Environment and Ecology

Kumar Pallav,
PhD IITGuwahati
Source: ensidaenergy.com
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Education & Work Experience

Education:

PhD (2011) Structural Engineering, IIT Guwahati.

ME (2003) Structural Engineering, SGSITS Indore.

BE (2001) Civil Engineering, Nagpur University.

Work Experience:

Assistant Professor (Dec 2012- Till date), Civil Engg, MNNIT, Allahabad

Scientific Officer (June 2005- Dec 2012), Civil Engg., IIT Guwahati

Guest Lecturer (August 2003 June 2005) - MNNIT Allahabad.

Guest Lecturer (Feb 2003 April 2003)- Govt. College Ujjain, M.P.

Visiting Fellow

11 Sept- 02 Jan 2016, Principal Lecturer, Fiji National University, Fiji

24th Jan-1st Feb, 2015, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

June 2014, Czech Technical University, Prague

1st Dec- 31st Dec 2011, UPC, Barcelona, Spain.

1st

Sept-31st

Oct 2010 , UPC, Barcelona, Spain.

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Honours and Awards:

TE-QIP-II International Grant for Visiting Earthquake Observatory Singapore
(2013)
European Commission Fellowship (2013),
Willpower Program under Erasmus Mundus Fellowship (2011),
Willpower Program under Erasmus Mundus Fellowship (2010),
Gold Medal by Indian Geotechnical Society (IGS)

Rank 1st in M.E. (Structural Engineering, 2003).

University Rank 10th and College Rank 3rd in B.E. (Civil, 2001).

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Courses Taught
THEORY COURSES:
Primary Courses: UG

Engineering Drawing

Environment Ecology

Core Area Courses: UG

Numerical Techniques and Application

Matrix Method for Structure Analysis

Prestressed Concrete Design

LABORATARIES: Developed

Structural Engineering

Surveying

Building Construction

Geotechnical Engineering

Construction Management

Transportation Engineering

Design of Steel Structure

Water Resource Engineering

PG Courses

Finite Element Method

Theory of Elasticity

Advance structure Analysis

Design of Advance Structure

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Research Interests: Solves Problem Like ?

. Estimation of Site specific ground motion for major structures

Source: wikimedia.org, agricorner.com

2. Preparation of Seismic Hazard Maps for State and Seimic Microzonation

map for Cities

Manipur State

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Imphal CityAllahabad

Course Content and Lecture

Schedule

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment and Ecology: Course Content

CE-

CREDIT: 02

UNIT 1. Introduction

2-0-0

04(L)

Introduction and Scope, Indian Scenario of Natural Resources,

Conservation of Natural Resources.
UNIT 2. Ecosystem

05(L)

Ecosystems and its Basic Concepts, Structure and function of

Ecosystem, Food Chain, Food Web and ecological pyramid,

Ecological Succession.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment and Ecology: Course Content

UNIT 3. Biodiversity

3(L)

Biodiversity and its conservation, Types of Biodiversity, hot spots

and threats to biodiversity, National and global scenario,

biodiversity conservations..

UNIT 4. Environmental Pollutions

06(L)

Air, Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal and Nuclear.

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment and Ecology: Course Content

UNIT 5. Social Issue

04(L)

Sustainable Development, Environmental Ethics, Issues and Possible

solutions, Climate Change and Global Warming, Acid Rain and

Ozone

layer

Depletion,

Nuclear

Accidents

and

wasteland

reclamation.

UNIT 6. Environmental Laws

.Environmental Laws/Acts, EPA act 1986, water Act.

02(L)

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Numerical Techniques and Applications: References

Basic Course in Environmental Studies, Deswal and Deswal, Publication

Dhanpat Rai and Sons, .
Environmental Studies, Bharucha, University of Press

Ecology, Odum, Oxford and IBH

Sastry, Introductory Method of Numerical Analysis, PHI
Environmental Engineering, Peanny et. al., McGraw Hill
A text book of Environmental Engineering, Venugopal Rao, PHI

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment and Ecology

What is Environment ?????
Man has always inhabited two worlds.

Natural World
Plants,
Animals,
Air,
Water, and
Soil

Build World
Social Institution
Political Organization
Things created using
Science and Technology
Etc..

Environment can simply defined as Ones surroundings; which includes

everything around the organism, i.e., abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living)
environment.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment and Ecology

WHY as a Engineer we have to Study ????

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment and Ecology

WHY as a Engineer we have to Study ????
Education About The Environment Learn about the environment -Ecological
concepts
Education Through the
Environment -Use the environment as a
medium -Experiential; direct contact Observation, data gathering, sketching,
photography, etc.
Education For the Environment Engage in exploration and resolution of
environmental issues -Builds on other two
-Develop informed environmental
concern, environmental ethic and skills for
participating in protection and
improvement of the environment Education is not neutral. Develop critical
and active citizens

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment and Ecology: Unit 1

The purpose of Environment and Ecology

Study
Quote by Richard Louv
The real measure of our success will not be in the
number of programs created or bills passed, but
in the creation of new cultural atmosphere, in
everyday life, that will make such decesions
second nature---in every family, every school and
every neighbourhood.

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Environment Meaning ?

The term is derived from a French word

Environ which means ENCIRCLE.

Scientifically Environment means all of the

outside forces, events, and things that act
on a thing. The environment is everything
that is around something.

It is the complex set of physical, geographic,

biological, social, cultural and political
conditions that surround an individual or organism
and that ultimately determines its form and nature of
its survival. from World Bank report on education

It includes:
1) All factors living and nonliving that affect an
individual organism or population at any point in the
life cycle.
2) Set of circumstances surrounding a particular
occurrence.
3) All the things that surrounds us.

ECOLOGY ??

Ecology is the science studying the

interactions of organisms with their
Environment and with one another.

It comes from the Greek words oikos

(home/habitat) and logos
(study/science).

INTRODUCTION
Not just collection of information
For awareness social and individual
Conflict between development and environmental
conservation
BALANCE
At one end it studies how the life process of a tribal
community protects the environment surrounding it;
On the other hand it probes what will be the effect
of state of the art technology on human
environment! Thus the scope of environmental
studies is extremely wide and covers some aspects
of nearly every major discipline.

Objective of this Course

Develop
CONCERN
environment.

for

our

own

The concern leads us to ACT at your own

level to protect the environment we all live
in.

The three reasons for studying the state of

the environment
There is the need for information - the
need to use resources more equitably.
There is a need to change the way - based
on observation and self learning.
pro-environmental action - including
activities we can do in our daily life to
protect it.

1.

It

Is there any way out ! If I want

degree I got to do it!!

is prescribed in the Syllabus and carries 2

Credits. If I want to get through 1st year
and finish my degree in 4 years, I have to do
it!!

2. Legal Obligations
Supreme Court in its judgment has made learning of the
subject mandatory at under graduate level (1991).

University Grants Commission has directed all affiliated

institutions to compulsorily teach the subject, for all the
branches of engineering (2004).

M.N.N.I.T. has introduced the subject at I year level as a core

subject, in compliance with UGC directive.

3. We are Victims of our own acts

Our Consumption
pattern & Lifestyles

Indiscriminate
Use of

Pollution from production

Natural
Resources

Of Artificial Resources

Degradation of Our
Environment

We ourselves are
Victims

4. You are going to be Modern day Professionals

Being Modern day Professionals,You will be required to
encounter Environment related problems at all levelsMost importantly as Technical Managers directly facing
the Society at large.
What do You Mean by this ? In what way we are
responsible ?

Industrial
Investors

Technical
Professionals

Society in
General

SOCIETAL PYRAMID
OH! We are a class of our own!!

Industrial Usage

Basic
Societal
Usage

RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION PYRAMID

But our base is shaky!! We got to face the music !!
Bosses will ask you to face the public !!

WHY SHOULD WE TEACH !

If you plan for one year, plant paddy.

If you plan for ten years, plant trees.

But if you plan for hundred years,
educate people.

No Water? Drink Thanda!

Case Study of Plachimada

A Soft Drink bottling unit of company X was established in Plachimada, a village

in Kerala state, in the year 2000. Company dug bore wells to extract clean
drinking water for soft drink. Company had obtained clearance from the states
Environment Monitoring Authority and had been permitted by the local body to
start the production.
Production unit was extracting water to an extent of 3,50,000 Liters Per Day
(LPD) { 3,50,000 LPD means per capita daily consumption of 5,000 people.}
Unit in its full production capacity had planned to draw 15,00,000LPD of water
{ Equal to LPCD of 21,430 people.}

No Water? Drink Thanda!

Case Study of Plachimada (Cont)
By 2002, all the open wells- they were the main source
of water for the people- not only in the village , but
surrounding 10 villages dried out. With most common
life sustaining resource not available, people were
pushed to desperation.
They started mass protests against the company and
demanded immediate closure of the unit. The local body
sensing the heat of peoples anger, withdrew the
permission to run the unit.
The company has sought the intervention from the
court of law and the litigation is in Highest court of the
land. Mean while, there is no respite for company from
protesting public. The protest has spread not just across
the region but across the world !

HENCE THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO

UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEMS WE ARE FACING
AND FORESEE THE CALAMITIES THAT MAY FALL
ON US IF WE DO NOT HEED THE RATIONAL
WARNINGS.

WISE PEOPLE SAY

BETTER TO BE LATE THAN NEVER

DR. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 's Speech

Once in an interview, the famous Ex-municipal commissioner of Bombay, Mr.

Tinaikar, had a point to make. 'Rich people's dogs are walked on the streets
to leave their affluent droppings all over the place,' he said. 'And then the
same people turn around to criticize and blame the authorities for
inefficiency and dirty pavements. What do they expect the officers to do? Go
down with a broom every time their dog feels the pressure in his bowels?
In America every dog owner has to clean up after his pet has done the job.
Same in Japan.
Will the Indian citizen do that here?' He's right. We go to the polls to choose
a government and after that forfeit all responsibility.
We sit back wanting to be pampered and expect the government to do
everything for us whilst our contribution is totally negative. We expect the
government to clean up but we are not going to stop chucking garbage all
over the place nor are we going to stop to pick a up a stray piece of paper
and throw it in the bin. We expect the railways to provide clean bathrooms
but we are not going to learn the proper use of bathrooms.
We want Indian Airlines and Air India to provide the best of food and
toiletries but we are not going to stop pilfering at the least opportunity.
This applies even to the staff who is known not to pass on the service to the
public.

Natural Resources

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Natural Resources

Natural resources occur naturally within

environments that exist relatively undisturbed
by mankind, in a natural form. A natural
resource is often characterized by amounts of
biodiversity and geo-diversity existent in
various ecosystems.

Natural resources are derived from the

environment. Many of them are essential
for our survival while others are used for
satisfying our wants. Natural resources may
be further classified in different ways.
(AVATAAR movie)

Classification of Natural Resources

Renewability is a very popular topic and

many natural resources can be categorized
as either renewable or non-renewable:
a) Renewable resources are ones that can be
replenished naturally. Some of these resources,
like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously
available and their quantity is not noticeably
affected by human consumption.
b) Non-renewable resources are resources that
form extremely slowly and those that do not
naturally form in the environment. Minerals and
fossil fuels are the most common resource
included in this category.

Resources:
Forest
Water
Minerals
Foods
Energy
Land

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Forest Resources
Forests are of immense value to us.
They are useful for industry and rural

economic growth.
Commercial uses of forests are for timber,
firewood, pulpwood, food items, medicine,
drugs and even tourism etc
Ecological services of forests are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Production of Oxygen
Reduce global warming / Pollution Moderation
Wildlife habitat
Regulation of water cycle
Soil conservation

Forest Resources
Overexploitation

of forests has been

due to:
a) Excessive logging
b) Deforestation for road development
c) Clearing forests due to grazing
d) Mining activities and large scale projects

India forest cover map as a

percentage of the geographical
area of respective States and
Union Territories, in 2010.[1]
As of 2010, the Food and
Agriculture Organisation of
the United Nations estimates
India's forest cover to be about 68
million hectares, or 24% of the
country's area.The 2013 Forest
Survey of India states its forest
cover increased to 69.8 million
hectares by 2012, per satellite
measurements; this represents an
increase of 5,871 square
kilometers of forest cover in 2
years.However, the gains were
primarily in northern, central and
southern Indian states, while
northeastern states witnessed a
net loss in forest cover over 2010
to 2012.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Note:
In 2002, forestry industry contributed 1.7% to India's GDP. In
2010, the contribution to GDP dropped to 0.9%, largely
because of rapid growth of the economy in other sectors and
the government's decision to reform and reduce import tariffs
to let imports satisfy the growing Indian demand for wood
products
India is the world's largest consumer of fuel-wood. India's
consumption of fuel-wood is about five times higher than
what can be sustainably removed from forests. However, a
large percentage of this fuel-wood is grown as biomass
remaining from agriculture, and is managed outside forests.
Fuel-wood meets about 40% of the energy needs of the
country. Around 80% of rural people and 48% of urban
people use fuel-wood
Department ofElectricity
Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

2007 forest survey data

The 2007 forest census data thus obtained and published by the Government
of India suggests the five states with largest area under forest cover as the
following:
Madhya Pradesh: 7.64 million hectares
Arunachal Pradesh: 6.8 million hectares
Chhattisgarh: 5.6 million hectares
Odisha: 4.83 million hectares
Maharashtra: 4.68 million hectares
2013 forest survey data
According to India's 2013 forest survey report, the forest cover in top five states
has increased, with the exception of Arunachal Pradesh:
Madhya Pradesh: 7.75 million hectares
Arunachal Pradesh: 6.73 million hectares
Chhattisgarh: 5.6 million hectares
Maharashtra: 5.06 million hectares
Odisha: 5.03 million hectares

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Conservation of Forest
In the 1988 National Forest Policy, which focused on ensuring environmental
stability, restoring the ecological balance, and preserving the remaining forests
Also in 1988, the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was amended to facilitate
stricter conservation measures. A new target was to increase the forest cover to
33% of India's land area from the then-official estimate of 23%
In June 1990, the central government adopted resolutions that combined forest
science with social forestry, that is, taking the sociocultural traditions of the local
people into. The cumulative area afforested during the 1951-91 period was nearly
179,000 square kilometres
Between 1990 and 2010, as evidenced by satellite data, India has reversed the
deforestation trend. FAO reports India's rate of forest addition has increased in
recent years, and as of 2010, it is the third fastest in the world in increasing forest
cover.
The 2009 Indian national forest policy document emphasizes the need to combine
India's effort at forest conservation with sustainable forest management. India
defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities
are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic
needs and local issues through scientific forestry

WATER RESPOURCES

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Water Resources
Water is an indispensible natural resource.
More than 97% of the Earth is covered
with water, but only little over 3% is fresh
water.
Water we use keeps on cycling endlessly
through the environment which is called
Hydrological cycle.
Water evaporates from various sources and
falls again on the earth in the form of snow
or rain and passes on through living
organisms and eventually reaches the
oceans.

Water Resources
Solar energy drives the water cycle.
Plants also play a role in this by absorbing the
groundwater from the soil and releasing it into the
atmosphere by the process of transpiration.
Excess water usage has resulted in depletion of
ground water reserves.
In some places in India, prolonged rainfall has
resulted in floods.
Rising incidents of floods has been due to rapid
industrialization, deforestation and urbanization.

Water Resources
Shortage of water in India is a common
sight.
In many places, absence of rainfall has led
to draught.
Conflict between countries and within
the country has also occurred.
Such as the water conflict in the Middle
East and in India the infamous Cauvery
Water Dispute.

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Major River Basins Of The Country

Name of the River Origin
Indus
a) Ganga
b) Brahmaputra
c) Barak and other
rivers flowing into
Meghna
Sabarmati
Mahi
Narmada
Tapi
Brahmani
Mahanadi
Godavari
Krishna
Pennar
Cauvery

Mansarovar (Tibet)
Gangotri (Uttar Kashi)
Kailash Range (Tibet)

Length
(Km.)
1114 +
2525 +
916 +

Catchment Area
(Sq. Km.)
321289 +
861452 +
194413 +
41723 +

Aravalli Hills (Rajasthan)

Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)
Amarkantak (Madhya
Pradesh)
Betul (Madhya Pradesh)
Ranchi (Bihar)
Nazri Town (Madhya
Pradesh)
Nasik (Maharashtra)
Mahabaleshwar
(Maharashtra)
Kolar (Karnataka)
Coorg (Karnataka)

371
583

21674
34842

1312

98796

724
799

65145
39033

851

141589

1465

312812

1401

258948

597
800

55213
81155
Total
2528084
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Basinwise Ground Water Potential Of Country

Name of Basin
Brahmai with Baitarni
Brahmaputra
Cambai Composite
Cauvery
Ganga
Godavari
Indus
Krishna
Kutch and Saurashtra Composite
Tamil Nadu
Mahanadi
Meghna
Narmada
Northeast Composite
Pennar
Subarnrekha
Tapi
Western Ghat

Ground Water
potential (bcm)
4.05
26.55
7.19
12.3
170.99
40.65
26.49
26.41
11.23
18.22
16.46
8.52
10.83
18.84
4.93
1.82
8.27
17.69
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad
Total 431.42

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Water Conservations
Water conservation encompasses the policies,
strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a
sustainable resource, to protect the water
environment, and to meet current and future human
demand.
Population, household size and growth and affluence all
affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate
change will increase pressures on natural water
resources especially in manufacturing and
agricultural irrigation
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Water Conservations
The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows:
To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of
fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural
replacement rate.

Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery and waste water

treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In
some regions of the world over 15% of total electricity
consumption is devoted to water management.
Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to
preserve fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating
waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to build newdams and
other water diversion infrastructures.

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Strategies:
In implementing water conservation principles there are a number of
key activities that may be beneficial.
Any beneficial reduction in water loss, use and waste of resources.
Avoiding any damage to water quality.
Improving water management practices that reduce or enhance the
beneficial use of water.
Social solutions (farming, Landscaping etc)
Household Applications (Rain water harvesting, Low flush Toilets, Low Shower
etc.)
Commercial Applications (Waterless Urinal, Waterless carwashetc)
Agricultural Applications (Mo
Minimum Water Networks and Design
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Mineral Resources
Minerals

are naturally occurring organic or

inorganic solids with definite chemical
composition and physical properties.
They are used in:
a) Industrial Development
b) Generation of energy
c) Construction
d) Transportation
e) Communication
f) Medicinal
g) Formation of alloys

Mineral Resources
Some of the common minerals in India are:
1. Energy generating minerals
a) Coal and lignite
b) Uranium
2. Other commonly used minerals
a) Aluminium
b) Iron
c) Copper
d) Mica
e) Gold and other precious / bullion metals

Mineral Resources
Excess
a)
b)
c)
d)

e)
f)

g)

mining for minerals has resulted in:

De-vegetation and defacing landscape
Subsidence of land
Groundwater contamination
Surface water pollution
Air pollution
Occupational health hazards
Soil Erosion

Food Resources
The

most common food consumed all over the

world are wheat, rice, maize, barely, oats, potatoes
and cereals.
Dairy products being milk, cheese and butter.
Seafood, and meat products have their highest
consumption in North America, Europe and Japan.
The average calorie intake is 2500 calories per day.
People receiving less than 90% of this are called
undernourished, less than 80% are called
seriously undernourished
Deficiency of nutrition has lead to malnuitriton

Food Resources
Efforts

to increase food production has

resulted in some side effects:
1. Overgrazing has caused:
a) Land degradation
b) Soil Erosion
c) Loss of useful Species
2. Traditional agriculture has caused:
a) Soil Erosion
b) Loss of vital nutrients
c) Deforestation

Food Resources
3.
a)
b)

Modern Agriculture has caused:

Nitrate pollution
Eutrophication (Excess nutrition) (Important)
Eutrophication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients,
typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or
both. Eutrophication can be a natural process in lakes, occurring as they
age through geological time.

a)
b)

c)

Pesticide related problems

Water logging
Salinity problem

Case Studies of Excess Use of

Pesticides

1. Kesterson Wildlife Refuge

is an artificial wetland environment, created using
agricultural runoff from farmland in California's Central
Valley.
The irrigation water is transported to the valley from
sources in the Sierra Nevada via the California Aqueduct.
Minerals from these sources are carried in the water and
concentrated by evaporation from aqueducts, canals, and
fields. This has resulted in an exceptionally high accumulation
of selenium and other minerals in the wetlands. Wildlife in
this region suffered deformities[1] due to selenium poisoning,
drawing the attention of news media and leading to the
closure of the refuge

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

2. Lake Apopka, Florida

In July 1980, Tower Chemical Company (TCC), a
local pesticide manufacturer, improperly disposed of significant
amounts of DDE, (1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)
ethylene (DDE) is a breakdown product of DDT, which was
used in the past as an insecticide. No information is available
on the acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) effects
of DDE) a known endocrine disruptor, along with other toxic
chemicals. As a result, these chemicals spilled into Lake Apopka,
and the US Environmental Protection Agency was alerted. TCC
shut down their operations in December 1980. In 1981, an EPA
investigation began and the site was decommissioned and
designated as a Superfund clean-up site. Despite their efforts,
some of the chemicals seeped into the Florida aquifer and have
proliferated into some of Central Florida's interconnected
lakes and waterways. This chemical has caused health problems
in much of the lake's wildlife population, and has caused
infertility and other sexual disorders in several species,
including alligators.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Energy Resources
Renewable

Resources
Renewable Resources are those which can
be generated continuously in nature and are
inexhaustible e.g. wood, solar energy, wind
energy, tidal energy, hydropower, biomass
energy, bio-fuels, geo-thermal energy and
hydrogen.
They are also known as non-conventional
sources of energy and they can be used
again and again in an endless manner.

Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Sources:
1. Hydroelectric Energy
2. Solar Energy
3. Wind Energy
4. Tidal Energy
5. Ocean Thermal Energy (OTE)
6. Geothermal Energy
7. Bio-Gas
8. Bio-Fuels
9. Hydrogen as a Fuel

Energy Resources
Non-renewable Resources
which have accumulated in nature

over a long span

of time and cannot be quickly replenished when
exhausted e.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas and
nuclear fuels like uranium and thorium.

They constitute
1. Coal
2. Petroleum
3. Natural Gas
4. Nuclear Energy

Energy Scenario

In India
Non commercial fuel: fuelwood, animal waste,
agricultural residue
Commercial: Coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas
and electricity.
40%

60%

69% coal (thermal power)

25% hydel power
4% diesel and gas
2% nuclear power
>1% from non conventinal
sources (solar, wind, ocean

electricity

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Power generation capacity

1947 1998

1400 MW
92,864 MW

22438 MW hydro
67617 MW thermal (incl. diesel &
gas)
1840 MW nuclear
968 MW wind

The electricity sector in

India had an installed
capacity of 255.012 GW as of
end November 2014
India became the world's third largest
producer of electricity in the year 2013
with 4.8% global share in electricity
generation surpassing Japan and Russia.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Growth of Installed Capacity in India (Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of

Power, Government of India. July 2013)
Thermal (MW)
Installed Capacity
as on

Coal

Gas

Renewable (MW)
Sub-Total
Thermal

Diesel

Nuclear
(MW)

Other
Renewable

Hydel

Sub-Total Total (MW)

Renewable

% Growth
(on yearly
basis)

31-Dec-1947

756

98

854

508

508

1,362

31-Dec-1950

1,004

149

1,153

560

560

1,713

8.59%

31-Mar-1956

1,597

228

1,825

1,061

1,061

2,886

13.04%

31-Mar-1961

2,436

300

2,736

1,917

1,917

4,653

12.25%

31-Mar-1966

4,417

137

352

4,903

4,124

4,124

9,027

18.80%

31-Mar-1974

8,652

165

241

9,058

640

6,966

6,966

16,664

10.58%

31-Mar-1979

14,875

168

164

15,207

640

10,833

10,833

26,680

12.02%

31-Mar-1985

26,311

542

177

27,030

1,095

14,460

14,460

42,585

9.94%

31-Mar-1990

41,236

2,343

165

43,764

1,565

18,307

18,307

63,636

9.89%

31-Mar-1997

54,154

6,562

294

61,010

2,225

21,658

902

22,560

85,795

4.94%

31-Mar-2002

62,131

11,163

1,135

74,429

2,720

26,269

1,628

27,897

105,046

4.49%

31-Mar-2007

71,121

13,692

1,202

86,015

3,900

34,654

7,760

42,414

132,329

5.19%

31-Mar-2012

112,022

18,381

1,200

131,603

4,780

38,990

24,503

63,493

199,877

9.00%

30-Nov-2014[1]

153,571

22,971

1,200

177,742

4,780

40,799

@31,692

72,491

255,013

10.34%

Department of Civil Engineering,

MNNIT Allahabad

NEED TO UNDERSTAND:
Human Being: 2000 cal of energy/day ( last 100 of years as a biological energy
to maintain their Metabolism

Today 2,00,000 cal/day (industrialized nation)

01 cal of energy need for life 100 cal are consume for other purpose.

In 20 years 8,00,000 cal/person/day

Developing
countries do not
obtain even 2000
cal/capita/day

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Land Resources

Land is a finite valuable resource upon which we

depend on for food, fiber and fuel.
Soil, especially top soil is classified as renewable
resources.
Nearly 200yrs is needed to form one inch of top
soil.
Land degradation is occurring 20-100 times more
than the renewal rate.
Soil erosion, water logging and salinization and
contamination of the soil due to industrial wastes
has resulted in degradation of land.

Soil formation

Land Resources
Soil
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

conservation practices are:

Till farming
Contour farming
Terracing
Strip cropping
Alley cropping
Wind breaks or shelterbelts

Pattern of Land Use:

Varies from country to country
Land use pattern on Earth

Land Use
Agricultural (11%)

Pastures and
Meadows (22%)
Forest Land (30%)

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

About Our Country:

Area: 3,287,590 sq km
Population: 1,188,310,000
Literacy : 61%
Government: Federal Democratic Republic
Unemployment: 10.7%
GDP: $3.57 trillion
Chief Occupations: Agriculture is the
chief occupation of the country followed by
service and industrial jobs.

75

Pattern of Land Use In India:

Land Use in India
Agricultural (43.6%)
Pastures and Meadows
(14.6%)
Culturable wastelands
(12.2%)
Forest (10.7%)
Barren and
inculturable land
(8.4%)
Urban Land (5.3%)
Others (5.2%)
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Soil as Natural Resources

Surface layer of the land is called Soil.
4/5th land area is cover by Soil.

Soil has been derived from Latin word

Solum---means upper crust of the earth.

Soil Formation take place with

decomposition of rocks and minerals.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Soil as Natural Resources

Soil Properties are:
Soil texture,
Structure,
Play
Permeability,
important
Soil water porosity,
role to
Soil pH,
determine its
Organic and inorganic content productivity
Cation exchange capacity
Microbial properties etc

Topography,
Climate and
biotic
factors
control the
condition
of soil

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Important function of Soil

Provides mechnical support to the flora
Act as a reservoir of water and supply water to plant,
due to its porosity and water holding capacity
Ion exchange capacity ensures the availability and
supply of micro and macro nutrients for the growth
of plants, microbes and animals.
Prevents excessive leaching of nutrient ions, while
maintaining the pH.
Contians wide variety of bacteria (i.e., nitrifying,
nitrogen-fixing, organotropic etc.) fuingi, protozoans
and microbes (helps in decomposition and
mineralization of organic matter and regeneration of
nutrients)

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Land Degradation and its Causes

Refers as deterioration or loss of fertility or

productive capacity of soil.
Soil Erosion (rainfall, slopes of ground, soil type, vegetation, soil
mismanagement)

Salination (increase in CONC of soluable salts), poor drainage of irrigation

and flood water
Water Logging (due to surface flood, high water table. Excessive use of canal,
productivity severely reduce due to lesser availability of oxygen for
respiration.
Desertification: Slow process of Land degradation that leads to desert
formation. It is like SKIN Disease over the planet ( overcultivation,
overgrazing, deforestation, poor irrigation all contributes to desertification.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Land Degradation and its Causes

Shifting cultivation
Urbanization
Landslides
Soil Pollution

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Equitable Use of resources for

Sustainable Lifestyles: (SUSTAINABLE
DEVELEOPEMENT)
Economist Heman Daly Specified 3 ingredients
1. rates of use of renewable resources do not
exceeds regeneration rates
2. rates of use of non-renewable resources do
not exceed rates of development of renewable
substitutes
3. rates of pollution emission do not exceed
assimilative capacities of the environment.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Global Concern and United Nations meetings

With Reference to Dutch Study in 1994 Symposium in Oslo
identifies the following 4 goals
1. Close process cycle (complete reuse, recycle and repair)

2. Halving fossil fuel use (maximizing the use of energy conservation

measures, introduce energy taxes)
3. improving the quality of materials (Using a cradle to grave
approach to get product which are more durable, repairable and
recyclable and avoiding the use of scarce or hazardous materials)
4. Reducing transportation (providing goods and services as close as
possible to the consumers in accordance with the proximity
principle.
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
Allahabad

Read about

Carbon Cycle
Oxygen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Sulphar Cycle

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Natural Resources Chart

3

0
Arable Land Forests

Fertile Soil

Water
resources

Wildlife

Vegetation

Minerals

Energy

85

Threats to Natural Resources

Urbanisation and Industrialisation
Overpopulation
Overconsumption and irresponsible use
Deforestation
Erosion
Habitat Destruction
Natural Hazards
No proper access to resources such as
water

86

What are we doing to save our

resources?

The Government of India has undertaken many

measures for the conservation of the resources
Regulations and reforms for proper housing and
infrastructure development to avoid land acquisition
problems
Mass media public service messages to educate the
people on the importance of conservation of
resources
Increase the wildlife and forest reserves in the
country
Schemes to do a proper inventory of the resources
and monitor changes in the environment.
Various projects and schemes that promote
conservation of resources.
87

Essential Notes
The choices we have decided to make are:
To be knowledgeable of the wonderful resources available to
us
To make every effort to protect and conserve these resources
in our own way
To inform and make other people aware of the importance of
natural resources
To learn about other issues affecting our country and the
world at large and learn to be a responsible citizen

We have made a choice to make a difference!

88

Sources Referred
www.nationmaster.com Information
source for various countries
www.cia.gov CIA World Fact Book
En.wikipedia.org Encyclopedia
www.india.gov.in The website for
government of India

89

Tutorials

TUTORIAL SHEET NO: 01

Q.1: Humans have a special environmental responsibility to

themselves and to the other fellow living beings. Discuss it?

Q-2: Unawareness or ignorance with protection of environment will

lead to detrimental consequences- comment with illustrations.

Q-3: Describe the effects of the following activities on forest and

tribal life: (i) Timber extraction (ii) mining and (iii) dam construction.

Q-4: What are the role of individuals for resource conservation and
sustainable development?

Q-5: Discuss the effects of deforestation enumerating through case

studies of some areas.

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad

Tutorials

TUTORIAL SHEET NO: 02

Q.1: What is the global scenario of water resources? Describe the importance
of the fresh water and its availability on global level.

Q-2: Discuss the energy scenario in Indian context, along with the main
features of energy policy formulated by Govt. of India.

Q-3: What is geothermal energy? How it is used for generation of electrical

power? Discuss its merits and limitations.

Q-4: Name the various non-conventional energy resources and briefly discuss
the Indian scenario for each of them.

Q-5: Discuss the mineral resources of India in detail.

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Allahabad