Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Edition 4.0
Abstract
These class notes are designed for use of the instructor and students of the course PHYS-2020:
General Physics II taught by Dr. Donald Luttermoser at East Tennessee State University. These
notes make reference to the College Physics, 10th Hybrid Edition (2015) textbook by Serway and
Vuille.
II.
(II-2)
c)
d)
Since the electric force is conservative, as the charge particle gains KE, it loses an equal amount of potential energy
(PE).
(II-3)
II2
PE
.
q
(II-4)
c)
d)
(II-5)
V = +Ed
i)
II3
k
m
Q
Solution (a):
x=0
II4
1 2
kx QExmax = 0
2 max
1
kxmax QE = 0
2
1
kxmax = QE
2
2QE
xmax =
k
2(50.0 106 C)(5.00 105 N/C)
=
100 N/m
=
0.500 m .
Solution (b):
To answer the second question, we note the keyword equilibrium and realized that we need to use a force equation. At
equilibrium, the force imparted on the positively charged block
by the E-field (pointing in the +x direction), given by Eq. (I-3),
is balanced by the oppositely pointing force due to the spring (as
covered in General Physics I ). Hence
X
F = Fe Fs = QE kxeq = 0
QE
1
xeq =
= xmax
k
2
=
0.250 m .
(II-7)
II5
N
X
i=1
Vi = ke
N
X
qi
,
i=1 ri
(II-8)
(II-9)
(II-10)
d)
Example II2.
Two point charges are on the y-axis, one of
magnitude 3.0 109 C at the origin and a second of magnitude
6.0 109 C at the point y = 30 cm. Calculate the potential at y
= 60 cm.
Solution:
Let q1 = 3.0 109 C with y1 = 0 cm = 0 m, q2 = 6.0 109 C
with y2 = 30 cm = 0.30 m, and yref = 60 cm = 0.60 m. The
distance that the reference point is from charge 1 is r1 = yref y1
II6
2
9
9
N
m
3.0
10
C
C
6.0
10
9
= 8.99 10
+
0.60 m
0.30 m
C2
!
220 V .
(II-11)
The electric potential is constant everywhere on the surface of a charged conductor in equilibrium.
c)
The electric potential is constant everywhere inside a conductor and is equal to its value at the surface.
b)
ii) Hydrogens 1st excited state = 10.2 eV (astrophysics) = 3.4 eV (quantum physics).
iii) Hydrogen ionizes at 13.6 eV (astrophysics) =
0 eV (quantum physics).
3. A surface on which all points are at the same potential is called
an equipotential surface.
a) The potential difference of any 2 points on an equipotential surface is zero.
b)
c)
D. Capacitors.
1. A capacitor is a device used in electric circuits that can store
charge for a short period of time.
a) Usually consists of 2 parallel conducting plates separated
by a small distance.
b)
c)
II7
II8
d)
Q
.
V
(II-12)
(II-13)
A
,
d
(II-14)
II9
or
or
II10
Solution (a):
We simply need to use Eq. (II-14) here:
2
6
2
A
12 C (1.0 10 m )
C = = 8.85 10
d
(800 m)
Nm2
= 1.1 108 F =
11 nF .
Solution (b):
Use Eqs. (II-12) & (II-13) in conjunction with Eq. (II-6) (with
N/C = V/m), where here we use the + sign version of (II-6) since
electrons are involved, thus
Qmax = C(V )max = C(Emax d)
= (1.11 108 C/V)(3.0 106 V/m)(800 m) =
27 C .
E. Combination of Capacitors.
1. In circuits with multicomponents, always try to reduce the circuit
to single components.
a) Combine all capacitors to one capacitor.
b)
c)
II11
2. Capacitors in Parallel.
V1 = V2 = V
Q1
C1
Q2
C2
+
V
equivalent
capacitance
II12
b)
c)
(II-15)
The total or equivalent charge on the capacitor in a parallel circuit is just the sum of all the charges on the individual capacitors:
Q1 + Q2 = Q
N
X
Qi = Q
(N parallel capacitors).
i=1
d)
(II-17)
Qi, we get
Ceq V = C1 V1 + C2 V2
or
Ceq V = C1 V + C2V = (C1 + C2) V
for our circuit above, or more generally we can write
Ceq V = V
N
X
Ci .
(II-18)
i=1
(II-19)
N
X
i=1
Ci .
(II-20)
parallel circuits
II13
3. Capacitors in Series.
V1
Ceq
V2
Q
Q1
C1
Q2
C2
Reduced
Circuit
(II-21)
Vi = V
i=1
c)
(II-22)
or V = Q/Ceq .
(II-23)
II14
or finally
1
1
1
=
+
Ceq
C1 C2
for two series capacitors or more generally
N 1
X
1
=
.
Ceq i=1 Ci
(II-24)
(II-25)
series circuits
c)
d)
II15
Example II4.
figure below.
C1 =
1.00 F
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
C2 =
5.00 F
+
V = 24.0 V
C3 =
8.00 F
Solution:
Reduced the || capacitors first:
Qa
Ca
+
V
Qb
Cb
C4 =
4.00 F
II16
Q
V
Ceq
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
Ceq
Ca Cb
6.00 F 12.00 F
2
1
3
=
+
=
12.00 F 12.00 F 12.00 F
12.00 F
Ceq =
= 4.00 F
3
Now find Q:
Q = Ceq V = (4.00 106 F)(24.0 V)
= 96.0 106 C = 96.0 C
Go back to the second reduce (i.e., the series) circuit:
Q = Qa = Qb = 96 C
and
Va
Vb
Qa
96.0 C 96.0 106 C
=
=
=
= 16.0 V
Ca
6.00 F
6.00 106 F
Qb
96.0 C
=
=
= 8.00 V
Cb
12.00 F
II17
16.0 C
80.0 C .
Vb = V3 = V4
and
Q3 = C3 V3 = C3 Vb = (8.00 F)(8.00 V) =
64.0 C
Q4 = C4 V4 = C4 Vb = (4.00 F)(8.00 V) =
32.0 C .
II18
i)
At this point, lets note that the PE of a capacitor is equivalent to the internal energy U of the
capacitor, then
U = Q V .
(II-26)
V =
1
Q
C
U =
b)
Q
Q .
C
(II-27)
The next step requires a little calculus (see the text, particularly Figure 16.23, for a graphical description of this
using the definition of work).
i)
dU =
Q
dQ .
C
II19
area under
the curve
0
c)
Qmax
dU =
Z Q
max
0
Q
1
dQ =
C
!C
1 1 2 Qmax
Q 0
C 2
1 2
(Umax 0) =
Qmax 02
2C
Q2max
Umax =
.
2C
U |U0 max =
d)
Z Q
max
0
Q dQ
Q2
1
1
= C(V )2 = Q(V ) .
2C
2
2
(II-28)
II20
1
1
C(V )2 = (1.1 108 F)(2.4 109 V)2
2
2
= 3.2 1010 J =
32 GJ.
II21
between the plates of a capacitor, the voltage drop is reduced by a scale factor (note that > 1):
V =
b)
V
.
(II-29)
In this equation, C is the capacitance that the capacitor has when filled with air (or has a vacuum in it), and
(> 1) is called the dielectric constant. Table 16.1 in
the textbook displays dielectric constants for various materials (note that a vacuum has = 1.00000 identically
and that air has = 1.00059, nearly that of a vacuum).
c)
A
.
d
(II-30)
II22
b)