Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and future
David
Clinical
linguistics
of linguistics
language
and
handicaps
are diagnosed
'pathological',
detailed
intervention
linguistic
pathology
notably,
in educational,
though
therapy
'clinical'
and
characterise
approach
gain
'remedial'
both.
of many
insights
referred
a new way
in other
domains,
interpretation
language
devise
explicitly
principled
for explaining
and thus
comes
when
patient's
days
clinical
prgress
insight
in a mass
respond
confidence
and clinical
teaching.
which
More
strategies.
problems
In my
of a patient's
can provide
a basis
with patients,
specifically,
Clinical
the efficacy
more
the aim
confidence
of their
significantly,
for a
in these
about
enables
patients'
The aim is to
in working
insight.
training
predictions
to solve
linguistics.
to verify
and (perhaps
to these
professionalism.
to be able to prove
is not principally
to use linguistics
be
is due to t~em,
cuts)
theory,
of intervention,
are in a position
strategies
of economic
Clinical
a more conscious
therapists
intervention
methods
data in order to
linguistics
goal of clinical
with the
linguistics',
and language
therefore,
develop
is to develop
therapy
between
and methodology
however,
language
theory.
in linguistic
- an attempt
as the primary
a distinction
study clinical
skills
is
in speech
of 'clinical
problems
in
linguistics'.
subject,
course
of
to those
is a word which
one training
is no need to make
such as speech
of this
talks
refers
or neurological
linguistics
the concept
in despair,
neurolinguists,
of applied
where
'remedial'
kind
also - most
who regularly,
A distinction
in to solving
a similar
'therapists'
linguistics,
I use in my work.
of
rather than
there
into linguistic
after
first
of 'teachers'
'remedial
orientation
branch
purposes,
which
In recent years,
In schools,
has come to
contexts,
and at least
'clinical'
the settings
clinic.
As a consequence,
For present
because
but
where
such as 'remedial'
and psychological
'patients',
increasingly
'clinical',
terms,
settings
social,
as 'patients'!
Other
and findings
situations
out in non-medical
is less appropriate.
rather than
his care
and treated.
methods,
of those
of study
'pupils'
to the study
of the subject
of 'clinical'
of the theories,
phonetics)
linguistics
Crystal
is the application
(including
of clinical
progress
as they
The
under
specific
eight
contributions
headings.
First,
there
first
at traditional
wanting.
with
inspired
labels
disparate
children,
the picture
the tradition
the field
with
areas
a clear
articulation
reason
language
problems,
told me of receiving
buck'
[=
transfer
up at the speech
say,
'Mr X - no detectable
there
diagnose
a patient's
to devise
description
linguistic
with
condition,
what
of the nature
area
of clinical
of the patient's
is to appreciate
which must
handicap
that,
is, essentially,
kind of independent
existence
or
have
'pass the
in one hospital
is one to do?
For after
to it: diagnosis
process.
The speech
and these
linguistic
involves
which
And even
enquiry:
behaviour,
regularly
which
between
both patient
an interactive
and where
in cases where
all, to
is the
therapist
come
from a
This
therefore
the systematic
them.
Here,
handicap,
delay,
own
the important
the linguistic
and therapist
phenomenon.
- as if language
still
must
of the therapist's
be made
and
therapists
is one to do?
in such
to work with,
linguistic
speech
we
do not present
is unknown
abnormal,
of the problem
problems
treat'!
is not a solution
procedures
to
in our subject,
is demonstrably
what
to
in speech
stammering,
colleagues
notes
- please
language
point
of the condition
patients
of
we deal with
Several
of
is extended
cases, especially
clinic
range
of the linguistic
voice disorders,
voice
are found
An alternative
help us.
look
dissatisfaction
In so many
cannot
is always
interpretations
and unreal.
to most
aetiology
condition,
problem
behaviour,
description
some
whose
linguistic
to the second
Language
symptoms.
This
as a starting
consideration
point
answer
pathology
they
is widespread
notes
with a patient
a clear medical
leads
so much
is essential
therapist's
there ~
needs
fathered
model
is no clear medical
beginning,
needed.
the responsibility]:
turn
Faced
is urgently
development,
case
respects
complex
of confusion
One must
for example;
the medical
pathology.
to apply to a wide
still more
model
set of medical
as delayed
There
only a limited
unclear,
which
The medical
'dyspraxia'
context,
of 'labelling'
there
can be summarised
of areas
to a subject.
of the subject
and
becomes
of medicine,
pathology.
pathology,
conditions.
in the adult
of speech
nomenclature
as 'aphasia'
clinical
'aphasia',
face,
models,
can make
is the clarification
a new approach
the traditional
linguistics
metalanguage
step in developing
critically
clinical
equally.
It does
not have
or an articulation
disorder,
resided
might
watch
other
forms of handicap
last
someone
with
handicap
voice,
interaction,
handicap,
fluency,
you will
Then,
never
significance.
we talk
crucially
kind of linguistic
affects
them,
inadequacies
for plosives,
plosive-deficient
emerge,
our initial
or simply
they
referred
focussing
a product
in many
parts of Europe,
terms.
have no future,
conflicting
symptoms
our patients
types
foundation
speech
present
can
in
present.
projects
are doomed
a promising
{uture
are controversial.
to obtain
is
speech
pathology
descriptive
research
Abstract
to failure,
simplistic
without
descriptions
for
a
of
and premature.
linguistic
past history,
for this
labels
and dictionaries
in my second aim,
Th~ reason
satisfa~tory
there
try to proceed
to be considered
which
I initially
at more
which
to present,
and tests,
arrive
for we are
nomenclature
the basic
apparatus
patient;
picture
from past,
and standardise
are of no help,
and thus
research
will continue
activities
appropriate
Terminology
is, however,
descri pt ion.
we
the
the patient's,
using pr6files
patients,
of descriptive
pathology
There
which
pictures,
of disorder.
out
for pronouns,
of my paper,
projects
because
if you will)
of terms
between
alongside
The traditional
Terminology
of the meaning
similarities
determines
If we test
as we move
to try to rationalise
research,
descriptive
turns
definitions
clear
a language
the title
points,
work.
(symptomatological
Without
we say we have a
our language,
I can address
linguistic
to is certainly
presently
in
study.
from
apparent.
with them,
to us.
Apart
has a handicap
to future
present
the
language
talk to patients
converse
whether
into account
descriptive
become
diagnosis.
most
is one of production,
even be argued
their
aids,
in order to identify
patient.
unless we take
the problem
Thus,
unlike
or not.
someone
it will
It might
know that
to be of particular
handicap
communication
whether
know.
is quite
as one
is no way of knowing
has a language
or whatever,
the characteristics
to patients
There
from afar,
handicap
is - to talk to them.
comprehension,
this
patients
be observed
Language
respect.
in the street
of those
area
one leg.
in this
the case
this
only
and could
and where
is the lack of
in the first
place.
It is easy
enough
language;
aspects
much
of the language
phonology
(segmental
in language
use.
description
patient,
which
descriptions
been many
which have
various
patient's
various
fragments
project
in Britain
described
then
published,
together.
in which,
disability
manner,
'elementary',
patient
when
incidentally:
language
in clinical
undoubtedly
twenty
important
enable
loved
ratios
those
is future,
few clinical
which exist
the descriptions
involved
in this
clinically-oriented
proved
linguists
to be carried
linguistic
to as 'linguistic
and is known
Screening
profile;
GRARSP,
field,
by the acronym
models
Procedure
- a misnomer,
but we wished
which
to avoid
(=
arrive
with
at a set
be possible
between
the word
basic
features
of word types
of
and tokens
do ~
research
say?
There
is that
are
hunting
place.
twenty
impossible,
to use.
the apparatus
I would
years
there
The main
profile
for only
grammar
overtones
to
have
ago, when
because
Assessment
'grasp' in English.
speech
1 first
were no
task thus
The earliest
the Language
aware
time devising
the unfortunate
disability
it will
and linguistically
actually,
We shall
to be established.)
profiles'.
is being
of view.
(1 mean
does a patient
available
of a
Council
the relationship
the frequency
but it proved
LARSP
least,
of many
have yet
along
Research
hopefully,
language.
we refer
and,
became
point
here, which
have
of aspects
of patients
on grammatical
ignorant
conversation?
pathologists
we are still
Just
in general
years
in patients'
There
for example,
a Medical
data concerning
sessions.
engaged
The
and vocabulary
field.
a range
At the very
quantitative
generalise
clinical
descriptions
directing
disability,
syndromes.
some elementary
grammar,
detailed
from a linguistic
and semantic
involved
is an unfortunate
- in my own work,
factors
had a comprehensive
- and this
of
and syntax,
in the medical
1 am currently
that ~
I can immediately
of linguistically-definable
sounds,
of course
a patient's
we have published
be able to synthesise
to provide
include
morphology
has yet
published
unfavourably
in a comprehensive
phonological
must
colleagues,
language;
symptoms
describe
it, to ensure
to my knowledge,
contrasts
fragments
of semantics,
when
of his language
situation,
with
Indeed,
- which
as non-segmental),
vocabulary,
how to go about
are considered
as well
systematically
devices
appeared
in 1976,
Remediation
is handled
of having
which
and
by this
the acronym
our patients
phonology,
mainly
'grarsped'!)
A little
known as PROPH
intonation,
known
later, we produced
Profile
(=
(=
as PROP
in Phonology),
Prosody
(=
Profile
in Semantics
- Lexical),
as PRISM-G
(= Profile
in Semantics
- Grammatical),
are being
used
in our current
methodological
not without
decisions
controversy
research.
come to be devised.
weaknesses
of a clinical
indeed,
this
procedures
there
development,
bogged
procedure
when you
is considerable
watched,
It is always
to avoid theoretical
for it is easy
down
conferences
stopped
talking
of sampling
and statistical
issues.
about
have something
This
analysis.
apparent
were
as other
to compare
several
and
it with -
new
and segmental
is a necessary
phonology,
and desirable
It would
be a shame
and become
if clinical
There
and
profiles
patients
known
complacency,
for a subject
in methodological
these
increasingly
in grammar
semantics,
theoretical
especially
known
in devising
becomes
phonology,
semantics,
and grammatical
procedures
lexical
- a point which
for segmental
non-segmental
Profile),
as PRISM-L
profiles
only
about
needs to be a balance
problems
in all
things.
Similar
clinical
linguistics,
The third
extent
aim,
issues arise
as already
behaviours,
of approximation
with
In the case
patients
child
language
research
undertaken
In May,
for example,
English
language
the relevant
of the Journal
are available
comparison
And the
years
areas
is the descriptive
- at least,
language.
research
for English,
in
Grammar
of
to English.
grammar
of the
of the English
grammar
amount
in relation
of the largest
A Comprehensive
phonology,
fifth aim
at least
diagnosis.
are
Language
many
linguistic
patients
of Child
possible,
patient
The fourth
It is thus
areas
systematically.
the
on scales
Quirk
descriptions.
position
Here,
aims of
their
norms which
ever to appear,
by-Randolph
language
by demonstrating
norms.
acquisition.
and fifth
in order to demonstrate
of differential
behaviours,
the descriptive
and future.
Language,
of the descriptions,
to linguistic
fourth,
of these
of children,
to the third,
mentioned,
present,
issue
follow
is the assessment
normal
which
to which
compared
in relation
systematic
and semantics
has developed.
comparisons
-
for
and
assessments
USA.
This
saying,
of research
Without
clinical
of systematic
is no replacement
period
about
consonants,
phonological
(certain
define
their
quantitative
language
a great
deal
The
stated.
impression
for Spanish
sixth,
Sixthly,
we have,
Language,
linguistics
proceeds.
And eighthly,
foundation
of activity
assessment,
which
an adequate
description,
their
work.
presupposes
in reverse
analysis,
therapists
of the experienced
therapist,
cannot
the
profile
work
is
items on Spanish
this
is that
is a
linguistic
hypotheses,
presupposes
used in the
At last, then,
This
to reach
it,
This
presupposes
description.
the objective
Without
basis
of the intuitive
on occasion
we
is the world
presupposes.
Remediation
guarantee
as teaching
it has taken
work
of
behaviour.
strategies
or classroom.
clinical
can be briefly
the formulation
remedial
order.
which
role is to
linguistics
in
acquisitional
are involved.
of clinic
aims
the
variables
But please
words
but my impression
abnormal
of these
we need to evaluate
pathology.
of
to supplement
the outcome
their
is correct,
aims of clinical
speech
of
in the future.
we need to eveluate
of daily
a feature
published
If this impression
'real' world
in a
information
Most tests
of language,
Seventhly,
with the
after
look at morphology
But without
of the patient's
are in contact
elicit
tests
syntax.
testing.
of Child
as linguistic
A test,
behaviour,
insofar
but a test
to be administered
hypotheses
intervention,
use of
and eighth
place.
a start,
language.
and ignore
and structures
clinical
seventh,
They
at through
in the Journal
The conventional
grammar
of linguistic
remains to be done.
area
items,
by contrast,
We have
acquisition
priority
lexical
foundation.
Most
amount
for example,
and ignore
topics.
scores arrived
information
tests,
I keep
is the limited
is of course
- but vowels
in particular)
in the
the development
designed
as are consonants.
of linguistic
a qualitative
without
vowels
especially
hindering
of a patient's
articulation
Profiles,
norms,
we need.
instrument,
look at individual
each other.
provide
Most
and ignore
handicap
coverage
which
which
and vocabulary
selective
word-endings,
vocabulary
acquisition
clinical
for Spanish
of acquisitional
grammar,
of time.
to be made,
problem
procedures
is an extremely
short
The biggest
assessments
of articulation,
in pragmatics,
and productive;
language
account
interest
now beginning
linguistic
into Spanish
a detailed
the kind
all,
is ongoing,
of comparable
tests
linguistic
of
approach
or
if therapists
failures,
a foundation
systematic
study of those
promoting
language
that
procedures
occasion,
which
interfere
the therapist
about
development.
'work'.
which
their
Therapist:
in some way
Others
(e.g.
requests
and
paramount,
In language
as
Clinical
many
subject
Patient:
of these
do anything
the actual
rules and
'A car'.
for
(e.g.
Therapist:
There
are many
possible
ways
ways of
of
questions,
prompts,
and so
interaction,
of 'therapese',
has said
possible
specific
strategies
of
(or
out an activity
to pay attention,
of parent-child
cannot
is to study
questions,
instructions
variables
Some therapists,
(open-ended
And why, on
interest
the linguistic
in
to learn
are so many
linguistics
follow.
it').
are efficacious
work?
intrinsic
try to build
has said,
to speak
in the context
There
isn't
is the
and the
acquisition,
believe
task
to determine
a patient
commands,
important
to imitate,
some years,
used.
do not. Others
the patient
of cause
and therapist
stimulating
successes
becomes
rapport,
interaction,
'Good boy!').
reacting
being
praise
therapists
or not at all?
statement
both patient
The most
regularly
which
so well,
and patient,
of a clinical
example,
and analysis
area?
The question
with a simple
such matters,
tendencies
in this
strategies
of the materials
progress
on).
hold
boredom)
description
of their
of enquiry.
What
some
the basis
or 'motherese'.
for
There
behaviour,
have
as outlined
disordered
language
handicap.
To describe
a patient's
in terms
handicap
as it progresses.
difference
of which
The language
between
above.
it will
is there,
handicap
cannot
be captured
a diachronic
over time
language
become
on tape
it an an anatomical
to change
synchronic
But a synchronic
specimen
in this way.
phenomenon
in the normal
way.
day gives
The
A language
- the result
of
us only a
the nature
handicap
is that
of language
is
of a failure
The only
laboratory
reality
of the
of the
but frozen.
in a medical
in formaldehyde.
of a sample
a snapshot
or on the page,
of
of a language
to measure
as it were,
studies
descriptions
account
on a certain
possible
We have taken,
language
quintessentially
us with
baseline
problem.
begun to provide
So far, linguistic
of language
is central
to our
8
understanding
monitoring
questions
remain
of the condition,
about diagnosis,
elusive.
longitudinal
patient's
sample,
language,
give us the
constructing
information
'holding
his own',
the catching
a 'learning
child,
made
impressions
confidence
already
patients'
with which
been made
is in its infancy.
relatives
urgently
this
grope
future
fairly
to provide
of clinical
a precise,
words.
linguistic
confident,
between
(i.e. he is
comparable
made
up their
one.
research
professional
intuitive
strides
get better?'
have
prognosis
the one
parents
and
All other
description
and
and at present,
I therefore
which
in the
Great
to answer
linguistic
has
is to be placed on
which
but intuitive
to medicine
and prognoses.
to do clinical
this
progress
areas,
of course;
pathology
be in a position
of 6 months
will write
and squarely,
diagnosis;
beside
In a
or only in certain
of speech
its diagnoses
it takes
of therapy.
in case notes,
point of view,
pale in significance
question,
up somewhat?
and to become
want to know,
on each
Or has he actually
All therapists
of the
analysis
in that time
behind)?
of language,
progress
in linguistic
from a linguistic
analysis,
samples
caught
on?
it makes
question,
issues,
up)?
if the field
footing,
is a period
progress
will
to produce
if there
further
- in other words,
scientific
essential
by
to our
of teaching,
six months
impressions
a solid,
answers
- to take regular
curvel
for instance,
the therapist
absolutely
handicaps
(i.e. he is falling
progress
we need to know
samples,
time
of handicap,
delayed
months
remediation,
of language
language
in that
It is, accordingly,
accounts
thus
and until
we can only
find I cannot
any more
answer
can we relax.
flounder,
summarise
succinctly
the
than this:
to that question.
as we
it is
Oney