostat sans composant
mtallique du transformateur circuit magntique chaud.
Parmi les sujets futurs de R&D on peut citer les tudes sur
les transformateurs limiteurs de courant de dfaut actifs et
sur les concepts de conducteurs pour courant lev et faibles
pertes.
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Fault-current limiters
Several types of medium voltage superconducting fault
current limiters have been installed and tested successfully
in power systems over the past ten years and the first
commercial applications are already installed. In resistivetype current limiters 2G material seems to be most attractive,
while in saturated iron-core current limiters 1G material is
most widespread. Liquid nitrogen is being considered as a
reliable electrical insulation medium at medium voltage.
The only concern could be the formation of bubbles in
quench-type fault current limiters. For the cooling system,
closed or open cooling cycles have been used, the choice
depending on the specific application. An IEEE task force
has already been established to propose test guidelines for
superconducting fault current limiters.
Rotating machines
There are various attractive applications for
superconducting rotating machines including ship
propulsion, wind generators, power generators, torque
motors or even, in the long term, machines for electric
aircraft. They all differ in rating, size, torque and speed, and
therefore one machine type will not fit all applications. Up
to now, only two field tests of superconducting machines
have been performed, and no material degradation has been
reported for either machine. To date all HTS material types
have been used in demonstrators and prototypes, and all
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Transformers
So far a few projects have focused on the development of
superconducting transformers, with the largest rating aimed
at 28 MVA. Several transformers with a rating of a few MVA
have already been built and tested. 2G material seems to
be the most promising material type for superconducting
transformers, due to its promising cost performance ratio
and low loss conductor options. For the electrical insulation,
liquid nitrogen and Kapton have been used predominantly,
exhibiting reliable performance. It is worth mentioning
that only a limited number of manufacturers exist for the
metallic-free cryostat of the warm iron type transformer.
Future R&D topics include the investigation of active fault
current limiting transformers and low loss, high current
conductor concepts.
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Introduction
Lobjet de ce rapport est de fournir sous forme synthtique des
informations nouvelles se rapportant lvaluation des charges
climatiques des lignes lectriques ariennes. De telles informations
ont t publies dans plusieurs publications, du CE B2 du CIGRE
ainsi que d'autres sources, aprs la parution en 1997 [1] du Rapport
Technique CEI 61774 Lignes ariennes Donnes mtoroliques
pour l'valuation des charges climatiques. En conformit avec ses
Termes de Rfrence, le GT B2.28 doit compiler et restructurer
les connaissances mtorologiques nouvelles en vue de leur
application dans des normes internationales, plus particulirement
sur les points suivants :
a) Le renforcement des vents turbulents l'arrire d'un terrain
pentu,
b) L'application des modles numriques de prdiction du
climat,
c) Les mesures et les observations des surcharges de glace sur
les composants des lignes ariennes.
La raison la plus importante de la rvision des donnes
mtorologiques et des procdures d'valuation concernant
les charges climatiques et les autres impacts adverses du climat
sur les lignes lectriques ariennes, vient probablement des
dveloppements rapides dans la mise disposition des donnes
atmosphriques, de la meilleure connaissance des processus lis
la physique des nuages et des prcipitations, et des capacits
des calculateurs modernes. Ces lments ont considrablement
amlior la fiablilit des prvisions mtorologiques modernes.
Mais ces mmes lments ont aussi accru la capacit dcrire
dans le dtail les paramtres du climat intressants de la
topographie locale jusqu' une chelle d'espace en rapport avec
la porte des lignes ariennes de transport, ceci mme pour des
terrains accidents et complexes.
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Vent
Les codes normaliss pour le calcul du vent et la conception
des structures nincluent pas les effets sur le vent des conditions
locales de terrain, dont les caractristiques de relief changent de
faon importante sur des distances courtes par rapport lchelle
dune porte de ligne arienne, comme :
Les effets de coin au long du pied des montagnes et des
collines,
Les effets dentenoir dans les valles ou entre deux collines,
La formation de tourbillons larrire dun terrain abrupt,
Les autres effets qui peuvent provoquer des augmentations
de la vitesse du vent au niveau local.
La plupart des normes de vent et des codes de conception
usuels comportent des modles largement admis de la
turbulence du vent, aussi on ne dcrit pas ici ce type de modles
dans le dtail. Cependant il existe des caractristiques relatives
des systmes de vents forts qui ne sont pas toujours connues
ou dcrites dans de tels codes de vent. En particulier cest le
cas des effets de tourbillon larrire des pentes de montagnes
abruptes. On connat de nombreux exemples o ce type de
turbulence sest produit de faon inattendue et a entran
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Introduction
The purpose of this report is to summarize new
information relevant for assessing climatic loads on electric
overhead lines. Such information has appeared in several
publications from Cigr SCB2, as well as from other sources,
after the publication of the Technical Report IEC 61774
Overhead lines Meteorological data for assessing climatic
loads in 1997 [1]. According to the Terms of Reference
(TOR) WGB2.28 shall: compile and restructure updated
meteorological knowledge for the purpose of application in
international standards, especially on:
a) Turbulent wind enhancement behind steep terrain
b) Application of numerical weather prediction models
c) Measurements and observations of ice loads on overhead
line components.
Probably the most important reason for reviewing
meteorological data and assessment procedures concerning
climatic loads and other adverse weather impacts on electric
power overhead lines, is the rapid developments in data
availability for the atmosphere, better knowledge of physical
processes relating to cloud physics and precipitation, and
the capacities of modern computers. These factors have
dramatically improved the reliability of modern weather
forecasts. However, the same factors have also enhanced the
ability to describe details in adequate weather parameters in
local topography down to spatial scales relevant to the span
length of electric power transmission lines, even in rough and
complex terrain.
Also, the concern on the effects of global warming due
to anthropogenic emissions of mainly CO2 has led to more
specific attention on potential threats to electrical installations
Wind
Standard codes for wind engineering and design of
structures do not include effects on wind speeds in
local terrain where the roughness characteristics change
significantly over short distances relevant to the scale of an
overhead line span, such as:
corner effects along the foot of mountains and hills
funnelling effects in valleys or in-between hills
vortex formation behind steep terrain
other effects that may cause significantly increased wind
speeds in the local terrain.
Most common wind standards and design codes contain
well accepted models for wind turbulence, therefore such
models are not described in detail here. However, there are
certain properties linked with some strong wind systems
which are not always generally known or described in such
wind codes. In particular this relates to vortex generation
behind steep mountain sides. There are many examples that
this kind of turbulence has occurred unexpectedly and caused
damage to buildings and infrastructure in mountainous
terrain.
Such topographic features may have length scales ranging
from a few tens of metres up to several km. Especially vortex
shedding is discussed in Cigr TB 410 (2010) Local wind
speed-up on overhead lines for specific terrain features
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= 0.5 s
=1s
=2s
=3s
=5s
= 10 s
z0 = 0.03 m
1.53
1.48
1.43
1.39
1.35
1.28
z0 = 0.05 m
1.58
1.53
1.47
1.43
1.38
1.31
Glaciation atmosphrique
Les phnomnes de glaciation atmosphrique sont dcrits
en dtail dans la BT 291 (2006) du CIGRE Directives pour
la modlisation de la glaciation atmosphrique, les mthodes
statistiques et les effets topographiques. La brochure met
jour les informations concernant les mesures et les modles de
charge de glace, en particulier daccrtion de neige mouille, et
lapplication des modles numriques de prdiction pour les
analyses des accrtions de neige mouille et de glace givre sur
les conducteurs de lignes lectriques ariennes.
Grace la prsence dun membre russe du GT B2.28, il a t
possible de prsenter des informations jour sur les travaux
des Russes, avec des mesures (Figure 1) et une cartographie des
charges de glace.
La Figure 2 montre la configuration du site d'essai rnov de la
montagne Dead Water Fell (590 m au-dessus du niveau moyen
de la mer), la frontire entre l'Angleterre et l'Ecosse. La porte
la plus longue fait 190 m.
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Gm,
= 0.5 s
=1s
=2s
=3s
=5s
= 10 s
z0 = 0.03 m
1.53
1.48
1.43
1.39
1.35
1.28
z0 = 0.05 m
1.58
1.53
1.47
1.43
1.38
1.31
Atmospheric icing
Atmospheric icing was described in detail in Cigr TB 291
(2006) Guidelines for meteorological icing models, statistical
methods and topographical effects. The current brochure
updates information concerning ice load measurements
and modelling, especially, of wet snow accretion, and the
application of numerical weather prediction models for
analyses of wet snow and rime ice accretions on electric
overhead line conductors.
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Remerciements
Ce rapport naurait pas t faisable sans la bonne
contribution et laide des membres du GT B2.28. Sans vouloir
faire de diffrence, il est toutefois justifi de mentionner
Sergey Chereshnyuk qui a rejoint le GT en apportant des
informations nouvelles, non disponibles jusque-l, sur le
programme russe de mesures sur site et de cartographies de
la glace, Bjrn Egil Kringlebotn Nygaard pour son important
travail sur la modlisation de la neige mouille et sur la mise en
uvre des modles numriques de prdiction des conditions
mtorologiques pour les tudes des phnomnes de glace, et
Herv Ducloux, pour son travail sur les valuations des vitesses
moyennes de vent. Finalement, et pas le moins important, nos
remerciements vont aux rviseurs, Peter Dulhunty (AU), Lon
Kempner (US), Asim Haldar (CA) et Dale Douglass (US). Leurs
commentaires et leurs suggestions ont amlior ce rapport.
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Figure 3 - Combined wet snow and rime ice loading map for Great Britain
Acknowledgements
This report could not be possible without the good input
and support of the members of the WG B2.28. Without
neglecting the others, it is nevertheless justified to mention
Sergey Chereshnyuk who came into the WG with new
and hitherto unavailable information about the Russian
program for field measurements and ice mapping, Bjrn
Egil Kringlebotn Nygaard for his great work on wet snow
modelling and implementation of numerical weather
forecasting models for icing studies and Herv Ducloux for
his contribution to the time averaging of wind speeds. Last,
but not least, great thanks are expressed to the reviewers, Peter
Dulhunty (AU), Leon Kempner (US), Asim Haldar (CA)
and Dale Douglass (US). Their comments and suggestions
improved the report.
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Introduction
Dans les transformateurs la contrainte lectrique maximale
dans lhuile est un des paramtres les plus importants de la
conception du systme disolation. Pour les transformateurs
CA la distribution du potentiel est capacitive et la plus
grande partie de la chute du potentiel se produit dans
lhuile. Comme les permittivits des liquides et des solides ne
changent pas beaucoup dans le temps et avec la temprature
et le vieillissement, les contraintes vont toujours ne dpendre
que de la tension applique. Dans les essais dilectriques CA
il y a une proportionnalit un pour un entre la tension dessai
et la contrainte dilectrique correspondante. Le ratio entre
les contraintes de champ lectrique qui apparaissent pendant
lessai de tension induite et les contraintes apparaissant dans
les conditions normales de service ne dpend pas du type de
lhuile minrale du transformateur utilise, pour lessai et en
service, dans la mesure o il ny a pas de grande variation de
la permittivit relative entre diffrentes huiles minrales.
Cette proportionnalit entre la tension et la contrainte,
et cette indpendance du type d'huile minrale et de l'tat
de l'huile minrale, ne sont pas en gnral retrouves pour
l'essai d'inversion de polarit (PR) et pour l'essai CC. Dans les
conditions CC, la distribution du potentiel est essentiellement
rsistive, alors que les rsistivits / conductivits des
matriaux varient dans le temps et avec la temprature.
Dans les transformateurs CCHT l'essentiel de la chute de
potentiel se produit dans l'isolation solide. L'inversion de
polarit augmente la contrainte lectrique cause des charges
d'espace produite par le phnomne de polarisation. Comme
la distribution du potentiel et les champs lectriques varient
avec la conductivit, il est important d'en tenir compte au
moment de la conception et des essais. La conductivit et
la constante de temps de la stabilisation de la contrainte
de champ dpendent du matriau. Il est par consquent
important de comprendre comment les qualits de l'huile
peuvent varier, et de savoir si les conditions d'essai sont
ELECTRA
Objet
Le GTC A2/B4.28 a recommand que lon travaille en
priorit sur la mesure de la conductivit de lhuile au cours
du cycle de vie du transformateur. Si la conductivit
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Introduction
In transformers, the maximum electrical stress in oil is one of
the most important parameters for the design of the insulation
system. For AC transformers, the potential distribution is
capacitive and most of the potential drop in in the oil. As
permittivities for liquids and solids do not significantly change
with time, temperature and ageing, stresses will always depend
on the applied voltage only. In AC dielectric tests there is a
one to one proportionality between the test level and the
corresponding dielectric stress. The ratio between the electric
field stresses during the induced voltage test and the stresses
during normal service condition is not influenced by the type
of the transformer mineral oil used during the test and in
service as the relative permittivity of various mineral oils is not
very different.
This proportionality between voltage and stress and
independence from mineral oil type and mineral oil condition
is not generally given for polarity reversal (PR) test and for DC
test. Under DC conditions, the potential distribution is largely
resistive, where material resistivities / conductivities vary with
time and temperature. Most of the potential drop in HVDC
transformers occurs across the solid insulation. Polarity
reversal increases electrical stress due to space charges from
polarization phenomena. As potential distribution and electric
fields vary with material conductivity, it is important that this
is considered in design and testing. Conductivity and time
constants for getting stable field stress are material dependent.
It is therefore important to understand how oil qualities can
vary and know if testing conditions are representative for how
electric stresses will develop during service operation.
In order to continue CIGRE activities on looking into
performance and reliability in service of HVDC converter
transformers, CIGRE JWG A2/B4.28 carried out a series
of simulations of PR tests of a HVDC insulation system
considering different oil conductivities and different durations
Scope
JWG A2/B4.28 recommended that the priority shall be
assigned to measuring oil conductivity throughout the
transformer lifecycle. If the bulk oil conductivity changes at
service conditions, e.g. during a long time of service operation,
there might be the risk of changing electrical stresses in the
insulation system. This means that conditions vary with time
and electrical stresses can locally increase compared to new
conditions. Therefore, characterization of material parameters
such as the electrical conductivity at service conditions is
essential for understanding the behaviour of the insulation
system.
For this purpose, JWG reviewed different existing
techniques and standards for the measurement of conductivity
of liquids. The challenge was to establish a test, which was
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Conclusions
(1) In conclusion, the JWG developed and verified
procedures for conductivity determinations both for oil and
for oil-impregnated pressboard. They are more representative
for characterisation of insulating materials under HVDC
stresses than todays standard procedures. Therefore, they shall
be considered for standardization.
Oil-conductivity shall be measured according to the
recommendations in Annex A of the TB in order to
characterise the oil-conductivity curve by three stress points.
Oil-impregnated pressboard conductivity shall be measured
according to the recommendations in Annex B of the TB.
Moreover, oil conductivity shall be measured after testing,
after commissioning and throughout the lifetime of a
transformer.
The conductivity of the oil from the transformer during
factory acceptance test shall be in the same range (ratio
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Figure 1 : Caractrisation du comportement de la conduction dune huile minrale par des mesures des conductivits
apparentes pour trois points dits points de contraintes (Concept de la caractrisation par la contrainte en trois points).
1 : faible contrainte lectrique ( 0,1 kV/mm) et temps court dlectrisation ( 1 s), 2 : contrainte lectrique moyenne
(1 kV/mm) et temps dlectrisation de 1 heure, 3 : contrainte lectrique forte (6 kV/mm) et temps dlectrisation de 1 heure.
Conclusions
(1) En conclusion, le GTC a dvelopp et valid les procdures
de dtermination de la conductivit, la fois de lhuile et du
carton imprgn. Pour la caractrisation des matriaux sous
contraintes CCHT, ces procdures sont plus reprsentatives
que les procdures normalises actuelles. Par consquent, leur
transformation en normes doit tre envisage.
La conductivit de lhuile doit tre mesure conformment
aux recommandations de lAnnexe A de la BT, de faon
caractriser la courbe de conductivit de lhuile en trois
points de contrainte. La conductivit du carton imprgn
doit tre mesure conformment aux recommandations de
lAnnexe B de la BT.
De plus la conductivit de lhuile devrait tre mesure
aprs lessai du transformateur, aprs sa mise en service et
tout au long de sa dure de vie.
Lors des essais dacceptation en usine, la conductivit de
lhuile du transformateur doit tre dans la mme plage (soit un
ratio de moins dun facteur 10) que la conductivit de lhuile
mesure juste aprs la mise en service, pour que lessai soit
considr comme pertinent. Si cette limite est dpasse, il faut
trouver un accord entre le constructeur et le producteur, qui
prenne en compte les informations concernant la robustesse
du systme disolation, value lors de ltape de conception.
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Figure 1: Characterisation of the conduction behaviour of a mineral oil by measurements of the apparent conductivities
at three so-called stress points (Three Stress Points Characterisation Concept). 1: low electrical stress ( 0.1 kV/mm),
short time of electrification ( 1 s), 2: medium electrical stress (1 kV/mm) at a time of electrification of one hour, 3: high
electrical stress (6 kV/mm) at a time of electrification of one hour
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Mcanismes de capacit :
besoins, solutions et tats des lieux
Membres
Gerard Doorman, Chef de file (NO)
Julian Barquin (ES), Luiz Barroso (BR), Carlos Batlle (ES), Alex Cruickshank (AU),
Christophe Dervieux (FR), Robert Flanagan (IE), Joel Gilmore (AU), James Greenhalg (GB),
Hanspeter Hschle (BE), Paolo Mastropietro (ES), Adam Keech (US), Mariusz Krupa (PL),
Jenny Riesz (AU), Beth LaRose (US), Sebastian Schwenen (DE), Greg Thorpe (AU),
Kristof de Vos (BE), Laurens de Vries (NL), Jarrad Wright (ZA)
Introduction
La viabilit des marchs dnergie seule et le besoin potentiel
dun paiement complmentairepour la capacit sont discuts
depuis la mise en place des premiers marchs dlectricit
au dbut des annes 1990. Aucun argument thorique na
t apport qui prouve que les marchs dnergie seule
fonctionnent en pratique, et la ncessit de mcanismes de
rmunration additionnelle pour la capacit na pas non plus
t prouve scientifiquement. Pendant une dcennie environ,
les dbats sur les marchs dlectricit ont t domins par
dautres questions, comme lintgration des renouvelables,
la gestion des congestions et lintgration des marchs.
Toutefois, plus rcemment la discussion des Mcanismes
de Capacit (CM) a redmarr, alimente essentiellement
par la croissance des productions renouvelables au cot
marginal gal zro (olien, PV solaire). Combin avec
le contrecoup de la crise financire ce dveloppement a
significativement fait baisser les prix en Europe, rduisant
les incitations investir dans de nouvelles capacits (non
subventionnes) et mettant en difficult les capacits
existantes. Cette situation peut commencer menacer la
scurit de fourniture, et les discussions sur la rmunration
de capacit ont donc repris, tout spcialement en Europe.
Le rapport traite des CM sont-ils ncessaires et
pourquoi, et quelles solutions ont t prconises et mises en
uvre ?
On dfinit un Mcanisme de Capacit ainsi :
Un CM est un mcanisme qui valorise la capacit de produire
ou rduire la charge, qui en gnral, mais toujours, constitue
une source de revenu pour les propritaires de cette capacit
en plus des revenus du march d'nergie.
Dans le march
par dfaut
d'nergie seule, les
producteurs ne reoivent que le prix de l'lectricit et il n'y
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Capacity mechanisms:
needs, solutions and state of affairs
Members
Gerard Doorman, Convenor (NO)
Julian Barquin (ES), Luiz Barroso (BR), Carlos Batlle (ES), Alex Cruickshank (AU),
Christophe Dervieux (FR), Robert Flanagan (IE), Joel Gilmore (AU), James Greenhalg (UK),
Hanspeter Hschle (BE), Paolo Mastropietro (ES), Adam Keech (USA), Mariusz Krupa (PL),
Jenny Riesz (AU), Beth LaRose (USA), Sebastian Schwenen (DE), Greg Thorpe (AU),
Kristof de Vos (BE), Laurens de Vries (NL), Jarrad Wright (ZA)
Introduction
The viability of energy-only markets and the potential
need for additional payment for capacity have been discussed
since the introduction of the first power markets in the early
1990s. No convincing theoretical argument has come up to
prove that energy-only markets work in practice, and neither
has the necessicity of additional remuneration mechanisms
for capacity been scientifically proven. For a decade or so,
discussions about power markets were dominated by other
issues like integration of renewables, congestion management
and market integration. However, more recently the discussion
about Capacity Mechanisms (CMs) has recurred, mainly
driven by the growth of renewable generation with zero
marginal cost (wind, solar PV). Together with the aftermath of
the financial crisis, this development has significantly reduced
prices in Europe, removing the incentives to invest in new
(non-subsidized) capacity and challenging the profitability
of existing capacity. This development may start to threaten
security of supply, and consequently the discussion about
capacity remuneration has reemerged, especially in Europe.
This report deals with CMs if and why there is a need for
them, and what solutions have been proposed and taken in
use. We define a Capacity Mechanism as:
A CM is a mechanism to value generation or demand
response capacity, generally but not always leading to a
revenue stream to owners of such capacity in addition to
revenues from the energy marklet.
In the default energy-only market solution, generators
only receive the price of electricity and no additional payments
for the availability of generation capacity. Already in the
1980s it was shown that under ideal conditions, electricity
spot markets provide efficient outcomes in both the short and
the long term, meaning that they lead to optimal investment
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Rserve stratgique
Capacit physique
(sous-ensemble de production
seulement)
Autorit centrale
(sous-ensemble de production
seulement)
Obligation de capacit
Ex Ante
Capacit physique
Obligation de capacit
Ex Post
Capacit physique
Enchre de capacit
Capacit physique
Autorit centrale
Options de fiabilit
Capacit physique
Autorit centrale
Paiement de capacit
Capacit physique
Autorit centrale
Souscription de capacit
Capacit physique
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Who is responsible
for procurement?
Strategic reserve
Physical Capacity
(sub-set of generation only)
Central Authority
(sub-set of generation only)
Physical Capacity
Physical Capacity
Capacity auction
Physical Capacity
Central Authority
Reliability options
Financial Instrument
Central Authority
Capacity payment
Physical Capacity
Central Authority
Capacity subscription
Physical Capacity
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Enqute
Figure 0.1: Zones de march o on attend des mcanismes de capacit autour de 2020, selon l'enqute de 2014
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Survey
A survey was performed in order to get an up-to-date
647
Figure 0.1: Market areas expected to have Capacity Mechanisms around 2020, based on 2014 survey
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Classification
des CM
Pays /
rgion
Sude
PJM
(USA)*
March de crdit de
capacit (CCM)
Certificats de capacit
Grande
Bretagne
PJM
(USA)**
Modle de prix li la
fiabilit (avec performance
de la capacit)
France
Capacity
Auction
Pologne
Obligation
de capacit
Ex Post
Rserve froide
dintervention(ICR)
Rserve
stratgique
Obligation
de capacit
Ex Ante
ELECTRA
(Polskie Sieci
Elektroenergetyczne
Operator S.A. (PSE))
RTO
(PJM Interconnection LLC)
Les LSEs sont responsables
de couvrir leurs obligations
en se procurant des certificats
de capacit,en rduisant
leur charge effective ou leur
thermo-sensibilit
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CM
classification
Country/
region
Ex post
capacity
obligation
Implementations of capacity
mechanisms
An important contribution of the report consists of the
description of eleven implemented or planned CMs fin
nine countries. These descriptions are related to the generic
designs referred before, and serve both as illustrations
of realizations of the generic models and as a valuable
guide of lessons-learnt. The eleven (11) implemented
or planned CMs from the 9 countries are as follows1:
1 - In addition, a description of the Brazilian solution is included that, although
targeted towards energy more than capacity, offers experiences that are relevant
also when focus is on capacity.
Sweden
PJM
(USA)*
France
Capacity Certificates
Great
Britian
Strategic
reserves
Ex ante
capacity
obligation
Interventional Cold
Reserve (ICR)
Poland
Capacity
auction
PJM
(USA)**
(Polskie Sieci
Elektroenergetyczne Operator
S.A. (PSE))
TSO
(Svenska Kraftnt (SvK))
TSO
(National Grid)
Colombia
Ireland**
I-SEM Capacity
Mechanism (centralised
reliability options)
Reliability
options
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TSOs
(System Operator Northern
Ireland (SONI),
EirGrid (Republic of Ireland))
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Classification
des CM
Pays /
rgion
Colombie
Obligations fermes en
nergie
Options de
fiabilit
Irlande
**
I-SEM
Mcanisme de capacit
(options de fiabilit
centralises)
GRT
Enchres adosses lexistence des capacits physiques (System Operator Northern
existantes, ou disponibles une date garantie, Ireland (SONI),
(pour les capacits nouvelles)
EirGrid (Republic
of Ireland)
Espagne
Paiement de capacit
(appels auparavant :
grantie de fourniture
long terme)
Irlande*
Mcanisme de
paiement de capacit
(CPM)
Capacit de
paiement
Autorit de rgulation
(Commission for Energy
Regulation (CER))
Lautorit de Rgulation pour
les paiements de capacit
Chili
Paiement de capacit
(combin avec des
enchres)
(Comisin Nacional de
Energa (CNE)) avec les GRT,
(The Economic Load
Dispatch Center (CDEC)
pour le systme interconnect
central (SIC) et pour
le systme interconnect du
Nord (SING))
Enchres: Les (beaucoup des
compagnies de distribution)
* Solution prcdente
** Solution propose
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CM
classification
Country/
region
Spain
Ireland*
Capacity Payments
(previously called Long
Term Supply Guarantee)
Capacity Payment
Mechanism (CPM)
Capacity
Payment
647
Regulator Authority
(Commission
for
Regulation (CER))
Energy
Chile
Capacity Payments
(combined with Auctions)
* Former solution
** Proposed solution
- Timeframe of delivery
- Re-trading of capacity
The performance criteria to be considered include:
Effectiveness in stimulating system adequacy
Economic efficiency:
- No new opportunities to exercise market power
- Stimulation of demand price-elasticity
- Supply-side efficiency
Distributional fairness
Neutrality with respect to renewable energy and carbon
policies
Compatibility with existing and/or planned market
design
Compatibility with cross-border trade
Policy durability
BROCHURE N 647
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
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Introduction
Maintenir la scurit du rseau lectrique est essentiellement
une question de maintien de lquilibre de puissance tout
instant, et partout dans le rseau. Dans ce cadre on peut dire
que lajustement de la puissance couvre tous les aspects du
maintien de lquilibre des puissances active et ractive et de
la frquence du rseau dans des limites dfinies. Le groupe
de travail sest focalis uniquement sur lajustement de la
puissance active, et son domaine dintrt se limite aux aspects
de la conduite et de lexploitation du rseau, allant de ce que lon
appelle communment les rglages primaire et secondaire de la
puissance la gestion des rserves et aux marchs intra-horaires
de puissance ajustement. (Figure 1)
Lobjectif principal est de procder une valuation critique
des techniques et outils analytiques actuellement utiliss pour
analyser l'ajustement de puissance et la gestion des rserves, dans
le but de proposer des recommandations de dveloppements
futurs. L'valuation vise dterminer s'il y a des lacunes dans
les mthodes ou outils ncessaires pour analyser correctement
certains problmes d'ajustement de puissance.
Le besoin de mthodes et doutils nouveaux constituera une
base pour recommander plus de recherches et de dveloppements
dans le domaine.
Deux facteurs principaux influencent lexploitation des
rseaux de transport. Le premier est le dveloppement et
lintgration rapides des sources dnergie renouvelable
intermittente, en particulier les nergies olienne et
photovoltaque. Le second est le dveloppement en cours des
interconnexions CCHT de grande capacit, l'intrieur et
entre rseaux lectriques synchrones. Ces deux dveloppements
stimulent l'intgration des marchs d'lectricit et l'ouverture
la concurrence des marchs rgionaux d'lectricit, par-dessus
les frontires nationales au moyen des interconnexions.
Ces facteurs crent de nouvelles difficults en matire de
prdiction des transits de puissance et de gestion des dsquilibres
et des congestions du rseau de transport. Il apparat aussi des
signes de dgradation de la qualit de la frquence du rseau
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1http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/
Recommendations/ACER%20Recommendation%2003-2015.pdf
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Introduction
Maintaining power system security is very much a question
of maintaining power balance at all times and in all parts of the
grid. In this context, power balancing can be said to include all
aspects of maintaining the active and reactive power balance and
system frequency within defined limits. This working group has
only focused on active power balancing, and the scope is limited
to include power system control and operational aspects ranging
from what is commonly referred to as primary and secondary
power control up to management of reserves and intra-hour
power (balancing) markets (Figure 1).
The main objective is to perform a critical assessment of
existing analytical techniques and tools for the analysis of
power balancing and reserves management in order to provide
recommendations for future developments. The assessment
aims to identify whether there is a lack of methods or tools to
properly analyse certain power balancing problems.
The need for new methods and tools will form a basis for
recommending further research and developments in this field.
Two main drivers are influencing operation of the
transmission systems. The first is the rapid development
and integration of variable renewable energy resources,
in particular wind power and photovoltaics. Second
is the ongoing development of high capacity HVDC
interconnections in and between synchronous power grids.
Both developments stimulate the integration of power markets
and opening to competition of regional electricity markets
across national borders and interconnections. These drivers
create new challenges in predicting power flows and managing
imbalances and congestions in the transmission networks.
There are also indications that the quality of system frequency
(measured in term of deviations from the nominal 50 or 60
Hz) is deteriorating in some synchronous power systems. An
example of a regulatory challenge is the expectation that on
European markets the imbalance settlement periods will be
reduced to 15 minutes, allowing for shorter market time units
than the present 1 hour trading schedules1.
1http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/
Recommendations/ACER%20Recommendation%2003-2015.pdf
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Conclusions et recommandations
Le petit nombre des outils qui ont t voqus et dcrits dans
ce premier rapport se classent en trois groupes en fonction de
l'horizon de temps analys :
Horizons de temps courts ; Inertie, rglages primaire et
secondaire de la frquence (Kermit),
Horizons de temps moyens : rglages primaire et secondaire
(Chane des modles du march dlectricit)
Horizons de temps longs : rglages secondaire et tertiaire
(Dispatching anticip et Modle de march dajustement).
Pour les horizons courts, lutilisation des modles de
simulation par sries temporelles est prpondrante, et on utilise
dans une large mesure des simulateurs danalyse dynamique de
rseau lectrique du commerce. Avec ces modles, le dfaut ou
la perturbation pris en compte semble encore tre la perte du
plus grand groupe de production, et non pas tant la variabilit
ou les vitesses de variation des productions et des charges. La
modlisation correcte des fonctions de contrle primaire et
des possibilits des productions utilisant des convertisseurs de
frquence, des charges et des convertisseurs CCHT, deviendra
de plus en plus importante. A titre dexemple, la capacit de ces
composants fournir une inertie synthtique peut avoir un
effet significatif sur le comportement dynamique du rseau.
Pour les horizons moyen terme les modles de simulations
sries temporelles sont encore les plus importants. Ceci veut
dire que les analyses sont fortement bases sur des essais et
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Outils
Classement
Chane de modles de
marchs dlectricit
Kermit
Outil de simulation
Marchs successifs
Outil doptimisation
Dispatching
anticip
Modle de march
dajustement
Ajustement intra-horaire
Problmes
Utilisateur
X
X
GRT
X
X
Producteur
BRP
BSP
Recherche
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Rfrences
[1] H. Ravn et al., Balmorel: A model for analyses of the electricity
and CHP markets in the Baltic Sea region, Project report, ISBN 87986969-3-9, Mar. 2001. Accessible: www.balmorel.com
[2] P. Srensen, A. D. Hansen, et P. A. C. Rosas, Wind models for simulation of power fluctuations from wind farms, Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 90, pp. 1381-1402,
2002.
[3] L. Sder, Simulation of wind speed forecast errors for operation
planning of multiarea power systems, in Probabilistic Methods
Applied to Power Systems, 2004 International Conference on, 2004,
pp. 723-728.
[4] M. Marinelli, et al., Wind and Photovoltaic Large-Scale Regional
Models for Hourly Production Evaluation, Sustainable Energy,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 6, pp. 916-923, 2015.
[5] J. Matevosyan, Big Wind in the Big Oil State, In Public utilities
FORTNIGHTLY, mai 2014, page 12. Disponible: http://mag.fortnightly.com/publication/?i=207172&p=14
[6] C. Sabelli et al., Very short-term optimal dispatching: An integrated solution for the advance dispatching, presented at the CIGRE
Conference, Paris, France, 2012.
[7] Hossein Farahmand, Integrated Power System Balancing in Northern Europe-Models and Case Studies, PhD, ISSN 1503-8181;
2012:150, Department of Electric Power Engineering, NTNU,
Trondheim, 2012.
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Tool
Classification
Kermit
Simulation tool
Consecutive markets
Optimisation tool
Advance
Dispatching
Balancing market
model
Intra-hour balancing
Problems
Real-time dispatching
User
TSO
X
X
Producer
BRP
BSP
Research
BROCHURE N 648
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
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Introduction
Dans lenvironnement complexe actuel, les acteurs
du monde de lnergie ont faire face des exigences
croissantes damlioration de lefficacit dutilisation de
lnergie et, simultanment, de rduction des cots. Les
dficits dnergie et la plus grande conscience cologique
ont provoqu des grandes attentes en matire de stabilit
et de fiabilit des rseaux. Les compagnies dlectricit et
les industries doivent trouver des solutions co-efficaces
pour maintenir des fonctionnements srs, sans dangers
et sans interruptions. Les changements rglementaires
nombreux qui sont survenus dans le march de llectricit
ont conduit les compagnies dlectricit et les oprateurs de
rseau plus defforts pour exploiter leurs rseaux existants
de faon optimise aux plans technique et conomique.
Quand le rseau de transport dlectricit vieillit, les
questions destimation et de prolongation de la dure de vie
deviennent la proccupation prdominante. Dans le mme
temps la recherche de rduction des cots a accru la volont
de minimiser la maintenance. Les objectifs de maintenance
minimale et de dure de vie prolonge sont souvent tout
fait contradictoires.
Le concept de remplacement pur et simple dun
quipement lectrique du rseau, parce quil est considr
comme dficient, ou comme un risque potentiel dincident,
nest plus valide dans le contexte actuel de pression
financire. Le paradigme a aujourdhui chang et on
doit concentrer les efforts rechercher des approches et
des techniques nouvelles de surveillance, de diagnostic,
destimation de dure de vie, dvaluation dtat et, si
possible, de prolongation de la dure de vie des installations
existantes.
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Introduction
In todays complex environment, energy players face
growing demands to improve energy efficiency while
reducing costs. Energy shortages and increased ecological
awareness have resulted in great expectations for grid
stability and reliability. Utilities and industries need to
find eco-efficient solutions to maintain secure, safe and
uninterrupted operations. A number of regulatory changes
in the electricity market have led to increased efforts by
utilities and grid operators for optimized utilization of their
existing networks with respect to technical and economic
aspects. As the electric power transmission system ages, the
topics of life assessment and life extension have become
predominant concerns. At the same time, cost pressures
have increased the desire to minimize maintenance. The
goals of minimum maintenance and extended life are often
diametrically opposed.
The concept of simple replacement of power equipment
in the system, considering it as weak or a potential source
of trouble, is no longer valid in the present scenario of
financial constraints. Today the paradigm has changed and
efforts are being directed to explore new approaches and
techniques of monitoring, diagnosis, life assessment and
condition evaluation, and possibility of extending the life
of existing assets.
A major challenge for grid operators worldwide is to
assure sufficient power with quality and reliability. In
this regard High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems
play a major role in bulk power transmission, system
stability, integrating remote renewables and ride through
of disturbances. Therefore HVDC systems represent an
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La rnovation des systmes ou des sous-systmes,
Le remplacement slectif des composants qui vieillissent,
La combinaison des actions ci-dessus.
Dans certains cas l'extension de la dure de vie n'est pas
conomiquement viable et un remplacement en site vierge
est envisager.
Le processus de dcision
Passer en revue le comportement pass des quipements
et systmes CCHT importants,
Identifier les problmes du fonctionnement futur
associs au vieillissement de certains composants des
systmes CCHT. Il peut exister des quipements qui
nont pas prsent de problmes de fonctionnement,
mais qui demandent nanmoins une extension de dure
de vie et doivent tre pris en compte,
Dterminer la dure de vie conomique des diffrents
composants de la station de conversion et les lments
de la dcision du choix entre le remplacement et
l'extension de la dure de vie. L'analyse conomique de
la dure de vie va prendre en compte le cot de capital,
la fiabilit et la disponibilit, le cot de la maintenance
et le cot des coupures et des pertes de fourniture.
La dure de vie utile d'une rnovation se situe
probablement dans une plage de 15 20 ans, alors que
pour une construction en site neuf elle est probablement
de 35 40 ans, et ceci doit tre un facteur de l'valuation,
mais on sait que pour certains composants la plage des
dures de vie peut tre diffrente.
Une faon de couvrir ces tapes peut tre de mettre au
point des critres, des pondrations et une mthodologie
pour dterminer laction trs court terme et pour prdire
limpact technique et financier du vieillissement du systme.
Ceci doit suivre une approche base sur le cot de
remplacement et sur limportance des quipements et des
composants. Les paramtres de lvaluation de ltat peuvent
tre classs en termes d'ge des quipements, de retour
d'exprience d'exploitation (par ex. qualit du service issue
de l'aprs-vente, cot de maintenance) et comportement
futur, taux de dfaillances individuels, et ainsi de suite.
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Conclusion
These CIGRE Working Group objectives help utilities as
follows:
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Conclusion
Les objectifs de ce Groupe de Travail du CIGRE aident les
compagnies dlectricit de la faon suivante :
En concevant des stratgies de rnovation de leurs
systmes CCHT existants, pour prolonger la dure de
vie des quipements,
En valuant les stratgies damlioration des
performances O&M (exploitation et maintenance) et de
fiabilit de leurs systmes CCHT existants,
En proposant un guide pour la dtermination de la
dure de vie conomique de diffrents composants de
la station de conversion, et pour la dcision du choix
entre le remplacement et lextension de la dure de
vie. Dans lanalyse de la dure de vie on doit intgrer
le cot en capital, la fiabilit et la disponibilit, le cot
de maintenance et le cot de lnergie non fournie.
La Brochure Technique (BT) propose des directives
relatives la procdure gnrale de ralisation de lvaluation
de la dure de vie (chapitre 1). Ensuite on donne une
description plus dtaille des problmes de fonctionnement
des systmes CCHT thyristors (chapitre 2), puis viennent
les mesures dvaluation de la dure de vie des quipements
(chapitre 3) et des directives pour dterminer la dure de
vie technico-conomique des quipements (chapitre 4).
Le chapitre 5 traite des spcifications de rnovation des
systmes CCHT et le chapitre 6 est consacr aux essais des
systmes rnovs et remplacs. Enfin la brochure dcrit dans
les grandes lignes les questions denvironnement (chapitre
7) et de rglementation (chapitre 8) impliques dans
lvaluation de la dure de vie, et se termine par une analyse
financire des options de rnovation (chapitre 9).
BROCHURE N 649
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
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WG B4.54
technical brochure
design refurbishment strategies for their existing HVDC
systems to extend equipment life,
evaluate O&M and reliability performance improvement
strategies for their existing HVDC systems,
provide a guideline for determining economic life of
various components in the converter station and for
making replacement versus life extension decisions.
The consideration of economic life should capital cost,
reliability and availability, cost of maintenance and the
cost of power losses.
This technical brochure (TB) provides guidelines for
the general procedure for performing life assessment
649
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Membres
Ch. Capello, Chef de file (CH), J. Degli Esposti (IT), W. Funston (ZA), T. Katz (IL),
F. Keane (IE), Ch. Solmar (SE), S. Villani (IT), T. Yoshimoto (JP)
Introduction
La production de lnergie lectrique peut avoir un impact
important sur les trois dimensions du dveloppement
durable. En ce qui concerne les aspects environnementaux,
la production dlectricit produit des impacts directs
et indirects, qui sont souvent propres la technologie
considre. Comme exemples dimpact direct on peut citer
les missions (par ex. gaz carbonique, mthane, radiations
ionisantes), la consommation de ressource (par ex. eau,
terrain) ou les changements provoqus sur la biodiversit
locale. Les impacts environnementaux indirects sont ceux
issus des processus de la chane dapprovisionnement (par
ex. la fabrication et le transport des combustibles ou des
biens), de la construction et du dmantlement des centrales
lectriques ainsi que les processus de traitement des dchets.
Pour la dimension sociale des impacts, les aspects pertinents
pour la production dlectricit se rapportent la sant et
la scurit des personnels, la satisfaction dans le travail et
au dveloppement personnel, aux bnfices pour la socit,
la corruption, la dcence des conditions de travail, etc.
La dimension sociale touche diffrents groupes de parties
prenantes, internes et externes (personnels, fournisseurs,
entits de rgulation, politiques et partis politiques,
ONG, communaut locale, socit en gnral). Quant la
dimension conomique, elle est lie limportance de la
branche de lindustrie de production de llectricit.
Du fait que la production dlectricit affecte les trois
dimensions du dveloppement durable, les compagnies
quantifient et rendent compte de leur performance, mais
selon des mthodes diffrentes, en fonction des technologies
mises en uvre, des attentes des parties prenantes et de la
socit, ou de leurs moyens et savoir-faire internes. Le
format de compte-rendu que proposent le Global Reporting
Initiative (GRI), et les
Supplments du Secteur des
Compagnies dElectricit, est largement utilis comme une
base. Cependant dans ce secteur de lindustrie on nutilise
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Objectif et Mthodologie
Lobjectif du GT tait de faire progresser la normalisation
et la transparence en matire de quantification et de
reporting des impacts du secteur de la production
dlectricit sur le dveloppement durable. Dans ce but les
indicateurs de performance durable proposs dans le cadre
GRI G4 ont t analyss en regard de leur applicabilit et
de leur pertinence pour la production dlectricit. Les
indicateurs GRI des dimensions environnementale, sociale et
conomique (Specific Standard Disclosures), ainsi que les
indicateurs de la performance gnrale (General Standard
Disclosures) ont t valus. En plus des indicateurs GRI le
Groupe de Travail propose des indicateurs supplmentaires
quil considre comme pertinents pour la production
dlectricit.
Principaux rsultats
A ce titre le GT a dtermin des indicateurs de performance
durable propres la production dlectricit et a dfini un
ensemble dindicateurs fondamentaux de la performance
durable qui conviennent pour toutes les compagnies du
secteur, aux plans de la pertinence et de la faisabilit.
WG C3.10
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650
Members
Ch. Capello, Convenor (CH), J. Degli Esposti (IT), W. Funston (ZA), T. Katz (IL),
F. Keane (IE), Ch. Solmar (SE), S. Villani (IT), T. Yoshimoto (JP)
Introduction
Electric power generation may have substantial impact
on all three dimensions of sustainable development.
With respect to the environmental perspective, power
generation causes direct and indirect impacts, which often
are specific to the technology considered. Examples for
direct environmental impacts are emissions (e.g. carbon
dioxide, methane, ionising radiation), resource use (e.g.
water, land use) or changes in the local biodiversity. Indirect
environmental impacts arise due to processes in the supply
chain (e.g. the manufacturing and transport of fuel or
goods), construction and decommissioning of power plants
as well as waste treatment processes. Considering the social
perspective, relevant aspects in electric power generation
include health and safety of employees, job satisfaction and
development, benefits to society, corruption, decent labour
practices, etc.. The social perspective affects various internal
and external stakeholder groups (employees, suppliers,
regulatory bodies, politics / political parties, NGOs,
local community, society in general). With respect to the
economic dimension, power generation is an important
industry branch.
Main results
As a result, the WG identified the suitable Sustainable
Performance Indicators specifically for power generation
and developed a set of Core Performance Indicators suitable
for all companies in that sector in terms of relevance as well
as feasibility.
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Fossile
Nuclaire
Hydro
Biomasse
Vent / PV
Consommation de ressources,
dnergie et de matriau
3 Indicateurs
3 Indicateurs
2 Indicateurs
Emissions
3 Indicateurs
1 Indicateur
1 Indicateur
2 Indicateurs
Dchets
1 Indicateur
1 Indicateur
Biodiversit
1 Indicateur
1 Indicateur
1 Indicateur
1 Indicator
1 Indicator
Performance environnementale
5 Indicateurs
5 Indicateurs
5 Indicateurs
5 Indicators
5 Indicators
Tableau 1 : Nombre des indicateurs de base de performance environnementale proposs en fonction des technologies de production dlectricit tudies
Catgories
Nombre des
indicateurs de base
de performance
dtermins
Aspects
Corruption
Performance conomique
Conditions de travail /
droits de lhomme
Emploi
Sant et scurit
Economie de lnergie
Caractristiques techniques
Socit
ELECTRA
Conclusions
La palette des indicateurs fondamentaux de Performance
de Durabilit proposs peut servir aux compagnies de
production dlectricit, pour les guider dans le choix des
aspects pertinents de la durabilit et, ainsi, pour rpondre
aux exigences des directives du nouveau GRI G4, en se
concentrant sur les aspects qui comptent, et aboutissant
des comptes rendus plus stratgiques, plus cibls, plus
comparables et, ainsi, plus crdibles.
WG C3.10
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650
Fossil
Nuclear
Hydro
Biomass
Wind / PV
3 Indicators
3 Indicators
2 Indicators
Emissions
3 Indicators
1 Indicator
1 Indicator
2 Indicators
Waste
1 Indicator
1 Indicator
Biodiversity
1 Indicator
1 Indicator
1 Indicator
1 Indicator
1 Indicator
Environmental Performance
5 Indicators
5 Indicators
5 Indicators
5 Indicators
5 Indicators
Table 1: Number of environmental core performance indicators proposed with respect to the investigated power generation technologies.
Aspect
Number of core
performance
indicators identified
Aspect
Number of core
performance indicators
identified
Corruption
Economic performance
Employment
Energy economics
Job satisfaction
Technical characteristics
Society
BROCHURE N 650
Conclusions
The proposed set of Core Sustainability Performance
Indicators may serve electricity generating companies as
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Introduction
Les parties prenantes des systmes lectriques partagent
tous la vision dun rseau plus efficient au plan conomique
et avec un impact environnemental plus faible. Pour atteindre
cet objectif, de nombreuses solutions peuvent tre mises
en uvre, non seulement au niveau de la production et du
rseau, mais aussi celui de la demande, c. d. en impliquant
le consommateur final. Parmi celles-ci les solutions de
Rponse de la Demande (DR) font appel la capacit des
sites de consommation (par ex. rsidentiels ou industriels)
rpondre de faon coordonne aux conditions du march
et du systme lectrique, un horizon de court terme. Cette
capacit, souvent appele flexibilit et quon doit distinguer
de lefficacit nergtique, peut tre alors utilise pour raliser
lquilibre fourniture-demande ou pour la gestion du rseau.
La mettre en uvre permet datteindre un meilleur optimum
en matire de surplus pour la collectivit (social welfare).
Les tudes prcdentes ont montr que plusieurs solutions
techniques de DR sont dj utilises. En outre, parmi ces
solutions technologiquement matures, certaines sont trs
prometteuses parce que le surplus social estim qu'elles
peuvent apporter peut tre suprieur leurs cots estims,
en fonction du contexte local. Ainsi, pour un ensemble de
conditions locales favorables la mise en uvre de la DR, et
si on prend en compte les services apports par la DR et le
cot des solutions alternatives, plusieurs opportunits de DR
apparaissent dj comme intressantes du point de vue du
surplus social.
ELECTRA
WG C5.19
technical brochure
651
Members
Clotilde Levillain, Convenor (FR), Tanguy Janssen, Secretary (FR), Hiroshi Asano (JP),
Regine Belhomme (FR), Marie-Therese Campbell (UK), Alex Cruickshank (AU),
Kristof de Vos (BE), Denise Foster (US), Lance Hoch (AU), Siju Joseph (SA),
Adam Keech (US), Juan la Grange (SA), Anant Venkateswaran (US)
Introduction
The power system stakeholders all share the ambition of a
more economically efficient system and a lower environmental
impact. To this aim, many solutions can be found not only
on the generation and network sides, but also on the demand
side, i.e. involving the electricity end-consumer. Among them,
Demand Response (DR) solutions refers to the ability of
consumption sites (e.g. residential or industrial) to respond in
a coordinated manner to market and power system conditions
on a short term perspective. This ability, often called a flexibility
and which should be distinguished from energy efficiency, can
then be used either for the supply-demand equilibrium or for
network management providing it allows to reach for a better
optimum in term of social welfare.
Previous studies made the observation that several DR
technical solutions already exists. Furthermore, among these
technologically mature solutions, some are very promising in
the sense that the estimated social surplus they can bring can
be higher than their estimated costs depending on the local
context. Thus, for a given set of local drivers for DR, referring
to the need for the services provided by DR and the cost of
alternative solutions, several DR opportunities already appear
profitable from a social surplus perspective.
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Facteurs de succs et
enseignements
Etant donn ces opportunits de DR et ces conditions
favorables, ltude sest concentre ensuite sur les catalyseurs du
dveloppement de la DR et a identifi, dans les rglementations
mises en place dans les pays analyss, les facteurs de succs et les
enseignements, suivants.
En tout premier lieu, une rglementation adapte est
probablement trouver dans la combinaison de plusieurs
possibilits de valoriser la DR qui se compltent mutuellement,
plus que dans le choix d'une option unique qui serait plus
favorable que chacune des autres. On peut par exemple constater
que ce principe est valid par le fait que l'on donne trs souvent,
et dans presque tous les rseaux, un prix implicite la DR par le
biais d'un signal de prix variable en fonction de l'heure (comme
des prix par tranche horaire), et qu'il existe en mme temps dans
les pays libraliss de plus en plus d'opportunits de lui donner un
prix implicite, par des changes de produits bass sur la DR. Ceci
peut dmontrer que si des signaux de prix peuvent convenir dans
de nombreux cas, certains services peuvent tre mieux satisfaits
par le biais d'un produit explicite qui demande un modle de
march adapt. En particulier l'enqute a montr que parmi les
services que la DR peut apporter, plusieurs nouveaux produits
spcifiques ont t crs pour changer des opportunits de DR
et fournir des services systmes qui contribuent la fiabilit
court terme. De la mme faon, des modulations la hausse et
la baisse de la consommation d'un site peuvent tre bnfiques
aux parties prenantes du systme lectrique, et devraient tre
valorises comme telles. De mme la conception du march ou
l'organisation du rseau devraient tre capables de valoriser non
seulement l'activation effective d'une flexibilit, mais galement
sa disponibilit. De fait plusieurs possibilits de DR prsentent
un cot fixe et un cot variable plutt lev par rapport aux
solutions alternatives existantes. Elles ne peuvent tre utilises
de faon optimale que si leur disponibilit est correctement
valorise. En consquence, les pays qui par exemple offrent des
mcanismes ou des marchs de capacit, ou qui valorisent les
rserves ncessaires la fiabilit court terme, ont de meilleures
chances de profiter de telles possibilits de DR.
En second lieu, pour les marchs libraliss ou plus
gnralement pour les organisations bases sur le march,
il est important de s'assurer qu'il n'existe pas de barrires
la participation la DR, c. d. que la DR est autorise
concourir dans des conditions quitables avec des produits
bass sur des capacits de production, pour permettre au
march de susciter les dcisions optimales d'investissement
et d'exploitation. A l'vidence la condition premire est que
la conception du march autorise la participation des sites
de consommation. Aprs cette affirmation simple, les rles
doivent tre clairement dfinis et la rglementation doit
garantir un environnement de concurrence quitable entre
ELECTRA
Conclusion et suites
Pour conclure, 10 des 15 pays analyss dans lenqute ont
mis en place un ou plusieurs schmas spcifiques de soutien
la DR, ce qui montre quils ont estim ncessaire dencourager
les DR pour en assurer le dveloppement jusqu la ralisation
de leur plein potentiel. Dans la plupart des pays ces schmas
intgrent un support financier la R&D, avec dans certains
cas des dispositions particulires dans la conception du
march, un soutien de la normalisation, des programmes
dinformation du public, ou des soutiens financiers directs.
Dans de nombreux pays les volutions de la rglementation
permettant le dveloppement de la DR ont t dclenches
un certain moment par une volont politique forte,
quelquefois l'occasion de plans de transition nergtique de
plus grande envergure. A mesure que les motivations de mise
uvre de la DR se renforcent, la rglementation peut avoir
voluer un rythme rapide pour faire disparatre les barrires
au dveloppement de la DR.
Dans le processus de mise en place, et mme si les
amnagements de la rglementation doivent tre dfinis
spcifiquement en fonction de chaque contexte local, il vaut
toujours mieux apprendre des expriences des autres. A cette
fin les connaissances tires de l'enqute permettent de dresser
un tableau de la rglementation des DR en 2014, pour une
palette diversifie d'environnements. En plus de l'analyse tire
de l'enqute, on a rsum dans lannexe quelques tudes de
cas de rglementation de DR pour des domaines particuliers.
Les travaux complmentaires devraient tre consacrs
la relation entre la DR et les productions disperses et
l'volution continue de la rglementation relative la
DR, qui peut devoir tre adapte aux nouveaux profils de
consommation (par ex. les vhicules lectriques) et la future
gnration des technologies de DR et de stockage.
WG C5.19
technical brochure
651
BROCHURE N 651
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
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