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N 285 - Avril / April 2016

PaRIs sEssIon 2016

Young Members

CIGRE YounG MEMbERs


ThE bEnEfITs of CIGRE InvolvEMEnT
hIGhlIGhTs
sing
showca
bers
g Mem
n
u
o
Y
how
g from
n
i
t
t
i
f
e
are ben
GRE
their CI
ment
involve

YounG MEMbER sTand


This will be the hub for Young Member activities at the session.
Go there to meet with Young Members from around the world
and find out about how they are getting involved and
benefiting from CIGRE.

YounG MEMbER foRuM


CIGREs third Young Member forum will be open to all CIGRE
Members, especially Young Members wishing to contribute to
CIGREs future. The forum will highlight how Young Members
are benefiting from CIGRE, and all attendees are invited to
participate in discussion.

YounG MEMbER PREsEnTaTIon shoWCasE


Young Members will have the opportunity to present in front of
an international audience in dedicated showcase presentation
slots during the study Committee discussion sessions.

YounG MEMbER EvEnTs


CIGRE Young Members are invited to attend events including a
site visit and social night.
further information will be published in Electra, the CIGRE
newsletter, and will be communicated to national Committees.
CIGRE Young Member groups continuously work on including
Young Members into CIGRE and its working bodies. They provide
useful information about CIGRE for newcomers and organise
technical and social CIGRE events.
Tell us how you have benefited from involvement
as a CIGRE Young Member!
Coordinator:
CIGRE australia next Generation network
Contact: ngn@cigreaustralia.com.au

N 285 - Avril / April 2016

N 285 Avril | April 2016

>>>

Rsums Summaries

Fotolia - Mechanical engineering


science abstract. Auteur: Kentoh

RSUM - BT N 644 - GT D1.38


Caractristiques communes et techniques dessai
mergentes pour les quipements lectriques
supraconducteurs haute temprature (HTS)
De nombreux dmonstrateurs et prototypes dquipements lectriques
supraconducteurs tels que cbles, transformateurs, machines tournantes,
limiteurs de courant et dispositifs de stockage dnergie ont t raliss et tests
avec succs dans le pass. Des cbles et des limiteurs de courants de dfaut
moyenne tension sont dj disponibles sur le march. Nanmoins il existe
un besoin d'amliorer encore et de dvelopper les lments communs de ces
quipements, comme les matriaux supraconducteurs, les isolations lectrique
et cryognique, et le refroidissement, car ce sont des facteurs essentiels de la
russite de leur dveloppement et de la fiabilit de leur exploitation.
La Brochure prsente en les synthtisant les caractristiques communes, les
techniques d'essai et l'tat de l'art en matire de matriaux supraconducteurs
haute temprature, d'isolations lectrique et cryognique, et de refroidissement.
Pour chaque matriel lectrique on dcrit les exigences essentielles en regard
de ces trois constituants communs et on prsente l'tat de l'art. La Brochure
Technique s'adresse aussi tous les lecteurs qui ne sont pas ce jour familiers
avec les quipements lectriques supraconducteurs, mais qui sont interesss
par une information complmentaire sur les possibilits fascinantes d'utilisation
de ces quipements lectriques, compacts, efficients et puissants, dans les
rseaux lectriques du futur.

SUMMARY - TB N 644 - WG D1.38


Common characteristics and emerging test techniques
for high temperature superconducting power equipment
Many large scale demonstrators and prototypes of superconducting power
equipment like cables, transformers, rotating machines, current limiters and
energy storage devices have been built and successfully tested in the past
and cables and medium voltage fault current limiters are already commercially
available. Nevertheless, there is a need to further improve and develop
common characteristics for this equipment like superconducting materials,
electrical insulation and cryogenic insulation and cooling because these are
essential factors for the successful development and reliable operation.
This brochure summarizes common characteristics, test techniques and stateof-the-art for high-temperature superconducting materials, cryogenic electrical
insulation and cryogenic insulation and cooling. For each power equipment
major requirements with respect to those three common characteristics and the
state-of-the-art are shown. The Technical Brochure is also addressed to all those
readers who are so far not familiar with superconducting power equipment
but interested in more information about the fascinating possibility to apply
compact, efficient and powerful power equipment in future energy systems.

RSUM - BT N 645 - GT B2.28


Donnes mtorologiques pour lvaluation des charges
climatiques des lignes ariennes
Le rapport apporte des informations nouvelles sur lvaluation des charges
climatiques des lignes lectriques ariennes lies au givrage atmosphrique
et aux vents extrmes, et sur les tudes sur site en cours. Un apport
particulirement intressant est de proposer des mthodes et des modles
nouveaux pour lanalyse du givrage atmosphrique, utiliss pour les tudes de
cas et pour dresser la cartographie des zones de charges extrmes destine
la conception.

SUMMARY - TB N 645 - WG B2.28


Meteorological data for assessing climatic
loads on overhead lines
The report provides updated information relevant for assessing climatic loads
on electric overhead lines with respect to atmospheric icing and extreme winds,
including ongoing field studies. A particular achievement is to present new
methods and models for analyzing of atmospheric icing for case studies and for
mapping of extreme loadings for design purposes.

RSUM - BT N 646 - GTC A2/D1.41


Isolation des transformateurs CCHT : conductivit de
lhuile
Le GTC A2/D1.41 (Isolation des transformateurs CCHT: conductivit de lhuile)
a analys les techniques et les normes, et a mis au point des recommandations,
concernant les mesures de la conductivit de lhuile et du carton imprgn, qui
sont la fois simples et reprsentatives des conditions rencontres dans un
systme disolation CCHT, et qui affichent une dispersion rduite. Les valeurs
de conductivit de lhuile des transformateurs lors de la production et en service
ont t dtermines et on a analys limpact de ces valeurs sur lefficience et la
fiabilit des essais dilectriques.

SUMMARY - TB N 646 - JWG A2/D1.41


HVDC transformer insulation: oil conductivity
JWG A2/D1.41 (HVDC transformer insulation: Oil conductivity) reviewed
techniques and standards and developed recommendations for conductivity
measurements for oil and for oil-impregnated pressboard that are both simple
and representative for the conditions in a HVDC insulation system and that
exhibit reduced spread. Oil-conductivity values of HVDC transformers at
production and in service were determined and the impact of the values found
in respect of dielectric test effectiveness and reliability was analysed.

RSUM - BT N 647 - GT C5.17


Mcanismes de capacit : besoins, solutions et tat des
lieux
Les mcanismes de capacit fournissent un revenu qui s'ajoute aux revenus
du march d'nergie. L'introduction grande chelle des productions olienne
et solaire dans les rseaux lectriques a ranim l'intrt sur ces mcanismes.
Le rapport passe en revue les arguments pour et contre les mcanismes de
capacit, et prsente une classification innovante des diffrentes solutions
existantes ou envisages, qui montre mieux en lumire leurs caractristiques
communes et leurs particularits. Une description systmatique des mcanismes
de capacit de douze pays ou juridictions est produite.

SUMMARY - TB N 647 - WG C5.17


Capacity mechanisms: needs, solutions and state of
affairs
Capacity mechanisms provide a potential additional revenue in addition
to revenues from the energy market. Large-scale introduction of wind and
solar generation in the power system has triggered renewed focus on such
mechanisms. The report reviews the arguments for and against capacity
mechanisms, and gives an innovative classification of various existing and
proposed solutions, shedding better light on their common and specific

properties. The report includes systematic descriptions of capacity mechanisms


in twelve countries and jurisdictions.

RSUM - BT N 648 - GT C4.603


Techniques et outils analytiques pour lvaluation des
ajustements de puissance
Ce rapport est crit sur la base des travaux raliss dans le groupe de travail
GT C4.603 Techniques et outils analytiques pour lvaluation des ajustements
de puissance. Lobjet de ce groupe de travail est de procder une analyse
critique des techniques et outils analytiques utiliss aujourdhui pour analyser
lajustement de puissance et la gestion des rserves, dans le but de proposer
des recommandations de dveloppements futurs. Le domaine des travaux
couvre le rglage de la frquence et linertie, la gestion des rserves et les
marchs dajustement.

SUMMARY - TB N 648 - WG C4.603


Analytical techniques and tools for power balancing
assessments
This report is written based on work performed in CIGRE working group WG
C4.603 Analytical Techniques and Tools for Power Balancing Assessments.
The aim of this working group has been to perform a critical assessment of
existing modelling methods and tools for analysing power balancing issues in
order to provide recommendations for future developments. The overall scope
of work is related to frequency control and inertia, management of reserves
and balancing markets.

RSUM - BT N 649 - GT B4.54


Guide pour lextension de la dure de vie des systmes
CCHT existants
Lexploitation commerciale des systmes CCHT a dbut en 1954, et la plupart
sont toujours en exploitation. La rnovation, la modernisation et lextension
de la dure de vie des stations CCHT sont envisages par les compagnies
dlectricit et les oprateurs de rseau, parce quelles sont les options les
plus conomiques pour maintenir la continuit et la fiabilit de la fourniture
dlectricit aux consommateurs. La BT fournit des directives qui aideront
prendre la dcision technico-conomique du choix de lextension de la dure
de vie de la station CCHT existante contre son remplacement.

SUMMARY - TB N 649 - WG B4.54


Guidelines for life extension of existing HVDC systems
HVDC systems have been in commercial use since 1954, and most of them
are still in operation. Renovation, modernization and life extension of HVDC
stations have to be considered by utilities and grid operators, as they are usually
the most cost effective options for maintaining continuity and reliability of the
power supply to the consumers. This BT provides guidelines for making the
technical and economic decision on life extension of existing HVDC stations
against replacement.

RSUM - BT N 650 - GT C3.10


Indicateurs de performance de dveloppement durable
pour la production d'nergie lectrique
L'objet du GT tait d'identifier un ensemble d'indicateurs fondamentaux
de la performance de durabilit, tout particulirement pour la production
d'lectricit. Dans ce but, le Groupe de Travail a analys dans le dtail les
indicateurs de performance de durabilit propos dans le cadre du Global
Reporting Initiative (GRI), ainsi que d'autres indicateurs utiliss en pratique,
en regard de leur applicabilit pour la production d'lectricit. Il en est rsult
une liste d'indicateurs recommands et une description des informations dont il
faut rendre compte pour chaque indicateur. La palette propose d'indicateurs
fondamentaux de la performance de durabilit peut servir aux compagnies de
production d'lectricit, pour les guider dans le choix des aspects pertinents de
la durabilit et, par l, pour rpondre aux exigences des directives du nouveau
GRI G4, en se concentrant sur les aspects qui comptent, et aboutissant des
comptes rendus plus stratgiques, plus cibls , plus comparables et, ainsi, plus
crdibles.

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

SUMMARY - TB N 650 - WG C3.10


Sustainable development performance indicators for
electric power generation
The scope of the WG was to identify a set of Core Sustainability Performance
Indicators specifically for power generation. To this end, the Working Group
analyzed the sustainability performance indicators proposed within the Global
Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework as well as other performance indicators
used in practice in detail with respect to their applicability to electric power
generation. As a result, a list of recommended indicators and description
of relevant information to be reported for each indicator is provided. The
proposed set of Core Sustainability Performance Indicators may serve electricity
generating companies as a guidance selecting relevant sustainability aspects
and thereby meeting the requirements of the new GRI G4 guidelines focusing
on sustainable impacts that matter, resulting in sustainability reports that are
more strategic, more focused and thus, more credible.

RSUM - BT N 651 - GT C5.19


Rapport sur les aspects rglementaires de la rponse de
la demande dans les marchs d'lectricit
Le dveloppement des solutions de flexibilit de la demande, qui contribuent
des systmes lectriques plus efficaces et plus durables, dpendent
des conditions locales favorables et de facilitateurs. L'tude s'intresse
particulirement aux facilitateurs de rglementation qu'il faut mettre en place
pour librer le potentiel de rponse de la demande. Les enseignements tirs
et les bonnes pratiques sont identifis, partir des rsultats d'une enqute
internationale portant sur les contextes conomiques et les schmas de
soutien du dveloppement de la rponse de la demande, et sur les obstacles
rglementaires qui subsistent.

SUMMARY - TB N 651 - WG C5.19


Report on regulatory aspects of the demand response
within electricity markets
The development of demand response solutions, contributing to a more
efficient and sustainable power systems, depends on local drivers and enablers.
This study focuses on the regulatory enablers that should be implemented to
unleash the demand response potential. Lessons learned and good practices
are identified based on an international survey about the economic frameworks,
support schemes and remaining regulatory barriers to demand response
development.

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SOMMAIRE| CONTENTS
N 2 8 5 Av r i l

| April 2016

Fotolia - Mechanical engineering science abstract. Auteur: Kentoh

N 285 - Avril / April 2016

LIFE OF ASSOCIATION

ANNUAL REPORT

BROCHURES THEMATIQUES
TECHNICAL BROCHURES

4 - 11
In memoriam Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck
SC A3 & B3 Joint Colloquium, September/October 2015,
Nagoya, Japan
SC D2 colloquium, October 2015, Lima, Peru
Two days CIGRE Tutorials at ELECRAMA Exhibition 15th
and 16th February 2016, in Bangalore, India
12 - 39
SC A2 Transformers
SC A3 High voltage equipment
SC B1 Insulated cables
SC B2 Overhead lines
42 - 45
644 GT D1.38 : Caractristiques communes et
techniques dessai mergentes pour les quipements
lectriques supraconducteurs haute temprature
(HTS)
644 WG D1.38: Common characteristics and emerging
test techniques for high temperature superconducting
power equipment
46 - 51
645 GT B2.28 : Donnes mtorologiques pour
lvaluation des charges climatiques des lignes
ariennes
645 WG B2.28: Meteorological data for assessing
climatic loads on overhead lines

Revue dite par le CIGR


Magazine edited by CIGRE
Prsident/
Chairman:

Klaus Frohlich

Prsident du
Comit
Technique/
Chairman of the
Technical
Committee:

Mark WALDRON

52 - 57
646 GTC A2/D1.41 : Isolation des transformateurs
CCHT : conductivit de lhuile
646 JWG A2/D1.41: HVDC transformer insulation: oil
conductivity

Trsorier/
Treasurer:

Richard Bevan

58 - 67
647 GT C5.17 : Mcanismes de capacit: besoins,
solutions et tat des lieux
647 WG C5.17: Capacity mechanisms: needs, solutions
and state of affairs

Secrtaire
Gnral/
Secretary
General:

Philippe Adam
philippe.adam@cigre.org

Edition/
Redaction:
Publicit/
Advertising:

Conception
ralisation
et impression :
Dpt lgal :
ISSN :
Copyright
Photo de
couverture/
Front cover Page:

68 - 73
648 GT C4.603 : Techniques et outils analytiques pour
lvaluation des ajustements de puissance
648 WG C4.603: Analytical techniques and tools for
power balancing assessments

edition@cigre.org
Tl. : 01 53 89 10 03

74 - 79
649 GT B4.54 : Guide pour lextension de la dure de
vie des systmes CCHT existants
649 WG B4.54: Guidelines for life extension of existing
HVDC systems

Estelle Tijou
estelle.tijou@cigre.org
Tl. : 01 53 89 12 95

80 - 83
650 GT C3.10 : Indicateurs de performance de
dveloppement durable pour la production d'nergie
lectrique
650 WG C3.10: Sustainable development performance
indicators for electric power generation

Imprimeries Conformes
Tl. : 01 40 74 00 18

N 285 Avril 2016


1286-1146
CIGR
Fotolia - Mechanical engineering science
abstract. Auteur : Kentoh

84 - 87
651 GT C5.19 : Rapport sur les aspects rglementaires
de la rponse de la demande dans les marchs
d'lectricit
651 - WG C5.19: Report on regulatory aspects of the
demand response within electricity markets

Copyright 2016

Conseil International des Grands Rseaux Electriques


International Council on Large Electric Systems
21 rue dArtois - 75008 Paris - France
33 (0)1 53 89 12 90 - http://www.cigre.org

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

In memoriam

In memoriam
Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck
* December 6, 1938 - February 7, 2016

It can be stated that nearly everybody in the community of power systems has at some time become aware of the expert
Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck and many have personally been in touch with him and his activities during the last decades.
At least when using the current IEC standards on insulation coordination and surge arresters we should be aware that many
subjects have been worked out by he himself or with his support. His contributions are present in IEC standards, CIGRE
publications and different journal papers.
He started his career as assistant professor at Technische Universitaet Darmstadt after his study on electrical engineering.
From 1971 up to 2008 he was with FGH, an independent German research institute dealing with power systems. As head of the
test laboratories and by his responsibility for power transmission and distribution equipment for many years he was involved in
the practical aspects of engineering subjects. During the last years he was active as consultant in various fields of power systems.
During all the time he has been working in national and international committees of CIGRE and IEC in the fields of
insulation coordination, overvoltage protection and surge arresters and adjacent fields. For this he was honored several times.
He has become a Distinguished Member of CIGRE, nominated directly when this distinction was created in 1996. In 1995 he
received the CIGRE Technical Committee Award in acknowledgement of his outstanding contribution in the activities of Study
Committee 33 on Insulation Coordination. In IEC TC 28 he was active as Chairman from 1996 up to 2014. Not only for this he
was chosen for the IEC 1906 Award last year.
Many of us had the pleasure to meet him personally during the last decades. During meetings it was always fascinating
and a great experience to see him arguing with absolute engagement and an extraordinary knowledge in his mind. Very often
he argued: "Thats not correct! You dont understand this", followed by his detailed explanation of the subject concerned.
Despite sometimes intensive controversial discussions on technical details it was always a great pleasure to be with him
during the coffee break afterwards. He never took controversial points of view personally. So quite sure all of us agree that we
lost a great colleague, teacher, expert, friend and special character. His contributions will keep helping us in several aspects
in the future.

Dr. Karl-Heinz Weck in the center of his colleagues of IEC TC 28 during IEC General Meeting in Tokyo 2014

No. 285 - April 2016 ELECTRA

By Haruhiko Koyama, Koji Kawakita, co-chair,


organizing committee of CIGRE SC A3 and B3 joint colloquium and tutorial

CIGRE SC A3 & B3 Joint colloquium titled Challenges for Future Reliability of T&D Substations and Equipment was
held in Nagoya, Japan on 27th September to 2nd October 2015. 240 experts from 29 countries attended the colloquium.
Tutorial, regular meetings for both SCs and technical tour to Higashi-Shimizu substation were taken place during the
colloquium.

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

2015 CIGRE SC A3 & B3 Joint colloquium

Joint colloquium
After greeting by both SC A3 and B3 chairmen, Hiroki Ito and Terry Krieg,
opening session of the colloquium started with two keynote presentations
titled General Information of Chubu Electric and Recent Reformation of
Electric Power System presented by Satoru Katsuno, president of Chubu
Electric Power, and titled Uncertainty and Risk/Asset management by Mark
Waldron, TC chairman of CIGRE.
61 papers related to preferential subjects PS1: Life cycle asset management
and PS2: Future challenges for HV and MV substations and equipment were
presented. The technical session started with a joint session with common
subjects for SC A3 and B3 on the first day of the colloquium, and 17 related
papers were presented. SC A3 & B3 individual sessions followed on the second
day of the colloquium. They were held in two rooms related to the peculiar
subjects for each SC.

Joint tutorial
The tutorials based on the results of the WG activities were provided in
accordance with the regional interests after the two day colloquium.
(1) SC A3 Tutorial
WG A3.28 Switching Phenomena for EHV and UHV Equipment
WG A3.29 Deterioration of Aging Substation Equipment and Possible
Mitigation Techniques
(2) SC B3 Tutorial
JWG B3-C1-C2.14 Circuit Configuration Optimization
WG B3.31 Air Insulated Substations Design for Severe Climate Condition
WG B3.30 SF6-Application in the Electric Power Industry and Responsible use of SF6 - Challenges and Options
WG B3.32 Saving through Optimized Maintenance of Air Insulated Substations

SC regular meetings
The SC meetings were held by SC A3 and SC B3 separately. Regular members and observers along with the WG conveners
attended to the SC meetings and discussed the strategic plan and action plan, the progress of AG and WG activity, Green
Book, new work proposals and future events of each SC.

Banquet and dinner hosted by Japanese national committee


The delegates were invited to a banquet held in the evening on the first day of the colloquium. It was a good opportunity
to develop friendship among persons concerned with CIGRE and understand the regional culture in the happy

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA 5

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

atmosphere where the delegates participated to a performance of the Japanese


drums presented by a local performance group.
Welcome dinner hosted by Japanese National Committee of CIGRE was
also held inviting the regular members of SC A3 and SC B3. Participants
enjoyed a Japanese traditional dance and a song Noh together with the
Japanese cuisine.

Technical tour
A visit to Higashi-Shimizu substation of Chubu Electric Power was
arranged on the last day of the meeting period. Blessed with good weather
and spectacular view of Mt Fuji, delegates took a tour of the substation with
50/60Hz frequency converter, transformer and GIS.

Feature on the organization of colloquium


(1) Booklets of the presentation distributed for the Colloquium and
Tutorial helped good understanding of the description of the session paper
and fruitful discussion.
(2) Digital posters introduced to present some WG activities of SC A3 and
B3 were a useful tool to disseminate the CIGRE information.
(3) Colloquium and tutorial was utilized as a good opportunity to promote
participation of young engineers to CIGRE activity. Young engineers in
Japan were invited to the joint colloquium and tutorial for participation to
the CIGRE activity, and 12 young engineers attended the meetings. Their
impression was that it was a good opportunity to be conscious to technical
improvement.
Fruitful discussions for future CIGRE activity were done thorough 5 days
of Joint meeting with SC A3 and SC B3. We appreciate all supports of the
delegates and all efforts of the people who engaged in the joint colloquium.

6 No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

2015 SC D2 Colloquium
Lima - PERU
SC D2 Chairman: Carlos Samitier (ES)
Chairperson of the Organizing Committee: Maycoll Mendoza (PE)

Introduction
The Cigr Andean National Committee, (Comit Andino del Consejo Internacional de Grandes Redes Elctricas or
CANCigr), composed of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, decided in 2014 to invite Cigr Study Committee D2 (SC
D2) to hold its regular meeting and colloquium in Lima, Peru.
Since the creation in 2006 of the Cigr Andean National Committee, it is the first time that a SC hold an event in one of
these countries; SC D2 was indeed honoured of such an invitation and in particular with this opportunity to initiate fruitful
exchanges and discussions with Andean Cigr members.

SC D2 members

The SC D2 Chairman, Mr. Carlos Samitier, and the Andean National Committee Chairman, Mr. Luis Velasco, decided
thus to organize the following events in Lima:
The SC D2 regular meeting.
A SC D2 tutorial.
Two round tables on:
- Common practices, challenges and
evolution of ICT for power system
operation;
- Achievement and challenges of
international
working
bodies
related to power utilities.
The SC D2 colloquium with three
preferential subjects.
A specific training session on SCADA.
As concerns the SC D2 colloquium, a
total of 30 synopses have been received
and evaluated. Following the selection
process only 22 synopses were accepted:

SC D2 meeting

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA 7

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N


10 on the Preferential Subject n1 - Special Reporter: Lhoussain Lhassani
(NL)

6 on the Preferential Subject n2 - Special Reporter: Marcelo Costa De
Araujo (BR)

6 on the Preferential Subject n3 - Special Reporter: Maurizio Monti (FR
SC D2 Secretary)
However, some authors were not able to attend the colloquium due to last
minute constraints and only 21 presentations were carried.
Nearly 100 persons attended this event, i.e. the tutorial, round tables and
colloquium.
The organisation of the event was well planned and in particular live translation
in Spanish was provided. The attendance was active and a number of questions
were raised either during the tutorial, the round tables or colloquium.

Mr. Luis Velasco opening the tutorial

It could be stated that this was a first experience for Andean colleagues to
discuss subjects with Cigr experts and this was mutually appreciated.
The event was opened by Mr. Luis Velasco, Chairman of CanCIGRE, and Mr.
Carlos Samitier, Chairman of Cigr SC D2.
Then, a tutorial session was carried out on various subjects of interest to
Andean members:

Optimizing the operation and maintenance of the telecommunication
system by Mr. Mehrdad Mesbah (AGD2.03 convenor);

Disaster recovery and service continuity across the information system by
Mr. Herwig Klima (WGD2.34 convenor);

Cyber security in the electrical power system by Mr. Lhoussain Lhassani
(Special reporter);

Deploying standard information exchange in the power system, IEC
61850, by Mr. Thierry Lefbvre (IEC TC 57 Chairman), Mr. Jaume Darne
(expert) and Mr. Carlos Rodriguez (expert);

European market design, flow based market coupling by Mr. Maurizio
Monti (expert).

Tutorial

Questions were raised by the attendance on these different subjects showing the
appropriate selection of topics.
A first round table on Common practices, challenges and evolution of ICT for
Power System operation was chaired by Mr. Thierry Lefbvre IEC TC57 Chairman
with the following items:
Mr. Roberto Tamayo

The role of ICT in Peru power system by Mr. Jaime Guerra (COES);

Power system regulation and ICT requirements by Mr. Roberto Tamayo (OSINERGMIN);

The role of ICT in the management of natural disasters, Fukushima tsunami by Mr. Tamotsu Fujii (KEPCO);

Information exchange needs for the internal energy market by Mr. Maurizio Monti (ENTSO-E WG EDI convener);

Telecom management centre a tool to improve system operation by Mr. Sacha Kwik (JWGD2/B2.39 convener).
The colloquium was held with the three following subjects:

Colloquium
8 No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

As more of the critical business processes are being automated and new devices being added to achieve the smart grid
vision of the future, the challenge rapidly becomes one of having too much data from a variety of new sources but too little
facilities to collect them in an appropriate time delay. The papers for this preferential subject focus on the following items:
Local and wide area networks for IEC 61850 applications;
Synchrophasors for protection and automation;
Network synchronisation and time distribution techniques;
Performance aspects and impact of impairments.

Disaster recovery and business continuity.


Disasters generated by human acts or by natural events in the earths environment, such as earthquakes, rainstorms and
snowstorms, continued to cause a lot of damage around the world. Moreover, recent changes in the pattern of seasons (rainy
period, wind strength, flood inundation, etc.) are also tremendously affecting the bulk power system.

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

Telecommunication networks for time-critical applications.

What have been the improvements since the 2009 SC D2 Colloquium in Japan where the subject Information and
Telecommunication systems available in emergencies at electric utilities was discussed? The papers for this preferential
subject focus on following items:
Network resilience techniques and architectures;
Maintenance techniques to assure business continuity;
Information system restore strategies;
Maintaining disaster recovery capability.

Best practices and experiences for cost-effective cyber security.


To face the new requirements for a more efficient and resilient power system operation and management, development
of ICT in electric power industry is a must. This automation of processes induces higher requirements for data privacy,
confidentiality and access security. The papers for this preferential subject focus on the following items:
Planning cyber security deployment;
Leverage operational strategies and procedures;
Effective monitoring, and automating incident response;
Enabling technologies and security architectures.
Spontaneous contributions enabled to have a lively colloquium and the special reporters as well as all the authors
contributed to the great success of this event.
Mr. Cesar Butrn (Chairman of COES) introduced the final day of the colloquium by presenting the Peruvian power
system.
This was followed up by a second round table dealing with Achievement and challenges of international working bodies
related to power utilities. Different roles of international bodies, their specialization and their outcome were presented. The
round table chaired by Mr. Carlos Samitier who introduced Cigre organization and its relation with other international
working bodies. The round table included the following items:
IEC TC 57 by Mr. Thierry Lefbvre (IEC TC 57 Chairman);
W3C by Mr. Gustavo Arroyo (SC D2 member);
ENTSO-E by Mr. Maurizio Monti (ENTSO-E WG EDI convener);
Cigr and RIAC by Mr. Jorge Nizovoy (Chairman of RIAC);
IEEE in Peru by Mr. Santiago Len (Vice President of IEEE Peru).
Finally, the event was closed by Mr. Luis Velasco and Mr. Carlos Samitier.

The dinner

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA 9

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

Two days CIGRE Tutorials at


ELECRAMA Exhibition in Bangalore, India,
15th and 16th February 2016
By Hiroki Ito (Japan), Terry Krieg (Australia), Abhay Kumar (Sweden),
Herbert Lugschitz (Austria) and Carlos Samitier (Spain).

ELECRAMA is the worlds largest


exhibition of electricity transmission
and distribution equipment, and is held
every two years. CIGRE is regularly
invited to give presentations and
tutorials. In 2014 a CIGRE-day was
held at ELECRAMA where four Study
Committees presented their strategic
directions and actual projects. This
year ELECRAMA reserved two days for
CIGRE. Five study Committees were
invited to hold tutorials. 300 persons
in the auditorium were registered
for the two days. This number was
approximately double the capacity than
in 2014 demonstrating the high level
and the increasing interest in the work of CIGRE in India. It shall be remarked positively, that most of the participants
were young engineers and included a large delegation from neighboring countries like Nepal and Bhutan.
Very warm welcome addresses were given among others - by representatives of the Central Board of Irrigation
and Power (CBIP) and CIGRE India, Mr. VK Kanjlia and Mr. PP Wahi, from the Indian Electrical and Electronics
Manufacturers Association (IEEMA) Mr. Babu Babel, and from Director General of IEEMA, Mr. Sunil Misra. In the
speeches the important and impressive innovations and developments in the electricity sector in India were stressed.
The five CIGRE presenters provided information about the structure, work and compositions of their SCs, Working
Groups, current and future activities and moved then on to the tutorials each 2 hours plus hour for very lively
interactive discussions.
A3 High Voltage Equipment, Hiroki Ito (Japan): Challenges for Transmission & Distribution Equipment, presenting
main progress of A3 activities e.g. history of circuit breakers and switching behaviors, application of vacuum switchgears
at transmission voltages, requirements for UHV equipment, substation equipment overstress management, experience
with equipment for series compensation, development of DC circuit breakers for multi-terminal HVDC, transmission
& distribution of the future.
B2 Overhead Lines, Herbert Lugschitz (Austria): Alternative Tower design, explained the history of tower design,
different perception of lines, design studies, reasons for objections against lines, investigations on tower design and on
utilization of nature by lines, current projects in many countries, design competitions for transmission towers. Social and
technical aspects on the theme were both presented.

10 No. 285 - April 2016

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B4 HVDC & Power Electronics, Abhay Kumar (Sweden): HVDC and its applications from Indian Perspective,
explained market drivers for HVDC transmission, new challenges for electric transmission, HVDC technologies, systems
and applications, future developments and HVDC projects (with special focus on India).

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

B3 Substations, Terry Krieg (Australia): 21st Century Substations Evolution in Design and Management presented
some background aspects impacting substation development and also global trends including energy, prices, productivity,
CO2 emission and other Industry trends. Future concepts and design trends (network design, materials, equipment, and
knowledge) were also discussed. Tutorial topics covered recent work in the design and management of substations for
severe weather conditions including heat, drought, dust, rain and humidity, snow and ice, wind, hurricanes, floods,
standards from technical brochure 614 and the optimization of substation circuit configuration including assessment
criteria, service security, maintenance, operation from Brochure 585. Future topics for the work of SC B3 were proposed
and discussed.

D2 Information Systems and Telecommunication, Carlos Samitier (Spain): Smart Grid, provided information
on Smart Grid definition, conceptual models, components, challenges, micro-grids, user interfaces, core technologies,
standards, telecom services, cyber-attacks and countermeasures, security challenges, vulnerabilities, risks, measures for
protection and control, operation management, faults & anomalies management, interactions.
Indian representatives of SCs presented the relevant current situation in India related to the tutorials, giving valuable
additional information. This triggered several additional aspects in the lively discussions.
The presenters commend the organizers on the venue and the overall event organisation and sincerely hope, that
CIGRE will have the pleasure and the opportunity to again present the work of relevant Study Committees at the next
ELECRAMA or other future events in India.

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA 11

ANNUAL
REPORT
2015

SC A2

Transformers
By Claude Rajotte, SC A2 Chairman

Scope
The scope of Study Committee A2, simply named Transformers, covers different types of equipments and components,
included in the following items:
Power transformers (including industrial, DC converter and phase-shifting transformers)
Reactors (shunt, series, saturated and smoothing)
Transformer components (bushings, tap changers, accessories, etc.)
In the past, the activities of SCA2 "Transformers" (and its predecessor SC12) focused on design problems related to the
rapid increase of rated voltage and power. Nowadays, SC A2 activities focuses on reliability, life management, economics,
safety, new technologies and concepts, electrical environment, pre-standardisation, etc. SC A2 orientations are also taking
into account CIGRE strategic directions as "The electrical system of the future", "Making the best use of the existing system"
and "Focus on environment and sustainability".
The four key domains for SC A2 are described in the transformer "Life cycle" diagram shown in the following figure:

The different activities in each of these key domains made during year 2015 are described in this report.

Specifications, procurement and economics


Shunt reactors are among the most economical solutions to compensate for elevated capacitance of electrical power
systems. Shunt reactors have historically been with fixed inductance ratings, and have been connected to either tertiary
windings of power transformers, or directly connected to transmission lines or substation busbars. Over the past fifteen
years, variable shunt reactor technology has arisen which allows a steady-state variation in inductance with the application
of on-load tap-changers. The demand for shunt reactors is growing in popularity with the increasing number of EHV/UHV
long transmission lines and also, with the increasing demand for underground cables. WG A2.48 "Technology and utilization
of Oil Insulated High Voltage Shunt Reactors" will cover, in particular, the subject of all type of shunt reactor specification and
sound level but also other related topics as design, testing and operation.
Transformer noise is becoming a major concern, especially when they are installed in or close to urban areas. Moreover,
with the growing of urban areas, a substation that was far from any population may become surrounding by a major
urban area. International standards define very well the measurement of audible sound emission and how to determine
the sound power level of power transformers during acceptance testing. Nevertheless, the transformer industry is suffering
from not having reference / guidance on typical transformer sound level ranges and this repeatedly results in technically
unreasonable sound level specifications. Sound levels are frequently specified unnecessary high but more recently often also
too low in order to be fulfill without the use of external sound mitigation such as sound panels or sound enclosures. IEC
TC14 expressed to SC A2 the need of some pre-standardization work in that area for transformers, and WG A2.54 "Power
transformer audible sound requirement" was created. The intention is to prepare a sound level range for no-load, load and
cooling system for power transformer up to 1500 MVA.

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ANNUAL
REPORT
Design, manufacturing and testing
Up to the middle of the twentieth century, system voltage rose step by step to a maximum level of roughly 300 kV,
climbed to 800 kV around 1965 and is now reaching level as high as 1200 kV. During this impressive evolution, SC A2
(named SC 12 before the reorganisation of CIGRE in 2004) played an important role for a better comprehension of the
transformer performances under transient and overvoltage, short-circuits, DC condition and thermal performance. With
the increased stressed applied to transformers and with evolution of the technologies, there are still many issues where SC
A2 is contributing.

2015

SC A2

Thermal modeling tools are now commonly used in transformer design. WG A2.38 "Transformer Thermal Modeling"
has the purpose of describing state-of-the-art techniques in transformer thermal modelling to evaluate winding hottestspot temperature as well as hot spots on other metal parts. Transformer loadability in service will also be explored through
dynamic modelling to insure the best use of existing transformers. WG A2.38 finished their work in 2015 and plans to
publish the final brochure early in 2016.
HVDC converter transformer reliability is an important concern, and it motivates the creation of JWG A2/D1.41
"HVDC Transformer Insulation Oil Conductivity". The insulation materials used in a HVDC transformer are the same
as in a conventional AC transformer; however, the applied electrical stresses are different due to the addition of the DC
stress components superimposed to AC and impulse voltages. Especially in oil, very different field distributions have
been observed. Under AC and impulse voltage applications, the electrical-stress distribution can be determined by the
permittivity of the oil and PB materials. Conversely, for steady state DC voltage application, the electrical stress can be
determined by the electrical conductivity of the insulating materials. In general, insulating oil has a lower permittivity
(dielectric constant) and a higher conductivity than pressboard, which makes the AC voltage more concentrated in the oil
and the DC voltage more concentrated in the pressboard. Temperature has also an effect on AC and DC field distribution.
Thus, it was shown that oil conductivity variation in oil/solid insulation impacts the design and reliability of transformers.
A better standardization to measure oil conductivity is one of the main aims of this WG. JWG A2/D1.41 finished their work
in 2015 and plans to publish the final brochure early in 2016.
Last year, two new activities were started in this key domain. The first one is JWG A2/D1.51 "Improvement to Partial
Discharge Measurements for Factory and Site Acceptance Tests of Power Transformers". This WG scope will be to compare
alternative methods for PD measurements, in particular UHF method that is known as a more robust technique against
external noise than current technology (acoustic) and allows a differentiation of external and internal PD. In particular, this
WG will evaluate the applicability of such alternative methods for factory and site acceptance tests.
The second new activity started last year is WG A2.52 "High-frequency transformer models for non-standard waveforms".
Transformer manufacturers do not supply, in general, the customer with a model of the transformer, neither a black-box
model nor a white-box model. This prevents the customer from including the transformer in network studies. The focus
of this JWG is to continue the work of JWG A2/C4.39, terminated in 2014, in the direction of transformer modelling with
the objective of providing the customers with useful high-frequency models of the transformer for application in system
transient studies.

Operation, reliability, safety and environment


Transformers are among the most important and more costly equipment in an electrical network. As transformers are
not uniform with respect to voltage ratio, power, impedance, dimensions, etc., they are not easy to replace quickly if a
major failure occurs. Thus, information about transformer reliability is of a great importance to establish for example an
optimized strategy for transformer redundancy and spare.
This year, WG A2.37 published brochure #642 named Transformer Reliability Survey. The last internal survey on
transformer reliability was published in 1983. In subsequent years, attempts were made to update and improve the 1983
report without any real success. Recent reorganization of the electricity industry also seems to affect the availability
of information concerning equipment failures. As the reliability data are under great demand, it became very important
to prepare a brochure describing international transformer reliability survey practices and to attempt to update and
improve the 1983 survey. The report describe the historical development of transformers, guidelines for reliability surveys,
description of existing reliability surveys, methodology for failure data collection used in this WG and finally, the results of
the performed reliability survey.
WG A2.43 "Transformer bushing reliability" also deals with reliability but focussed on a major transformer

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13

ANNUAL
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2015

SC A2

component responsible to a significant proportion of transformer failure. Because of bushing failure mode may be
catastrophic, this component also affect the safety that justified the attention of WG A2.43. The tasks of this WG will be to
established bushing failure definition, to estimate bushing failure rate, failure mechanism for different bushing technologies
(Oil Impregnated Paper, Resin Impregnated Paper, etc.), design and testing, maintenance, condition monitoring and
predicted life time. WG A2.43 almost completed it work in 2015 and the brochure will be published in 2016.
Moreover, examples of recently reported events leading to severe damage during transformer transportation led to the
starting of WG A2.42 "Guide on Transformer Transportation". Guidance on the relations between the transformers mechanical
design, design reviews, action when an unwanted transportation event occurred, measurements during transportation and
its interpretation, and internal inspection on the installation site are addressed. This WG also almost finished it work in 2015
and plans to publish a final brochure in 2016.
Another important contributor to this key domain is WG A2.45 "Transformer failure investigation and post-mortem
analysis". When a transformer is scrapped, it is very important to collect all relevant information and make as much
observations as possible, as such information can be used to guide future decisions on a transformer population. This WG
will develop a structured procedure for careful dismounting the transformer to extract all the important information. This
WG plans to complete and publish it work in 2016.
Finally, WG A2.50 "Effect of the distributed energy sources and consequent induced reverse power flow (step up) on transmission
and distribution transformers" is addressing the effect of step up operation on transformers that were not designed for this
purpose. This new way of operating transformers became possible by the introduction of more and more renewable or
distributed small power generation that created power injection in the lower voltage level and creates an upstream power
flow and changes the usual step down operation of the transformer into a step up mode to transfer the energy. In the
network of the future, the design of the transformer and regulation of the voltages may no longer be suitable for a safe and
long-term operation. Furthermore, most distributed energy generation utilises inverters, which may produce harmonics on
the network which may also affect transformer life.

Maintenance, diagnostics, monitoring and repair


Transformers are usually robust and very reliable apparatus requiring relatively little maintenance. Nevertheless,
maintenance programs must be constantly optimized as the transformer population changes, new problems and solutions
emerge, and monitoring and diagnostic technologies develop. During the life of a transformer, the users must establish
a maintenance strategy that will ensure the appropriate level of reliability and optimized service life and SC A2 always
dedicated intensive efforts to these matters.
This year, WG A2.40 published brochure #625 named "Copper Sulphide Long-Term Mitigation and Risk Assessment".
Copper sulphide in transformer insulation still raises issues of concern to the transformer industry even if the number of
reported failures due to copper sulphide deposition on the windings remains quite low. Thus, there was a need to continue
to work in this field to study the long-term efficiency of these thousands of transformers that have been passivated in recent
years to mitigate the effect of corrosive oils. Brochure #625 describe copper sulphide formation mechanism, risk assessment
for existing transformers, long term mitigation techniques and monitoring and maintenance procedures.
Dissolved Gas Analysis is one of the most powerful and the most used technique for transformer diagnostic. JWG D1/A2.47
"New frontiers of Dissolved Gas analysis interpretation for power transformer and its accessories" has the challenge to improved
further interpretation methods to localize problems inside equipments and to recommend appropriate corrective actions.
Transformer health indices may be used for a variety of transformer management purposes where an understanding of
the overall condition of each power transformer in a fleet is required for the best use of the existing transformer fleet. WG
A2.49 "Condition Assessment of Power Transformers" is looking at the information used to derive transformer health indices,
the way that information is consolidated and used. Considerations will also be given to the transformer health indices scales
and whether a common method of stating transformer asset condition could be put forward for future comparison and
benchmarking between operators. Moreover, a significant parameter to evaluate transformer health is the condition of the
solid insulation, which justifies a specific attention. JWG A2/D1.46 "Field experience with transformer solid insulating ageing
markers" is studying the correlation between paper condition and the different ageing markers available. State-of-the-art on
the available ageing markers/models and its interpretation will be studied by the analysis of field cases study.
This year, WG A2.44 published also brochure #625 named "Guide on Transformer Intelligent Condition Monitoring
(TICM) Systems". The use of on-line monitoring and diagnostics systems for power transformers are growing in popularity.

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ANNUAL
REPORT
Nevertheless, the lack of standardization and doubts regarding the reliability and potential benefits of such systems are
impeding technology consolidation. The market now offers numerous sensors and monitoring systems but there is no
consensus on how to manage, process and convert data to derive relevant information. Brochure #625 gives a functional
description of TICM systems and possible architectures, interpretation methods, data management, strategic and economic
aspects and finally, some monitoring case examples.
Finally, a new WG was started this year on this key domain. Measurement of the frequency response is now commonly
used in the industry to assess the mechanical condition of transformer windings. The analysis of the results, the so-called
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA), is based on comparison with a reference measurement which is either a previous
measurement on the same unit, a measurement on an identical transformer or a measurement on another phase of a threephase transformer. In 2008, CIGR published a guide (Brochure #342) on the assessment of the mechanical condition of
transformer windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) and then, an IEC published in 2012 a standard on this
measurement mainly based on previous CIGRE. All this work was done to describe how to perform the measurement but
now, there is still a need in the industry to obtain more guidance on the interpretation of the results. The ultimate goal would
be to develop an internationally agreed objective interpretation algorithm that can be applied to condition assessment (input
to health index), troubleshooting (diagnosis after incident) and ultimately as pass-fail criteria for transformer short- circuit
testing. Thus, WG A2.53 Objective interpretation methodology for the mechanical condition assessment of transformer
windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) was started in 2015.

2015

SC A2

SC A2 Colloquium in Shanghai
On September 20-24, 2015, SC A2 colloquium was held in Shanghai, China with the participation of SC A3 and B3. The
colloquium welcomes more than 200 participants from 36 countries with the publication of 71 papers, 46 oral presentations
and 25 poster presentations. Colloquium objectives were:
Gather experts in a very specialized colloquium
Hold several WG/AG meetings
Organize Workshops to disseminate CIGRE knowledge
Organize joint events and create links between SC
Bring new ideas and material for existing WGs
Bring new ideas for future WGs and future Preferential Subjects
Make SC A2 activities better known in the host country
Here are the preferential subjects and key statements presented and discussed
during the colloquium:
PS 1: EHV/UHV and EVHDC/UHVDC Transformers and their components
Since the last 10 years, new generation of very big transformers: 1500
MVA single phase; 500 kV/1000 MVA 3 phases; 800 kVDC transformers
In parallel, the industry had developed a new generation of components:
very long RIP bushings, OLTC with enhanced step voltage, lead exit,
etc.
Assembling big non-transportable transformers on-site have been
experimented with successes
New challenges for design, manufacturing, drying solid insulation
Recent statistics on short-circuit testing shows that 25% of the tested
transformers failed at the first attempt
As it is not always possible to apply short-circuit testing on very big
transformers, alternative approaches are proposed: test on one leg, test
on mock-up, etc.
PS 2: Equipment technologies for substations of the future and Smart Grid
Several technologies available to improve the Eco performance
Importance to test new types of oil: performances & characteristics
Prototype with natural ester oil: up to 300 MVA / 420 kV
Natural esters: drying solid insulation and may be reclaimed
Gas Insulated Transformers: new applications in Hydro power or
Off-shore transformers
Importance to have a global approach for fire safety

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15

ANNUAL
REPORT
2015

SC A2

For DC links, each project need an evaluation of opimized AC/DC level


Reverse power flow causes new concerns: protection, regulation & control
PS 3: Making the Best use of the Existing transformer fleet
Reliability of bushings, life expectation, technology, specification, monitoring
Promising ageing markers (methanol, ethanol)
Analysis of DGA databases, data cleaning, effect of oil oxidation
Oil leakage detection
Fiber optic inspection & spectrographic analysis
Study on effect of low temperature on oil properties
Static electrification with aged oil
In service stresses and failure modes (e.g. AC/DC stresses)
Monitoring: centralized analysis, correlation between parameters
Dynamic thermal modelling, water dynamics
PD UHF simulation, detection, localization
Monitoring of overvoltage, mechanical oscillations
Transformer testing to include IEDs performance testing
Reliability survey, reliability assessment from hard and soft failures (preventive scrapping)
Spare policy and practices, specifications
On-site refurbishment
An intensive Workshop Program was also organised with the following subjects:
WG B3.12 Obtaining Benefit from Condition Monitoring
WG A2.44 Transformer Intelligent Condition Monitoring
Workshop on Transformer Condition Monitoring (presentation of several case studies)
WG A2.37 Transformer Reliability Survey
WG A3.06 Reliability Surveys on Equipment
Shunt reactor and transformer switching
WG A2.38 Transformer Thermal Modelling
Finally, a technical visit of a UHV AC 1100 kV substation and of a UHV HVDC substation was organised.

Outlook
Several workshops are available within SC A2 to disseminate the results of the WGs during local and international events.
The already long list of available workshops will continue to extend by the preparation of workshop for each completed
brochure.
The preferential subjects for the next Paris Session 2016 are the following:
Advances in transformer diagnostic and monitoring
EVH/UHV and EHVDC and UHVDC Transformers and their components
Transformer windings
The different SC A2 Advisory Groups (Strategic planning, Customer and tutorial, Technology, Utilisation and Ultra High
Voltage Transformer AC/DC) are working together with SC Members and SC Chairman and Secretary to select the most
interesting subjects for future WG, sessions and colloquium. Several subjects for new Working Groups are under discussion.
Two new WG are planned to be started early 2016. The first one is about Transformer Life Extension to define means to
extend service life of and unit which is aged but in good enough condition while ensuring the required level of reliability at a
targeted cost to implement mitigation solutions to keep a failing unit in service until a planned replacement. The second one
is about Transformer Efficiency. Energy efficiency is becoming more and more important as a worldwide issue for electricity
transmission and distribution and standardization is in place in several countries for distribution transformers. For power
transformers, several work on standardization bodies and regions regulations and are on-going and are facing number of
difficulties. In particular some variations and exceptions to face specific design and in-service aspects are considered from
on-going benchmark. This would need additive clarifications on their application to most of power transformer types.
Other WGs are under discussion; in particular one about Effects of DC Bias on power transformers that is a major
concern in several regions of the world and another one about Transformer Site Installation.

16

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

ESMO

REGISTRATION IS OPEN!

IS BACK

MISSION INCREDIBLE: SAFER, STRONGER, SMARTER


Were Back! The 2016 IEEE PES 13th International Conference on Transmission & Distribution
Construction, Operation & Live-Line Maintenance (ESMO 2016) will take place - with Host Utility
American Electric Power - from September 12-15, 2016, at the Greater Columbus Convention
Center in Columbus, OH. Registration is Now Open!
ESMO is the place to be for electric utility and contracting professionals who are interested in
hands-on solutions for the safe engineering, construction, operation and maintenance of the world's
power delivery systems. Weve got a world-class program, plus both indoor exhibition and outdoor
field demonstrations and exhibits!
For more information and to register now, visit our website www.ieee-esmo.com
EXHIBITORS: Email exhibits@mpassociates.com for more information and to secure your space
for our indoor and outdoor exhibition areas. Limited space is available, so please contact us today
to reserve a premium location for your company.
SUPPORTERS: Contact Erik Henson at ehenson@naylor.com for information on other support
opportunities or to advertise in the The 2016 ESMO Conference & Exhibition Guide and Program
or The ESMO Outdoor Demonstration Booklet.

IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment and bullying. For more information, visit www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html

ANNUAL
REPORT
2015/2016

High voltage equipment


by Hiroki Ito, Chairman of SC A3

SC A3

CIGRE SC A3 High Voltage equipment and SC B3 Substation had a joint colloquium titled Challenge for
Transmission & Distribution (T&D), Substation & Equipment of the future in Nagoya in September-October 2015.
Both Study Committees participated in the SC A2 Transformer colloquium held in Shanghai one week before.
These colloquiums demonstrate that SC A3 and B3 maintain excellent collaboration sharing in various subjects.
Part of the common activities includes the design, construction, life management, maintenance and operation of
substations and their associated equipment.
Thirty-three reports were presented in the Nagoya colloquium for the common Preferential Subject (PS) of Life
cycle asset management and 28 Reports for the PS New challenge for future T&D network. Several tutorials were
provided during the colloquiums in Shanghai and Nagoya in accordance with the regional concerns on Reliability
surveys on Equipment by WG A3.06, Inductive and transformer switching by an A3 expert, UHV & EHV
switching phenomena by WG A3.28, and Deterioration of Ageing Substation Equipment by WG A3.29. SC A3
also reported the progress in the national events held in different countries such as Bangalore India, Rio de Janeiro
Brazil, Wellington New Zealand, Jeddah Saudi Arabia etc.

TC chairman presented a keynote


on ageing asset at the colloquium

Deteriorated Primary Contact of Pantograph


DS shown in the tutorial by WG A3.29

The objectives of CIGRE are to disseminate and promote the interchange of technical knowledge and field
experience among different countries in the field of electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Being the
largest global association in the field of electric power systems, CIGRE provides a unique platform to combine the
expertise of universities, laboratories, manufacturers and utilities. Numerous international working groups develop
solutions for emerging problems in an international context, which are often related to the scope of different
CIGRE Study Committees. This knowledge is distributed in CIGRE tutorials, colloquia, symposia and sessions all
over the world in a practice-oriented way which is most valuable for the electrical engineering community and for
standardisation institutions. SC A3 will continue these efforts.
CIGRE SC A3 is responsible for the collection of field experience from distribution through transmission voltages,
technical evaluation of power studies and technical analyses, dealing with both AC and DC substation equipment
that is not explicitly dealt with by other SCs. The activities focus primarily on the following subjects.

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2015/2016

SC A3

DC-DS&ES, DC-CT&VT, DC-MOSA (LA) used for 500 kV-DC gas insulated switchgear

1) New technologies (e.g. DC circuit-breakers)


2) Requirements of equipment due to changing network conditions, including exploration of technical
background on the requirements (support standardization work in IEC)
3) Incorporation of intelligence into HV equipment (e.g. Controlled switching)
4) Monitoring and diagnostics of transmission & distribution equipment
5) New and improving testing techniques
6) Reliability assessment including End-of-life management of ageing equipment and Mitigation methods for
overstressing and overloads
SC A3 recently delivered five technical brochures titled: Metal Oxide Surge Arresters - Stresses and Test procedures
(TB544), Switching Phenomena for EHV and UHV Equipment (TB570), Vacuum Switchgears at transmission
voltages (TB589), Tools for Simulation of internal arc effects in HV and MV switchgear (TB602) and Influence
of Shunt Capacitor Banks on Circuit Breaker Fault interruption Duties (TB 624). All the activities related to SC A3
are listed below in table 1.
WG A3.25

MO Surge arresters

B. Richter

WG A3.29

Ageing of HV equipment

A. Maheshwari

WG A3.30

Overstressing of HV equipment

A. Carvalho

WG A3.31

Non-conventional instrument transformers

F. Rahmatian

JWG A3.32/CIRED

Non-intrusive conditioning assessment

N. Uzelac

WG A3.33

Equipment with shunt & series compensation

G. Li

JWG A3/B4.34

DC switchgears

C. Franck

WG A3.35

Controlled switching

A. Mercier

WG A3.36

Simulation for temperature rise test

M. Kriegel

JWG A3/B5/C4.37

Out-of-phase phenomena

A. Janssen

Table1. List of Working Groups and the Convenors

The progress of the active WGs by major topics


are summarized below.
New technologies and ICT applications
WG A3.31 will provide guidelines on non-conventional instrument transformers, especially focusing on testing,
calibration and communication early in 2016.

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SC A3

JWG A3/B4.34 is collecting technical requirements on DC switchgears along with DC circuit breakers with
different technologies potentially applicable to radial and meshed multi-terminal DC systems. The JWG will
investigate the technical capabilities and limitations of existing and projected DC switching equipment mainly with
mechanical operating drives. From the analysis of the differences between the technical requirements and technical
capabilities, the development of new DC switching equipment will be presented in mid-2016.
WG A3.35 is collecting field experience in order to update the previous survey on controlled switching applications
by WG A3.07. The WG will provide guidelines and best practices for the commissioning and operation of controlled
switching projects, which would expect to contribute to future standardization based on IEC62271-302.
WG A3.36 investigates simulation tools focusing on temperature rise tests by following the activity of WG A3.24.
The new WG deals with multi-physics simulations and simplified engineering tools. Ongoing work is focusing on
defining critical parameters with respect to accuracy of thermal modelling. A benchmark has been started for MV
and HV switchgears. The outline of the Technical Brochure was drafted.

DC switchgear with passive oscillating current zero creation scheme

Requirements for changing networks


WG A3.25 investigates MOSA requirements in emerging system conditions following up on the former WG
A3.17 which published TB 544 summarizing the energy handling capability of MOSA under different impulse
stresses along with existing test procedures. The advantages of high field MO elements and their applications in
UHV systems are summarized. The TB will be ready for publication in early 2016.
WG A3.26 dealt with fault switching near a shunt capacitor bank and its impact on equipment. The presence
of a capacitor bank modifies the TRV, making it easier for the circuit breaker to interrupt with short arcing times.
In case of re-ignition, the capacitor bank will discharge into the fault creating additional high frequency current
zeros. High frequency current interruption may result in high voltage transients which require special measures to
mitigate. Fault switching near capacitor banks was analysed theoretically and EMTP simulations show the effects of
re-ignitions at the TRV peak. The results with mitigation means were published in TB624.
WG A3.33 is collecting field experience of equipment associated with series compensation as well as shunt
compensation connected to the tertiary side of transformers. Operational experience along with specifications and
requirements of related equipment such as circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, bypass switches and MOSA are
being collected. The TB will be ready for publication in 2016.
JWG A3/B5/C4.37 was established in order to collect available information on out-of-phase switching duty in
UHV and EHV, which was partially discussed in WGs A3.22 and A3.28. A lack of service experience information

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hampered the WGs in supplying appropriate background information to the IEC. At the same time protection
experts pay a lot of attention to prevent or cope with out-of-phase situations, both for instabilities in the system and
in power plants. A scoping document has been presented to the three SCs involved to address the need for more in
depth knowledge

Reliability assessment and lifetime management


WG A3.29 is investigating deterioration and ageing processes of substation equipment in order to deliver the
desired guidance on factors that influence ageing of HV substation equipment, detection mechanisms for ageing,
and possible mitigation techniques. Ageing is associated with changes in behaviour of the equipment due to stresses
within the equipments design parameters. The detection and mitigation techniques will emphasize the role of
condition monitoring, refurbishment and replacement and include a comprehensive summary of ageing assessment
and life extension techniques. Utilising the extensive experience of utilities and manufacturers in the WG, ageing
models have been developed for the majority of HV equipment. The WG has conducted an industry survey on
experience with ageing mechanisms and their related considerations in asset management. The survey specifically
targeted participants on the previous A3 reliability survey. Applied appropriately, the proposed techniques are
expected to improve equipment reliability and network availability through application of condition based risk
management and reliability centred maintenance techniques. This in turn would enable efficient deployment of
investment, equipment and labour resources as well as increased utilisation of transmission and distribution assets.
TB is expected to be delivered in 2016.

2015/2016

SC A3

WG A3.30 is reviewing recommendable practices for detecting and mitigating potential overstresses in substation
equipment. The WG focus on the identification of the different kinds of stresses affecting HV equipment,
standardized stress limits, stress evaluation procedures and utilities practices on how to work around the
overstresses in short-term planning or in system operation. Stressing factors related to electrical, environmental
and operational causes are considered. These results are compiled in a risk matrix, including cross-referencing the
stressing factors with the relevant equipment standards. The Delphi method was applied to select the most relevant
pairs of stress parameters X equipment performance parameters. The goal of WG A3.30 is to publish a CIGRE
Technical Brochure that addresses equipment risks in face of overstresses, equipment limits as well as mitigation
solutions. It will summarize the findings of the WG and give guidance with regard to overstress management of high
voltage substation equipment, looking forward to avoid equipment damages and to not endanger system reliability.
Ageing aspects of end-of-life decisions are addressed by WG A3.29.
JWG A3.32 is reviewing the current and future trends of non-intrusive diagnostic methods to apply, especially in
service, in the condition monitoring of circuit breakers, fault interrupters and reclosers used in both distribution
and transmission systems. It will provide user feed-back and experience from utilities, manufacturers and service
providers. In the aim to optimize maintenance costs of switchgear equipment, there is a general trend in the utilities
to move from time-based maintenance to condition based and risk based maintenance taking advantage of modern
diagnostic tools. The WG will focus on HV circuit breakers used in air insulated substations and on pole top and
substation mount circuit breakers, reclosers and fault interrupters used in distribution systems. The scope of work
will also include reviewing the existing state of the art of non-intrusive methods and their field experience applied
in transmission and distribution systems to assist in the evaluation of equipment conditions, and analyzing the
technical vs economical benefit for applying non-intrusive methods. The WG conducted a survey in 2015 to better
understand current condition monitoring practices and propose cost effective condition monitoring methods that
will cover future needs. TB is expected to be delivered by the end of 2016.

SF6 alternative interrupting media


A CIGRE Position Paper on the Application of SF6 in Transmission and Distribution Networks was published in
2014 (ELECTRA, No.274, pp.34-39). In spite of SF6s excellent dielectric and interrupting properties, SF6 must be
managed within a closed cycle, avoiding any deliberate release to the atmosphere due to its high global warming
potential. During the last 50 years, SF6 technology has had a huge development and application because of the excellent
insulation and arc quenching properties of the gas. At the present time there is no comparable equivalent available. This
has enabled the HV design and manufacturing of extremely compact equipment with optimised usage of material,
lower Life Cycle Assessment, high operational reliability and safety, minimised fire load, and high availability.
For medium voltage up to 72kV, vacuum switchgear are already available on the market as an alternative to SF6
The critical issue is still the ability to design general purpose SF6-free equipment with the same performance,

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2015

SC A3

Compact 550 kV spring operated gas insulated switchgears

550 kV AC filter bank circuit breaker

functionality and compactness as SF6 equipment. The first pilot circuit breaker and GIS applications based on
vacuum, CO2 and other gas mixture technologies have been installed in the field to gain confidence in application
of new technology to the highvoltage range between 72.5 kV and 170 kV. However, the Global Warming Potential
(GWP) of SF6 alone is not adequate to measure the environmental impact of electric power equipment. The
environmental impact of any specific application should be evaluated and compared using, for example, Life Cycle
Assessment. (See TB589 published by WG A3.27).

CIGRE International surveys on DS and ES requirements


With respect to Disconnecting switch (DS) and Earthing switch (ES) requirements, WG A3.28 recommended to
drop the upper limit of 1600 A for bus-transfer current switching, for UHV as well as EHV levels. IEC TC17/SC17A
has requested SC A3 to collect the requirements on DS Bus-transfer switching, DS Bus-charging switching and ES
Induced current switching at the rated voltages of 72.5-362 kV. About 150 data were submitted from Germany, Italy,
Netherlands, Thailand, Romania, China and Japan.

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DS Bus-transfer currents attain 3400 A at the rated voltage of 550 kV, 2430 A at 420 kV, 2660A at 300 kV, 2560 A
at 245 kV, 1820 A at 170 kV and 1930 A at 72 kV not exceeding the current of 4000 A. Ninety (90) percent values
exceed 1600 A for the rated currents higher than 3000 A for the rated voltages of 72.5-500 kV. Therefore SC A3
recommends that the requirement for DS Bus-transfer currents should be 80 % of the rated currents for the rated
voltages of 72kV and above. Since there is still a slight discrepancy between the requirements and IEC62271-102,
SC A3 will continuously investigate the field experience as much as possible.

2015

SC A3

Even though DS Bus-charging currents at 420 kV AIS exceeds the existing standard value in one country, most of
the currents at the rated voltages from 123 kV to 550 kV, especially for GIS applications, are covered by the standard
values.
Both Electromagnetically & Electrostatically ES Induced currents significantly exceed the standard values,
especially for the cases of higher nominal current. CIGRE will further investigate the field experience concerning
whether such ESs have any reliability problems on the requirements.

DS Bus-transfer currents exceed 1600A for the rated currents higher than 3000 A

CIGRE Green book project


CIGRE has decided to launch a collection of scientific and technical books for all 16 of the Study committees to
assemble the core of the members knowledge beyond the present publications (ELECTRA, TBs, Session papers),
mainly aiming to provide technical and field experience on power system issues for engineers and students who
are willing to purse the subject or need the information. In 2014, SC B1 and B2 published CIGRE Green books on
cables and overhead lines, respectively. SC A3 plans to publish its first Green Book on switchgear in 2018, which will
cover switching phenomena, different technologies of various switching equipment (AC and DC circuit breakers,
disconnecting switches, earthing switches) and their application, as well as the historical development of such
devices. This is intended to be a relevant textbook on switchgear for young engineers as well as students in electrical
engineering.

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2015

Insulated cables
Pierre Argaut/Chairman SC B1 & Alain Gille/Secretary SC B1

SC B1

1. SC B1 Scope and membership


The first Study Committee dealing with Power Cables was founded in 1927 under the designation of SC2. It became
SC 21 in 1967 and SC B1 in 2002, as one of the five Study Committees dealing with subsystems (SC B). In 2017, SCB1
will celebrate 90 years of existence. This celebration will take place in New Delhi, India, in October 2017.
For the Celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Study Committee in Paris (2012), Chairman Aldo Bolza recalled
that Insulated cables were addressed by CIGRE from the very beginning, starting with a discussion in the 1921 Session
under the heading construction of lines and the sub heading underground and submarine lines. The main subjects
foreseen for such discussion were
(i) utilization limits of single and mufti core cables for AC and DC,
(ii) determination of electric constants
(iii) after-laying tests .
Nearly 95 years later, all these topics are still present in the main areas of activity of the Study Committee on
Insulated Cables.
SC B1 (21) had dedicated a large part of its activities to technical work and has issued a large number of documents,
including recommendations to prepare IEC standardization. The most recent examples are TB 490 and 623 on Testing
of submarine cables, TB 496 and 622 on Testing of HVDC extruded Cable Systems or TB 538 on Testing of HTS Cable
Systems. The field of activity of SC B1 is the development and operation of all types of AC and DC insulated cable
systems for Land and Submarine Power Transmission. It covers MV (one new Working Body is dedicated to MV cables
and most part of existing WGs are applicable to MV), HV and EHV applications.
Within this field of activity, all issues concerning all steps of the whole life cycle of cable systems are addressed:
theory, design, applications, manufacture, installation, testing, operation, maintenance, remaining life management,
upgrading and removal.

Construction
Testing

Operation

Construction, installation
Operation,
maintenance,
reliability

Cable &
Accessories
design

Design

System design

Monitoring
diagnostics

Rating, ampacity

Removal

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The previous annual reports of SC B1 [Electra 261][Electra 267][Electra 273][Electra 279] have reported that the
Strategic Directions of SC B1 have been fully aligned on the four Technical Directions adopted by the Technical
Committee of Cigre [Electra 249 and 256] and all the activities of the Study Committee B1 are organized accordingly:

2015

At the end of 2015, the membership of SC B1 is 24 regular members and 14 Observer Members.

SC B1

Working Groups
Each year, new Working Groups are launched to address each of the four Technical Directions [Electra 249]:
Technical Direction 1: The electrical power system of the future,
Technical Direction 2: Making best use of the existing power system,
Technical Direction 3: Focus on environment and sustainability,
Technical Direction 4: Communication on power system issues for decision-makers.
The new work items are decided by the SC members present at the Annual Study Committee Meeting. Following
decision of the Study Committee, the Terms Of Reference (TOR) are most often prepared by Task Forces.
The proposals of New Work Items submitted to the Study Committee are prepared by the Customer Advisory
Group (CAG) and formally established by the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) of the Study Committee. Each Region
of the World is represented in the CAG to gather the needs of the Regional Target Groups. At each CIGRE Session,
questionnaires are proposed during the Group Discussion Meeting to identify the needs of the Target Groups of the
Study Committee.
At the end of 2015, 1 JWG and 19 WG are at work to cover the Four Technical Directions.

Sessions/Colloquia/Symposia
The Preferential Subjects for CIGRE Sessions are proposed to address these Technical Directions in order to collect
International contributions to each of them. For the Session, one Special Reporter prepares a Special Report for the
Group Discussion Meeting with around 15 questions. 50 prepared contributions are accepted to allow enough time
for spontaneous contributions. One or two invited contributions from other SCs or Organizations give additional
information to B1 Audience.

2. Recently completed work and publications


2.1. Published in 2015 and early 2016
Publication date

Electra and Technical


Brochure

WG number

Name of the Publication

JWG B1/B3.33

Feasibility of a common, dry type


Availability on eCigre:
interface for GIS and Power cables
January 2015
of 52 kV and above

Electra 279
Technical Brochure 605

WG B1.11

Upgrading and uprating of existing Availability on eCigre:


cable systems
January 2015

Electra 279
Technical Brochure 606

WG B1.40

Offshore Generation Cable Connection

Availability on eCigre:
February 2015

Electra 280
Technical Brochure 610

WG B1.42

Testing of transition joints between


Availability on eCigre:
HVDC cables with lapped and exJune 2015
truded insulation up to 500 kV

Electra 281
Technical Brochure 622

WG B1.43

Recommendations for mechanical Availability on eCigre:


testing of submarine cables
June 2015

Electra 281
Technical Brochure 623

WG B1.35

Guide for rating calculations of HV Availability on eCigre:


cables
December 2015

Electra 284
Technical Brochure 640

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2015

SC B1

2.2. Publications to come in 2016


WG number

Name of the Publication

Expected Publication date

WG B1.37

Guide for the operation of fluid filled cable


systems

Expected Availability on eCigre: March 2016

WG B1.28

On-site Partial Discharge Assessment of HV


and EHV cable systems

Expected Availability on eCigre: June 2016

WG B1.34

Mechanical Forces in Large Cross Section


Expected Availability on eCigre: June 2016
Cable Systems

WB B1.36

Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Expected Availability on eCigre: November


Impact of Underground Cable Systems
2016

3. Main events 2015


3.1. Mumbai 2015
On 24th and 25th of February 2015, SC B1 participated to the 4th Interactive Workshop on High Voltage Cable
Systems and Accessories following three similar Workshops in India in the recent years (see for example Electra 274).
As usual, a presentation of SCB1 was made and two Tutorials were presented: 21.04 and B1.32 (TB 496).

3.2. Spring ICC meeting in Clearwater (12-15 April 2015)


In Spring ICC, the G10D (International Organizations) met on April 13th under the Chairmanship of Walter Zenger
and Harry Orton (Vice-Chair). After a welcome address by Walter Zenger, Chairman of the Group, an update of
CIGRE SC B1 activities was given (P.Argaut). The available SC B1 Tutorials were presented by SB1 TAG Leader (W.
Boone). After a presentation of the activities of WG B1.34 (Mechanical Forces in Large Cross Section Cable Systems, at
the final stage) by D. Johnson, the SC B1 US member (Mohammad Pasha) reminded the participation of the USNC in
SC B1 Working Bodies and presented the opportunities for US Cigre members to join new Cigre B1 WGs (especially
future B1.57 : Update of service experience of HV underground and submarine cable systems introduced by the
TOR prepared by Steve Swingler). Pierre Mirebeau (Liaison ICC/IEC and SC B1/IEC) presented IEC TC 20 activities.
Then Walter Zenger, Convener of the JWG B1/ICC gave an update of this important liaison between organizations
and closed the meeting.

3.3. Lund CIGRE Symposium (27-28 May 2015)


As reported in Electra 282, the Lund Symposium was held at the campus of Lund University in the last week of May
2015 and attracted 330 participants from 30 countries representing 6 continents. The theme was Across BoardersHVDC Systems and Market Integration. The Study Committees B4, C1, C2, C4 and C3, under the leadership of
C2, offered two days of paper sessions complemented by a pre-symposium tutorial session. SC B1, upon invitation
of the Organizing Committee, presented a tutorial especially prepared for the Symposium titled Prospects and
limitations in respect of future ratings of HVDC CABLES. This presentation is available on CIGRE B1 Website.

3.4. JICABLE (22-25 June 2015)


As recalled in Electra 284, JICABLE 2015 was a great success: more than 800 people from 47 Countries exchanged
their views and expectations at the 9th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables, that was held from 21st
to 25th June 2015 in Versailles (France). The International Scientific and Technical Committee (ISTC) was placed
under the Chairmanship of Marco Marelli. Jean Becker, Secretary of the ISTC, suddenly passed away in April 2015,
leaving our SC B1 community in a deep sorrow. The week was opened with lectures about the energy market in Brazil
and the electricity transmission infrastructure in Europe. The two lectures pointed to the need to think and develop
a sustainable electrical Network of the future and indicated a clear view of the global need for robust and reliable
transmission infrastructures. It is therefore not by chance that, among all, the subjects that attracted the most of the
326 submitted papers have been about Submarine cables, HVDC systems, Diagnosis and Testing. These topics had
the wider participation in the 50 oral sessions and 4 posters sessions during the week. The side events to the main

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conference were extremely interesting as well and included five tutorials, the Technical exhibition with 40 exhibitors,
three Technical visits to sites of interest and the workshops WETS15 and WETS D15. The closing session included a
round table about the state of the art of DC Cables and Systems Researches. The success of Jicable 15 confirmed that
this event is one of the leading worldwide forums for insulated power cables, and the outstanding technical level of the
conference further raised the expectations for next edition in 2019.

2015

SC B1

3.5. AORC: 11th meeting of AORC B1 in Sabah (Malaysia) August 2015


For the first time, the AORC B1 panel met in East Malaysia, during the AORC-CIGRE Technical Meeting in
Sabah (as reported in Electra 284). Previous meetings had been held in West Malaysia, Thailand, China, Korea,
India and Japan. The (Full) Technical Meeting organized by the Malaysian National Committee started on Monday
17th August and continued for the next 4 days. Some AORC-B1 members attended these sessions. The 11th AORC
B1 meeting was held on Wednesday 19th August. In a first Session, a report on the last meeting in TOKYO was
given after the welcome and introductions. The SC B1 member for Japan then made a presentation on the Paris
sessions in 2014 and the work done by SC B1 since the last meeting in Japan. In a second session, presentations
from the attending countries were made on current projects and topics. This included a report by the Australian B1
panel with details of a fire in a substation in New Zealand. In China, a 10 km tunnel with a DC 1000 MVA link is
planned. In Hong Kong, there is still growth in demand. In Japan, 2200 m lengths of 275 kV and 1900 m lengths of
500 kV cable are adopted. Recently, a 1000mm2 220 kV XLPE cable with a Pe./Al. moisture barrier sheath has been
chosen to replace a 1500 mm SCFF cable in a duct. The trend to undergrounding of overhead lines in Bangkok
for improved reliability, social and environmental reasons has been reported. A new tunnel project planned for 220
& 400 kV XLPE cable in Singapore has been presented. An update on the situation in Malaysia was given, where
there are 4 new 132 kV projects planned as well as a 275 kV and a possible 500 kV cable project. All these projects
have been designed with circuit lengths based on a maximum of 65 V for sheath voltages. Utilities have recently
had a problem with fault location and repair of an old O.F. submarine cable. The new DC link from Sumatra to
Peninsula Malaysia will be a 500 kV MI insulated cable rated at 600 MW in a mono-polar configuration. Indonesia
has only had a 1-2 % transmission line growth compared with a 6% growth in substations so there is a need for
more transmission upgrading. There is a new 35,000 MW generation plan and more islands are to be connected
with MV submarine cable.
A third session was dedicated to New designs of cables and accessories, installation and assembly methods for
cable systems and others where there were 5 presentations. One of these talked about the very innovative 150 kV
3 core submarine and land cables from Java to Bali. The Submarine cable has 8mm armour wires. The new design
of undergrounding in Bangkok with duct banks and HDD. The 24 kV and 69 kV cables selected currently do not
have metal sheaths. It was explained that the 2500 mm 275 kV cable recently type tested by Leader/Universal was
made on a CCV line.
The fourth and final session was on Deterioration, diagnostic and maintenance methods for cable systems
where there were 3 presentations in that session. The Thailand Transmission Utilitys presentation described their
DAC PD testing program, the Japaneses presentation explained the limitation of PD monitoring on HV cables
and there was discussion on Optical Fibers in cables for distributed temperature monitoring.
On reviewing the papers presented during the Technical Session it was agreed that some of these contributions
might be of value to AORC B1 members and it was agreed to include these in the presentation to members. In
particular, the Japanese paper on Termite protection and the German paper on HV testing during commissioning
were discussed. Everybody was invited around the table to collect views on whether the AORC B1 panel should
continue and what should be the issues of most significance to members. Finally, members voted to continue the
panel.
Next AORC B1 Panel/WG Meetings
At the close of the 11th AORC B1 meeting, the Thailand representative advised that the next CEPSI (Conference
on Electric Power Supply Industry) meeting would be held in Bangkok in October 2016 and so it was agreed to
see if it might be possible to have the next AORC meeting during that week in Bangkok. Currently it was therefore
proposed to hold the 12th Meeting of AORC B1 on the 25th Oct and technical visit on 26th Oct in Bangkok. It was also
announced that as the SC B1 meeting in 2017 would be held in New Delhi in 2017 on 10th October and the Indian
National Committee of CIGRE offered to hold the AORC B1 meeting at the same time. In this case the 13th meeting
of AORC B1 would most likely be held on Monday 9th Oct 2017 but this has yet to be confirmed.

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2015

SC B1

3.6. STRESA (ITALY) on August 26-28, 2015


The International Workshop on Innovative Electrical Networks for a Sustainable Development in Low Carbon
Scenarios was organized by the Italian CIGRE Committee and the Study Committee C3. There were numerous
interesting contributions to illustrate the Technical Directions of CIGRE (recalled in the introduction made by the
Chairman of CIGRE in his presentation). The presentation made by SCB1 is available on SCB1 Website.

3.7. D1 Colloquium in RIO on September 13-18, 2015


This event is reported in Electra 283 (Dec 2015).
The annual SC D1 meeting was held in conjunction with the CIGRE SC D1 Colloquium on Technology, Materials,
Testing and Diagnostics Applied to Electric Power Systems in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13 - 18 September 2015. The
colloquium was planned to have a strong focus on topics related to CIGRE SC B1. In total, 36 papers were presented
and 100 experts from 21 countries discussed topics in the following fields of interest:

Materials and electrical insulation systems (AC and DC)

Emerging test and diagnostic techniques

New insulating materials and testing methods for cables (AC and DC).
Four tutorials were presented in conjunction with the colloquium and were well attended. Two of them were
presented by SC B1:

Recommendations for testing of long AC submarine cables for extruded insulation for system voltage above 30
(36) to 500 (550) kV (TB 490) by Pierre Argaut

Recommendations for Testing of Superconducting Cables,(TB 538), presented by Wim Boone, current
convener of CIGRE SC B1 Tutorial Advisory Group and Liaison between SC B1 and SC D1.
In conjunction with the colloquium a technical visit to the high voltage and high power laboratories at the Electric
Energy Research Center (CEPEL) was organized. The participants were impressed by the large and well equipped
laboratories.
During this SCD1 annual meeting, it was agreed by SC B1 and SC D1 to do their best to hold a joint Colloquium
in Italy in 2021.

3.8. Fall ICC meeting in Tucson (1-4 November 2015)


After a welcome address by Walter Zenger, Chairman of the Group (the Vice Chairman is Harry Orton), presentations
on CIGRE, CIGRE SC B1 and SC D1 activities were made. The list of available SC B1 Tutorials was recalled by SC
B1 TAG Leader (W. Boone). The SC B1 US member (Mohammad Pasha) gave an update of the participation of the
USNC in SCB1 Working Bodies. The US and Canadian members of WG B1-54 and B1.51 made a presentation of the
activities of their Working Groups and the Convener of the JWG B1/ICC gave an update about the liaison between
organizations.

4. SC Committee meeting in Kristiansand (Norway)


The 71th meeting of SC B1 was held in Kristiansand (Norway) on September 1-2, 2015.
A technical visit of and a Tutorial Session were organized in conjunction with the event.
The meeting was well attended by regular members. The obligations of SC members and, in particular, their
commitment to attend SC meetings or, at least, to be officially replaced, were recalled. However, it is noteworthy that
this year, all the SC members and conveners were present or replaced with the exception of one SC member. During
the meeting several WG and Preparatory Task Forces were launched:

4.1. WG B1.54 Behavior of cable systems under large disturbances


(earthquake, storm, flood, fire, landslide, climate change)
The proposed Terms of Reference are:

Assess extent of damage to the cable system categorized by event and voltage class,

Document the repairs carried out,

List spares required for deployment,

Recommend measures to mitigate damage severity,

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Recommend cable and accessory design changes,

Recommend installation improvements, for example, alternative cable duct designs, to use or not to use direct
buried cables and to include cable snaking or not,

Suggest test protocols specific for each major disturbance, for example seismic situations, reference industry and
academic investigations,

Whenever possible visit utilities and sites to gain first-hand knowledge of events,

Evaluate existing international and domestic standards for their relevance to cable systems due to large
disturbances, for example IEEE Standard 693-2005 on Recommended Practices for Seismic Design of Substations

Make contact with storm centers around the world to assess availability and advantages of early warning systems.
The Convener of this WG is Harry Orton (CA).

2015

SC B1

4.2. WG B1.55 Recommendations for additional testing for submarine cables


from 6 kV (Um = 7.2 kV) up to 60 kV (Um = 72.5 kV)
A UK regional WG had been launched to develop guidelines for wet type cables up to 72.5 kV, for use on offshore
wind farms. This WG under Cigre UK might not publish its work as a Cigre document and submitted it to the Cigre
SC B1. As this topic had never been proposed nor approved during any SC previous meeting, the SC had not worked
on this topic yet. SC B1 concluded that a new work item had to be considered and a WG dedicated to this subject was
set up for a two-year period. The Convener of this WG is Marc Jeroense (SE).

4.3. WG B1.56 Cable ratings verification .


As it is rather difficult to verify calculations made by calculation tools, especially when these tools provide transient
or dynamic ratings, or real life situations which are not precisely covered by IEC, the WG B1.35 (TB 640) recommended
helping the cable community by setting up a uniform calculation verification protocol, which can be used to ensure a
correctly working software within a certain (limited) domain.
Proposed Terms of Reference:

Define the scope of the verification protocol (domain of applicability) in detail

Define a limited series of:
duty aspects (stationary current, dynamic current, harmonics,..)
cable systems (MV, HV, submarine cable, DC cable,.)
installation types (direct, pipe, tunnel, air,)

Make calculations for defined situations

Report calculation results in full detail

Establish verification protocol (how to verify a software with these calculations, and how to interpret differences)

Update B1.35 report
Frank de Wild (NL) will be the Convener of this WG, which is set up for a two-year period.

4.4. WG B1.57 Update of service experience of HV underground and


submarine cable systems
In 2009, the WG B1.10 published a Technical Brochure (TB 379) which collated survey data relating to the installed
quantities of underground and submarine cable systems rated at 60 kV and above together with the service experience/
performance of existing underground and submarine cable systems. The surveys covered a 5 year period ending
December 2005 for land cables and a 15 year period ending December 2005 for submarine cables. A new WG with the
following Terms of Reference has been launched: the Convener of this WG is Sren Mikkelsen from Denmark.
To update the service experience to the end of 2015, using a format comparable to earlier publications (where
possible). Published information is to include:

Land and submarine cables

Type of current (AC, DC)

Technology (the main designs of cables in use)

Mode of installation (Land Cables: direct burial, tunnels, troughs, duct banks and Submarine Cables: protected
or unprotected)

Internal and external faults

Number of faults per year
The voltage range will be limited to systems operating at 60 kV and above.

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At the time this report is made, all the TOR of these Working Groups have been duly approved by the Technical
Committee (January 2016).

4.5. TF B1.58 Diagnostic methods used in MV cable network

SC B1

The Polish member of SC B1, has sent a proposal for future work. Indeed DSO Companies are looking for possibility
to analyze condition of MV cables. They use diagnostics systems (PD and Tan delta). Poland has good experience in
this area. It would be good to connect knowledge from different DSOs. The Polish SC B1 panel believes that it will be
very helpful and useful to launch a WG/TF. The scope would cover the following topics:

Diagnostic methods used in MV cable network

Cable diagnostics requirements in electrical tests after installation and after repair

Diagnostics in assessing technical condition of the cable line

Management of data received from diagnostic tests.
SC B1 decided to set up a TF on this topic for a one year period. The TF should discuss whether or not to establish
a Working Body on this matter. Decision will be taken during 2016 Study Committee meeting in Paris. The Convener
of this Task Force is Slawomir Noske from Poland.

4.6. TF B1.59 Possible systems design issues


The SC decided to set up a TF on this topic for a one year period. The TF should discuss whether or not to establish
a Working Group on this matter. Decision will be taken in next Study Committee meeting in Paris (2016).
Kieron Leeburn (ZA) is the Convener of this preparatory Task Force.

4.7. TF B1.60 Update of the TB 279 Maintenance


The SC decided to set up a TF on this topic for a one year period. The TF should discuss whether or not to establish
a Working Group to update TB 279 dated August 2005. Decision will be taken in next Study Committee meeting in
Paris (2016). Wim Boone (NL) is the Convener of this preparatory Task Force.

4.8. JWG B4/B1.73 Surge and extended overvoltage testing of HVDC Cable
Systems
During the SC meeting, it was expected that the SC B4 will suggest in the coming weeks to launch a JWG about
surges and extended overvoltages for extruded DC cable systems. Several Countries could appoint members for this
JWG and Sweden could propose a convener. After discussion within the Technical Committee, JWG B4/B1/C4.73 has
been launched and the TOR have been approved by the Technical Committee Chairman. The Convener of this JWG
is Markus Saltzer from Sweden.

5. Current technical activities


Working Bodies in activity in addition to the newly launched Working Bodies are as follows. Detailed Information
regarding these Working Groups is given in Electra 279 (April 2015). Their current status is:
WG B1.36 Life cycle assessment and environmental impact of underground cable systems
Aude Laurens from France is the Convener of the Working Group.
The final report for publication is expected for the second half of 2016.
WG B1.38 After laying tests on AC and DC cable systems with new technologies
The convener of this WG is Mark Fenger from Canada,
The final report is expected to be circulated for final review by SC B1 in 2016.
WG B1.41 Long term performance of soil and backfill of cable systems .
The convener is Walter Zenger from United States. The progress is good.
The final report for publication is expected to be circulated to SC B1 in 2016 for publication in 2017.
WG B1.44 Work under Induced Voltages and Induced Currents + Link Boxes
Caroline Bradley from Great Britain is the Convener of this Working Group.

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The final report is expected to be circulated within SC B1 in 2017.

2015

WG B1.45 Thermal monitoring of cable circuits and grid operators use of dynamic rating systems
The convener of the Working Group is Blandine Hennuy from Belgium.
The final report is expected for circulation within the Study Committee before December 2016.

SC B1

WG B1.46 Conductor Connectors: Mechanical and Electrical Test.


The convener of B1.46 is Milan Uzelac from the United States. The progress is good.
The final report is expected in 2016.
WG B1.47 Implementation of Long Length HV & EHV cable systems
Ken Barber from Australia is the convener of this WG.
Both AC and DC will be considered.
The final report is expected for June 2016.
WG B1.48 Trenchless technologies
Eugene Bergin from Ireland is the convener of this Working Group.
The progress is good. Four TFs have been established:

Ploughing
HDD


Pipe Jacking

Microtunnel
The final report is expected for June 2017.
JWG B1/B3.49 Standard design of a common, dry type plug-in interface for GIS and power cables up to 145 kV
The convener of this JWG is Pierre Mirebeau from France
Due to late nominations, the first meeting took place on October 8th 2015.
In the same time, the IEC 62271-209 is being revised. Care is given to the parallel work. The final report is expected
in 2017/18.
WG B1.50 SVL and bonding systems (design, testing, operation and monitoring)
Tiebin Zhao from the United States is the Convener of this WG. The first meeting took place in June 2015.
The final report is expected for 2017/2018.
WG B1.51 Fire issues for insulated cable installed in air
Paolo Maioli from Italy is the Convener of this WG.
The final report is expected in 2017.
WG B1.52 Fault Location on Land and Submarine Links (AC & DC)
Robert Donaghy (IE) is the Convener of this WG.
The progress is good.
The final report is expected for 2017.
In addition to the SC B1 Working Groups, there are several Working Bodies where B1 experts are among the WG
members to provide their expertise in Cable Systems. These WGs are:

JWG B4/B1/C4.73 Surge and extended overvoltage testing of HVDC Cable Systems (as mentioned in 4.8)

JWG C3/B2/B1/13 Environmental issues of HV transmission lines for rural and urban areas

JWG C4/B4.38 Network Modeling for Harmonic Studies

JWG D1/B1.49 Harmonized test for the measurement of residual inflammable gases in insulating materials by
gas chromatography

WG D1.54 Basic principles and practical methods to measure the AC and DC resistance of conductors of power
cables and overhead lines

WG D1.63 Partial Discharge detection under DC voltage stress.

6. Main meetings and events in 2016



AORC-CIGRE Technical meeting (New Delhi 24-26 February 2016)

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Spring ICC (Fort-Lauderdale 3-7 April 2016)

UHV Colloquium ( Montreal 9-11 May 2016)

SEERC Conference (Portoroz 7-8 June 2016)

C4 Colloquium (Bologna 27-29 June 2016)

CIGRE Session (Paris 21-26 August 2016)

CMD 2016International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis(XiAn 25-28 September 2016)

AORC B1 Panel (Bangkok 25-26 October 2016) in conjunction with CEPSI

Fall ICC Meeting (Scottsdale: Oct30-Nov2)

11th annual conference of CIGRE Canada (Vancouver, 17-19 October 2016).

7. Tutorials
In compliance with Technical Direction TD4, SC B1 offered in 2015 various tutorials all along 2015 in India
(Mumbai), Sweden (Lund), France (Versailles), Norway (Kristiansand), and Brazil (Rio).
By the end of 2015, the list of validated Tutorials is
Ref

WG

Title

ELT 169

21.04

Criteria for electrical stress design of HV cables

Available

TB 177

21.06

Accessories for HV Cables with Extruded Insulation

Available

TB 194

21.17

Construction, Laying and Installation techniques

Available

TB 228

B1.07

Statistics of Underground Cables in Power Networks

Available

TB 247

B1.02

TB 250

21.19

Technical and Environmental Issues regarding the Integration of a new


HV Cable System in the Network
Amendment: Environmental Impact Assessment

Available

TB 268

B1.05

Lightning Impulse Transients on Long Cables

Available

TB 272

B1.03

TB 279

B1.04

Maintenance for HV Cables and Accessories

Available

TB 283

21.18

Special Bonding of High Voltage Power Cables

Available

TB 303

B1.06

Revision of Qualification Procedures for High Voltage and Extra High


Voltage AC Extruded Underground Cable Systems

Available

TB 347

B1.26

Earth Potential Rises in Specially Bonded Screen Systems

Available

TB 358

B1.09

Remaining Life Management and Replacement Program for HV Cables

Available

TB 379

B1.10

Updating of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine


Cable Systems

Available

TB 398

B1.21

Third Party Damage to Underground and Submarine Cables

Available

No. 285 - April 2016

a) Thermal Monitoring of UG cables


b) DCR Dynamic Cable Rating

a) Large Cross-sections
b) Composite Screen Design

Available

Available

TB 415

B1.24

Tests procedures for HV Transition Joints (30 500 kV)

Available

TB 446

B1.25

Advanced Design of Metal Laminated Coverings

Available

TB 476

B1.22

Cable Accessory Workmanship

Available

TB 490

B1.27

Recommendations for testing of long AC submarine cables for extruded


insulation for system voltage above 30 (36) to 500 (550) kV

Available

TB 496

B1.32

Recommendations for testing DC extruded cable systems for power


transmission at a rated voltage up to 500 kV

Available

TB 531

B1.30

Cable Systems Electrical Characteristics

Available

TB 538

B1.31

Recommendations for Testing of Superconducting Cables

Available

TB 559

B1.23

Impact of EMF on Current Ratings and Cable Systems

Available

TB 560

B1.29

Guidelines for maintaining the integrity of XLPE cable accessories

Available

TB 610

B1.40

Off shore generation cable connections

Available

B1.42

Testing of transition joints between HVDC cables with lapped and with
extruded insulation up to 500kV

Available

TB 622
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TB 640

B1.35

Guide for rating calculations of HV cables

Pending

TB 623

B1.43

Recommendations for mechanical testing of submarine cables

Pending

Feasibility study of a common dry type interface for GIS power cable of
52 kV and above

Pending

TB 605

B1/B3.33

2015

SC B1

8. Conclusion
Since 2010, Study Committee B1 has fully aligned its Technical Strategies with the four Technical Directions of the
Technical Committee of CIGRE (Electra 249). SC B1 Working Groups are currently working in these four directions.
Sessions Preferential Subjects are also proposed to collect International contributions to each of them. Most of the
Working Groups of SC B1 are dealing with Technical Direction 1 (Network of the Future) and more and more are also
covering Distribution Cable Systems.
Emphasis is given to Technical Directions 3 (Focus on Environment and Sustainability) and 4 (Produce unbiased
information for non-technical audience). Technical Brochure 610 about Offshore Generation Cable Connection is
an example of such unbiased information. A tutorial is available. It has been delivered at Jicable 2015 together with
other SCB1 Tutorials. The three Preferential Subjects proposed for Session 2016 cover the four Technical Directions.40
reports have been accepted. The Special Reporter for the 2016 Session is Walter Zenger from the United States. His
report will be available in May and will give some practical details regarding the Discussion Group Meeting. Future
work by SCB1 is decided by the Study Committee Members attending the SC B1 meeting on recommendation of the
Strategic Advisory Group. Most of proposals for further work are established by the Customer Advisory Group which
is the link of SCB1 to its Target Groups through questionnaires distributed during Discussion Group Meetings in
CIGRE Sessions and through direct links to the CAG members covering all continents.
At present almost 330 cable experts are participating to this task with 460 contributions. Many high technical value
publications (around 200) are available on e-cigre. Tutorials sessions have been organized and proposals are made by
the Tutorial Advisory Group (TAG) of SC B1 to disseminate this information worldwide. In 2015, more than 5 Tutorial
Sessions have been given. Several ones are being scheduled in 2016.
Any further information is currently available on SC B1s website: http://b1.cigre.org

IN MEMORIAM
BECKER Jean
Jeans birthday is 30 August 1938. He got a diploma as Electrical engineer AIM AILG in Electronics
and Electro-technique from the University of LIEGE in Belgium as: Master of Science in Engineering.
From 1964 to 2003 he has been in the Electrical Cable Business: involved in the development and
testing of all kinds of cables (low, medium and high voltage, communication cables, special cables), in
the manufacturing of low, MV, HV and EHV cables, in the development and testing of HV and EHV
accessories in the design of HV and EHV links, and installation of HV and EHV cables. He was the
Competence Center Manager of the Extra High Voltage Cables for the Nexans Group during the last ten
years of his career. Since 1978, he was a member of IEC TC20-WG16, dealing with the international specifications of low, medium high and
extra high voltage cables, accessories and cable systems. Since 1985 he was active in CIGRE as an expert in HV and EHV cable systems. He
has been the Convener of two major CIGRE Working Groups 21.09 (After Laying Tests on High Voltage Extruded Insulation Cable Systems
which published in Electra 173) and B1.06 (Revision of qualification procedures for HV & EHV AC extruded underground cable systems
which published TB 303 in August 2006) and he contributed to several other CIGRE WGs as an expert or as Secretary (WG B1.25, TB 446).
Jean suddenly passed away in April 2015.He was then the Secretary of the International Scientific and Technical Committee of JICABLE
2015.
We all deeply miss Him.
SC B1

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2015

Overhead lines
By Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou, Chairman SC B2

SC B2

The main highlight of the year for SC B2 was the Study Committee meeting in Cape Town, in connection with the very
successful CIGRE-IEC International Symposium entitled Development of Electricity Infrastructures on Sub-Saharan
Africa. SC B2 comprises members from 22 countries plus observers from 15 countries. Seven Advisory Groups help to
coordinate 21 working groups and two joint working groups (B1.B2.C3.13 Environmental issues and D2.B2.39 Optical
fibres), with a total 534 members from 41 countries.
Four Technical Brochures and two papers for the CIGRE Science & Engineering Journal (CSE) were published in 2015:
TB 631: Coatings for protecting overhead power network equipment in winter conditions
TB 638: Guide to overall line design
TB 643: Guide to the operation of conventional conductor systems above 100C
TB 645: Meteorological data for assessing climatic loads on overhead lines
Evaluation of 500kV High Surge Impedance Loading (HSIL) transmission lines solutions concerning electric
fields and line parameters, CSE, issue No. 2, June 2015
Wind induced motion on bundle conductors (excluding galloping), CSE, issue No. 2, June 2015
SC B2 is structured according to the following three strategic directions:
Acceptability of new OHL
Capacity of existing OHL
Reliability and availability of all OHL
which are linked with the following four key technical areas of expertise:
Electrical performance
Towers, insulators and foundations
Mechanical behavior of conductors and fittings
Asset management, reliability, availability.
SC B2s activities in these four key technical areas are described in more detail in the following sections.

Electrical performance
In 2015, as in previous years, the emphasis in technical advisory group TAG4 was on the Electrical Performance aspects
of designing, analyzing and utilizing new materials and techniques in the design of new lines and increasing the utilization
and reliability of existing overhead transmission lines. The main topics include modifications of existing lines to raise
thermal capacity and to increase electrical limits related to voltage drop and surge impedance loading. We continue to
be concerned with improving existing analytical tools to maintain electrical clearances at high temperature, optimizing
the design of new lines, and ensuring electrical safety through analysis of step potential calculations. To accomplish this
wide spectrum of activities, a total of seven approved working groups were active in 2015, while the work of two recently
disbanded groups was published, yielding an article for CSE and a new technical brochure.
WG B2.38 completed a paper - Evaluation of 500kV High Surge Impedance Loading (HSIL) transmission lines
solutions concerning electric fields and line parameters - which was published in CSE in June 2015. The monopole
tower shown in the photograph uses guyed supports with a single lattice pole and structural parts between phases. To
achieve a natural capacity (SIL) of 1200 MW, a combination of light compaction and semi-expanded bundles were
used.

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WG B2.42 completed its Guide to operation of conventional conductor systems above 100C which was published
in 2016. It is intended to provide improved tools for evaluating creep and annealing when pushing older lines to much
higher than original design temperatures without reconductoring. Issues such as high temperature aluminum creep
elongation and annealing are quantified.
WG B2.51 was studying methods for the Optimized design of overhead transmission lines including the results of
its questionnaire in the newly published technical brochure TB 638. Their work was completed in 2015. The bar chart
compares line cost breakdown by component for 7 different designs in North America.

SC B2

% Breakdown of line costs for North American projects


60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
345kV, DC 2
CUMBERLAND,
240km

120kV, DC, 1
CURLEW, 30km

69kV, SC, 1 DRAKE,


19km

138kV, SC, 1
Suwannee, 55km

138kV, SC, 1
FALCON, 36km

345kV, DC, 2
Cardinal, 237km

345kV, DC, 2 Rail,


33km

TOTAL MATERIAL COST CONSTRUCTION COST DESIGN COSTS LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL COST

WG B2.55 is expanding and refining the existing technical brochure TB 244 on Conductors for line uprating to
consider newer types of high temperature conductor and to incorporate references to recent CIGRE B2 technical brochures
on sag-tension, ac resistance, and thermal rating calculations. This working group should complete their work in 2016.
WG B2.56 is concerned mainly with the safety aspects of Ground potential rise at overhead AC transmission line
structures during faults. The group has met on five occasions since its founding in 2013 and is scheduled to complete its
work in 2016.
WG B2.59 held its first meeting in Paris in 2014. It is concerned with the prediction of variable overhead line thermal
ratings and requires the involvement of line design, system operations, and meteorologists. It is unique in that it cooperates
with a parallel task force of IEEE Subcommittee 15.11 on Overhead Lines.
Two new working groups in this technical area met for the first time in 2015, WG B2.62 on the design and analysis of
compact HVDC lines and WG B2.63 on the design and analysis of compact HVAC lines.

Towers, insulators and foundations


Two new Working Groups were approved and had their first meetings in 2015:
WG B2.61 Transmission line structures with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and:
WG B2.65 Detection, prevention and repair of sub-surface corrosion in overhead line supports, anchors and
foundations
Two technical brochures are in the final stage of preparation and are expected to be published in 2016:
WG B2.23 Dynamic loading on foundations and
WG B2.24 Qualification of Overhead line supports under static and dynamic loads
WG B2.57 Survey of operational composite insulators - experience & applications. The main objective of this Group
is precisely to review the application of Composite Insulators and their performance in service.
WG.B2.61 Transmission line structures with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Traditional materials
have been working well for a long time in transmission line projects. However, emerging new fibre reinforced polymer
(FRP) materials show great benefits for the electrical industry, addressing many of the challenges utilities currently face.

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Some of these new materials have considerable durability, environmental friendliness, timely structure delivery and good
quality material availability. The aim of this new group is to collect the experiences of utilities around the world with the
use of such materials.

SC B2

Full FRP H-frame

FRP lattice structure

WG.B2.65 - Detection, prevention and repair of sub-surface corrosion in overhead line Supports, anchors and
foundations.
Metallic grillage type foundations and stay anchors involving direct steel to soil contact have been used successfully by
many utilities in different regions. There are, however, a number of instances where the severity of subsurface corrosion
has resulted in catastrophic failures (figure 4), and/or expensive restoration programs in affected lines. The aim of this
Working Group is to prepare a report on the causes of subsurface corrosion, and to study the failure mechanisms, detection,
prevention and repair techniques of affected line structures and/or foundations.
The Customer Advisory Group (CAG) addressed new topics for TAG5 as a result of a recent survey carried out.
After appreciation and discussion among TAG5 members, two Terms of Reference (TOR) for new groups are under
preparation:
Assessment and testing of wood poles
Foundations for difficult soil and geological conditions

Mechanical behavior of conductors and fittings


TAG 06 covers the mechanical behaviour of conductors and fittings and, in particular, aspects of designing, analysing
and utilizing new materials and techniques in the design of lines, and increasing the utilization and reliability of existing
overhead transmission lines. Recently, TAG6 has been working on conductor fatigue and repair, vibration mitigation when
there are surge arresters and has looked at the performance of non-conventional conductors. It is also working on the
installation and handling of fittings.
WG B2.46 completed its activities in 2015 and a paper on Modelling of conductor vibrations was published in
CSE, covering the work done on aeolian vibrations and sub-span oscillations of bundled conductors, plus the work done
previously on modelling of a single conductor, single conductors plus damper, and single conductors strung at relatively
high tensile load.
WG B2.47 completed a final draft of the Guide on remedial actions for repair of conductors. The draft will be sent
to reviewers and the brochure is expected to be completed in 2016.

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SC B2

Fatigue failure at suspension clamp

Damage from loose AWM

WG B2.48 also completed a draft on Experience with the mechanical performance of non-conventional conductors
which was reviewed in 2015 and sent to SC members and observers for comments at the end of 2015. The brochure is
expected to be completed early in 2016.
WG B2.49 completed a brochure on Safe design tensions for single conductors fitted with elastomer cushioned
suspension units in 2015. The brochure should be published at the beginning of 2016.
WG B2.50 is working on the preparation of a TB on Correct handling and installation of fittings and conductors.
Completion of the work is expected in 2017.
The focus of WG B2.58 is on the Self-damping characterization of High Temperature Low Sag conductors. This
WG is particularly interesting since it generates and makes available new data on the subject. It is expected to complete its
work in 2018.
Task Force B2.06.7 is examining the Interaction of vibration dampers with surge arresters. It is about to complete a
paper on the subject at the beginning of 2016, which will be published in CSE journal.

Flexible disconnect lead and arrester


as originally installed

Flexible disconnect lead failed after


seven years in service

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SC B2

Two WGs and one TF are expected to complete their work in 2016. A new Working Group was proposed in 2015 on Safe
handling of HTLS conductors, which are increasingly common on the market. Approval should be obtained in early 2016.
Another proposal is under preparation on Conductor sustainability, since many lines throughout the world have now
exceeded their expected life. Other topics are also being evaluated for a third WG.

Asset management, reliability, availability


Technical Advisory Group (TAG) 07 deals with a wide range of engineering topics, from electrical to civil, with an impact
on the reliability, availability and life cycle of overhead transmission lines.
Technical Brochures Published in 2015
Since the last Study Committee B2 annual report, two Technical Brochures have been published, whilst several others are
in the process of submission for final approval for publishing by the Technical Committee:
Technical Brochure 645 - Meteorological data for assessing climatic loads on overhead lines
The theme of TB 645 is to compile and restructure updated meteorological knowledge for the purpose of application
in international standards, paying particular attention to wind turbulence in steep terrain, weather models and field
observations of ice loads. Atmospheric icing is already described in detail in Cigr TB 291 (2006) Guidelines for
meteorological icing models, statistical methods and topographical effects. This new brochure updates some information
concerning ice load measurements and modelling, especially of wet snow accretion, and the application of numerical
weather prediction models for analyses of wet snow and rime ice accretions on electric overhead line conductors. This TB
was published earlier this year and is available via the e-cigre website.
Technical Brochure 631 - Coatings for protecting
overhead power network equipment in winter
conditions
This TB presents techniques for protecting transmission
lines from ice and snow accretion through the use of
active coatings, or passive coatings with self-cleaning and
super-hydrophobic/icephobic properties, these being
particularly attractive for application on insulators in
contaminated environments. The ice-repelling qualities
of coatings (i.e. ice-phobicity) may reduce the risk of
insulator flashovers. Ice-phobic coatings are also of
interest for application to conductors and supporting
structures in order to reduce mechanical loads due to
ice accretion in winter periods. The application of superhydrophobic coatings to conductors may also have the potential to reduce audible noise, radio interference and corona
loss on high voltage transmission lines. Before applying this new breed of coatings, utilities need to be confident in their
performance and life expectancy. It is therefore vital to identify suitable test methods, which can be included in a functional
specification, to qualify advanced coatings as part of the procurement process. Furthermore it is also important to consider
all aspects of applying and maintaining the coating to ensure that its benefits outweigh the total life cycle costs and that the
performance of the power system is not in any way placed at risk.
Working Group Activity in 2015 Development of Technical Brochures
WG B2.40 Calculations of the electrical distances between live parts and obstacles for OHL: Preparatory studies for
revision of IEC standard (IEC61865 IEC60826 EN50341)
WG 40 is reviewing the approach to electrical and mechanical loading combinations in the calculation of electric
distances between live parts. Work on the final technical brochure progressed via a series of internet-based meetings in
November, to discuss aspects of the TB and the questionnaire response analysis. Work is progressing well and it is hoped
the final document can be submitted for review later in 2016.
WG B2.45 Bushfire characteristics and potential impacts on Overhead Line Performance
This study group reviews the characteristics of wild fires in varying vegetation types, terrain, and associated climatic
influences, and the criteria for flashover to occur during fires in close proximity to overhead lines. The work of the group
is largely complete and the draft document will be submitted to reviewers by mid 2016.

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WG B2.52 The use of robotics in assessment and maintenance of OHL
In order to maintain or increase the reliability of aging OHLs, new robotic technologies are becoming available to assess
and diagnose the condition of various OHL components. This WG is reviewing recent developments and will summarise
the potential benefits of the increased use of robotics by utilities. It is anticipated that a draft document will be reviewed
shortly which will allow final publication in 2016.
WG B2.53 Management guidelines for outsourcing OHTL technical expertise
This study will present guidelines on how to achieve the right balance between outsourcing vs. maintaining in-house
technical expertise. In addition, the study will present some best practices for transferring in-house expertise to, and
retention of, new engineers and field personnel that do not have an overhead transmission line background. The WG
distributed a survey in May 2013. We received responses from 20 Asset Owners in 12 countries and 18 Service Providers
in 6 countries. The WG is currently aiming to have the final publication of the TB and Electra report ready by the SC B2
meeting in Paris in 2016.

2015

SC B2

JWG C3/B2/B1.13 Environmental issues of high voltage transmission lines for rural and urban areas
The aim of this Joint Working Group of B2 and C3 is to create a reference document to enable transmission companies
and others to understand how these issues are dealt with in other countries. The aim is to advance the work already done in
previous CIGRE Technical Brochures, especially TB 147 and TB 50. Work is on-going and the overall aim is to have a draft
TB ready for review by the Paris 2016 meeting.

Customer Advisory Group (CAG)


In the course of 2015, the CAG reviewed the following six new work proposals:
Transmission line structures with fibre reinforced (FRP) composites: new WG B2.61 formed
Design of compact HVDC Lines: new WG B2.62 formed
Compact AC transmission lines: new WG B2.63 formed
Inspection and testing of equipment and training for live-line work on overhead lines: a new WG B2.64 formed
Detection, prevention and repair of sub-surface corrosion in overhead line structures: new WG B2.65 formed
Safe handling and installation guide for HTLS conductors: in development
Responses from the 2014 CAG survey continue to be analysed and new work proposals are being formulated based on
the needs of the SC B2 target groups. CAG will issue notifications to all the survey responders informing them what is being
done within SC B2 to address their needs.

Tutorials and conferences in 2015


In Krakow, three tutorials were presented: (1) Rating, uprating & reconductoring existing overhead lines; (2) Real-time
monitoring & rating of overhead lines (TB498) and; (3) Optimal design of new transmission lines (WG51).
In Capetown, tutorials were presented on Thermal rating and real time monitoring of overhead lines, Evaluation
of 500kV High Surge Impedance Loading (HSIL) Transmission Lines Solutions concerning electric fields and line
parameters, Dynamic effects on overhead transmission lines - impact on supports and foundations, Wind induced
motion on bundle conductors (excluding galloping), Remedial actions for repair of conductors and on Safe design
tensions for conductors fitted with elastomer cushioned suspension units.
In addition, a general tutorial on Overhead conductor motion phenomena and control methods was presented at
CIGRE Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and TB598, on Guidelines for the management of risks associated with
severe events and climate change on overhead lines in Bucharest, Romania.
SC B2 was also active in 2015, through the following events:
International Conference on Overhead Lines, 89 April, New Delhi, India (Conference Chair and tutorial)
AORC-CIGRE Technical Meeting 2015, 16-21 August, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (Keynote and two tutorials)
DEMSEE 2015; 10th Jubilee International Conference on Deregulated Electricity Market Issues in South Eastern
Europe, 24-25 September, Budapest, Hungary (Keynote)
More details (full list of Working Groups, terms of reference, strategic plan, list of publications, etc.) are available from
http://b2.cigre.org/ and www.cigre.org.

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

39

ELECTRA
CIGREs Bilingual Bimonthly Journal
for Power System Professionals

N 276 - Octobre / October 2014

Number of Issues:
6 / Year
Circulation:
11 000 copies

Inside

Readership:
14000 Power System Professionals
from 81 countries

Call for papers


International Symposium,
Cape Town October 26-30, 2015

Readership distribution
88% Companies
12% Educational bodies
Geographic representation
47% Europe
22% Americas
25% Pacific / Asia
6% Africa / Middle East

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CIGRE Communications
Email: estelle.tijou@cigre.org
Tel: +33 (0)1 53 89 12 95 - Fax: +33 (0)1 53 89 12 99
www.cigre.org

ELECTRA is the bilingual journal of the Association


A total of 6 ELECTRA issues are published per year.
The first one comes out in February and then every 2 months.
ELECTRA contents include results of work in the field of electric power systems i.e.
high quality articles written by the working groups of the Study Committees.

Discover amongst others:

- Technical / Invited / Scientific papers


- Reports on CIGRE meetings / Activity reports
- Technical Brochures
- Information on CIGRE Session

Specifications for supplying advertising materials


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Email: estelle.tijou@cigre.org

644

42

GT D1.38
brochure thmatique

Caractristiques communes et techniques dessai


mergentes pour les quipements lectriques
supraconducteurs haute temprature (HTS)
Membres
M. Noe, Chef de file (DE), N. Hayakawa, Secrtaire (JP),
Y. Bi (CN), J. Cho (KR), D. W. Hazelton (US), S. Hwang (KR), M. Kurrat (DE), B. Lukasik (GB),
L. Martini (IT), F. Moriconi (US), A. Polasek (BR), I. Sauers (US), C. Schacherer (DE),
F. Schmidt (DE), J. Smit (NL), G. Snitchler (US), C. Sumereder (AT), R. Taylor (AU),
P. Tixador (FR), T. Watanabe (JP), D. Willen (DK), A. Wolsky (US), Y. Xin (CN), K. Sato (JP)

Introduction
Au cours des annes passes des progrs impressionnants
en matire dquipements lectriques mettant en uvre
des matriaux HTS ont t rendus possibles, en premier
lieu parce que le matriau est devenu disponible en grandes
quantits et a t constamment amlior, en second lieu
parce que le matriau isolant lectrique est adapt et utilis
correctement, et en troisime, du fait des progrs raliss en
matire de rfrigration et de cryognie. Ces trois points,
matriaux HTS, isolants lectriques et techniques de
cryognie, sont des facteurs critiques de russite de la R&D,
et ils doivent tous trois tre pris en compte trs srieusement.
Ce rapport a par consquent pour objectif d'aborder ces
questions en se focalisant tout spcialement sur le cas des
quipements lectriques mentionns auparavant.

Isolation lectrique
Pour lisolation lectrique lazote liquide et lazote gazeux
sous pression sont, pour les tensions moyennes et hautes,
dexcellents milieux isolants lectriques ; pour les trs
hautes tensions il faut rassembler plus de donnes pour
mieux prvoir le comportement de lisolation. Les isolations
solides, comme par ex. le Kapton et la fibre de verre poxyde,
sont souvent utilises et peuvent tre considres comme
des milieux isolants lectriques fiables. Les principaux
domaines de la R&D future concernent les tudes dtailles
sur lapparition des dcharges partielles, les mcanismes de
cration des bulles et les tudes sur les nouveaux matriaux
solides aux conditions cryogniques.

Matriaux HTS
En ce qui concerne le point du dveloppement des
matriaux HTS, plusieurs options de matriaux sont

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

aujourd'hui disponibles, en quantit et qualit suffisantes,


pour dvelopper grande chelle des dmonstrateurs et des
prototypes pour presque tous les quipements lectriques.
Pour les fils et les rubans 1G et MgB2, des longueurs d'une
seule pice de plus d'un km sont disponibles industriellement
disponibles, avec une qualit et des processus de fabrication
trs matures. La qualit et la quantit de matriau 2G bas
sur le ReBCO progressent encore, et on peut esprer encore
mieux parce que de nombreuses entreprises sont encore en
train d'investir dans une production plus grande chelle.
Aujourd'hui des productions pilotes matures existent dans
plusieurs compagnies et les premiers moyens de production
grande chelle sont en cours de prparation. Comme le cot
des fils et des rubans HTS dpend trs largement du champ
magntique, de la temprature et l'utilisation elle-mme,
on ne peut pas avancer de chiffres gnraux correspondant
aux conditions d'quilibre des cots pour une utilisation
commerciale grande chelle, mais ds aujourd'hui mme
on a pu identifier des premires applications pour lesquelles
des quipements lectriques HTS pourraient satisfaire les
exigences conomiques.

Isolation cryognique et
refroidissement cryognique
Lisolation cryognique et le refroidissement cryognique
sont des lments vitaux dans la R&D de tous les quipements
lectriques HTS, et le systme de refroidissement doit tre
conu avec soin pour chaque utilisation. Diffrents types
de cryorfrigrateurs sont disponibles auprs de plusieurs
compagnies, et on a dmontr par de nombreux essais
sur site que le systme cryognique pouvait rpondre aux
exigences d'exploitation. Cependant des amliorations
supplmentaires, essentiellement sur le rendement, la
maintenance et le rapport cot-performance, sont

WG D1.38
technical brochure

644

Common characteristics and emerging test


techniques for high temperature superconducting
power equipment
Members
M. Noe, Convenor (DE), N. Hayakawa, Secretary (JP),
Y. Bi (CN), J. Cho (KR), D. W. Hazelton (US), S. Hwang (KR), M. Kurrat (DE), B. Lukasik (GB),
L. Martini (IT), F. Moriconi (US), A. Polasek (BR), I. Sauers (US), C. Schacherer (DE),
F. Schmidt (DE), J. Smit (NL), G. Snitchler (US), C. Sumereder (AT), R. Taylor (AU),
P. Tixador (FR), T. Watanabe (JP), D. Willen (DK), A. Wolsky (US), Y. Xin (CN), K. Sato (JP)

Introduction
The impressive progress in the past towards power
applications based on HTS materials has been possible
firstly because the material is available in larger quantities
and has been improved steadily, secondly because electrical
insulating material is adapted and used appropriately, and
thirdly because progress has been made in cooling and
cryogenic issues. All three items, HTS material, electrical
insulation and cryogenics, are critical factors for successful
R&D, and all three have to be seriously taken into account.
Therefore this report aims to address and focus on these
issues for the power equipment mentioned above.

Insulation
For the electrical insulation, liquid nitrogen and gaseous
nitrogen under pressure are excellent electrical insulation
media at medium and high voltages, and it is only for extra
high voltages that more data needs to be collected to better
predict insulation behavior. Solid insulation, such as e.g.
Kapton and glass fibre epoxy, is also often used and can be
considered as a reliable electrical insulation medium. The
main fields for further R&D include detailed investigation of
partial discharge inception, creation of bubble behavior and
investigation of new solid materials at cryogenic conditions.

HTS material
Concerning the the status of HTS material development,
several material options are now available in sufficient
quantities and quality to develop large scale demonstrators
and prototypes for nearly all power equipment. For 1G
and MgB2 wires and tapes, single piece lengths of more
than 1 km are available industrially and the quality and the

manufacturing processes are very mature. The quality and


quantity of 2G material based on ReBCO is still improving,
and further progress can be expected because many
companies are still investing in upscaling the production.
At present, mature pilot production exists in several
companies and first large scale production capabilities
are being prepared. Since the cost of HTS wire and tape
depends very much on the magnetic field, the temperature
and the application itself, no general figure for breakeven
cost for a widespread commercial application can be given,
but even today first applications have been identified where
HTS power equipment can meet financial requirements.

Cryogenic insulation and


cryogenic cooling
Cryogenic insulation and cryogenic cooling, are crucial
factors for successful R&D of all HTS power equipment,
and the cooling system has to be designed carefully for each
application. Different types of cryocoolers are commercially
available from several companies, and it has been shown in
many field tests that operating requirements can be fulfilled
by the crogenic system. Nevertheless, further improvements,
mainly in efficiency, maintenance and cost performance
ratio, are important to accelerate the commercial success of
HTS power equipment.

Cables
Superconducting cables have been operated successfully
in field tests up to lengths of 1 km and at voltages up to 150
kV. Their electrical insulation in the cable and the terminals
has been reliable, and it is expected that 2G material will
be more extensively used in future cables. Operating

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essentielles si on veut acclrer le succs commercial des


quipements lectriques HTS.

Cbles
Les cbles supraconducteurs ont t utiliss avec succs
dans des essais in situ, pour des longueurs allant jusqu' 1
km, et pour des tensions allant jusqu' 150 kV. Les isolations
lectriques des cbles et les extrmits se sont rvles
fiables, et on pense que le matriau 2G sera utilis plus
largement dans les cbles futurs. Le retour d'exprience
de l'exploitation fait ressortir que la fiabilit du cble
dpend surtout du systme cryognique, ce qui dmontre
l'importance de ce systme dans la satisfaction des exigences
de l'exploitation. A ce jour, aprs une dure cumule d'essai
in situ de beaucoup plus de 10 ans, on n'a pas constat de
dgradation de cble, et les premires directives d'essai
des cbles supraconducteurs ont dj t prpares
[CIGRE2013a].

Limiteurs de courants de dfaut


Au cours des dix dernires annes, plusieurs types de
limiteurs de courants de dfaut supraconducteurs pour
la moyenne tension ont t installs et essays avec succs
dans des rseaux lectriques, et les premires applications
commerciales ont dj t ralises. Pour les limiteurs
de courant du type rsistif, le matriau 2G semble le plus
intressant, alors que pour les limiteurs de courant noyau
satur le matriau 1G est le plus largement utilis. En
moyenne tension lazote liquide est considr comme tant
un milieu isolant lectrique fiable. La seule proccupation
pourrait se rapporter la formation de bulles pour les
limiteurs de courant de dfaut blocage. Pour le systme
de refroidissement, des systmes en cycles ouverts ou ferms
ont t mis en uvre, le choix dpendant de lapplication
particulire. Une Task Force de lIEEE a dj t mise en
place pour proposer des directives dessais des limiteurs de
courants de dfaut supraconducteurs.

Machines Tournantes
Il y a diverses applications intressantes des machines
tournantes supraconductrices, comme dans la propulsion
des navires, les gnratrices oliennes, les gnratrices
lectriques, les moteurs couples, ou mme, long terme,
des machines pour les avions lectriques. Elles sont toutes
diffrentes par leur puissance, leur taille, leur couple et
leur vitesse, et ceci fait quun type unique de machine ne
rpondra pas toutes les applications. Jusqu maintenant,

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

on na procd qu deux essais in situ de machines


supraconductrices, et aucune dgradation matrielle na
t constate sur lune ou lautre des machines. A ce jour
tous les types de matriau HTS ont t utiliss dans les
dmonstrateurs et les prototypes, et tous ont montr leurs
avantages spcifiques. En matire de sujets pour une future
R&D, on peut mentionner la recherche dune isolation
dilectrique fiable et de circuits de refroidissement
maintenance rduite. Plusieurs dmonstrateurs grande
chelle ont t construits avec succs, dont la puissance
nominale la plus leve est de 36,5 MVA ce jour.

Transformateurs
A ce jour quelques projets ont concern le dveloppement
de transformateurs supraconducteurs, dont la plus
grande puissance nominale tait de 28 MVA. Plusieurs
transformateurs dune puissance nominale de quelques
MVA ont dj t construits et tests. Le matriau 2G
semble tre le type de matriau le plus prometteur pour
les transformateurs supraconducteurs, du fait de son
ratio cot-performance intressant et des possibilits de
raliser un conducteur prsentant des pertes faibles. Pour
lisolation dilectrique, lazote liquide et le Kapton ont t
majoritairement utiliss et ont affich un comportement
fiable. Il est utile de mentionner quil nexiste quun nombre
rduit de constructeurs du cryostat sans composant
mtallique du transformateur circuit magntique chaud.
Parmi les sujets futurs de R&D on peut citer les tudes sur
les transformateurs limiteurs de courant de dfaut actifs et
sur les concepts de conducteurs pour courant lev et faibles
pertes.

Stockage magntique dnergie


Le moyen le plus conomique de raliser un Stockage
Magntique dEnergie Supraconducteur (SMES) repose
encore sur l'utilisation du supraconducteur basse
temprature NbTi. En consquence, seuls quelques projets,
principalement pour des usages militaires ou pour du
stockage d'nergie renouvelable, envisagent des SMES
utilisant des supraconducteurs haute temprature. Il
existe des solutions pour l'isolation dilectrique du fil et
du ruban et l'isolation de la bobine lectrique est simple,
puisque la tension est basse. Pour le froid, les deux types
de refroidissement, sans cryogne et par immersion, ont
t raliss et tests. La faisabilit conomique reste le plus
grand obstacle la large diffusion commerciale des SMES.
Pour le surmonter, le cot du matriau et le besoin de froid
doivent tous deux tre rduits considrablement.

WG D1.38
technical brochure

experience underlines that the reliability of the cable is


mostly defined by the cryogenic system, which demonstrates
the importance of this system for fulfilling operation
requirements. To date, after a cumulated field test experience
of much more than 10 years, no cable degradation has been
reported, and the first test guides have already been prepared
for superconducting cables [CIGRE2013a].

Fault-current limiters
Several types of medium voltage superconducting fault
current limiters have been installed and tested successfully
in power systems over the past ten years and the first
commercial applications are already installed. In resistivetype current limiters 2G material seems to be most attractive,
while in saturated iron-core current limiters 1G material is
most widespread. Liquid nitrogen is being considered as a
reliable electrical insulation medium at medium voltage.
The only concern could be the formation of bubbles in
quench-type fault current limiters. For the cooling system,
closed or open cooling cycles have been used, the choice
depending on the specific application. An IEEE task force
has already been established to propose test guidelines for
superconducting fault current limiters.

Rotating machines
There are various attractive applications for
superconducting rotating machines including ship
propulsion, wind generators, power generators, torque
motors or even, in the long term, machines for electric
aircraft. They all differ in rating, size, torque and speed, and
therefore one machine type will not fit all applications. Up
to now, only two field tests of superconducting machines
have been performed, and no material degradation has been
reported for either machine. To date all HTS material types
have been used in demonstrators and prototypes, and all

637
644

have their specific benefits. Among major topics for future


R&D are reliable electric insulation and low maintenance
cooling circuits. Several successful large scale demonstrators
have been built, with the largest rating to date of 36.5 MVA.

Transformers
So far a few projects have focused on the development of
superconducting transformers, with the largest rating aimed
at 28 MVA. Several transformers with a rating of a few MVA
have already been built and tested. 2G material seems to
be the most promising material type for superconducting
transformers, due to its promising cost performance ratio
and low loss conductor options. For the electrical insulation,
liquid nitrogen and Kapton have been used predominantly,
exhibiting reliable performance. It is worth mentioning
that only a limited number of manufacturers exist for the
metallic-free cryostat of the warm iron type transformer.
Future R&D topics include the investigation of active fault
current limiting transformers and low loss, high current
conductor concepts.

Magnetic energy storage


The most economic way to build Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is still with low-temperature
superconductor NbTi. Therefore only a few projects, mainly
for military or renewable energy storage purposes, aim for
SMES with high-temperature superconductors. Solutions
exist for the electrical insulation of the wire and tape, and
since the voltages are low the electrical coil insulation is
simple. For the cooling, both cryogen-free types and bath
cooling types have been built and tested. The greatest
challenge for widespread commercialization of SMES is its
economic feasibility. To achieve this, the material cost and
the cooling effort both need to be reduced considerably.

BROCHURE N 644
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

280 e
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

No. 285 - April 2016

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GT B2.28
brochure thmatique

Donnes mtorologiques pour lvaluation des


charges climatiques des lignes ariennes
Rsum des informations mises jour
destines valuer les charges climatiques
des lignes lectriques ariennes
Membres
Svein M. FIKKE, Chef de file (NO), J. Brian WAREING (GB) et Herv DUCLOUX (FR), Secrtaires
Sergey CHERESHNYUK (RU), rni Jn ELASSON (IS), Masoud FARZANEH (CA),
Bjrn Egil K. NYGAARD (NO), Franc JAKL (SI), Janos TOTH (CA), Noriyoshi SUGAWARA (JP)

Introduction
Lobjet de ce rapport est de fournir sous forme synthtique des
informations nouvelles se rapportant lvaluation des charges
climatiques des lignes lectriques ariennes. De telles informations
ont t publies dans plusieurs publications, du CE B2 du CIGRE
ainsi que d'autres sources, aprs la parution en 1997 [1] du Rapport
Technique CEI 61774 Lignes ariennes Donnes mtoroliques
pour l'valuation des charges climatiques. En conformit avec ses
Termes de Rfrence, le GT B2.28 doit compiler et restructurer
les connaissances mtorologiques nouvelles en vue de leur
application dans des normes internationales, plus particulirement
sur les points suivants :
a) Le renforcement des vents turbulents l'arrire d'un terrain
pentu,
b) L'application des modles numriques de prdiction du
climat,
c) Les mesures et les observations des surcharges de glace sur
les composants des lignes ariennes.
La raison la plus importante de la rvision des donnes
mtorologiques et des procdures d'valuation concernant
les charges climatiques et les autres impacts adverses du climat
sur les lignes lectriques ariennes, vient probablement des
dveloppements rapides dans la mise disposition des donnes
atmosphriques, de la meilleure connaissance des processus lis
la physique des nuages et des prcipitations, et des capacits
des calculateurs modernes. Ces lments ont considrablement
amlior la fiablilit des prvisions mtorologiques modernes.
Mais ces mmes lments ont aussi accru la capacit dcrire
dans le dtail les paramtres du climat intressants de la
topographie locale jusqu' une chelle d'espace en rapport avec
la porte des lignes ariennes de transport, ceci mme pour des
terrains accidents et complexes.

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

La proccupation concernant les effets du rchauffement


climatique global li aux missions anthropogniques,
essentiellemt du CO2, a conduit porter une attention
particulire aux menaces potentielles pour les installations
lectriques que reprsentent les frquences accrues des pisodes
climatiques extrmes, tels que les temptes, les inondations,
les glissements de terrain, llvation du niveau de la mer,
la fonte du permafrost pour les fondations, etc. Un certain
nombre dexemples sont donns, en provenance de pays o des
actions prventives ont dj t prises ou envisages.

Vent
Les codes normaliss pour le calcul du vent et la conception
des structures nincluent pas les effets sur le vent des conditions
locales de terrain, dont les caractristiques de relief changent de
faon importante sur des distances courtes par rapport lchelle
dune porte de ligne arienne, comme :
Les effets de coin au long du pied des montagnes et des
collines,
Les effets dentenoir dans les valles ou entre deux collines,
La formation de tourbillons larrire dun terrain abrupt,
Les autres effets qui peuvent provoquer des augmentations
de la vitesse du vent au niveau local.
La plupart des normes de vent et des codes de conception
usuels comportent des modles largement admis de la
turbulence du vent, aussi on ne dcrit pas ici ce type de modles
dans le dtail. Cependant il existe des caractristiques relatives
des systmes de vents forts qui ne sont pas toujours connues
ou dcrites dans de tels codes de vent. En particulier cest le
cas des effets de tourbillon larrire des pentes de montagnes
abruptes. On connat de nombreux exemples o ce type de
turbulence sest produit de faon inattendue et a entran

WG B2.28
technical brochure

645

Meteorological data for assessing climatic


loads on overhead lines
Summary of updated information relevant for
assessing climatic loads on electric power
overhead lines
Members
Svein M. FIKKE, Convenor (NO), J. Brian WAREING (UK) and Herv DUCLOUX (FR), Secretaries
Sergey CHERESHNYUK (RU), rni Jn ELASSON (IS), Masoud FARZANEH (CA),
Bjrn Egil K. NYGAARD (NO), Franc JAKL (SI), Janos TOTH (CA), Noriyoshi SUGAWARA (JP).

Introduction
The purpose of this report is to summarize new
information relevant for assessing climatic loads on electric
overhead lines. Such information has appeared in several
publications from Cigr SCB2, as well as from other sources,
after the publication of the Technical Report IEC 61774
Overhead lines Meteorological data for assessing climatic
loads in 1997 [1]. According to the Terms of Reference
(TOR) WGB2.28 shall: compile and restructure updated
meteorological knowledge for the purpose of application in
international standards, especially on:
a) Turbulent wind enhancement behind steep terrain
b) Application of numerical weather prediction models
c) Measurements and observations of ice loads on overhead
line components.
Probably the most important reason for reviewing
meteorological data and assessment procedures concerning
climatic loads and other adverse weather impacts on electric
power overhead lines, is the rapid developments in data
availability for the atmosphere, better knowledge of physical
processes relating to cloud physics and precipitation, and
the capacities of modern computers. These factors have
dramatically improved the reliability of modern weather
forecasts. However, the same factors have also enhanced the
ability to describe details in adequate weather parameters in
local topography down to spatial scales relevant to the span
length of electric power transmission lines, even in rough and
complex terrain.
Also, the concern on the effects of global warming due
to anthropogenic emissions of mainly CO2 has led to more
specific attention on potential threats to electrical installations

due to increased rates of extreme weather events, such as


storms, floods, mud slides, rising sea level, foundations in
melting permafrost, etc. A number of examples are given
from many countries where pro-active mitigation actions are
already taken or considered.

Wind
Standard codes for wind engineering and design of
structures do not include effects on wind speeds in
local terrain where the roughness characteristics change
significantly over short distances relevant to the scale of an
overhead line span, such as:
corner effects along the foot of mountains and hills
funnelling effects in valleys or in-between hills
vortex formation behind steep terrain
other effects that may cause significantly increased wind
speeds in the local terrain.
Most common wind standards and design codes contain
well accepted models for wind turbulence, therefore such
models are not described in detail here. However, there are
certain properties linked with some strong wind systems
which are not always generally known or described in such
wind codes. In particular this relates to vortex generation
behind steep mountain sides. There are many examples that
this kind of turbulence has occurred unexpectedly and caused
damage to buildings and infrastructure in mountainous
terrain.
Such topographic features may have length scales ranging
from a few tens of metres up to several km. Especially vortex
shedding is discussed in Cigr TB 410 (2010) Local wind
speed-up on overhead lines for specific terrain features

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des dommages aux btiments et aux infrastructures dans des


terrains montagneux.
De telles caractristiques topographiques peuvent se prsenter
sur des chelles de distance allant de quelques dizaines de mtres
plusieurs km. En particulier on traite des effets de tourbillon
dans la BT 410 (2010) du CIGRE Effets locaux dacclration
du vent sur les lignes ariennes pour des caractristiques de
terrain particulires et quelques directives pour une meilleure
valuation des fortes vitesses de vent y figurent. Des facteurs de
rafale allant jusqu 1,9 peuvent tre attendus par rapport des
moyennes sur 10 minutes de la vitesse de vent.
En outre une proccupation particulire en matire de calcul
du vent et de conception des lignes lectriques ariennes se
rapporte aux diffrentes transitions entre les rafales de vent et
la moyenne des vents sur une priode d'intgration donne. Des
directives ont dj t publies par l'Organisation Mondiale de
Mtorologie (OMM) pour des conditions de cyclone tropical,
et par consquent on ne les discutera pas plus. Comme on n'a pas
trouv dans la littrature de telles directives pour les conditions
non tropicales, on suggre dans le rapport une conversion se
basant sur la description EN 1991-1-4 des temptes hivernales
en Europe, c. d. intensit de la turbulence, chelle de longueur
la turbulence et fonction spectrale de la densit de puissance.
Les rsultats de cette conversion sont compars diffrentes
donnes exprimentales disponibles et les diffrences se rvlent
insignifiantes. Dans le tableau qui suit, les valeurs pratiques
usuelles des facteurs de rafale (Gm) sont donnes en fonction
de l'importance des accidents de terrain (z0) et de la priode
dintgration ():
Gm,

= 0.5 s

=1s

=2s

=3s

=5s

= 10 s

z0 = 0.03 m

1.53

1.48

1.43

1.39

1.35

1.28

z0 = 0.05 m

1.58

1.53

1.47

1.43

1.38

1.31

Il a t trouv que les modles prcdemment utiliss


d'accrtion de la neige mouille ne permettent pas d'expliquer
suffisamment un certain nombre d'vnements de neige humide
dans la nature. Les rsultats du modle qu'on prsente dans ce
rapport sont compars en particulier avec un grand nombre de
cas en Islande, o de telles charges ont t mesures de faon
dtaille pendant de nombreuses annes. Il a par consquent t
possible de revoir le paramtrage du modle d'accrtion de la
neige humide sur les lignes ariennes pour obtenir une meilleure
adquation avec les observations in situ de telles charges.
La difficult la plus grande dans le calcul des charges de glace
de tout type rside probablement dans lobtention de donnes
dentre de bonne qualit. Dans le cas de la neige mouille il
est trs important de sassurer de mesures de haute qualit des
prcipitions de la part du rseau des stations mtorologiques.
Dans le cas de givrage la plus grande difficult a t dobtenir
des mesures sur site des paramtres fondamentaux des nuages,
tels que le contenu deau liquide et les distributions des tailles
des gouttes des nuages. La situation a chang radicalement,
puisquil est devenu possible de calculer ces paramtres partir
des modles numriques de latmosphre du nuage. Il est devenu
possible de calculer maintenant avec une haute rsolution
les valeurs de dpt de glace pour des terrains complexes par
lutilisation de modles numriques avancs de prdiction des
conditions mtorologiques.
A titre de dmonstration du potentiel dune telle modlisation,
tant pour la neige humide que pour le givre, on prsente sur
la Figure 3 la carte des charges de glace de rfrence pour la
Grande Bretagne. Cette carte sera intgre dans la rvision de
la EN 50341-1 [3] de la National Normative Annex (NNA)
pour la Grande Bretagne. Les donnes inhrentes cette carte
contiennent des informations sur les charges de neige mouille,
des charges de givre et des charges combines de glace et de

Glaciation atmosphrique
Les phnomnes de glaciation atmosphrique sont dcrits
en dtail dans la BT 291 (2006) du CIGRE Directives pour
la modlisation de la glaciation atmosphrique, les mthodes
statistiques et les effets topographiques. La brochure met
jour les informations concernant les mesures et les modles de
charge de glace, en particulier daccrtion de neige mouille, et
lapplication des modles numriques de prdiction pour les
analyses des accrtions de neige mouille et de glace givre sur
les conducteurs de lignes lectriques ariennes.
Grace la prsence dun membre russe du GT B2.28, il a t
possible de prsenter des informations jour sur les travaux
des Russes, avec des mesures (Figure 1) et une cartographie des
charges de glace.
La Figure 2 montre la configuration du site d'essai rnov de la
montagne Dead Water Fell (590 m au-dessus du niveau moyen
de la mer), la frontire entre l'Angleterre et l'Ecosse. La porte
la plus longue fait 190 m.

No. 285 - April 2016

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Figure 1 - Mesureur de glace russe

WG B2.28
technical brochure

645

and some guidelines for the better evaluation of high wind


velocities are included. Gust factors up to 1,9 may be expected
with respect to 10 minute average wind speeds.

the case of wet snow it is extremely important to ensure high


quality measurements of precipitation from the networks of
weather stations.

Furthermore, particular concern for wind engineering


and overhead power line design has been the various
transitions between wind gusts and mean winds of different
averaging time. Guidelines are already published by the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for tropical
cyclone conditions, and therefore not discussed further. As
no such complete method was found in the literature for
extra-tropical conditions, the report suggests a conversion
based on EN 1991-1-4 description of European winterstorms, i.e. turbulence intensity, turbulence length scale and
power density spectral function. Results of this conversion
are compared with different available experimental data
and differences happen to be insignificant. In the following
table, usual practical values of gust factors (Gm) are given
in function of the roughness length (z0) and the period of
integration ():

In the case of rime ice biggest challenge has been to get


in situ measurements of the fundamental cloud parameters
like liquid water content and size distributions of cloud
droplets. This situation has changed dramatically, as it has
become possible to calculate such parameters from numerical
models for the cloud atmosphere. It has now become possible
to calculate realistic high resolution values of rime icing
in complex terrain by using advanced numerical weather
prediction models.

Gm,

= 0.5 s

=1s

=2s

=3s

=5s

= 10 s

z0 = 0.03 m

1.53

1.48

1.43

1.39

1.35

1.28

z0 = 0.05 m

1.58

1.53

1.47

1.43

1.38

1.31

Atmospheric icing
Atmospheric icing was described in detail in Cigr TB 291
(2006) Guidelines for meteorological icing models, statistical
methods and topographical effects. The current brochure
updates information concerning ice load measurements
and modelling, especially, of wet snow accretion, and the
application of numerical weather prediction models for
analyses of wet snow and rime ice accretions on electric
overhead line conductors.

As a demonstration of the potential of such modelling of


both wet snow and rime ice, a map of design ice loadings
for Great Britain is presented in Figure 3. This map will be
incorporated in the revision of EN 50341-1 [3] for the UK
National Normative Annex (NNA). The inherent data in this
map contains information on wet snow loads, rime ice loads
and combined ice and wind loads, provided in grid squares of
500 m x 500 m. In accordance with EN50341 requirements,
the data is provided as wind only, ice only and combined
wind and ice in the NNA.

Changes in global climate


Although the question on climate change was not included
in the TOR for this WG, some general comments may be
considered relevant for general information.

Due to the russian membership of WG 28 it was possible


to present updated information on their work with
measurements (Figure 1) and mapping of ice loads.
Figure 2 shows the layout of the revised test site on the
mountain Dead Water Fell (590 m above mean sea level) on
the border between England and Scotland. The longest spans
are here 190 m.
It has been found that the previously used accretion
models for wet snow did not sufficiently explain a number
of wet snow events in nature. The model presented in this
report is compared in particular with a great number of cases
in Iceland where such loadings have been measured in great
detail over many years. Therefore it was possible to revise the
parameterization of the accretion model for wet snow on
overhead lines to obtain a better fit with observations of such
loads from the field.
Probably the biggest challenge with calculating ice loadings
from any icing type is to obtain good quality input data. In

Figure 1 - Russian ice meter

No. 285 - April 2016

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50

GT B2.28
brochure thmatique

Figure 2 - Configuration de la nouvelle station dessai de Dead Water Fell

neige mouille, fournies pour une grille de carrs de 500 m


x 500 m. Conformment aux exigences de la EN 50341, les
donnes sont fournies dans la NNA comme vent seulement,
glace seulement, et vent et glace combins.

Changement climatique global


Bien que la question du changement climatique ne soit dans
les TOR du GT, on a considr que quelques commentaires
gnraux pouvaient tre intressants.
Le rchauffement actuel de l'atmosphre va avoir pour
consquence d'accrotre le volume de vapeur prsente dans
latmosphre, mais ce jour, il y a peu d'indices quant la
faon dont ceci va affecter les charges de neige mouille et de
glace sur les lignes lectriques ariennes. Cependant, partir
des informations que l'on a sur les volutions du climat,
les indications suivantes ont t juges pertinentes pour
lphnomnes de glaciation atmosphrique des lignes ariennes:
Zones ctires humides. On peut sattendre moins de
journes des tempratures proches de 0 C le long des zones
ctires des continents, en particulier dans les latitudes leves.
Ceci veut dire quil y aura moins dpisodes de neige mouille.
Toutefois la plus forte intensit des prcipitations de courte
dure de neige mouille peut conduire des charges plus
fortes, quand elles sont combines des tempratures basses.
Zones continentales intrieures. Quand les tempratures
infrieures au point de gele sont frquentes on peut attendre
des charges de neige mouille plus fortes en valeur absolue,
mais avec une frquence moindre par rapport aujourdhui.
Dans les zones climat continental prdominant dans les
latitudes nordiques, la frquence et lamplitude des charges

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

Figure 3 - Cartographie des charges combines de neige humide et de givre


pour la Grande Bretagne

de neige mouille vont toutes deux probablement crotre.


Montagnes. On pense que lisotherme 0C va monter en
altitude en moyenne, et donc conduire des pisodes de
glace moins frquents, au moins aux plus basses altitudes.
Lhumidit plus leve va faire que les charges de glace seront
plus fortes chaque fois que les conditions y seront favorables
Valeurs extrmes. Il nest pas possible de tirer des
conclusions quelconques quant la faon dont ces arguments
vont influencer les charges de glace et leurs priodes de
retours, dans une zone localise,
Pour les pluies verglaantes, il nexiste pas ce jour
dindicateur robuste dune volution des frquences et des
valeurs absolues des charges.

Remerciements
Ce rapport naurait pas t faisable sans la bonne
contribution et laide des membres du GT B2.28. Sans vouloir
faire de diffrence, il est toutefois justifi de mentionner
Sergey Chereshnyuk qui a rejoint le GT en apportant des
informations nouvelles, non disponibles jusque-l, sur le
programme russe de mesures sur site et de cartographies de
la glace, Bjrn Egil Kringlebotn Nygaard pour son important
travail sur la modlisation de la neige mouille et sur la mise en
uvre des modles numriques de prdiction des conditions
mtorologiques pour les tudes des phnomnes de glace, et
Herv Ducloux, pour son travail sur les valuations des vitesses
moyennes de vent. Finalement, et pas le moins important, nos
remerciements vont aux rviseurs, Peter Dulhunty (AU), Lon
Kempner (US), Asim Haldar (CA) et Dale Douglass (US). Leurs
commentaires et leurs suggestions ont amlior ce rapport.

WG B2.28
technical brochure

Figure 2 - Outline of the new Deadwater Fell test site

The current warming of the atmosphere will accordingly


increase the total amounts of water vapour in the atmosphere,
but there is, at this point, very little evidence as to how this
will affect wet snow and rime ice loads for electric overhead
lines. However, based on the available information on climate
developments, the following indications are found to be
relevant for atmospheric icing of overhead lines:
Wet Coastal areas. Fewer days of temperatures close to 0 C
may be expected along coastal sides of continents, especially
in northern latitudes. This means less frequency of wet snow
incidents. However, higher intensity of short time wet snow
precipitation may lead to higher loads when combined with
low temperatures.
Continental inland. Where subfreezing temperatures
are frequent, higher wet snow loads in absolute values may
be expected, although less frequent than at present. In
predominant continental areas in northern latitudes both
the frequency and magnitude of wet snow loads are likely to
increase.
Mountains. It is expected that the 0C isotherm will be
lifted on average, and hence lead to less frequent rime icing,
at least at lower elevations. More humidity will contribute to
higher rime ice loads whenever the conditions are favourable.

645

Figure 3 - Combined wet snow and rime ice loading map for Great Britain

Acknowledgements
This report could not be possible without the good input
and support of the members of the WG B2.28. Without
neglecting the others, it is nevertheless justified to mention
Sergey Chereshnyuk who came into the WG with new
and hitherto unavailable information about the Russian
program for field measurements and ice mapping, Bjrn
Egil Kringlebotn Nygaard for his great work on wet snow
modelling and implementation of numerical weather
forecasting models for icing studies and Herv Ducloux for
his contribution to the time averaging of wind speeds. Last,
but not least, great thanks are expressed to the reviewers, Peter
Dulhunty (AU), Leon Kempner (US), Asim Haldar (CA)
and Dale Douglass (US). Their comments and suggestions
improved the report.

BROCHURE N 645
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org

Extreme values. It is not possible to draw any conclusions as


to how these arguments will influence the ice loadings with a
given return period in local areas.

Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

For freezing rain there is at this point no strong indicator


for significant change in frequency or absolute load values.

Purchase (non-members)

90 e
Free download (members)

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52

GTC A2/D1.41
brochure thmatique

Isolation des transformateurs CCHT :


conductivit de lhuile
Membres
A. Kchler, Chef de file (DE), U. Piovan, Secrtaire (IT), M. Berglund (SE), G. Chen (GB),
A. Denat (FR), J. Fabian (AT), R. Fritsche (DE), T. Grav (NO), S. Gubanski (SE),
M. Kadowaki (JP), Ch. Krause (CH), A. Langens (DE), S. Mori (JP),
B. Noirhomme (CA), H. Okubo (JP), M. Rsner (DE), F. Scatiggio (IT), J. Schiessling (SE),
F. Schober (DE), P. Smith (GB), P. Wedin (SE)
Membres correspondants
I. Atanasova-Hhlein (DE), Ch. Perrier (FR)

Introduction
Dans les transformateurs la contrainte lectrique maximale
dans lhuile est un des paramtres les plus importants de la
conception du systme disolation. Pour les transformateurs
CA la distribution du potentiel est capacitive et la plus
grande partie de la chute du potentiel se produit dans
lhuile. Comme les permittivits des liquides et des solides ne
changent pas beaucoup dans le temps et avec la temprature
et le vieillissement, les contraintes vont toujours ne dpendre
que de la tension applique. Dans les essais dilectriques CA
il y a une proportionnalit un pour un entre la tension dessai
et la contrainte dilectrique correspondante. Le ratio entre
les contraintes de champ lectrique qui apparaissent pendant
lessai de tension induite et les contraintes apparaissant dans
les conditions normales de service ne dpend pas du type de
lhuile minrale du transformateur utilise, pour lessai et en
service, dans la mesure o il ny a pas de grande variation de
la permittivit relative entre diffrentes huiles minrales.
Cette proportionnalit entre la tension et la contrainte,
et cette indpendance du type d'huile minrale et de l'tat
de l'huile minrale, ne sont pas en gnral retrouves pour
l'essai d'inversion de polarit (PR) et pour l'essai CC. Dans les
conditions CC, la distribution du potentiel est essentiellement
rsistive, alors que les rsistivits / conductivits des
matriaux varient dans le temps et avec la temprature.
Dans les transformateurs CCHT l'essentiel de la chute de
potentiel se produit dans l'isolation solide. L'inversion de
polarit augmente la contrainte lectrique cause des charges
d'espace produite par le phnomne de polarisation. Comme
la distribution du potentiel et les champs lectriques varient
avec la conductivit, il est important d'en tenir compte au
moment de la conception et des essais. La conductivit et
la constante de temps de la stabilisation de la contrainte
de champ dpendent du matriau. Il est par consquent
important de comprendre comment les qualits de l'huile
peuvent varier, et de savoir si les conditions d'essai sont

No. 285 - April 2016

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reprsentatives de la faon dont les contraintes lectriques se


manifesteront en rgime d'exploitation.
De faon poursuivre les activits CIGRE sur le suivi
du comportement et de la fiabilit en exploitation des
transformateurs de convertisseur CCHT, le GTC A2/B4.28 du
CIGRE a ralis une srie de simulations d'essais de PR sur
un systme d'isolation CCHT, avec diffrentes conductivits
de l'huile et diffrentes dures des essais. Ces simulations
ont montr, (a) qu'une dure plus longue de l'essai PR
(360/360/180 mn) rend l'essai plus efficient en termes de
contraintes d'essai et de service, et (b) qu'un changement de la
conductivit de l'huile entre l'essai et l'exploitation peut avoir
des influences trs significatives sur le temps de polarisation et
sur la distribution des contraintes (amplitude et distribution)
entre l'huile et les autres matriaux isolants. Il est possible
que ce changement fasse que les contraintes pendant l'essai
prsentent des valeurs infrieures celles rencontres en
exploitation, et que l'essai soit tout fait inefficace. Le GTC A2/
B4.28 a conclu de ne pas recommander une modification de
l'essai PR actuel du fait des contraintes pratiques et logistiques,
ainsi que d'une forte influence de la qualit de l'huile [1].
Le GTC A2/B4.28 a jug que la question de la relation entre
la conductivit de l'huile et l'efficience de l'essai dilectrique
devait tre sa premire priorit. La conductivit de l'huile tant
identifie comme le facteur prdominant, et considrant qu'il
n'existait pas de procdure normalise qui soit applique de
faon cohrente dans les mesures de conductivit de l'huile,
le GTC A2/B4.28 a propos au CIGRE les termes de rfrence
(TOR) concernant le lancement d'un nouveau GTC A2/D1.41
(Isolation des transformateurs CCHT : conductivit de l'huile),
ddi cette question.

Objet
Le GTC A2/B4.28 a recommand que lon travaille en
priorit sur la mesure de la conductivit de lhuile au cours
du cycle de vie du transformateur. Si la conductivit

JWG A2/D1.41
technical brochure

646

HVDC transformer insulation:


oil conductivity
Members
A. Kchler, Convenor (DE), U. Piovan, Secretary (IT), M. Berglund (SE), G. Chen (UK),
A. Denat (FR), J. Fabian (AT), R. Fritsche (DE), T. Grav (NO), S. Gubanski (SE),
M. Kadowaki (JP), Ch. Krause (CH), A. Langens (DE), S. Mori (JP),
B. Noirhomme (CA), H. Okubo (JP), M. Rsner (DE), F. Scatiggio (IT), J. Schiessling (SE),
F. Schober (DE), P. Smith (UK), P. Wedin (SE)
Corresponding Members
I. Atanasova-Hhlein (DE), Ch. Perrier (FR)

Introduction
In transformers, the maximum electrical stress in oil is one of
the most important parameters for the design of the insulation
system. For AC transformers, the potential distribution is
capacitive and most of the potential drop in in the oil. As
permittivities for liquids and solids do not significantly change
with time, temperature and ageing, stresses will always depend
on the applied voltage only. In AC dielectric tests there is a
one to one proportionality between the test level and the
corresponding dielectric stress. The ratio between the electric
field stresses during the induced voltage test and the stresses
during normal service condition is not influenced by the type
of the transformer mineral oil used during the test and in
service as the relative permittivity of various mineral oils is not
very different.
This proportionality between voltage and stress and
independence from mineral oil type and mineral oil condition
is not generally given for polarity reversal (PR) test and for DC
test. Under DC conditions, the potential distribution is largely
resistive, where material resistivities / conductivities vary with
time and temperature. Most of the potential drop in HVDC
transformers occurs across the solid insulation. Polarity
reversal increases electrical stress due to space charges from
polarization phenomena. As potential distribution and electric
fields vary with material conductivity, it is important that this
is considered in design and testing. Conductivity and time
constants for getting stable field stress are material dependent.
It is therefore important to understand how oil qualities can
vary and know if testing conditions are representative for how
electric stresses will develop during service operation.
In order to continue CIGRE activities on looking into
performance and reliability in service of HVDC converter
transformers, CIGRE JWG A2/B4.28 carried out a series
of simulations of PR tests of a HVDC insulation system
considering different oil conductivities and different durations

of the tests. These simulations showed that (a) a longer


duration of the PR test (360/360/180 min) would make the
test more effective in terms of test and service stresses and that
(b) a change in oil conductivity between test and service may
have very significant influences on the polarisation time and
the stress distribution (amplitude and duration) among the oil
and the other insulating materials. It is possible that this change
is such that dielectric stress during the test has values below
the ones during service. Thus, the test would be completely
non-effective. JWG A2/B4.28 had agreed not to recommend a
modification of the existing PR test due to practical and logistic
constraints as well as a huge dependence on the oil quality
[1]. JWG A2/B4.28 judged that the issue of oil conductivity
in relation to dielectric testing effectiveness had first priority.
Oil conductivity was found to be the dominant factor and,
considering that there is no standard procedure, which is
consistently applied to the measurement of oil conductivity,
JWG A2/B4.28 submitted to CIGRE the terms of reference
(TOR) for the initiation of the new JWG A2/D1.41 (HVDC
transformer insulation: Oil conductivity) to address this issue.

Scope
JWG A2/B4.28 recommended that the priority shall be
assigned to measuring oil conductivity throughout the
transformer lifecycle. If the bulk oil conductivity changes at
service conditions, e.g. during a long time of service operation,
there might be the risk of changing electrical stresses in the
insulation system. This means that conditions vary with time
and electrical stresses can locally increase compared to new
conditions. Therefore, characterization of material parameters
such as the electrical conductivity at service conditions is
essential for understanding the behaviour of the insulation
system.
For this purpose, JWG reviewed different existing
techniques and standards for the measurement of conductivity
of liquids. The challenge was to establish a test, which was

No. 285 - April 2016

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brochure thmatique

apparente de lhuile change en cours dexploitation, par ex.


aprs une longue dure dexploitation, il peut exister un risque
de changement des contraintes lectriques dans le systme
disolation. Ceci veut dire que les conditions changent dans
le temps et que les contraintes lectriques peuvent augmenter
localement du fait des nouvelles conditions. Par consquent
la caractrisation des paramtres des matriaux, tels que la
conductivit lectrique dans les conditions de service, est
essentielle pour la comprhension du comportement du
systme disolation.
A cette fin le GTC a tudi diffrentes techniques et
normes actuelles de mesure de la conductivit des liquides.
La difficult tait de dfinir un essai, qui soit reprsentatif des
conditions dessai et de service, et qui soit assez simple pour
tre utilis pour des essais dacceptation et en exploitation.
Des recommandations ont t formules concernant la
dtermination de la conductivit de lhuile et de celle du
carton imprgn lhuile. Elles ont t appliques, loccasion
dune campagne de mesures, pour la dtermination des
valeurs de conductivit de lhuile de transformateurs CCHT,
en cours de fabrication et en service. On a analys limpact
des valeurs mesures sur lefficience et la fiabilit des essais
dilectriques au moyen de simulations sur site, et on a valu
leffet de la conductivit de lhuile pendant la conception et la
revue de conception.

Description brochure technique


Les travaux du groupe sont rsums dans une Brochure
Technique (BT) et on en prsente ci-aprs une vue densemble
en suivant les chapitres.

le comportement complexe de l'huile minrale isolante,


simplement par la mesure de trois valeurs, comme montre
la Figure 1. Ceci est ncessaire parce que l'on est en prsence
de diffrents processus dpendant du temps qui contribuent
la conduction de l'huile, par ex. la conductivit apparente
moyenne sous faible contrainte lectrique, la drive des
porteurs de charge, l'injection de charges par les lectrodes
et, particulirement sous fortes contraintes lectriques, les
flux lectrodynamiques.
Une grande difficult t de trouver un concept qui
soit assez simple appliquer et suffisamment pertinent
pour la dtermination des contraintes dilectriques et des
contraintes d'exploitation au sein du transformateur. Les
recommandations d'une procdure d'essai simplifie ont
t bases sur ce concept, et ont t valides ensuite par
un deuxime essai la ronde RRT 2 portant sur des huiles
minrales, non encore utilises et utilises. Les rsultats
ont montr une formidable rduction de la dispersion.
Nanmoins cette dispersion restait dans une plage d'un ordre
de grandeur.
Le Chapitre 4 on dcrit le troisime essai la ronde RRT
3, qui a t une campagne de mesures de dtermination
des conductivits de l'huile pendant la fabrication du
transformateur et en service. Pour ce faire les conductivits
de l'huile ont t mesures avant les essais dilectriques
en usine, avant la mise sous tension sur site, et aprs de
nombreuses annes d'exploitation. Les rsultats ont montr
que la qualit de l'huile avant essai et avant la mise sous
tension tait comparable. Cependant on ne peut pas exclure
une augmentation de la conductivit de l'huile au cours de sa
vie d'exploitation.

Le contexte des travaux prsents fait lobjet du chapitre 1.


Dans le chapitre 2 on dcrit les mcanismes de conduction
dans lhuile, qui dpendent de multiples paramtres, tels
que la temprature ou la contrainte lectrique. On prsente
galement les techniques et les normes de mesure existantes
et les rsultats des premiers essais interlabortaoires la ronde
(RRT 1) qui ont t raliss sur des huiles minrales non
encore utilises, pour voir si les mthodes et les techniques
existantes peuvent tre utilises pour l'essai de qualit de
l'huile requis. L'tude a montr que les paramtres de mesure
dfinis dans les CEI 60247 et CEI 61620 ne sont pas dfinis de
faon trs prcise. En outre les contraintes lectriques pendant
la mesure et les temps de mesure ne sont pas reprsentatifs
des conditions qui existent dans le systme d'isolation d'un
transformateur CCHT. Par consquent plusieurs procdures
diffrentes sont communment utilises, et elles ont t testes
dans le RRT 1. Les rsultats ont montr une dispersion leve
entre les diffrentes mthodes et les diffrents laboratoires,
jusqu' plusieurs ordres de grandeur. Le GTC a conclu que les
paramtres de mesure doivent tre dfinis plus prcisment.
Dans le Chapitre 3 on prsente le concept dnomm
Concept de la caractrisation par la contrainte en trois
points qui t labor pour cet objectif et qui caractrise

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

Dans le Chapitre 5, le concept de mesure des conductivits


de l'huile a t tendu la mesure de la conductivit du
carton imprgn. Pour cela on a considr que les processus
de polarisation, et donc les courants de polarisation, jouent
un rle important. En consquence des recommandations
d'essais appropries ont t mises au point et valides par un
quatrime essai la ronde RRT 4, portant sur des chantillons
de carton imprgns. La dispersion constate a t trs faible,
et il en a t conclu que la dispersion constate lors des
mesures de conductivit de l'huile tait due aux chantillons
d'huile et non aux procdures de mesure recommandes.
Dans le Chapitre 6 on prsente le calcul des contraintes
lectriques partir des valeurs de conductivit mesures aux
cours des RRT, pour l'huile et pour le carton imprgn. Ces
calculs des contraintes lectriques ont montr l'impact de la
conductivit de l'huile sur l'efficience et la fiabilit des essais
dilectriques.
Enfin, les conclusions et suggestions sont discutes dans le
Chapitre 7.
En plus la BT comporte deux annexes qui donnent
des recommandations dtailles pour la mesure de

JWG A2/D1.41
technical brochure

representative both for test and service conditions and which


is simple enough to be used for acceptance tests and during
service. Recommendations for the determination of oil
conductivity and oil-impregnated pressboard conductivity
were developed. They were used for the determination of
oil-conductivity values of HVDC transformers at production
and in service during a campaign of measurements. The
impact of the values found was analysed in respect of dielectric
test effectiveness and reliability by means of field simulations
and the effect of the oil conductivity during the design and
design review stage was evaluated.

Description of the technical


brochure
The work of the group is summarised in a Technical
Brochure (TB) and an overview over the chapters is presented
here:
The background of the described work is given in Chapter 1.
Chapter 2 gives a report on conduction mechanisms in oil
which depend on a number of parameters such as temperature
or electrical stress. Also, existing measurement techniques and
standards and the results of a first Round Robin Test (RRT 1)
are described which was performed with unused mineral oils
in order to see whether existing techniques and standards can
be used for the required test of oil quality. The investigation
showed that the measurement parameters according to IEC
60247 and IEC 61620 are not defined very precisely. Moreover,
electrical stresses during measurement and measuring times are
not representative for the conditions in a HVDC transformer
insulation system. Therefore, several different procedures
are commonly in use and were tested in RRT 1. The results
showed that the spread among different methods and different
laboratories was as high as several orders of magnitude. The
JWG concluded that measurement parameters must be defined
more precisely.
Chapter 3 describes the so-called Three Stress Points
Characterisation Concept that was developed for that
purpose and that characterises the complex conduction
behaviour of mineral insulating oil just by the measurement
of three characteristic values, Figure 1. This is necessary as
there are different time-dependent processes contributing to
conduction in the oil, e.g. average bulk conductivity at low
electrical stresses, charge charrier drift, charge injection at the
electrodes and electro-hydrodynamic flows particularly at high
electrical stresses.
It was a challenge to find a concept, which is both simple
enough for application and relevant enough for determination
of dielectric test and services stresses in the transformer.
Recommendations for a simplified test procedure were based
on this concept, which then was verified by a second Round
Robin Test RRT 2 with unused and used mineral oils. The results
showed a tremendous reduction of the spread. Nevertheless, it
was still in the range of one order of magnitude.

646

In Chapter 4, the third Round Robin Test RRT 3, which


was a campaign of measurements for the determination of
oil conductivities at transformer production and in service, is
described. For that purpose, oil conductivities were measured
prior to dielectric factory testing, prior to energisation on site
and after many years of service operation. The results showed
that oil quality prior to testing and prior to energisation were
comparable. However, increase of oil conductivity during
service life cannot be excluded.
Chapter 5 transfers the concept of oil conductivity
measurements to the measurement of oil-impregnated
pressboard conductivity. For that, it was considered that
polarisation processes and therefore polarisation currents
play an important role. Consequently, appropriate
recommendations for testing were developed and verified
by a fourth Round Robin Test RRT 4 with oil-impregnated
pressboard samples. The spread was very low, and it was
concluded that the spread observed during oil conductivity
measurement was caused by the oil samples and not by the
recommended measurement procedures.
Chapter 6 describes the calculation of dielectric stresses
based on the conductivity values measured in the RRTs both for
oil and for pressboard. The electrical stress calculations showed
the impact of oil conductivity on dielectric test effectiveness
and test reliability.
Finally, Chapter 7 discusses conclusions and suggestions.
Additionally, the TB contains two annexes giving
detailed recommendations for conductivity measurements
both for oil and for oil-impregnated pressboard: Annex
A (Recommendations for the measurement of DC
oil-conductivity) and Annex B (Recommendations for the
measurement of conductivity of oil-impregnated pressboard).

Conclusions
(1) In conclusion, the JWG developed and verified
procedures for conductivity determinations both for oil and
for oil-impregnated pressboard. They are more representative
for characterisation of insulating materials under HVDC
stresses than todays standard procedures. Therefore, they shall
be considered for standardization.
Oil-conductivity shall be measured according to the
recommendations in Annex A of the TB in order to
characterise the oil-conductivity curve by three stress points.
Oil-impregnated pressboard conductivity shall be measured
according to the recommendations in Annex B of the TB.
Moreover, oil conductivity shall be measured after testing,
after commissioning and throughout the lifetime of a
transformer.
The conductivity of the oil from the transformer during
factory acceptance test shall be in the same range (ratio

No. 285 - April 2016

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55

646

56

GTC A2/D1.41
brochure thmatique

Figure 1 : Caractrisation du comportement de la conduction dune huile minrale par des mesures des conductivits
apparentes pour trois points dits points de contraintes (Concept de la caractrisation par la contrainte en trois points).
1 : faible contrainte lectrique ( 0,1 kV/mm) et temps court dlectrisation ( 1 s), 2 : contrainte lectrique moyenne
(1 kV/mm) et temps dlectrisation de 1 heure, 3 : contrainte lectrique forte (6 kV/mm) et temps dlectrisation de 1 heure.

conductivit de l'huile et du carton imprgn: Annexe A,


recommandations pour la mesure de conductivit de l'huile
en CC, et Annexe B, recommandations pour la mesure de
conductivit du carton imprgn.

Conclusions
(1) En conclusion, le GTC a dvelopp et valid les procdures
de dtermination de la conductivit, la fois de lhuile et du
carton imprgn. Pour la caractrisation des matriaux sous
contraintes CCHT, ces procdures sont plus reprsentatives
que les procdures normalises actuelles. Par consquent, leur
transformation en normes doit tre envisage.
La conductivit de lhuile doit tre mesure conformment
aux recommandations de lAnnexe A de la BT, de faon
caractriser la courbe de conductivit de lhuile en trois
points de contrainte. La conductivit du carton imprgn
doit tre mesure conformment aux recommandations de
lAnnexe B de la BT.
De plus la conductivit de lhuile devrait tre mesure
aprs lessai du transformateur, aprs sa mise en service et
tout au long de sa dure de vie.
Lors des essais dacceptation en usine, la conductivit de
lhuile du transformateur doit tre dans la mme plage (soit un
ratio de moins dun facteur 10) que la conductivit de lhuile
mesure juste aprs la mise en service, pour que lessai soit
considr comme pertinent. Si cette limite est dpasse, il faut
trouver un accord entre le constructeur et le producteur, qui
prenne en compte les informations concernant la robustesse
du systme disolation, value lors de ltape de conception.

No. 285 - April 2016

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(2) Le groupe de travail a en outre conclu que le


comportement physique de lhuile nest pas suffisamment
dcrit par la seule mesure de la conductivit. Les migrations
dions et les charges despace peuvent avoir une influence
complexe sur la distribution des contraintes lectriques.
Par consquent les modles de matriau du type RC
(modle conductivit/permittivit) donnent des rsultats
en premire approximation seulement. Dans les huiles
de trs basse conductivit, en plus de la seule conduction
dautres processus physiques entrent en jeu quand
on cherche dterminer leffet de lapplication dune
contrainte lectrique. Parmi ces processus physiques on
trouve la production dions (fortement non-linaire pour
des contraintes lectriques leves), le transport des ions,
linjection/interaction des charges au niveau des lectrodes
et les mouvements lectrodynamiques (EHD) de lhuile.
Les calculs de champ bass sur des modles de matriau,
qui ne prennent en compte que la conductivit et la
permittivit montrent que les constantes de temps du
systme disolation peuvent tre longues par rapport aux
dures normalises des essais, surtout pour les huiles
de faible conductivit. Pour raliser des essais efficients,
les contraintes lectriques peuvent tre augmentes en
augmentant la tension des essais de PR, en allongeant la
dure des essais ou par une combinaison des deux. Ceci
avait t dbattu dans le groupe de travail A2/B4.28. Le
GTC A2/D1.41 reconnat que les temps de polarisation
deviennent plus longs pour les huiles faible conductivit,
mais pense que l'on a encore besoin de retours d'exprience
et d'tudes. Par consquent le groupe n'est pas en mesure
de donner des indications quantifies claires sur la faon
doit on doit modifier les paramtres des essais de PR.

JWG A2/D1.41
technical brochure

646

Figure 1: Characterisation of the conduction behaviour of a mineral oil by measurements of the apparent conductivities
at three so-called stress points (Three Stress Points Characterisation Concept). 1: low electrical stress ( 0.1 kV/mm),
short time of electrification ( 1 s), 2: medium electrical stress (1 kV/mm) at a time of electrification of one hour, 3: high
electrical stress (6 kV/mm) at a time of electrification of one hour

less than a factor of 10) as the conductivity of the oil from


the transformer right after commissioning in order to achieve
relevance of test. In case of exceeding this limit, agreement
shall be found between manufacturer and producer based on
information about insulation system robustness discussed at
design review stage.
(2) Furthermore, the working group concluded that the
physical behaviour of oil is not sufficiently described just by
conductivity. Ion drift and space charge may have a complex
influence on electrical-stress distribution. Therefore, material
models based on the RC model (conductivity/permittivity
model) give first approximation results only. In oils with a
very low conductivity, more physical processes than just
conduction alone come into play when trying to determine
the effect of an applied electrical stress. Examples of such
physical processes are ion generation (strongly non-linear
for high electrical stress), ion transport, charge injection/
interaction at the electrodes and at the pressboard interface
and electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) movement of oil.
Field calculations based on material models, which
only consider conductivity and permittivity indicate that
insulation system time-constants can be long in comparison
with standard test durations, especially for low-conductive
oils. In order to achieve effective test, electrical stresses can
be increased by increasing PR test voltage, by increasing
test duration or by a combination of both. This has been
discussed in the previous working group A2/B4.28. JWG A2/
D1.41 agrees that polarisation times are getting longer for
low-conductive oils, but further experience and investigations

are needed. Therefore, the group has no clear quantitative


indication on how to change PR test parameters.

BROCHURE N 646
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

180 e

Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

No. 285 - April 2016

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57

647

58

GT C5.17
brochure thmatique

Mcanismes de capacit :
besoins, solutions et tats des lieux
Membres
Gerard Doorman, Chef de file (NO)
Julian Barquin (ES), Luiz Barroso (BR), Carlos Batlle (ES), Alex Cruickshank (AU),
Christophe Dervieux (FR), Robert Flanagan (IE), Joel Gilmore (AU), James Greenhalg (GB),
Hanspeter Hschle (BE), Paolo Mastropietro (ES), Adam Keech (US), Mariusz Krupa (PL),
Jenny Riesz (AU), Beth LaRose (US), Sebastian Schwenen (DE), Greg Thorpe (AU),
Kristof de Vos (BE), Laurens de Vries (NL), Jarrad Wright (ZA)

Introduction
La viabilit des marchs dnergie seule et le besoin potentiel
dun paiement complmentairepour la capacit sont discuts
depuis la mise en place des premiers marchs dlectricit
au dbut des annes 1990. Aucun argument thorique na
t apport qui prouve que les marchs dnergie seule
fonctionnent en pratique, et la ncessit de mcanismes de
rmunration additionnelle pour la capacit na pas non plus
t prouve scientifiquement. Pendant une dcennie environ,
les dbats sur les marchs dlectricit ont t domins par
dautres questions, comme lintgration des renouvelables,
la gestion des congestions et lintgration des marchs.
Toutefois, plus rcemment la discussion des Mcanismes
de Capacit (CM) a redmarr, alimente essentiellement
par la croissance des productions renouvelables au cot
marginal gal zro (olien, PV solaire). Combin avec
le contrecoup de la crise financire ce dveloppement a
significativement fait baisser les prix en Europe, rduisant
les incitations investir dans de nouvelles capacits (non
subventionnes) et mettant en difficult les capacits
existantes. Cette situation peut commencer menacer la
scurit de fourniture, et les discussions sur la rmunration
de capacit ont donc repris, tout spcialement en Europe.
Le rapport traite des CM sont-ils ncessaires et
pourquoi, et quelles solutions ont t prconises et mises en
uvre ?
On dfinit un Mcanisme de Capacit ainsi :
Un CM est un mcanisme qui valorise la capacit de produire
ou rduire la charge, qui en gnral, mais toujours, constitue
une source de revenu pour les propritaires de cette capacit
en plus des revenus du march d'nergie.
Dans le march
par dfaut
d'nergie seule, les
producteurs ne reoivent que le prix de l'lectricit et il n'y

No. 285 - April 2016

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a pas de paiements supplmentaires pour la disponibilit de


la capacit de production. Dans les annes 1980 dj il avait
t montr que les marchs spot d'lectricit produisent,
dans des conditions idales, des rsultats efficaces la fois sur
les court et long termes, ce qui veut dire qu'ils conduisent
l'investissement de production optimal. Depuis cette poque,
la discussion a t de savoir si la thorie est vrifie en
pratique. Plusieurs dfaillances de march ont t observes
et constituent des arguments contre :
Manque de rponse de la demande
Restrictions de prix
Informations imparfaites
Incertitude rglementaire
Restrictions rglementaires des investissements
Investisseurs rticents la prise de risque
Cycles dinvestissement
Ces questions sont souvent mises en avant comme
arguments en faveur des CM. Parmi les arguments contre :
La complexit des CM
Les incitations limites pour les rponses de la demande
Les impacts transfrontaliers complexes, qui peuvent
freiner l'intgration des marchs
Le risque de surinvestissement

Conceptions de march gnriques


Les CM sont souvent classs en mcanismes bass sur
les volumes et en mcanismes bass sur les prix. Dans nos
travaux lapproche est diffrente, avec une classification des
modles selon trois questions de base :
1- Quel est la produit ? :
Une capacit physique ;
Un instrument financier.
2- Comment est dtermin le volume requis ? :
Par la rponse du march un prix fix par une Autorit
Centrale ;

WG C5.17
technical brochure

647

Capacity mechanisms:
needs, solutions and state of affairs
Members
Gerard Doorman, Convenor (NO)
Julian Barquin (ES), Luiz Barroso (BR), Carlos Batlle (ES), Alex Cruickshank (AU),
Christophe Dervieux (FR), Robert Flanagan (IE), Joel Gilmore (AU), James Greenhalg (UK),
Hanspeter Hschle (BE), Paolo Mastropietro (ES), Adam Keech (USA), Mariusz Krupa (PL),
Jenny Riesz (AU), Beth LaRose (USA), Sebastian Schwenen (DE), Greg Thorpe (AU),
Kristof de Vos (BE), Laurens de Vries (NL), Jarrad Wright (ZA)

Introduction
The viability of energy-only markets and the potential
need for additional payment for capacity have been discussed
since the introduction of the first power markets in the early
1990s. No convincing theoretical argument has come up to
prove that energy-only markets work in practice, and neither
has the necessicity of additional remuneration mechanisms
for capacity been scientifically proven. For a decade or so,
discussions about power markets were dominated by other
issues like integration of renewables, congestion management
and market integration. However, more recently the discussion
about Capacity Mechanisms (CMs) has recurred, mainly
driven by the growth of renewable generation with zero
marginal cost (wind, solar PV). Together with the aftermath of
the financial crisis, this development has significantly reduced
prices in Europe, removing the incentives to invest in new
(non-subsidized) capacity and challenging the profitability
of existing capacity. This development may start to threaten
security of supply, and consequently the discussion about
capacity remuneration has reemerged, especially in Europe.
This report deals with CMs if and why there is a need for
them, and what solutions have been proposed and taken in
use. We define a Capacity Mechanism as:
A CM is a mechanism to value generation or demand
response capacity, generally but not always leading to a
revenue stream to owners of such capacity in addition to
revenues from the energy marklet.
In the default energy-only market solution, generators
only receive the price of electricity and no additional payments
for the availability of generation capacity. Already in the
1980s it was shown that under ideal conditions, electricity
spot markets provide efficient outcomes in both the short and
the long term, meaning that they lead to optimal investment

in generation capacity. The discussion since has been about if


the theory holds in practice. Several market failures have been
observed as counter arguments:
Lack of demand response
Price restrictions
Imperfect information
Regulatory uncertainty
Regulatory restrictions to investment
Risk-averse behavior by investors
Investment cycles
These issues are often used as arguments for the need for
CMs. Counter arguments to this include:
The complexity of CMs
Reduced incentives for demand response
Complex cross-border effects that may hamper market
integration
Risk of overinvestment

Generic market designs


CMs are often divided into volume based and price based
mechanisms. The present work takes a different approach,
classifying the models according to three basic questions:
1- What is the product?:
Physical capacity; or
A financial instrument
2- How is the required volume determined?:
Through the markets response to a price set by a Central
Authority;
Ex ante by a Central Authority through a top-down
approach;
Through a bottom-up approach with ex post verification
by Central Authority; or
By individual customers
Who is responsible for procurement?:
A Central Authority; or
Individual entities

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60

GT C5.17
brochure thmatique

Ex ante par une Autorit Centrale, par le biais dune


approche top-down ;
Par une approche bottom-up, avec une vrification ex
post par une Autorit Centrale ;
Par des clients individuels.
3- Qui est responsable de la mise disposition ? :
Une Autorit Centrale ;
Des entits individuelles.
A partir dune classification base sur ces questions, les
regroupements de CM et la terminologie qui suivent sont
identifis : (Tableau 0.1)
On peut noter que le terme march de capacit nest pa
utilis pour une conception de CM particulire. La raison est
que march de capacit ne dcrit pas un modle spcifique.
Il est plutt utilis pour un march dans lequel des parties en
dficit de capacit (dans le cadre du modle correspondant)
peuvent lacheter auprs de parties en excdent. Un march
de capacit peut exister dans plusieurs des modles, selon la
conception effective des modles.
On donne ci-aprs une brve description de chaque CM :
Un mcanisme de Rserve Stratgique est mis en place en
parallle avec un march d'nergie seule. Dans ce modle
l'oprateur de systme contracte directement avec une
petite proportion de la capacit pour constituer une rserve
qui ne sera sollicite que si toutes les autres capacits
disponibles sont dj appeles. Les investissements de
capacit sont en majorit encore pilots par les signaux du
march d'nergie seule, puisque la plupart des fournisseurs
du march ne reoivent pas de revenu explicitement de
capacit.

Dans un modle dObligation de Capacit Ex Ante, une


Autorit Centrale dfinit le volume de capacit physique
qui est requis. Lobligation de capacit est attribue aux
LSE, en fonction de la charge qu'ils ont servie auparavant,
l'obligation tant ainsi dfinie avant davoir constat la
charge relle servie, c. d. ex ante. Les LSE disposent
d'un large ventail de possibilits pour satisfaire leurs
obligations, fourniture par eux-mmes, contrat bilatral,
action sur la charge, ou marchs de capacit (s'ils sont en
place).
Dans un modle dObligation de Capacit Ex Post, la
responsabilit de mise disposition de la capacit est
attribue aux LES. La charge effective servie constituera la
base de calcul de lobligation de la LSE. Lobligation finale
ne sera connue quex post, et sera alors vrifie par une
Autorit Centrale. Lobligation dfinitive est tablie selon
une mthodologie prdfinie, avec des paramtres arrts
ex ante par lAutorit Centrale. Typiquement cette mthode
est utilise pour sadapter aux conditions climatiques et
pour garantir que les LSE auront des capacits suffisantes
en cas de conditions extrmes (prdfinies). Lobligation
totale (au niveau pays/rgion) sera la somme des
obligations des LSE, mais le modle ne tient pas compte de
cette obligation totale.
Dans un modle Enchres de Capacit, une Autorit
Centrale dtermine le volume de capacit physique
requis, et achte ce volume de faon centralise sur le
march. Une courbe de volume lastique, dans laquelle
le prix est fonction du volume, peut tre une alternative
un volume fix. Un processus denchre ou dappel
doffres, ou tout autre processus central dachat, peut tre
mis en uvre.

Tableau 0.1 Regroupements et terminologie

Quel est le produit ?

Comment est dtermin


le volume requis ?

Qui est responsable


de la mise disposition ?

Rserve stratgique

Capacit physique
(sous-ensemble de production
seulement)

Une autorit centrale fixe le volume

Autorit centrale
(sous-ensemble de production
seulement)

Obligation de capacit
Ex Ante

Capacit physique

Une autorit centrale fixe le volume

Des LSEs ou dautres entits


individuelles

Obligation de capacit
Ex Post

Capacit physique

Les LSE* dterminent le volume


avec une vrification ex post par
une autorit centrale base sur une
procdure
prdtermine et des paramtres

Des LSEs ou dautres entits


individuelles

Enchre de capacit

Capacit physique

Une autorit centrale fixe le volume

Autorit centrale

Options de fiabilit

Capacit physique

Une autorit centrale fixe le volume

Autorit centrale

Paiement de capacit

Capacit physique

Une autorit centrale fixe le prix. Le


volume est dtermin par le march

Autorit centrale

Souscription de capacit

Capacit physique

Les clients dterminent le volume en


fonction de leur choix de fourniture
sans interruption et du prix de la
capacit

Des clients, directement et via des


intermdiaires

*LES: Load Supply Entity

No. 285 - April 2016

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WG C5.17
technical brochure

647

Table 0.1 Common groupings and terminology

What is the product?

How is the required


volume determined?

Who is responsible
for procurement?

Strategic reserve

Physical Capacity
(sub-set of generation only)

Central Authority sets volume

Central Authority
(sub-set of generation only)

Ex Ante capacity obligation

Physical Capacity

Central Authority sets volume

LSEs or other individual entities

Ex Post capacity obligation

Physical Capacity

LSEs determined volume with ex


post verification by Central Authority
based on predetermined procedure
and parameters

LSEs or other individual entities

Capacity auction

Physical Capacity

Central Authority sets volume

Central Authority

Reliability options

Financial Instrument

Central Authority sets volume

Central Authority

Capacity payment

Physical Capacity

Central Authority sets price, volume


determined by market

Central Authority

Capacity subscription

Physical Capacity

Customers determine volume based


on their preferences for uninterrupted supply and the price of capacity

Customers, directly and through


intermediaries

From a classification based on these questions, the following


CM groupings and terminology are recognized (Table 0.1):
Note that the term capacity market is not used for any
specific CM design. The reason is that capacity market
does not describe one specific model. Rather, it is specifically
used for a market where parties with a capacity deficit (in the
context of the relevant model) can buy from parties with a
surplus. A capacity market can occur in several of the models,
depending on the actual market design.
A brief description of each CM grouping is given below:
A Strategic Reserve mechanism is implemented alongside
an energy-only market. In this model, the system operator
directly contracts with a small proportion of capacity to
provide an additional reserve that should only be dispatched
when all other available capacity in the market is already
operating. The majority of capacity investment is still driven
by energy-only market signals, since most providers in the
market do not receive explicit capacity revenue.
In an Ex Ante Capacity Obligation model, a Central
Authority determines the volume of physical capacity
that is required. The obligation to procure the capacity
is passed onto LSEs, based on the load that each LSE has
served before, establishing the obligation before the actual
realization i.e. ex ante. LSEs satisfy their obligations via a
wide range of possibilities including self-supply, bilateral
contracts, demand response or capacity markets (if these
are established).
In an Ex Post Capacity Obligation model, the
responsibility to procure capacity is passed to the LSEs.
The final obligation will only be known ex post, and will

then be verified by a Central Authority. The measured


realized load forms the basis for the calculation of the
obligation. The final obligation is established based on
a predetermined methodology with parameters that
are set ex ante by the Central Authority. Typically, the
methodology is used to adjust for weather conditions and
ensure that the LSEs would have sufficient capacity in
(predetermined) extreme conditions. The total (country/
region level) obligation will be the sum of the obligations
of the LSEs, but plays no direct role in the model.
In a Capacity Auction model, a Central Authority
determines the volume of physical capacity required,
and centrally procures that volume from the market. An
elastic demand curve, where the price depends on the
volume, may be used as an alternative to a fixed demand.
An auction or tender process may be used, or some other
central procurement process.
Reliability Options involve delivery of a physical volume
when the security of supply is at risk. The product is
structured as a financial instrument (option). Models in
operation at present typically involve a Central Authority
setting the volume to be procured, and then applies a
central procurement process of the options. The option
strike price is set as a measure of the security of supply
and in effect sets a price cap in the market, while the
generators volatile revenue stream through high prices
is substituted with the more long term and foreseeable
option premium. When the security of supply is at risk, the
option is exercised (market price > option strike price) and
the generator must physically deliver the agreed amount
otherwise it will be face a financial exposure to the spot
price at the spot market. In some cases an additional
penalty for non-performance may apply.

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61

637
647

62

GT C5.17
brochure thmatique

Les Options de Fiabilit impliquent la fourniture dun


volume physique quand il y a un risque pour la scurit de
fourniture. Le produit est structur comme un instrument
financier (option). Les modles qui sont appliqus
actuellement oprent avec une Autorit Centrale qui
arrte le volume mettre disposition et qui procde un
achat centralis des options. Le prix dexercice de loption
est dfini comme une mesure de la scurit de fourniture
et dans les faits fixe un prix plafond pour le march, et
la part variable du revenu des producteurs correspondant
aux prix levs est remplace par une prime doption plus
long terme et plus prvisible. Quand il y a un risque pour
la scurit de fourniture, loption est leve (prix du march
> que le prix dexercice de loption), et le producteur doit
livrer physiquement la quantit dfinie, sinon il risque
davoir payer le prix spot du march spot et peut-tre,
dans certains cas, une pnalit additionnelle pour dfaut.

Le rapport complet dcrit dans le dtail chacun des modles,


et dbat des avantages et des dsavantages de chacun deux.
En plus du choix du CM de base, et en fonction du type du
CM de base, de nombreux paramtres doivent tre dfinis,
dont ceux qui suivent :

Dans un mcanisme de Paiement de Capacit, un


paiement permanent fix est dtermin ou ngoci quand
un fournisseur de capacit intgre le march, et pay par
loprateur de systme ce fournisseur pour la dure de
lengagement.

Enqute

Dans le modle de Souscription de Capacit, ce sont


les clients qui dfinissent le volume de capacit quils
souhaitent mettre disposition en fonction de leurs besoins
de consommation attendus, et le prix auxquels ils offrent
cette capacit. Les clients achtent ensuite cette capacit
auprs de fournisseurs par le biais dun march de capacit
sur lequel il existe une lasticit aux prix de la demande et
de la fourniture. La demande est dynamiquement plafonne
au niveau de la capacit achete.

Le volume de capacit acheter ;


La forme du mcanisme d'enchre, si cela s'applique :
offres cachetes, dcroissante dans le temps, hybride,
squentielle, combinatoire, et bilatrale ;
Les dures de contrat ;
Les pravis ;
L'autofourniture ;
Les pnalits pour non livraison ;
Les plafonds de prix ;
La dtermination des crdits ;
Les exigences de localisation.

Une enqute a t lance pour avoir une vision densemble


jour des CM dans le monde. Elle a port sut le statut et
sur la description des CM mis en uvre actuellement, ainsi
que sur les mises en uvre planifies pour le futur. Les
rponses ont t reues de 31 pays disperss sur le globe.
Des informations sur les rseaux et les marchs d'lectricit
ont t rassembles, aussi sur les paramtres gnraux de
la conception du march, sur le niveau de rgulation, ainsi
que des informations qualitatives sur la profitabilit pour les
participants au march. Afin d'en avoir une vue plus prcise
du besoin spcifique de CM, des questions relatives la
fiabilit du rseau ont t ajoutes. In fine les informations
sur les CM existants ont t recueillies.

Figure 0.1: Zones de march o on attend des mcanismes de capacit autour de 2020, selon l'enqute de 2014

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

WG C5.17
technical brochure

Under a Capacity Payment mechanism, an ongoing fixed


payment is determined or negotiated when a capacity
provider enters the market, and provided by the system
operator to that provider for the term of that agreement.
In a Capacity Subscription model, customers themselves
determine the amount of capacity they wish to procure,
based upon their anticipated demand requirements, and the
price at which capacity is offered. Customers then procure
that capacity from providers through a capacity market
that will have price elastic demand and supply. Demand is
dynamically capped at the procured capacity level.
The full report describes each of the models and discusses
the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Besides the choice of basic CM, and depending on the
type of mechanism, many design parameters have to be
determined, among these:
The amount of capacity to procure;
The form of the auction mechanisms, if relevant:
Sealed-bid, Descending-clock, Hybrid, Sequential,
Combinatorial and Two-sided;
Contract durations;
Lead times;
Self-supply;
Penalties for non-delivery;
Price caps;
Determination of credits; and
Locational requirements

Survey
A survey was performed in order to get an up-to-date

647

overview of CMs all over the world. This includes the


status and description of currently implemented CMs as
well as planned implementations in the future. Responses
were received from 31 countries spread over the globe.
Information was gathered about the power system and power
market including general market design parameters, level of
regulation and qualitative information about the profitability
of market participants. In order to get more insight on the
particular need for CMs, questions with respect to the system
reliability were added. Finally, information on the actual CMs
were collected.
The power systems surveyed present a range of
characteristics. There was a large spread in the size of the
systems, ranging from a few 1000 MW to more than 160
GW annual peak load in countries with different fuel supply
mixes ranging from single-fuel to multi-fuel (coal, nuclear,
hydro), different market structures and consumption
patterns ranging from peak to energy-constrained systems.
By capturing these characteristics, the survey could then
empirically check a possible relation between these variables
and the use of CMs.
Twenty-six out of the 31 jurisdictions indicated their market
as liberalized, with a wide variation of market solutions.
Early 2014, twelve of these markets had implemented or
planned to implement a CM as shown in Figure 0.1.
The survey highlights present and expected profitability
of generation investments. Furthermore, it turns out that a
number of countries are concerned about system reliability
with most of these concerns related to generation adequacy.
CMs in use include Strategic Reserves, Capacity Payments,
Capacity Auctions and Reliability Options. Countries that
use CMs reside on all continents.

Figure 0.1: Market areas expected to have Capacity Mechanisms around 2020, based on 2014 survey

No. 285 - April 2016

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64

GT C5.17
brochure thmatique

Les systmes lectriques couverts par l'enqute prsentent


toute une palette de caractristiques. Il y a une trs grande
disparit dans la taille des systmes, qui vont de 100 MW
plus de 160 GW de charge de pointe, avec des mix d'nergie
primaire diffrents allant d'un combustible unique des
combustibles multiples (Charbon, nuclaire , hydraulique),
des structures de march et des profils de consommation
prsentant des contraintes la pointe ou des contraintes
en nergie. Ayant pris connaissance de ces caractristiques,
l'enqute a pu alors valider empiriquement une possible
relation entre celles-ci et l'appel aux CM.
Vingt-six des trente-et-une entits ont dclar que leur
march tait libralis, avec une grande varit dans les
solutions de march. Au dbut de 2014 douze de ces marchs
avaient mis en place ou avaient planifi un CM, comme
montr sur la Figure 0.1.
L'enqute met en lumire la profitabilit actuelle et attendue
des investissements de production. En plus, il apparat que
nombre de ces pays ont des inquitudes sur la fiabilit du
systme, la plupart d'entre elles tant relatives l'adquation de la
production. Les CM mis en uvre sont des Rserves Stratgiques,
des Paiements de Capacit, des Enchres de Capacit et des
Options de Fiabilit. Les pays qui y font appel se trouvent sur
tous les continents.
Trois de ces pays, qui n'ont pas de CM aujourd'hui ont dcid
d'en introduire un ou sont en train de faire. Deux autres pays
examinent srieusement l'ventualit. Quatre autres pays sont en
train de modifier leur conception de march. Tout ceci montre que

Classification
des CM

Pays /
rgion

Un important apport de la brochure est la descripition


des onze CM mis en place ou planifis, dans neuf pays. Ces
descriptions se rapportent aux modles gnriques prsents
prcdemment, et constituent la fois des illustrations des
ralisations des modles gnriques et un riche recueil des
leons apprises. Les onze (11) CM mis en place ou planifis
dans les 9 pays se prsentent comme suit1 :
1 - En plus on donne la description de la solution brsilienne, qui est plus oriente
vers lnergie que vers la capacit, mais qui donne des enseignements qui sont aussi
pertinentes quand on sintresse la capacit.

Comment est dtermin le volume requis ?

Qui est responsable de la


mise disposition ?
GRT

Sude

Rserve pour la pointe de


charge

Responsabilit temporaires de rserves de capacit


court terme (pas de scurit de fourniture long terme) GRT
Les fournisseurs entrent en ngociation bilatrale avec (Svenska Kraftnt (SvK))
GRT pour linclusion

PJM
(USA)*

March de crdit de
capacit (CCM)

Obligation de capacit alloue chaque LSE de la


zone PJM, base sur la charge de pointe et abattue des
volumes de DSM, pondre pour obtenir la marge de
rserve dtermine par PJM

Certificats de capacit

Mcanisme bas sur un march dcentralis


dynamique
Libert de prix et dallocation des certificats pour les
fournisseurs et les clients finaux
Etudes dadquation pour garantir la scurit de
fourniture court et long termes

Grande
Bretagne

Enchre sur march de


capacit
(Fourniture anne N+1)

Volume requis bas sur une norme de scurit de


fourniture fixe en fonction dune plage de charges et GRT (National Grid)
de scnarios bas carbone

PJM
(USA)**

Modle de prix li la
fiabilit (avec performance
de la capacit)

Capacit totale requise dfinie en fonction de la


prvision de charge sur la priode concerne augmente RTO
de la marge voulue de rserve installe (IRM) (PJM Interconnection LLC)
Enchre centralise 3 ans avant la fourniture

France

Capacity
Auction

No. 285 - April 2016

Mise en place des mcanismes de


capacit

Analyse de ladquation de la production conduite


par GRT
Appel doffres public (offres bilatrales et mise en
concurrence directe)

Pologne

Obligation
de capacit
Ex Post

Grace aux 31 contributions reues, l'enqute dessine un


bon paysage des CM actuellement en place dans le monde.
L'intgration des CM dans le modle de march se fait
indpendamment de la taille du systme ou du march. On
trouve des CM la fois dans des systmes trs grands (PJM)
et trs petits (Irlande). On y fait appel plus souvent dans des
systmes lectriques qui connaissent de fortes diffrences
saisonnires et dans ceux o les contributeurs mentionnent
des doutes sur l'adquation de la production long terme. La
grande varit et la combinaison des CM en place montrent que
les caractristiques propres un pays conduisent des modles
spcifiques. A partir de cette enqute il n'a pas cependant t
possible d'identifier des caractristiques objectives des systmes
lectriques qui font qu'ils ont besoin ou non d'un CM.

Rserve froide
dintervention(ICR)

Rserve
stratgique

Obligation
de capacit
Ex Ante

Quel est le produit ?

la conception des marchs est dynamique et volue en permanence.

ELECTRA

(Polskie Sieci
Elektroenergetyczne
Operator S.A. (PSE))

RTO
(PJM Interconnection LLC)
Les LSEs sont responsables
de couvrir leurs obligations
en se procurant des certificats
de capacit,en rduisant
leur charge effective ou leur
thermo-sensibilit

WG C5.17
technical brochure

Three of the countries that do not have a CM today have


decided to introduce one or are currently implementing one.
Two other countries have serious discussions about CMs.
An additional four countries are changing their designs.
This shows that market design is dynamic and continuously
evolving.
Thanks to the 31 received contributions, the survey gives
a good landscape of currently existing and developed CMs
around the world. The integration of CMs in the market design
is independent from the market/system size. CMs are identified
in both very large (PJM) and very small (Ireland) systems. CMs
occur more often in system with large seasonal differences
and where respondents indicate doubts about the generation
adequacy in the long run. The large variety and combination of
CMs in place indicates that country specific characteristics lead
to individual designs. Based on the survey however, it was not

CM
classification

Country/
region

What is the product?

Ex post
capacity
obligation

Implementations of capacity
mechanisms
An important contribution of the report consists of the
description of eleven implemented or planned CMs fin
nine countries. These descriptions are related to the generic
designs referred before, and serve both as illustrations
of realizations of the generic models and as a valuable
guide of lessons-learnt. The eleven (11) implemented
or planned CMs from the 9 countries are as follows1:
1 - In addition, a description of the Brazilian solution is included that, although
targeted towards energy more than capacity, offers experiences that are relevant
also when focus is on capacity.

How is the required volume determined


(procured)?

Who is responsible for


procurement?
TSO

Generation adequacy analysis conducted by the


TSO.
Public tender (bilateral and competitive bidding)

Sweden

Peak Load Reserve

Short term temporary responsibility for Capacity


Reserves (not long term security of supply)
Providers enter into bilateral negotiations with
TSO for inclusion

PJM
(USA)*

Capacity Credit Market


(CCM)

Capacity obligation allocated to each Load Serving


Entity (LSE) within PJM region based on peak RTO
load served discounted by amount of DSM and
scaled to account for desired reserve margin (PJM Interconnection LLC)
determined by PJM

France

Capacity Certificates

Decentralised dynamic market based mechanism


allowing for freedom on pricing and allocation of
certificates for suppliers and end-users
Adequacy studies ensure security of supply at
medium and long term

Great
Britian

Capacity Market Auction


(for future year delivery)

Required volume defined based on security of


supply standard set against a range of demand and
low carbon scenarios.

Strategic
reserves

Ex ante
capacity
obligation

possible to identify objective power system characteristics that


distinguish between the need or not for a CM.

Interventional Cold
Reserve (ICR)

Poland

Capacity
auction
PJM
(USA)**

Reliability Pricing Model


(with Capacity
Performance)

(Polskie Sieci
Elektroenergetyczne Operator
S.A. (PSE))

TSO
(Svenska Kraftnt (SvK))

Load Serving Entities (LSEs):


Responsible to cover their
obligation
by
procuring
capacity
certificates,
by
reducing their actual load or
thermo sensitivity.

TSO
(National Grid)

Total capacity requirement based on load forecast


for the applicable time period plus desired RTO
Installed Reserve Margin (IRM)
Centralized auction held three years prior to (PJM Interconnection LLC)
delivery year

Colombia

Firm Energy Obligations

Periodic auction where regulator procures


contracts with sufficiently long lead time and Regulatory Authority
contract duration to hedge against regulatory and
long-term market price risk according to reserve (Comisin de Regulacin de
margin estimates (demand is expressed in GWh Energa y Gas (CREG))
per year)

Ireland**

I-SEM Capacity
Mechanism (centralised
reliability options)

Auctions (backed up by the existence of physical


plant or firm availability date for new capacity)

Reliability
options

647

TSOs
(System Operator Northern
Ireland (SONI),
EirGrid (Republic of Ireland))

No. 285 - April 2016

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66

GT C5.17
brochure thmatique

Classification
des CM

Pays /
rgion

Colombie

Quel est le produit ?

Obligations fermes en
nergie

Comment est dtermin le volume requis ?


Enchres priodiques par lesquelles les contrats sont
attribus, temps de pravis et dure de contrat
suffisamment longs pour se couvrir contre les risques
rglementaires et les risques prix
Volumes fonction des estimations de marges de rserve
according to reserve margin (demande en GW /an)

Options de
fiabilit

Qui est responsable de la


mise disposition ?
Autorit de rgulation
(Comisin de Regulacin de
Energa y Gas (CREG))

Irlande
**

I-SEM
Mcanisme de capacit
(options de fiabilit
centralises)

GRT
Enchres adosses lexistence des capacits physiques (System Operator Northern
existantes, ou disponibles une date garantie, Ireland (SONI),
(pour les capacits nouvelles)
EirGrid (Republic
of Ireland)

Espagne

Paiement de capacit
(appels auparavant :
grantie de fourniture
long terme)

Les paiements de capacit sont dtermins


administrativement - bass sur les besoins long terme TSO
du systme et constitus dincitations spcifiques de la (Red Elctrica de Espaa
technologie et de ses possibilits lies linvestissement, (REE)
la disponibilit et lenvironnement
Mcanisme bas sur le prix avec un fonds disponible
fix annuellement (dfini par le Rgulateur)

Irlande*

Mcanisme de
paiement de capacit
(CPM)

Capacit de
paiement

Capacit requise calcule annuellement de faon


probabiliste partir dun LOLE requis, une prvision
de demande,et les caractristiques des centrales
disponibles arrts programms,et inopins

Autorit de rgulation
(Commission for Energy
Regulation (CER))
Lautorit de Rgulation pour
les paiements de capacit

Chili

Paiement de capacit
(combin avec des
enchres)

Paiement de capacit rgul, calcul tous les 6 mois


bas un cot fix des productions de pointe pondr en
fonction de la capacit garantie
Les enchres sont dcentralises au niveau des
compagnies de distribution qui doivent organiser des
enchres pour acheter suffisamment dnergie et de
capacit, 3 ans lavance au moins

(Comisin Nacional de
Energa (CNE)) avec les GRT,
(The Economic Load
Dispatch Center (CDEC)
pour le systme interconnect
central (SIC) et pour
le systme interconnect du
Nord (SING))
Enchres: Les (beaucoup des
compagnies de distribution)

* Solution prcdente
** Solution propose

Points prendre en compte et


critres pour les modles de CM
Il y a de nombreux points prendre en compte quand on a
choisir entre un modle march dnergie seule et un CM,
ou entre des CM particuliers. Ces choix dpendent de tellement
de facteurs quil nest pas possible dnoncer des directives qui
soient valides pour tous. Le rapport donne plutt des indications
sur les questions prendre en compte quand on envisage de
mettre en place un CM pour un march dlectricit particulier
ou quand on choisit entre modles de CM.
Questions examiner quant au type de CM :
Le risque rel de manque de capacit ;
La cohrence avec le march dlectricit existant ;
Pour lEurope, la cohrence avec le modle cible ;
La cohrence avec les rformes de structure en cours ;
Les caractristiques de la demande en termes de variabilit
saisonnire et de dpendance au climat ;
Les caractristiques du systme lectrique, et en particulier
la part des renouvelables ;
Le besoin de scurit des investissements ;
La cohrence avec la politique des renouvelables.
En plus des lments voqus prcdemment pour la conception,
il faut aussi tenir compte trs soigneusement de lensemble des
aspects de haut niveau suivants :

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

Mcanisme cibl ou couvrant tout le march



Acheteur unique ou obligations aux LSE ou aux
consommateurs
Type de contrle / vrification
Processus de dnouement et pnalits pour non-conformit
Participation transfrontalire
Inclusion de la rponse de la demande
Aspects de calendrier :
- Temps de pravis avec la mise disposition
- Chronologie de lengagement
- Calendrier de la fourniture
- Rengociation de capacit
Les critres de performance prendre en compte :
Efficacit de laction sur ladquation du systme
Efficacit conomique :
- Plus de nouvelles occasions dimposer la puissance de march
- Action sur llasticit charge-prix
- Efficacit pour les fournisseurs
Neutralit dans la rpartition
Neutralit par rapport aux politiques des renouvelables et du
carbone
Compatibilit avec le modle de march, existant ou planifi
Compatibilit avec les changes transfrontaliers
Durabilit de la politique

WG C5.17
technical brochure

CM
classification

Country/
region

Spain

Ireland*

What is the product?

How is the required volume determined


(procured)?

Capacity Payments
(previously called Long
Term Supply Guarantee)

Capacity payments determined administratively


based on system long term needs and made up
of technology and capability specific incentives
related to investment, availability and environment

Capacity Payment
Mechanism (CPM)

Price based mechanism with set funding available


annually (as determined by regulator)
Capacity requirement calculated annually
probabilistically from a required LOLE, demand
forecast and characteristics of available plant
(scheduled outages and forced outages)

Capacity
Payment

647

Who is responsible for


procurement?
TSO
(Red Elctrica de Espaa (REE)

Regulator Authority
(Commission
for
Regulation (CER))

Energy

Capacity Payments: Regulatory


Authority

Chile

Capacity Payments
(combined with Auctions)

Capacity payment regulated and calculated


Nacional
de
every six months based on fixed costs of peaking (Comisin
Energa (CNE)) with TSOs
generator adjusted proportional to firm capacity
(The Economic Load Dispatch
Center (CDEC) for Central
Auction component is decentralized at distribution Interconnected System (SIC) and
company level who must organize auctions to Norte Grande Interconnected
purchase sufficient energy and capacity at least System (SING))
three years in advance
Auctions:
LSEs
(many
distribution companies)

* Former solution
** Proposed solution

Considerations and criteria


for CM design
There are many considerations both for the choice between
an energy-only market design and a CM as well as between
specific CMs. These choices depend on so many factors, that
it is not possible to give generally valid guidelines. Instead,
the report provides some guidelines for the issues to consider
when implementation of a CM is being considered for a
particular electricity market and for the choice of CM design.
Issues to consider regarding the type of CM:
The real risk of a shortage of capacity;
Consistency with existing market design
For Europe: consistency with the Target Model;
Consistency with ongoing market structure reform;
Characteristics of demand regarding seasonal variability
and weather dependency;
Characteristics of the electricity system, specifically the
share of renewable generation;
The need for investment security; and
Alignment with renewable energy policy
In addition to the design variables mentioned before, the
following set of more high level variables should be carefully
considered:
Targeted or market wide mechanism
Single buyer or obligation on LSEs or consumers
Type of control/verification
Settlement process and the design of penalties for
non-compliance
Cross border participation.
Inclusion of demand response
Timing variables:
- Lead time before delivery year
- Timing of commitment

- Timeframe of delivery
- Re-trading of capacity
The performance criteria to be considered include:
Effectiveness in stimulating system adequacy
Economic efficiency:
- No new opportunities to exercise market power
- Stimulation of demand price-elasticity
- Supply-side efficiency
Distributional fairness
Neutrality with respect to renewable energy and carbon
policies
Compatibility with existing and/or planned market
design
Compatibility with cross-border trade
Policy durability

BROCHURE N 647
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

220 e
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

67

648

68

GT C4.603
brochure thmatique

Techniques et outils analytiques


pour lvaluation des ajustements de puissance
Membres
K. Uhlen, Chef de file (NO), S. Jaehnert, Secrtaire (NO),
C. Hamon, Secrtaire (NO), C. Bruno, (IT), H. Farahmand (NO), T. Inoue (JP),
J. Matevosjana (US), F. Nobel (NL P. Srensen (DK),

Introduction
Maintenir la scurit du rseau lectrique est essentiellement
une question de maintien de lquilibre de puissance tout
instant, et partout dans le rseau. Dans ce cadre on peut dire
que lajustement de la puissance couvre tous les aspects du
maintien de lquilibre des puissances active et ractive et de
la frquence du rseau dans des limites dfinies. Le groupe
de travail sest focalis uniquement sur lajustement de la
puissance active, et son domaine dintrt se limite aux aspects
de la conduite et de lexploitation du rseau, allant de ce que lon
appelle communment les rglages primaire et secondaire de la
puissance la gestion des rserves et aux marchs intra-horaires
de puissance ajustement. (Figure 1)
Lobjectif principal est de procder une valuation critique
des techniques et outils analytiques actuellement utiliss pour
analyser l'ajustement de puissance et la gestion des rserves, dans
le but de proposer des recommandations de dveloppements
futurs. L'valuation vise dterminer s'il y a des lacunes dans
les mthodes ou outils ncessaires pour analyser correctement
certains problmes d'ajustement de puissance.
Le besoin de mthodes et doutils nouveaux constituera une
base pour recommander plus de recherches et de dveloppements
dans le domaine.
Deux facteurs principaux influencent lexploitation des
rseaux de transport. Le premier est le dveloppement et
lintgration rapides des sources dnergie renouvelable
intermittente, en particulier les nergies olienne et
photovoltaque. Le second est le dveloppement en cours des
interconnexions CCHT de grande capacit, l'intrieur et
entre rseaux lectriques synchrones. Ces deux dveloppements
stimulent l'intgration des marchs d'lectricit et l'ouverture
la concurrence des marchs rgionaux d'lectricit, par-dessus
les frontires nationales au moyen des interconnexions.
Ces facteurs crent de nouvelles difficults en matire de
prdiction des transits de puissance et de gestion des dsquilibres
et des congestions du rseau de transport. Il apparat aussi des
signes de dgradation de la qualit de la frquence du rseau

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

(mesure en termes de dviation par rapport aux valeurs


nominales de 50 ou 60 Hz) dans certains rseaux lectriques
synchrones. Un exemple de difficult d'ordre rglementaire est
le projet de rduire, dans les marchs Europens d'lectricit,
l'intervalle de rglement des carts 15 minutes, permettant de
travailler sur des priodes de temps du march plus courtes que
les squences de ngoce de 1 heure actuelles1.
En consquence, il apparatra de plus en plus de difficults
lies au contrle de lquilibre et la gestion des rserves rapides.
Peu doutils et de techniques analytiques sont commercialement
disponibles pour lanalyse des problmes dajustement de
la puissance, allant des rglages secondaire et tertiaire
lorganisation des marchs dajustement et la gestion des
rserves. Ainsi de nouveaux outils sont ncessaires pour faire face
ces problmes futurs de l'exploitation des rseaux de transport,
par ex. :

Comment analyser et concevoir les contrles et les solutions
pour faire face aux vitesses de montes plus rapides dues la
plus grande variabilit de la production et des charges ?

Comment calculer les besoins de rserves ?

Disposons-nous de modles appropris pour reprsenter les
comportements dynamiques des charges et des turbines aux
chelles de temps qui nous intressent ?

Figure 1: Tches et chelles de temps des actions relatives


lajustement de puissance.

1http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/
Recommendations/ACER%20Recommendation%2003-2015.pdf

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Analytical techniques and tools


for power balancing assessments
Members
K. Uhlen, Convenor (NO), S. Jaehnert, Secretary (NO),
C. Hamon, Secretary (NO), C. Bruno, (IT), H. Farahmand (NO), T. Inoue (JP),
J. Matevosjana (US), F. Nobel (NL), P. Srensen (DK),

Introduction
Maintaining power system security is very much a question
of maintaining power balance at all times and in all parts of the
grid. In this context, power balancing can be said to include all
aspects of maintaining the active and reactive power balance and
system frequency within defined limits. This working group has
only focused on active power balancing, and the scope is limited
to include power system control and operational aspects ranging
from what is commonly referred to as primary and secondary
power control up to management of reserves and intra-hour
power (balancing) markets (Figure 1).
The main objective is to perform a critical assessment of
existing analytical techniques and tools for the analysis of
power balancing and reserves management in order to provide
recommendations for future developments. The assessment
aims to identify whether there is a lack of methods or tools to
properly analyse certain power balancing problems.
The need for new methods and tools will form a basis for
recommending further research and developments in this field.
Two main drivers are influencing operation of the
transmission systems. The first is the rapid development
and integration of variable renewable energy resources,
in particular wind power and photovoltaics. Second
is the ongoing development of high capacity HVDC
interconnections in and between synchronous power grids.
Both developments stimulate the integration of power markets
and opening to competition of regional electricity markets
across national borders and interconnections. These drivers
create new challenges in predicting power flows and managing
imbalances and congestions in the transmission networks.
There are also indications that the quality of system frequency
(measured in term of deviations from the nominal 50 or 60
Hz) is deteriorating in some synchronous power systems. An
example of a regulatory challenge is the expectation that on
European markets the imbalance settlement periods will be
reduced to 15 minutes, allowing for shorter market time units
than the present 1 hour trading schedules1.

Consequently, there will be increasing challenges related to


balancing control and management of fast reserves. Few tools
and analytical techniques are readily available for the analysis
of power balancing issues, ranging from secondary and tertiary
control to the organisation of markets for balancing and
management of reserves. Therefore, new methods and analysis
tools are needed to address the future challenges in transmission
system operation, e.g.:

How to analyse and design controls and solutions to deal
with higher ramp rates as a consequence of larger variability
in generation and demand?

How to compute the need for reserves?

Do we have adequate models for representation of loads and
turbine dynamics covering the time frames of interest?

Analytical techniques and tools


available
Very broadly, the available tools can be classified either as time
series simulation models with representation of the slow dynamics
(possibly including the electro-mechanical phenomena), or
as optimization models that include a combination of market
modelling and power flow representation of the power grid.

Figure 1: tasks and timescales in operation related to power balancing.

1http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/
Recommendations/ACER%20Recommendation%2003-2015.pdf

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Techniques et outils analytiques


disponibles
Trs grossirement, on peut classer les outils actuels en
modles de simulation par sries temporelles avec reprsentation
de la dynamique lente (ventuellement en prenant en compte les
phnomnes lectromcaniques), ou en modles doptimisation
qui intgrent une combinaison de modlisation des marchs et
de reprsentation des flux de puissance dans le rseau lectrique.
Les modles sont souvent conus pour analyser un domaine
particulier de problmes, et ceci se reflte naturellement
dans le choix des mthodes qui sont mises en uvre.
Quatre outils de modlisation diffrents sont prsents dans
le rapport. Ils sont choisis comme des exemples illustrant
les diffrentes difficults rencontres dans le domaine de
lajustement de puissance.

Chane de modles des marchs


d'lectricit - Outil de simulation
Lavantage de cet outil (chane de modles) [1]-[4] est quil rend
compte des volumes et des prix dlectricit tels que ngocis et
contrls diffrents instants. Llectricit est dabord ngocie
sur le march spot en fonction des offres J-1 et des prvisions de
charge. Ensuite lcart de prvision J-1 est corrig en fonction
des nouvelles prvisions une heure, des charges et des offres sur
le march d'ajustement concern2. Enfin lajustement en temps
rel est obtenu en utilisant les rserves automatiques (primaire
et secondaire). Pour ce modle la rsolution en temps typique
est de 5 minutes.

Outil de simulation - Kermit


Kermit [5] permet lanalyse du comportement dynamique du
rseau pour des scnarios futurs tels que des dclenchements de
groupes de production, des effacements de charge inopins, et
des pisodes de variation rapide des productions renouvelables
intermittentes (olien, solaire). Kermit est conu pour ltude du
comportement de la frquence du rseau lectrique et comble
une lacune critique dans la modlisation des rseaux lectriques
en couvrant la plage de temps allant de 1 seconde 24 heures.
Le modle permet dtudier la dynamique du rseau en
matire de frquence et de flux de puissance active sur des
horizons de temps plus longs que dans les modles de rseau
lectrique traditionnels. On peut ainsi simuler lutilisation des
diffrents types de rserve dajustement. On ne prend pas en
compte la tension et la puissance ractive et le temps de calcul est
donc plus court que pour les simulateurs dynamiques de rseau
lectriques traditionnels.

Outil doptimisation - Dispatching anticip


Lobjet central de loutil Dispatching anticip [6] est
danalyser ltat futur du rseau lectrique en fonction des
conditions climatiques et des charges, et dexplorer le niveau
dadquation du programme de fonctionnement des moyens de
production. Dans le cas o les conditions de ladquation sont
2 - Normalement cest le March Nordique dAjustement de la Puissance:
http://www.statnett.no/en/Market-and-operations/Market-information/
The-balancing-power-market/

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considres comme insuffisantes, le processus de Dispatching


Anticip doit tre capable de proposer aux Oprateurs du Centre
de Conduite, bien lavance, les manuvres correctives (par ex.
programme de production) cot minimal pour retrouver les
conditions acceptables. La rsolution en temps typique pour ce
modle est de 1 heure.

Outil doptimisation - modle de march


dajustement
Cette mthode [7] permet de quantifier les bnfices
potentiels de la mise en place des marchs dajustement intgrs
dans les systmes lectriques du Nord de lEurope. Le modle de
march dajustement est conu du point de vue du super GRT
et mis en place pour permettre dquilibrer les rgions, avec
accs aux ressources des zones dquilibre et leur utilisation.
Dans lapproche de modlisation, la rserve accessible se limite
la zone Nord de lEurope et est calcule simultanment avec
le dispatching du lendemain. La rserve calcule couvre les
ressources ncessaires pour le suivi de charge, ou plutt pour
le suivi de charge nette, charge nette dsignant la charge
moins la production ne participant pas au rglage. Le modle
tient compte des contraintes du rseau de transport par le biais
des quations de calcul des flux. Ce modle fondamental du
march dajustement peut aussi convenir pour le grand march
dlectricit de lEurope, avec son rseau fortement maill.
Lhorizon de temps standard de lanalyse est dune anne au
pas horaire. Le Tableau 1 donne une vue densemble des types
doutils, de leurs possibilits et de leurs domaines dutilisation.

Conclusions et recommandations
Le petit nombre des outils qui ont t voqus et dcrits dans
ce premier rapport se classent en trois groupes en fonction de
l'horizon de temps analys :

Horizons de temps courts ; Inertie, rglages primaire et
secondaire de la frquence (Kermit),

Horizons de temps moyens : rglages primaire et secondaire
(Chane des modles du march dlectricit)

Horizons de temps longs : rglages secondaire et tertiaire
(Dispatching anticip et Modle de march dajustement).
Pour les horizons courts, lutilisation des modles de
simulation par sries temporelles est prpondrante, et on utilise
dans une large mesure des simulateurs danalyse dynamique de
rseau lectrique du commerce. Avec ces modles, le dfaut ou
la perturbation pris en compte semble encore tre la perte du
plus grand groupe de production, et non pas tant la variabilit
ou les vitesses de variation des productions et des charges. La
modlisation correcte des fonctions de contrle primaire et
des possibilits des productions utilisant des convertisseurs de
frquence, des charges et des convertisseurs CCHT, deviendra
de plus en plus importante. A titre dexemple, la capacit de ces
composants fournir une inertie synthtique peut avoir un
effet significatif sur le comportement dynamique du rseau.
Pour les horizons moyen terme les modles de simulations
sries temporelles sont encore les plus importants. Ceci veut
dire que les analyses sont fortement bases sur des essais et

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The models are often designed to analyse a specific problem area,


and this is naturally reflected in the choice of methods that are
implemented.
Four different modelling tools are presented in the report.
These are chosen as examples that address different challenges
within the topic of balancing power.

Power market model chain - Simulation


tool
The advantage of this tool (model chain) [1]-[4] is that it
accounts for the volumes and prices of power as it is traded
and controlled at different points of time: The power is first
traded on the spot market based on day-ahead bids and load
prognoses. Then, the day-ahead forecast error is balanced based
on hour-ahead prognoses and bids in the relevant balancing
market2. Finally, the real-time power balance is obtained using
automatic (secondary and primary) reserves. The typical time
resolution with this model is 5 minutes.

Kermit Simulation tool


Kermit [5] allows analysis of dynamic grid performance in
future scenarios or during events such as generator trips, sudden
load rejections, and volatile renewable resource (wind, solar)
ramping events. Kermit is designed for the study of powersystem frequency behaviour and fills a critical gap in power
system modelling by addressing the one second to 24 hour
timeframe.
The model allows studying system dynamics related to
frequency and active power flows for longer time horizons
than traditional power system models. This allows simulating
and analysing the utilisation of the different kinds of balancing
reserves. Voltage and reactive power are not considered, therefore
the computational time is reduced compared to traditional
dynamic power system simulators.

Advance dispatching - Optimisation tool


The fundamental objective of the Advance Dispatching tool
[6] is to analyse the future state of the power system relative
to expected weather and load and to make considerations
on the adequacy degree associated with the scheduled Unit
Commitment. In the case that the adequacy conditions are
considered insufficient, the Advance Dispatching process has
to be able to propose, well in advance, to the Control Room
Operators, corrective manoeuvres (e.g. Unit Commitment) with
minimum cost for the restoration of acceptable conditions. The
typical time resolution with this model is 1 hour.

Balancing market model - Optimisation


tool
This method [7] enables the quantification of the potential
benefits of implementing balancing market integration in the
northern European power system. The balancing market model
is implemented from the super TSOs viewpoint of balancing
2- Normally this is the Nordic Balancing Power Market: http://www.statnett.
no/en/Market-and-operations/Market-information/The-balancing-powermarket/

648

regions to procure and employ resources in the balancing areas.


In the modelling approach, the reserve procurement is limited
to the northern European area and is done simultaneously
with the day-ahead dispatch. The reserve in the model
represents resources necessary for load-following, or rather
net-load following, where net-load indicates demand
minus non-regulating production. The model addresses the
transmission grid constraints through power flow equations.
This fundamental model of the balancing market could also be
suitable for the wider European power market with its highly
meshed transmission grid. The typical time frame of analysis is
one year with hourly resolution.
Table 1 provides an overview of the type of tools, their
capabilities and application areas.

Conclusions and recommendations


The limited number of tools that are assessed and described in
this report are categorised in three groups based on the timescale
of their analysis.

Shorter timescales; Inertia, primary and secondary
frequency control (Kermit)

Medium timescales: primary and secondary control (Power
Market Model Chain)

Longer timescales: secondary and tertiary control (Advance
Dispatching & Balancing Market Model)
In shorter timescale, the use of time series simulation models
is dominating, and to a large extent commercial power system
simulators for dynamic analysis are applied. With these models,
the fault or disturbance in question still seems to be the loss
of largest unit, and not so much the variability and ramp
rates of generation and loads. Proper modelling of primary
control functions and capabilities of frequency converter based
generation, loads and HVDC converters will be increasingly
important. For example, the possibility of these components to
provide synthetic inertia may have significant effect on system
dynamic performance.
In medium timescale, time series simulation models are
still the most important tools. This implies that the analyses
are very much based on trial and error. Very often tailor-made
simulators are used that are able to represent the variability in
generation and loads from seconds to hours. A main challenge
is to represent the dispatch (unit commitment) of generators.
A representative simulation of frequency control implies that
the starting and synchronising of generators must be properly
represented. There seems to be no tools that actually analyse or
optimise the need for primary reserves.
In longer timescales, the optimisation tools start to become
relevant and are applied in several ways. The main focus is on
the variability and forecast uncertainty, and the impact of the
variability on reserve requirement. Analyses are performed in
the time range up to a year with a time resolution typically from
minutes to hours. The tools typically implement optimization
methods for solving the dispatch and reserve procurement

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Outils

Classement

Chane de modles de
marchs dlectricit

Kermit

Outil de simulation

Marchs successifs

Outil doptimisation

Dispatching
anticip

Modle de march
dajustement

Activation des rserves dajustement

Echange des ressources dajustement

Ajustement intra-horaire
Problmes

Analyse dynamique du rseau

Adquation du rseau court terme

Dfinition de la rserve court terme

Dispatching temps rel

Utilisateur

X
X

Erreurs de prvision (Charge et RES)

GRT

X
X

Producteur

BRP

BSP

Recherche

Table 1 : Vue densemble des mthodes et outils

des erreurs. Trs souvent des simulateurs sur mesure sont


utiliss, et ils sont capables de reprsenter la variabilit des
productions et des charges des chelles allant de la seconde
plusieurs heures. Une importante difficult rside dans la
reprsentation du dispatching (programmation des groupes)
des groupes de production. Une simulation reprsentative
du rglage de la frquence impose que le dmarrage et la
synchronisation des gnrateurs soit correctement reprsents.
Il semble qu'il n'existe pas d'outils qui analysent et optimisent
vraiment les besoins de rserve primaire.
Pour les horizons plus longs les outils doptimisation
commencent devenir pertinents et sont utiliss de plusieurs
faons. Lattention est surtout porte sur la variabilit et
lincertitude des prvisions, et sur limpact de la variabilit sur les
besoins de rserve. Les analyses sont conduites sur des horizons
allant jusqu lanne, avec une rsolution temporelle allant
typiquement de quelques minutes quelques heures. Les outils
mettent en uvre des mthodes doptimisation pour rsoudre le
problme du dispatching et de la dtermination de la rserve, et
certains formes de simulations par sries temporelles (chelons
de transits ou similaire) pour valuer les impacts sur le rseau.
Les recommandations pour les travaux futurs portent sur
les diffrentes chelles de temps. Pour les outils d'analyse
court terme la recommandation principale est de modliser
correctement les contributions au rglage primaire de
frquence qui peuvent tre apportes par les composants bass
sur des convertisseurs de frquence, tels que les oliennes, les
gnrateurs photovoltaques et les convertisseurs CCHT. La
capacit de ces systmes fournir une inertie synthtique en
fait partie. Pour l'horizon moyen terme, la recommandation est
d'intgrer les incertitudes relatives la disponibilit des rserves,
la capacit du march fournir ces rserves au bon cot et les
possibilits techniques des diffrentes variantes. Pour ce qui est
des difficults pour le long terme, il faut des outils analytiques

No. 285 - April 2016

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amliors qui combinent les modles de march avec une


reprsentation suffisamment dtaille du rseau lectrique et des
flux de puissance.
Etant donn que le sujet du rglage dajustement et des rserves
est devenu un point de fort intrt dans encore plus de rgions
de par le monde, une recommandation finale est de poursuivre
ce travail dans le cadre de CIGRE. Un suivi de ce travail doit
tre ralis en collaboration avec les Comits dEtudes C5, pour
examiner plus dans en dtail les implications dans le march, et
C2 pour poursuivre lexamen des aspects dexploitation. Ainsi
on pourra examiner encore plus globalement les outils, les
algorithmes et les techniques de modlisation et danalyse de la
frquence et de lajustement, sur un plus grand nombre de pays
et de rgions.

Rfrences
[1] H. Ravn et al., Balmorel: A model for analyses of the electricity
and CHP markets in the Baltic Sea region, Project report, ISBN 87986969-3-9, Mar. 2001. Accessible: www.balmorel.com
[2] P. Srensen, A. D. Hansen, et P. A. C. Rosas, Wind models for simulation of power fluctuations from wind farms, Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 90, pp. 1381-1402,
2002.
[3] L. Sder, Simulation of wind speed forecast errors for operation
planning of multiarea power systems, in Probabilistic Methods
Applied to Power Systems, 2004 International Conference on, 2004,
pp. 723-728.
[4] M. Marinelli, et al., Wind and Photovoltaic Large-Scale Regional
Models for Hourly Production Evaluation, Sustainable Energy,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 6, pp. 916-923, 2015.
[5] J. Matevosyan, Big Wind in the Big Oil State, In Public utilities
FORTNIGHTLY, mai 2014, page 12. Disponible: http://mag.fortnightly.com/publication/?i=207172&p=14
[6] C. Sabelli et al., Very short-term optimal dispatching: An integrated solution for the advance dispatching, presented at the CIGRE
Conference, Paris, France, 2012.
[7] Hossein Farahmand, Integrated Power System Balancing in Northern Europe-Models and Case Studies, PhD, ISSN 1503-8181;
2012:150, Department of Electric Power Engineering, NTNU,
Trondheim, 2012.

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Tool

Classification

Power market model


chain

Kermit

Simulation tool

Consecutive markets

Optimisation tool

Advance
Dispatching

Balancing market
model

Activation of balancing reserves

Exchange of balancing resources

Intra-hour balancing
Problems

Dynamic grid analysis

Short-term system adequacy

Short-term reserve dimensioning

Real-time dispatching

User

Forecast errors (Demand and RES)

TSO

X
X

Producer

BRP

BSP

Research

Table 1: Overview of methods and tools

problem, and some form of time series simulations (step-wise


power flow or similar) to evaluate the grid impacts.
The recommendations for further development refer to the
different timescales. A main recommendation for the shorter
timescale tools is to ensure proper modelling of primary
frequency control capability that can be provided by frequency
converter based components, such as wind generation,
photovoltaic systems and HVDC converters. The possibility of
these components to provide synthetic inertia is a part of this.
The recommendation for medium timescale tools is to include
the uncertainties related to the procurement of reserves, the
market design to provide these reserves at the right costs and the
technical performance of the different alternatives. To address
the challenges at longer timescales, improved analytical tools are
needed that combine market models with a sufficiently detailed
representation of the power grid and power flows.
Given that the subject of balancing control and reserves have
become a greater point of focus in more regions around the
world, a final recommendation is to continue this work within
Cigre. A follow up of this work should be done in collaboration
with Study Committees C5 to look at the market implications in
more detail, and C2 to look more into the operational aspects.
This way it can take an even broader look at tools, algorithms
and techniques for modeling and analysis of frequency response
and balancing across a wider range of countries and regions.
References
[1] H. Ravn et al., Balmorel: A model for analyses of the electricity
and CHP markets in the Baltic Sea region, Project report, ISBN 87986969-3-9, Mar. 2001. Available: www.balmorel.com
[2] P. Srensen, A. D. Hansen, and P. A. C. Rosas, Wind models for
simulation of power fluctuations from wind farms, Journal of
Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 90, pp. 13811402, 2002.
[3] L. Sder, Simulation of wind speed forecast errors for operation
planning of multiarea power systems, in Probabilistic Methods

Applied to Power Systems, 2004 International Conference on, 2004,


pp. 723-728.
[4] M. Marinelli, et al., Wind and Photovoltaic Large-Scale Regional
Models for Hourly Production Evaluation, Sustainable Energy,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 6, pp. 916-923, 2015.
[5] J. Matevosyan, Big Wind in the Big Oil State, In Public utilities
FORTNIGHTLY, May 2014, page 12. Available: http://mag.
fortnightly.com/publication/?i=207172&p=14
[6] C. Sabelli et al., Very short-term optimal dispatching: An integrated
solution for the advance dispatching, presented at the CIGRE
Conference, Paris, France, 2012.
[7] Hossein Farahmand, Integrated Power System Balancing in
Northern Europe-Models and Case Studies, PhD, ISSN 15038181; 2012:150, Department of Electric Power Engineering, NTNU,
Trondheim, 2012.

BROCHURE N 648
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

90 e
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

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Guide pour lextension de la dure


de vie des systmes CCHT existants
Membres
L.D. Recksiedler, Chef de file (CA), Rajesh Suri, Secrtaire (IN),
Membres rguliers
Leena AbdulLatif (FR), Les Brand (AU), Phil Devine (UK), Malcolm Eccles (AU),
Abhay Kumar (SE), Mikael O Persson (SE), Maurice Smith (SE),
Stefan Frendrup Srensen (DK), Marcio Szechtman (BR), Takehisa Sakai (JP),
Rick Valiquette (CA), Andrew Williamson (ZA)
Membres correspondants
Hans Bjrklund (SE), John Chan (US), Richard Michaud (US), Predrag Milosevic (NZ),
Van Nhi Nguyen (CA), Randy Wachal (CA)

Introduction
Dans lenvironnement complexe actuel, les acteurs
du monde de lnergie ont faire face des exigences
croissantes damlioration de lefficacit dutilisation de
lnergie et, simultanment, de rduction des cots. Les
dficits dnergie et la plus grande conscience cologique
ont provoqu des grandes attentes en matire de stabilit
et de fiabilit des rseaux. Les compagnies dlectricit et
les industries doivent trouver des solutions co-efficaces
pour maintenir des fonctionnements srs, sans dangers
et sans interruptions. Les changements rglementaires
nombreux qui sont survenus dans le march de llectricit
ont conduit les compagnies dlectricit et les oprateurs de
rseau plus defforts pour exploiter leurs rseaux existants
de faon optimise aux plans technique et conomique.
Quand le rseau de transport dlectricit vieillit, les
questions destimation et de prolongation de la dure de vie
deviennent la proccupation prdominante. Dans le mme
temps la recherche de rduction des cots a accru la volont
de minimiser la maintenance. Les objectifs de maintenance
minimale et de dure de vie prolonge sont souvent tout
fait contradictoires.
Le concept de remplacement pur et simple dun
quipement lectrique du rseau, parce quil est considr
comme dficient, ou comme un risque potentiel dincident,
nest plus valide dans le contexte actuel de pression
financire. Le paradigme a aujourdhui chang et on
doit concentrer les efforts rechercher des approches et
des techniques nouvelles de surveillance, de diagnostic,
destimation de dure de vie, dvaluation dtat et, si
possible, de prolongation de la dure de vie des installations
existantes.

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Pour les oprateurs de rseau de par le monde, le


dfi majeur est de garantir une fourniture d'lectricit
suffisante, de qualit et fiable. Dans ce contexte, les systmes
courant continu trs haute tension (CCHT) jouent un
rle important, pour le transport d'lectricit de grande
puissance, pour la stabilit des rseaux, pour l'intgration
des nergies renouvelables loignes et pour la tenue en cas
de dfauts. Dans les pays o ils sont installs, les systmes
CCHT constituent par consquent une composante
indispensable des rseaux.
L'exploitation commerciale des systmes CCHT
a dbut en 1954, et la plupart des installations sont
toujours en exploitation. Cependant les premires valves
vapeur de mercure ont t supprimes et remplaces
par des valves thyristor. Ceci a prolong la dure de
vie de nombre des premires installations, mais les
systmes thyristor approchent aussi de l'ge auquel les
valves thyristor pourraient devoir tre remplaces ou
rnoves. Les questions d'exploitation et de maintenance
de ces systmes vieillissants deviennent un problme.
La situation est rendue plus complique du fait que
tous les systmes CCHT ont t construits selon une
spcification particulire, et par un nombre relativement
petit de Fabricants d'Equipements Originaux (OEM). Les
constructeurs de CCHT ont fourni plusieurs gnrations
diffrentes d'quipements et il faut tenir compte de ces
diffrences dans toute tude d'extension de dure de vie.
Cette Brochure Technique ne traite que de l'extension de
la dure de vie des stations de conversion CCHT. Accrotre la
capacit des stations de conversion ou les faire fonctionner
au-del de leurs spcifications de conception est en

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649

Guidelines for life extension of existing


HVDC systems
Members
L.D. Recksiedler, Convenor (CA), Rajesh Suri, Secretary (IN),
Regular Members
Leena AbdulLatif (FR), Les Brand (AU), Phil Devine (UK), Malcolm Eccles (AU),
Abhay Kumar (SE), Mikael O Persson (SE), Maurice Smith (SE),
Stefan Frendrup Srensen (DK), Marcio Szechtman (BR), Takehisa Sakai (JP),
Rick Valiquette (CA), Andrew Williamson (ZA)
Corresponding Members
Hans Bjrklund (SE), John Chan (US), Richard Michaud (US), Predrag Milosevic (NZ),
Van Nhi Nguyen (CA), Randy Wachal (CA)

Introduction
In todays complex environment, energy players face
growing demands to improve energy efficiency while
reducing costs. Energy shortages and increased ecological
awareness have resulted in great expectations for grid
stability and reliability. Utilities and industries need to
find eco-efficient solutions to maintain secure, safe and
uninterrupted operations. A number of regulatory changes
in the electricity market have led to increased efforts by
utilities and grid operators for optimized utilization of their
existing networks with respect to technical and economic
aspects. As the electric power transmission system ages, the
topics of life assessment and life extension have become
predominant concerns. At the same time, cost pressures
have increased the desire to minimize maintenance. The
goals of minimum maintenance and extended life are often
diametrically opposed.
The concept of simple replacement of power equipment
in the system, considering it as weak or a potential source
of trouble, is no longer valid in the present scenario of
financial constraints. Today the paradigm has changed and
efforts are being directed to explore new approaches and
techniques of monitoring, diagnosis, life assessment and
condition evaluation, and possibility of extending the life
of existing assets.
A major challenge for grid operators worldwide is to
assure sufficient power with quality and reliability. In
this regard High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems
play a major role in bulk power transmission, system
stability, integrating remote renewables and ride through
of disturbances. Therefore HVDC systems represent an

indispensable part of the electricity grid in the countries


where they are installed.
HVDC has been in commercial use since 1954, and
most of the systems are still in operation. However, the
early mercury arc valve systems have been phased out and
replaced by Thyristor Valves. This has extended the life of
many of the early systems, but the Thyristor based systems
are also approaching an age where the Thyristor Valves
may require replacement or refurbishment. Operation and
maintenance issues of these aging systems have become a
challenge. The situation is further complicated by the fact
that all of the HVDC systems are custom built by a relatively
small number of Original Equipment Manufacturers
(OEM).The HVDC manufacturers have supplied several
different generations of equipment and these differences
have to be considered in any life extension assessment.
This Technical Brochure is about life extension of HVDC
Converter Stations only. Upgrading the converter stations
or operating them beyond its design specifications is out of
the scope of this document. However for both of these it
is highly recommended that the OEM is consulted as these
are complex and a custom built installation and the normal
design rules will likely not apply.

Aspects of the problem


With the aging of the equipment, measures to extend
the life of the equipment have to be considered by utilities
and grid operators. Renovation, modernization and life
extension of HVDC stations are usually one of the most cost
effective options for maintaining continuity and reliability
of the power supply to the consumers. These life

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dehors du sujet du document, et on recommande fortement


de consulter les OEM pour ces deux cas, qui sont complexes
et appellent des solutions spcifiques, et pour lesquelles
les rgles de conception normales ne s'appliqueront donc
probablement pas.

Les aspects du problme

Cependant pour certains composants il est plus difficile


que pour les autres de dterminer la dure de vie utile et
les vrais raisons des dfaillances de fin de vie. Les thyristors
eux-mmes sont un exemple, puisquils sont prsents
depuis quelque 35 ans ou plus, et ne montrent toujours pas
de signes d'une fin de vie proche, sauf pour les cas o des
problmes de conception ou de qualit ont t dcouverts.

Quand les quipements vieillissent, les compagnies


dlectricit et les oprateurs de rseau doivent envisager
des mesures destines prolonger la dure de vie des
quipements. La rnovation, la modernisation et lextension
de la dure de vie des stations CCHT sont habituellement
les options les plus conomiques pour maintenir la
continuit et la fiabilit de la fourniture de llectricit aux
consommateurs. Ces mesures dextension de la dure de
vie doivent tre mises en uvre en recherchant un impact
minimal sur le systme CCHT et les rseaux qui lui sont
associs, et en maintenant un niveau acceptable de fiabilit
et de disponibilit.

L'extension de la dure de vie peut impliquer une des


actions qui suivent :

Si lextension de dure de vie nest pas conomique, on


doit dmanteler le systme dans des conditions acceptables
pour lenvironnement. De mme, on doit prendre en compte
les questions denvironnement avant tout projet dextension
de dure de vie, pour viter des dommages imprvus sur
l'environnement.

Les tapes suivantes doivent tre suivies pour arriver la


dcision :

Le cot des arrts ncessaires la rnovation doit tre


pris en compte dans le cot total. Ceci peut alors orienter
la dcision vers une option de construction compltement
nouvelle, dans laquelle la nouvelle station de conversion
construite ne demande qu'un temps court pour basculer
en exploitation. Un exemple de cette option est donn par
la Station de Conversion d'Oklaunion (CS), aux USA, pour
laquelle les cots des arrts faisaient pencher la balance en
faveur d'une solution de construction nouvelle plutt que
d'une rnovation sur place. Dans le cas de la rnovation sur
le site, la dfinition des interfaces est un point critique et
est beaucoup plus complique que pour un projet nouveau.
La plupart des compagnies d'lectricit veulent mieux
comprendre et prvoir la dure de vie utile des quipements
CCHT pour leur permettre de grer les risques, mais les
donnes gnriques de fiabilit ne sont pas adaptes aux
besoins courants d'aide la dcision. Il est important que
soient mises en place l'chelle de l'industrie des bases de
donnes sur le comportement des quipements, de faon
constituer une bibliothque des donnes de fonctionnement
des quipements. Bien gres et bien analyses ces donnes
peuvent fournir des informations sur le comportement
pass des groupes et sous-groupes d'quipements, et
sur les facteurs qui influent sur ce comportement. Avec
des donnes suffisantes on peut raliser des projections
sur le comportement futur. Les informations sur les
comportements pass et futur peuvent les unes et les autres
tre utiles pour l'exploitation, la maintenance, et pour les
dcisions de gestion des installations.

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La rnovation des systmes ou des sous-systmes,

Le remplacement slectif des composants qui vieillissent,

La combinaison des actions ci-dessus.
Dans certains cas l'extension de la dure de vie n'est pas
conomiquement viable et un remplacement en site vierge
est envisager.

Le processus de dcision


Passer en revue le comportement pass des quipements
et systmes CCHT importants,

Identifier les problmes du fonctionnement futur
associs au vieillissement de certains composants des
systmes CCHT. Il peut exister des quipements qui
nont pas prsent de problmes de fonctionnement,
mais qui demandent nanmoins une extension de dure
de vie et doivent tre pris en compte,

Dterminer la dure de vie conomique des diffrents
composants de la station de conversion et les lments
de la dcision du choix entre le remplacement et
l'extension de la dure de vie. L'analyse conomique de
la dure de vie va prendre en compte le cot de capital,
la fiabilit et la disponibilit, le cot de la maintenance
et le cot des coupures et des pertes de fourniture.

La dure de vie utile d'une rnovation se situe
probablement dans une plage de 15 20 ans, alors que
pour une construction en site neuf elle est probablement
de 35 40 ans, et ceci doit tre un facteur de l'valuation,
mais on sait que pour certains composants la plage des
dures de vie peut tre diffrente.
Une faon de couvrir ces tapes peut tre de mettre au
point des critres, des pondrations et une mthodologie
pour dterminer laction trs court terme et pour prdire
limpact technique et financier du vieillissement du systme.
Ceci doit suivre une approche base sur le cot de
remplacement et sur limportance des quipements et des
composants. Les paramtres de lvaluation de ltat peuvent
tre classs en termes d'ge des quipements, de retour
d'exprience d'exploitation (par ex. qualit du service issue
de l'aprs-vente, cot de maintenance) et comportement
futur, taux de dfaillances individuels, et ainsi de suite.

WG B4.54
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extension measures have to be implemented with minimum


impact on the HVDC system and the associated networks
whilst maintaining an acceptable level of reliability and
availability.If life extension is not economical, the systems
may be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable
way. Also, environmental issues need to be considered
prior to a life extension project to avoid any inadvertent
environmental damage.
The cost of outages to do a refurbishment must be
considered as part of the overall cost. This may then dictate
a Greenfield option where a new converter station can
be built and only short switch overtime is required. An
example of this is the Oklaunion Converter Station (CS) in
the USA, where the outage costs tipped the scale towards
a Greenfield versus a Brownfield option for refurbishment.
The definition of the interfaces in the case of a Brownfield
project is critical and more complicated than in a Greenfield
project. Most utilities are interested in better understanding
and projecting service life of HVDC equipment to help
manage risk; however, generic reliability data is inadequate
for current decision support needs. It is important to
establish industry-wide equipment performance databases
to establish a broad-based repository of equipment
performance data. With proper care and analysis, this
data can provide information about the past performance
of equipment groups and subgroups, and the factors that
influence that performance. With enough data, projections
can be made about future performance. Both past and future
performance information can be useful for operations,
maintenance, and asset management decisions.
However, for some components it is more difficult than
most to determine the useful life and the actual end of life
failure modes. The Thyristors themselves are an example,
as they have been around for some 35 or more years and
yet are showing little sign reaching end of life, except where
some design or quality issues have been uncovered.
The life-extension may involve any of the following
actions:
Refurbishing the systems or subsystems

Selectively replacing aging components

Combination of the above
In some cases life extension is not economically feasible
and a Greenfield replacement may have to be considered.

The decision process


The following steps need to be taken to arrive at a decision:

Review the past performance of the major HVDC
equipment and systems

Identify the future performance issues associated
with the ageing of special components of the HVDC
systems. There may be equipment that has not shown

649

performance issues in the past but still may need an


extension and should also be considered.

Determine economic life of various components in the
converter station and for making replacement versus
life extension decisions. The consideration of economic
life will include capital cost, reliability and availability,
cost of maintenance and the cost of outages and power
losses.

The usable life of a refurbishment is likely in the average
of 15 to 20 year range whereas a Greenfield option is
likely 35 to 40 years and this needs to be factored into the
evaluation but it is recognized that some components
may have a different year range.
One way of going about this activity could be to develop
criteria, weightings and methodology for determining
near-term action and forecasting the technical and
financial effect due to system ageing. This should follow
an approach based on condition replacement cost and
importance of the equipment and components. Assessment
of condition parameters could be in terms of equipment
age, technology, service experience (e. g. after sales service
quality, maintenance costs) and future performance,
individual failure rates, and so on. A viable duration for the
life extension should be determined and usually 15 to 20
years is achievable. Longer durations may be more difficult
to assess with any degree of accuracy.
Evaluation of the possibility of extending the service life
of electrical equipment is a techno-economic compromise
which must lead to run-refurbish-replace decisions. Once
the expected service life period has expired, refurbishment
of such equipment falls within the life extension program.
The investment at the initial stage is very capital intensive
to the utility concerned, as the devices to be installed in the
system for Residual Life Assessment (RLA) and condition
evaluation purpose, are very costly. However, the decision
to refurbish or to replace should be based on the study of
comparable costs and benefits over the same potential life
time of the asset.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the need for life
extension and replacement of equipment in HVDC system
arises due to:

Arresting the deterioration in performance

Improving the availability, reliability, maintainability,
efficiency and safety of the equipment

Regaining lost capacity

Extending the useful life beyond originally designed life
of 35 to 40 years

Saving investment on new equipment

Not having availability of new spares due to obsolescence

Conclusion
These CIGRE Working Group objectives help utilities as
follows:

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Une extension de la dure de vie viable doit tre dtermine


et 15 20 ans sont habituellement faisables. Des dures plus
longues peuvent tre plus difficiles valuer avec un certain
degr de prcision.
L'valuation de la possibilit d'extension de la vie utile
des quipements lectriques est un compromis technicoconomique qui doit conduire aux dcisions de continuerrnover-remplacer
. Quand la dure de vie attendue
est dpasse, la rnovation de l'quipement entre dans
le programme dextension de la dure de vie. Au dpart
l'investissement est trs consommateur de capital pour la
compagnie d'lectricit concerne, parce que les dispositifs
mettre en place dans le systme pour les besoins de
l'valuation de la dure de vie rsiduelle (RLA) et de
l'valuation d'tat sont trs coteux. Toutefois la dcision
de rnover ou de remplacer doit tre base sur une tude de
cots et de bnfices comparables, sur la mme dure de vie
potentielle de l'installation.
Par consquent, on peut conclure que pour les systmes
CCHT la ncessit d'extension de dure de vie et du
remplacement peut tre motive par :

Le besoin darrter la dgradation du fonctionnement,

Lamlioration de la disponibilit, de la fiabilit, de
la maintenabilit, de lefficacit et de la scurit de
lquipement,

La rcupration de la capacit perdue,

Lextension de la dure de vie au-del de la valeur de
conception de 35 40 ans,

Lintrt conomique de l'investissement dans un nouvel
quipement,

La non-disponibilit de nouvelles pices de rechange, du
fait de l'obsolescence.

Conclusion
Les objectifs de ce Groupe de Travail du CIGRE aident les
compagnies dlectricit de la faon suivante :

En concevant des stratgies de rnovation de leurs
systmes CCHT existants, pour prolonger la dure de
vie des quipements,

En valuant les stratgies damlioration des
performances O&M (exploitation et maintenance) et de
fiabilit de leurs systmes CCHT existants,

En proposant un guide pour la dtermination de la
dure de vie conomique de diffrents composants de
la station de conversion, et pour la dcision du choix
entre le remplacement et lextension de la dure de
vie. Dans lanalyse de la dure de vie on doit intgrer
le cot en capital, la fiabilit et la disponibilit, le cot
de maintenance et le cot de lnergie non fournie.
La Brochure Technique (BT) propose des directives
relatives la procdure gnrale de ralisation de lvaluation
de la dure de vie (chapitre 1). Ensuite on donne une
description plus dtaille des problmes de fonctionnement
des systmes CCHT thyristors (chapitre 2), puis viennent
les mesures dvaluation de la dure de vie des quipements
(chapitre 3) et des directives pour dterminer la dure de
vie technico-conomique des quipements (chapitre 4).
Le chapitre 5 traite des spcifications de rnovation des
systmes CCHT et le chapitre 6 est consacr aux essais des
systmes rnovs et remplacs. Enfin la brochure dcrit dans
les grandes lignes les questions denvironnement (chapitre
7) et de rglementation (chapitre 8) impliques dans
lvaluation de la dure de vie, et se termine par une analyse
financire des options de rnovation (chapitre 9).

BROCHURE N 649
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

240 e
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

No. 285 - April 2016

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WG B4.54
technical brochure


design refurbishment strategies for their existing HVDC
systems to extend equipment life,

evaluate O&M and reliability performance improvement
strategies for their existing HVDC systems,

provide a guideline for determining economic life of
various components in the converter station and for
making replacement versus life extension decisions.
The consideration of economic life should capital cost,
reliability and availability, cost of maintenance and the
cost of power losses.
This technical brochure (TB) provides guidelines for
the general procedure for performing life assessment

649

(chapter 1). Following this, a more detailed description of


performance issues of the thyristor based HVDC systems
(chapter 2) is given and the life assessment measures of
equipment (chapter 3) and guidelines for accessing the
techno-economic life of equipment (chapter 4). Chapter
5 deals with the recommendation for specification of
refurbishing HVDC system and chapter 6 follows with the
testing of the refurbished and replaced equipment. Lastly,
this brochure will outline environmental issues (chapter
7) and regulatory issues (chapter 8) involved in the life
assessment and finalize with a financial analysis of the
refurbishment options (chapter 9).

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Indicateurs de performance de dveloppement


durable pour la production dnergie lectrique

Membres
Ch. Capello, Chef de file (CH), J. Degli Esposti (IT), W. Funston (ZA), T. Katz (IL),
F. Keane (IE), Ch. Solmar (SE), S. Villani (IT), T. Yoshimoto (JP)

Introduction
La production de lnergie lectrique peut avoir un impact
important sur les trois dimensions du dveloppement
durable. En ce qui concerne les aspects environnementaux,
la production dlectricit produit des impacts directs
et indirects, qui sont souvent propres la technologie
considre. Comme exemples dimpact direct on peut citer
les missions (par ex. gaz carbonique, mthane, radiations
ionisantes), la consommation de ressource (par ex. eau,
terrain) ou les changements provoqus sur la biodiversit
locale. Les impacts environnementaux indirects sont ceux
issus des processus de la chane dapprovisionnement (par
ex. la fabrication et le transport des combustibles ou des
biens), de la construction et du dmantlement des centrales
lectriques ainsi que les processus de traitement des dchets.
Pour la dimension sociale des impacts, les aspects pertinents
pour la production dlectricit se rapportent la sant et
la scurit des personnels, la satisfaction dans le travail et
au dveloppement personnel, aux bnfices pour la socit,
la corruption, la dcence des conditions de travail, etc.
La dimension sociale touche diffrents groupes de parties
prenantes, internes et externes (personnels, fournisseurs,
entits de rgulation, politiques et partis politiques,
ONG, communaut locale, socit en gnral). Quant la
dimension conomique, elle est lie limportance de la
branche de lindustrie de production de llectricit.
Du fait que la production dlectricit affecte les trois
dimensions du dveloppement durable, les compagnies
quantifient et rendent compte de leur performance, mais
selon des mthodes diffrentes, en fonction des technologies
mises en uvre, des attentes des parties prenantes et de la
socit, ou de leurs moyens et savoir-faire internes. Le
format de compte-rendu que proposent le Global Reporting
Initiative (GRI), et les
Supplments du Secteur des
Compagnies dElectricit, est largement utilis comme une
base. Cependant dans ce secteur de lindustrie on nutilise

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pas habituellement un ensemble normalis dIndicateurs de


Dveloppement Durable.

Objectif et Mthodologie
Lobjectif du GT tait de faire progresser la normalisation
et la transparence en matire de quantification et de
reporting des impacts du secteur de la production
dlectricit sur le dveloppement durable. Dans ce but les
indicateurs de performance durable proposs dans le cadre
GRI G4 ont t analyss en regard de leur applicabilit et
de leur pertinence pour la production dlectricit. Les
indicateurs GRI des dimensions environnementale, sociale et
conomique (Specific Standard Disclosures), ainsi que les
indicateurs de la performance gnrale (General Standard
Disclosures) ont t valus. En plus des indicateurs GRI le
Groupe de Travail propose des indicateurs supplmentaires
quil considre comme pertinents pour la production
dlectricit.

Principaux rsultats
A ce titre le GT a dtermin des indicateurs de performance
durable propres la production dlectricit et a dfini un
ensemble dindicateurs fondamentaux de la performance
durable qui conviennent pour toutes les compagnies du
secteur, aux plans de la pertinence et de la faisabilit.

Indicateurs de base de la performance


environnementale
Comme beaucoup des impacts environnementaux
dpendent de la technologie de production, la pertinence
des indicateurs de performance environnementale a t
value en prenant en compte les spcificits des diverses
technologies de production. Les technologies prises en
compte sont : la production partir des nergies fossiles
(centrales charbon, ptrole, gaz), nuclaire: centrales

WG C3.10
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650

Sustainable development performance


indicators for electric power generation

Members
Ch. Capello, Convenor (CH), J. Degli Esposti (IT), W. Funston (ZA), T. Katz (IL),
F. Keane (IE), Ch. Solmar (SE), S. Villani (IT), T. Yoshimoto (JP)

Introduction
Electric power generation may have substantial impact
on all three dimensions of sustainable development.
With respect to the environmental perspective, power
generation causes direct and indirect impacts, which often
are specific to the technology considered. Examples for
direct environmental impacts are emissions (e.g. carbon
dioxide, methane, ionising radiation), resource use (e.g.
water, land use) or changes in the local biodiversity. Indirect
environmental impacts arise due to processes in the supply
chain (e.g. the manufacturing and transport of fuel or
goods), construction and decommissioning of power plants
as well as waste treatment processes. Considering the social
perspective, relevant aspects in electric power generation
include health and safety of employees, job satisfaction and
development, benefits to society, corruption, decent labour
practices, etc.. The social perspective affects various internal
and external stakeholder groups (employees, suppliers,
regulatory bodies, politics / political parties, NGOs,
local community, society in general). With respect to the
economic dimension, power generation is an important
industry branch.

impacts on sustainable development in the power generation


sector. To this end, the sustainability performance indicators
proposed in the GRI G4 framework were analyzed in detail
with respect to their applicability and relevance to electric
power generation. GRI indicators from the environmental,
social and economic dimension (Specific Standard
Disclosures) as well as general performance indicators
(General Standard Disclosures) were assessed. In addition
to GRI indicators, the Working Group proposes further
indicators to be relevant for power generation.

Main results
As a result, the WG identified the suitable Sustainable
Performance Indicators specifically for power generation
and developed a set of Core Performance Indicators suitable
for all companies in that sector in terms of relevance as well
as feasibility.

Core environmental performance


indicators

Because electric power generation affects all three


dimensions of sustainable development, companies quantify
and report their performance in various ways depending on
technologies they operate, stakeholder and social demand or
internal resources and know-how. The reporting framework
provided by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) including
the Electric Utilities Sector Supplements is widely used as a
basis. However, in this industrial sector no standardized set
of Sustainable Performance Indicators is commonly used.

As many environmental impacts strongly depend on power


generation technology, the relevance of environmental
performance indicators were assessed taking specifics of
various generation technologies into account. Considered
technologies are: Fossil: fossil-based power generation
(coal-, oil- and gas-fired power stations), Nuclear: nuclear
power generation, Hydro: power generation in hydro
power stations (run-of-the river power plants as well as
storage and pumped storage power stations), Biomass:
power generation with biomass (biomass-incineration and
biomass fermentation), Wind, and Photovoltaics (PV).

Scope and methodology

Core social performance indicators

The aim of the WG was to enhance standardization and


transparency regarding the quantification and reporting of

The social dimension of sustainability concerns the


impacts the organization has on the social systems

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Nombre des indicateurs de base de performance dtermins


Aspects

Fossile

Nuclaire

Hydro

Biomasse

Vent / PV

Consommation de ressources,
dnergie et de matriau

3 Indicateurs

3 Indicateurs

2 Indicateurs

Emissions

3 Indicateurs

1 Indicateur

1 Indicateur

2 Indicateurs

Dchets

1 Indicateur

1 Indicateur

Biodiversit

1 Indicateur

1 Indicateur

1 Indicateur

1 Indicator

1 Indicator

Performance environnementale

5 Indicateurs

5 Indicateurs

5 Indicateurs

5 Indicators

5 Indicators

Tableau 1 : Nombre des indicateurs de base de performance environnementale proposs en fonction des technologies de production dlectricit tudies

Catgories

Nombre des
indicateurs de base
de performance
dtermins

Aspects

Nombre des indicateurs


de base de performance
conomique proposs

Corruption

Performance conomique

Conditions de travail /
droits de lhomme

Emploi

Sant et scurit

Economie de lnergie

Satisfaction dans le travail

Caractristiques techniques

Socit

Tableau 3 : Nombres des indicateurs de base de performance


conomique et de profil proposs

Tableau 2 : Nombres des indicateurs de base de performance


sociale proposs

de production nuclaires, hydrauliques : production


dlectricit dans les usines hydrauliques (usines au fil de
leau, ainsi quusines rservoir et stations de pompage),
biomasse : production dlectricit partir de biomasse
(incinration de biomasse ou fermentation de biomasse),
olien et photovoltaques (PV).

Indicateurs de base de performance sociale


La dimension sociale de la durabilit concerne les impacts
de lorganisation sur le systme social dans lequel elle est active.
Elle inclut les catgories corruption, conditions de travail et
droits de lhomme, sant et scurit, satisfaction dans
le travail et dveloppement personnel, et socit. Dans
ces catgories, diffrents groupes de parties prenantes sont
touchs, comme les personnels, les prestataires, les entits
de rgulation, les fournisseurs, les politiques et les partis
politiques, les ONG, la communaut locale et la socit.

Indicateurs de base de performance


conomique et de profil
La dimension sociale de la durabilit concerne les
impacts de lorganisation, sur la situation conomique

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de ses parties prenantes et sur les systmes conomiques


aux niveaux local, national, et global. La Catgorie
Economique caractristique les flux de capital entre les
diffrentes parties prenantes, et les principaux impacts
conomiques de lorganisation au sein de de la socit.
Les Indicateurs de Profil caractrisent les spcificits
des compagnies de production et permettent de les
comparer. Ils prennent en compte les divers aspects de
lconomie de lnergie (par ex. le volume de lnergie
produite, la capacit installe), les aspects techniques (par
ex. le rendement de la production, la disponibilit de la
centrale), ainsi que des informations sur les moyens en
personnel.

Conclusions
La palette des indicateurs fondamentaux de Performance
de Durabilit proposs peut servir aux compagnies de
production dlectricit, pour les guider dans le choix des
aspects pertinents de la durabilit et, ainsi, pour rpondre
aux exigences des directives du nouveau GRI G4, en se
concentrant sur les aspects qui comptent, et aboutissant
des comptes rendus plus stratgiques, plus cibls, plus
comparables et, ainsi, plus crdibles.

WG C3.10
technical brochure

650

Number of core performance indicators identified


Aspect

Fossil

Nuclear

Hydro

Biomass

Wind / PV

Resource, energy and material


consumption

3 Indicators

3 Indicators

2 Indicators

Emissions

3 Indicators

1 Indicator

1 Indicator

2 Indicators

Waste

1 Indicator

1 Indicator

Biodiversity

1 Indicator

1 Indicator

1 Indicator

1 Indicator

1 Indicator

Environmental Performance

5 Indicators

5 Indicators

5 Indicators

5 Indicators

5 Indicators

Table 1: Number of environmental core performance indicators proposed with respect to the investigated power generation technologies.

Aspect

Number of core
performance
indicators identified

Aspect

Number of core
performance indicators
identified

Corruption

Economic performance

Labour practices / human rights

Employment

Health & safety

Energy economics

Job satisfaction

Technical characteristics

Society

Table 3: Number of Economic and Profile


Core Performance Indicators proposed

Table 2: Number of Social Core Performance Indicators proposed

within which it operates. It comprises the categories


corruption, labour practices and human rights, health
and safety, job satisfaction and development, and
society. Within these categories various stakeholder
groups are affected such as employees, contractors,
regulatory bodies, suppliers, politics / political parties,
NGOs, local community, and society.

a guidance selecting relevant sustainability aspects and


thereby meeting the requirements of the new GRI G4
guidelines focusing on sustainable impacts that matter,
resulting in sustainability reports that are more strategic,
more focused, more comparable and thus, more credible.

Core economic performance and profile


indicators

BROCHURE N 650

The economic dimension of sustainability concerns the


organizations impacts on the economic conditions of its
stakeholders, and on economic systems at local, national,
and global levels. The Economic Category illustrates the
flow of capital among different stakeholders, and the main
economic impacts of the organization throughout society.
The Profile Indicators characterize the specifics of power
generation companies and make them comparable. They
include aspects from energy economics (e.g. amount of
energy production, installed capacity), technical aspects
(e.g. generation efficiency, plant availability) as well as
information about workforce.

Conclusions
The proposed set of Core Sustainability Performance
Indicators may serve electricity generating companies as

(en anglais seulement)


(in English only)

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84

GT C5.19
brochure thmatique

Rapport sur les aspects rglementaires de


la rponse de la demande dans les marchs
dlectricit
Membres
Clotilde Levillain, Chef de file (FR), Tanguy Janssen, Secrtaire (FR), Hiroshi Asano (JP),
Regine Belhomme (FR), Marie-Therese Campbell (UK), Alex Cruickshank (AU),
Kristof de Vos (BE), Denise Foster (US), Lance Hoch (AU), Siju Joseph (SA),
Adam Keech (US), Juan la Grange (SA), Anant Venkateswaran (US)

Introduction
Les parties prenantes des systmes lectriques partagent
tous la vision dun rseau plus efficient au plan conomique
et avec un impact environnemental plus faible. Pour atteindre
cet objectif, de nombreuses solutions peuvent tre mises
en uvre, non seulement au niveau de la production et du
rseau, mais aussi celui de la demande, c. d. en impliquant
le consommateur final. Parmi celles-ci les solutions de
Rponse de la Demande (DR) font appel la capacit des
sites de consommation (par ex. rsidentiels ou industriels)
rpondre de faon coordonne aux conditions du march
et du systme lectrique, un horizon de court terme. Cette
capacit, souvent appele flexibilit et quon doit distinguer
de lefficacit nergtique, peut tre alors utilise pour raliser
lquilibre fourniture-demande ou pour la gestion du rseau.
La mettre en uvre permet datteindre un meilleur optimum
en matire de surplus pour la collectivit (social welfare).
Les tudes prcdentes ont montr que plusieurs solutions
techniques de DR sont dj utilises. En outre, parmi ces
solutions technologiquement matures, certaines sont trs
prometteuses parce que le surplus social estim qu'elles
peuvent apporter peut tre suprieur leurs cots estims,
en fonction du contexte local. Ainsi, pour un ensemble de
conditions locales favorables la mise en uvre de la DR, et
si on prend en compte les services apports par la DR et le
cot des solutions alternatives, plusieurs opportunits de DR
apparaissent dj comme intressantes du point de vue du
surplus social.

La ncessit dune rglementation


adapte
Mais les rglementations des systmes lectriques, hrites
du pass, peuvent ne pas tre adaptes des services bass sur
la DR, puisque les systmes lectriques avaient t organiss
autour de l'ide que les sites de production constitueraient
la principale source de la flexibilit qui assure la fiabilit du

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

systme et permettant le dispatching optimal. Par consquent,


la DR peut apparatre comme non profitable pour les
investisseurs (publics ou privs) pour diverses raisons, dont le
fait que le modle de march dans un systme libralis, ou les
activits rglementes dans une organisation plus intgre, ne
valorisent pas correctement les services que pourrait apporter
une solution de DR.
Une rglementation adapte du systme lectrique est donc
un lment fondamental quand on vise un dveloppement
optimal de la DR. De telles rglementations doivent couvrir
une grande palette de facilitateurs de DR qui permettent
de mettre en uvre, de proposer et d'changer les services
fournis par les produits bass sur la DR (par ex. produits de
capacit ou d'nergie). De fait, plusieurs pays de par le monde
ont commenc mettre en place une politique favorable la
DR, qui intgre ces facilitateurs, pour surmonter les barrires
au dveloppement de la DR existantes.
Pour soutenir les actions des parties prenantes du systme
lectrique et l'acceptation de la DR par le public, une analyse
comparative a t mene, dans le cadre de cette tude, avec
pour objet d'identifier les facteurs de succs et de collecter
les leons tires des exprimentations en cours en matire de
rglementation de la DR. Cette comparaison est base sur les
rsultats d'une enqute portant sur 15 systmes lectriques,
des cinq continents, qui reprsentent une diversit de systmes
libraliss et intgrs, utilisant des mcanismes de prix zonaux
ou nodaux, et des systmes de dispatching plus ou moins
centraux ou dcentraliss. Les situations prises en compte
dans la comparaison sont celles de 2014 ou du dbut de 2015.
L'analyse prliminaire du mix lectrique des pays confirme
que si des justifications de la DR sont diffrentes elles peuvent
conduire des niveaux diffrents de dveloppement de la
DR. Par exemple, des pays ont faire face des pointes de
demande trs leves en hiver ou en t, des pays ont grer
plus ou moins de sources non dispatchables, avec diffrentes
proportions de sources renouvelables. Plus gnralement ces
justifications sont lies au cot de la fourniture d'lectricit,
la dynamique long terme de la charge, ainsi qu'au mix de
la production (par ex. le constat qu'il y un risque sur la

WG C5.19
technical brochure

651

Report on regulatory aspects of the demand


response within electricity markets

Members
Clotilde Levillain, Convenor (FR), Tanguy Janssen, Secretary (FR), Hiroshi Asano (JP),
Regine Belhomme (FR), Marie-Therese Campbell (UK), Alex Cruickshank (AU),
Kristof de Vos (BE), Denise Foster (US), Lance Hoch (AU), Siju Joseph (SA),
Adam Keech (US), Juan la Grange (SA), Anant Venkateswaran (US)

Introduction
The power system stakeholders all share the ambition of a
more economically efficient system and a lower environmental
impact. To this aim, many solutions can be found not only
on the generation and network sides, but also on the demand
side, i.e. involving the electricity end-consumer. Among them,
Demand Response (DR) solutions refers to the ability of
consumption sites (e.g. residential or industrial) to respond in
a coordinated manner to market and power system conditions
on a short term perspective. This ability, often called a flexibility
and which should be distinguished from energy efficiency, can
then be used either for the supply-demand equilibrium or for
network management providing it allows to reach for a better
optimum in term of social welfare.
Previous studies made the observation that several DR
technical solutions already exists. Furthermore, among these
technologically mature solutions, some are very promising in
the sense that the estimated social surplus they can bring can
be higher than their estimated costs depending on the local
context. Thus, for a given set of local drivers for DR, referring
to the need for the services provided by DR and the cost of
alternative solutions, several DR opportunities already appear
profitable from a social surplus perspective.

Proper regulation is required


However, power system regulations inherited from the past
may not be adapted to pro ducts based on DR since power
systems have been organized around the idea that production
sites would be the main source of flexibility ensuring the
system reliability and optimal dispatch. As a consequence,
DR may not appear profitable to investors (public or private)
for various reasons including the fact that the market design
in a liberalized system or the regulated activities in a more
integrated organization do not value properly the services that
a DR opportunity could provide.

Therefore, an adapted power system regulation is a key


element to reach for an optimal DR development. Such adapted
regulations should cover a large panel of DR enablers allowing
to implement, offer and exchange the services provided by
products based on DR (e.g. capacity or energy products).
In fact, several countries around the world have started to
implement DR oriented policy addressing these enablers to
overcome existing barriers to DR development.
To support power system stakeholders actions and public
decision toward DR, a benchmark performed in this study aims
at identifying the factors of success and the lesson learned from
these current experiences on DR regulation. This benchmark is
built on a detailed survey over 15 power systems over the five
continents, covering a diversity of liberalized and integrated
systems, with zonal or nodal pricing and more or less central
or decentralized dispatch, is based on the situation as in 2014
or early 2015.
The preliminary analysis of the country electricity mix
confirms that different drivers may lead to different optimal
levels of DR development. For instance some country face very
high load peaks during winter or summer, some countries
deal with more or less dispatchable energy sources including
different level of renewable sources. More generally, the drivers
include the cost of electricity supply, the long term dynamic
of the demand as well as of the generation mix (e.g. the
observation that the electricity security of supply is at risk), the
need for short term flexibility compared to the flexibility of the
existing generation mix (e.g. the share of flexible hydropower)
and the general policy toward demand-side management.

Factors of success and lessons learnt


Given these DR opportunities and drivers, the study then
focuses on the enablers necessary to unleash DR development
and identifies the following factors of success and lesson learned
among the regulations implemented in the country surveyed.

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

85

651

86

GT C5.19
brochure thmatique

scurit d'alimentation), au besoin d'une flexibilit court


terme plus leve que celle qu'offre le mix de production
existant (par ex. la part de production hydraulique flexible)
et la politique gnrale en matire de gestion de la demande.

Facteurs de succs et
enseignements
Etant donn ces opportunits de DR et ces conditions
favorables, ltude sest concentre ensuite sur les catalyseurs du
dveloppement de la DR et a identifi, dans les rglementations
mises en place dans les pays analyss, les facteurs de succs et les
enseignements, suivants.
En tout premier lieu, une rglementation adapte est
probablement trouver dans la combinaison de plusieurs
possibilits de valoriser la DR qui se compltent mutuellement,
plus que dans le choix d'une option unique qui serait plus
favorable que chacune des autres. On peut par exemple constater
que ce principe est valid par le fait que l'on donne trs souvent,
et dans presque tous les rseaux, un prix implicite la DR par le
biais d'un signal de prix variable en fonction de l'heure (comme
des prix par tranche horaire), et qu'il existe en mme temps dans
les pays libraliss de plus en plus d'opportunits de lui donner un
prix implicite, par des changes de produits bass sur la DR. Ceci
peut dmontrer que si des signaux de prix peuvent convenir dans
de nombreux cas, certains services peuvent tre mieux satisfaits
par le biais d'un produit explicite qui demande un modle de
march adapt. En particulier l'enqute a montr que parmi les
services que la DR peut apporter, plusieurs nouveaux produits
spcifiques ont t crs pour changer des opportunits de DR
et fournir des services systmes qui contribuent la fiabilit
court terme. De la mme faon, des modulations la hausse et
la baisse de la consommation d'un site peuvent tre bnfiques
aux parties prenantes du systme lectrique, et devraient tre
valorises comme telles. De mme la conception du march ou
l'organisation du rseau devraient tre capables de valoriser non
seulement l'activation effective d'une flexibilit, mais galement
sa disponibilit. De fait plusieurs possibilits de DR prsentent
un cot fixe et un cot variable plutt lev par rapport aux
solutions alternatives existantes. Elles ne peuvent tre utilises
de faon optimale que si leur disponibilit est correctement
valorise. En consquence, les pays qui par exemple offrent des
mcanismes ou des marchs de capacit, ou qui valorisent les
rserves ncessaires la fiabilit court terme, ont de meilleures
chances de profiter de telles possibilits de DR.
En second lieu, pour les marchs libraliss ou plus
gnralement pour les organisations bases sur le march,
il est important de s'assurer qu'il n'existe pas de barrires
la participation la DR, c. d. que la DR est autorise
concourir dans des conditions quitables avec des produits
bass sur des capacits de production, pour permettre au
march de susciter les dcisions optimales d'investissement
et d'exploitation. A l'vidence la condition premire est que
la conception du march autorise la participation des sites
de consommation. Aprs cette affirmation simple, les rles
doivent tre clairement dfinis et la rglementation doit
garantir un environnement de concurrence quitable entre

No. 285 - April 2016

ELECTRA

les acteurs, qui puisse contribuer au dveloppement de la


DR. En particulier l'analyse de la conception du march
ou de l'organisation du systme intgr par rapport ces
produits, montre qu'en plus de la relation bilatrale entre
le fournisseur et le consommateur, certains pays comme la
France et les Etats-Unis (par exemple la PJM) ont adapt leurs
rgles de faon telle qu'une troisime partie, agissant comme
oprateur de DR, puisse dvelopper des solutions de DR dans
un environnement de concurrence, dans lequel elles ne sont
pas soumises un accord du fournisseur. Ceci est suppos
susciter des innovations, la fois techniques et commerciales,
qui vont crer de nouvelles possibilits de DR.
Il existe aussi des facilitateurs dont l'absence peut constituer
une barrire au dveloppement de la DR. Par exemple la
mesure et la vrification doivent, dans une certaine mesure,
tre intgres dans un processus de certification plus large,
susceptible de faciliter les changes de ces produits. De la
mme faon, en autorisant l'agrgation de plusieurs sites de
consommation quand ils participent explicitement au march,
ou un programme de DR rglement, on espre faciliter la
participation des petits sites de consommations et les changes
de produits plus fiables. Ce facilitateur a t mis en place en
Europe et aux Etats-Unis.

Conclusion et suites
Pour conclure, 10 des 15 pays analyss dans lenqute ont
mis en place un ou plusieurs schmas spcifiques de soutien
la DR, ce qui montre quils ont estim ncessaire dencourager
les DR pour en assurer le dveloppement jusqu la ralisation
de leur plein potentiel. Dans la plupart des pays ces schmas
intgrent un support financier la R&D, avec dans certains
cas des dispositions particulires dans la conception du
march, un soutien de la normalisation, des programmes
dinformation du public, ou des soutiens financiers directs.
Dans de nombreux pays les volutions de la rglementation
permettant le dveloppement de la DR ont t dclenches
un certain moment par une volont politique forte,
quelquefois l'occasion de plans de transition nergtique de
plus grande envergure. A mesure que les motivations de mise
uvre de la DR se renforcent, la rglementation peut avoir
voluer un rythme rapide pour faire disparatre les barrires
au dveloppement de la DR.
Dans le processus de mise en place, et mme si les
amnagements de la rglementation doivent tre dfinis
spcifiquement en fonction de chaque contexte local, il vaut
toujours mieux apprendre des expriences des autres. A cette
fin les connaissances tires de l'enqute permettent de dresser
un tableau de la rglementation des DR en 2014, pour une
palette diversifie d'environnements. En plus de l'analyse tire
de l'enqute, on a rsum dans lannexe quelques tudes de
cas de rglementation de DR pour des domaines particuliers.
Les travaux complmentaires devraient tre consacrs
la relation entre la DR et les productions disperses et
l'volution continue de la rglementation relative la
DR, qui peut devoir tre adapte aux nouveaux profils de
consommation (par ex. les vhicules lectriques) et la future
gnration des technologies de DR et de stockage.

WG C5.19
technical brochure

First of all, an adapted regulation lies probably more


in combining several possibilities to give value to DR that
complete each other than in selecting a single option that would
be best than all others. This principle is for instance observed
in the fact that while giving implicit value to DR though a time
varying price signal (such as Time of Use pricing) is widely used
in almost all systems, there are more and more opportunities
to give explicit value through exchange of products based on
DR in the liberalized countries. This may reveal that while
time varying price signals may be adapted in many cases,
some services are better served by an explicit product that
require an adapted market design. In particular, the survey
shows that among the services DR could provide, several
new dedicated products have been created to exchange DR
opportunities providing system services to ensure short term
reliability. Similarly, both upward and downward modulation
of the consumption of a site can benefit to the power system
stakeholders and should be valued as such. Besides, the market
design or system organization should be able to value not only
the activation of a flexibility but also its availability. Indeed,
several DR opportunities have a rather low fix cost and rather
high variable cost compared with alternative existing solutions.
They can be optimally used only if their availability is correctly
valued. Therefore, the countries offering, for instance, capacity
mechanisms or markets, or giving value to reserves for short
term reliability have a better chance to benefit from such DR
opportunities.
Then, concerning liberalized markets or more generally
the market-based organizations, it is important to ensure that
there is no entry barriers to DR participation, i.e. that DR is
allowed to compete fairly with products based on generation
capacities for the market to drive optimal investment and
operational decisions. Obviously, the first condition is that the
market design should allow the participation of consumption
sites. Beyond this simple statement, the roles should be clearly
defined and the regulation should ensure a fair competitive
environment between actors that could contribute to DR
development. In particular, the analysis of the market design
or integrated system organization around the products shows
that in addition to the bilateral relation between the supplier
and the consumer, some countries such as France and the
US (for instance in PJM) have adapted their rules so that a
third party, acting as DR operator can develop DR solutions
in a competitive environment where they do not require the
suppliers agreement. This is expected to drive both commercial
and technical innovation to reach for new DR opportunities.
There are also enablers which absence can constitute a
barrier to DR development. For instance, Measurement and
Verification can be to some extent included into a larger
certification process driven by a regulatory framework offering
confidence in the product based on DR effectiveness which
should ease the exchange of these products. Similarly, allowing
the aggregation of several consumption sites when participating
explicitly to the markets or to a regulated DR program is
expected to ease the participation of small consumption sites
and the exchange of more reliable products. This enabler has
been implemented in Europe and in the US.

651

Conclusion and follow-up


Finally, 10 out of the 15 countries surveyed have
implemented one or more dedicated DR support schemes
showing that favoring DR has been deemed necessary to
support its development toward its full potential. They include
in most country a financial support to R&D with in some cases
dedicated features in the market design, normalization support,
public awareness programs, or direct financial support.
In many countries, the evolutions of the regulation
enabling DR development were at some point triggered by
a strong political will, sometimes at the occasions of wider
energy transition plans. As the drivers for DR gets strong, the
regulation may be required to evolve at a fast pace to remove
the barriers to DR development.
In the implementation process, even if these regulatory
evolutions should be tailored to each local context, it is always
best to learn from the experiences of others. To this aim, the
knowledge extracted from the survey offers a picture of DR
regulation as in 2014 in a diversified panel of context. In
addition to the analysis based on the survey, some case-studies
about DR regulation in specific areas have been summarized
in the appendix.
Further work should focus on the link between DR and
distributed energy resources and on the constant evolution of
the DR related regulation that may have to be adapted to the
new consumption patterns (e.g. electric vehicles) and to next
generation of DR and storage technologies.

BROCHURE N 651
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
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