Continental J.

Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

Wilolud Journals, 2016
Printed in Nigeria

ISSN: 2141 4068

http://www.wiloludjournal.com
doi:10.5707/cjengsci.2016.11.1.14.27

RESEARCH PAPER
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OVER A VERTICAL PLATE WITH RADIATION
J. Abdullahi
Government Secondary School, Kamba, PMB 1002 Kamba, Kebbi State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This paper, investigates heat and mass transfer flow past an accelerated vertical
plate with variable mass diffusion and uniform temperature in the presence of
thermal radiation. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using
Laplace transform techniques. The effects of various flow parameters associated
with the problem are discussed graphically. The results show that increasing the
values of Schmidt number decelerate the fluid concentration, while increasing
Schmidt number and non-dimensional time increases both fluid velocity and
concentration and increasing buoyancy force parameter accelerate the fluid
flow.
KEYWORDS: heat transfer, mass transfer, vertical plate, radiation
Received for Publication: 17/01/15
Accepted for Publication: 15/03/16
Corresponding Author: hmbtamb@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION
Processes involving high temperature, the radiation heat transfer in combination with conduction,
convection and also Mass transfer plays very important role in the design of pertinent equipment
in the areas such as nuclear power plants, gas turbines and the various propulsion devices for
aircraft, missiles, satellites, and space vehicles. Chamkha et al. (2001) studied the radiation effects
on the free convection flow past a semi-infinite vertical plate with mass transfer.
Muthucumaraswamy and Kumar (2004) investigated the heat and mass transfer effect on moving
vertical plate in the presence of thermal radiation. Ramachandran and Bhaska (2007) considered
the radiation and mass transfer effect on two dimensional flows past an impulsively started
isothermal vertical plate. Makinde and Ogulu (2008) carried out a numerical study on the effect of
thermal radiation on boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer past a moving vertical plate.
The study of convective flows with heat and mass transfer in porous medium has attracted
considerable attention in recent years due to numerous applications in geothermal energy, oil
All rights reserved
This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

14

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

reservoir modelling, building insulation, food processing, and grain storage. The interaction of
radiation with hydro magnetic flow has become industrially more prominent in the process
wherever high temperature occurs. Chaudhary et al. (2006) studied the radiation effect with
simultaneous thermal and mass diffusion in MHD mixed convection flow from a vertical surface.
Emad and Gamal (2005) investigated the thermal radiation effects on Magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) flow past a semi-infinite vertical plate in the presence of mass diffusion.
Muthucumaraswamy et al. (2008) investigated heat transfer effects on flow past an exponentially
accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature. Chamkha (2000) investigated thermal
radiation and buoyancy effects on hydromagnetic flow over an acceleration permeable surface
with heat sources or sink. Seddeek (2005) studied the effects of chemical reaction, thermophoresis
and variable viscosity on steady hydromagnetic flow with heat and transfer over a flat plate in the
presence of heat generation /absorption. Muralidharam and Muthucumaraswamy (2013) reported
radiative flow past an accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature and uniform mass
diffusion. Ahmed et al. (2014) presented radiation effects on heat and mass transfer over an
exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate with chemical reaction.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
Consider the transient free convective flow of a viscous fluid in a vertical channel with the walls
at a constant distance d apart. The x-axis is taken along one of the wall of the channel and y-axis
is normal to it. It is also considered that there is radiation only from the fluid. The fluid is a grey,
emitting, and absorbing radiation, but non-scattering medium and the Roseland approximation is
used to describe the radiative heat flux in the x direction is assumed negligible in comparison the
channel walls ( y = 0 ) while the other wall at y = d is maintained at a constant temperature Td ,
which causes free convection current in the channel. Under usual Boussinesqs approximation the
mathematical model for the above free convection flow in the channel is stated below in equations
(1), (2) and (3)

U *
2U *
=

+ g (T * Td* ) + g ( C * Cd )
t *
y*2
2 *
C *
* C
=
D
t *
y*2
T *
2T *
1 qr
=

*
*2
t
C p y
C p y *

(1)
(2)
(3)

Where T is temperature of the fluid in dimensional form, Td is of one of the walls, qr is radiative
heat flux in the y-direction, C p is Specific heat at constant pressure, is density, g is acceleration
due to gravity, is Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion, v is kinematic viscosity, k is the
thermal conductivity, C is fluid concentration
All rights reserved
This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

15

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

With boundary conditions

t 0 : u * = 0, T * = Td* , C * = Cd* for 0 y * d

t * t * > 0 : u * = u0t * , T * = T0 , C * = Cd* + ( C0 Cd* ) t * at Y * = 0

u * = 0, T * = Td* ,C* =C*d at Y * = d

(4)

where U is the axial Velocity, t is the time, T is the fluid temperature. T and T0 are walls
temperatures P the pressure, g the gravitational force, q the radiative heat flux, C the fluid
concentration, C and C0 are walls concentrations D is the mass diffusivity, d is a constant, is
the frequency of the oscillation, is the coefficient of thermal expansion, is the coefficient of
concentration expansion, the density of the fluid, qr is the radiative heat flux, T 4 is a linear
function of the temperature, a is the absorption coefficient of the fluid, is the Stefan
Boltzmann constant, v is the kinematics viscosity coefficient, v0 means suction velocity which is
a non-zero positive constant and the minus sign indicate that the suction is toward the plate.
Dimensionless variables and parameter of the problems are
T ' T d'
C ' C d'
y'
, =
,
C
=
,
a
Tw T d'
C w' C d'

t '
,
a2

c p
Tw T d )
g (C w C d )
(

Gr = g
, Sc = , Pr =
,Gc =

u
u
D
k
y =

t=

U =

u'
u

(5)

Where U is the flow mean velocity. The governing equation reduces to, (neglecting bars for clarity)

U 2U
=
+ Gr + GcC
t
y 2
C 1 2C
=
t Sc y 2
3R + 4 2
=

t 3R Pr y 2

(6)
(7)
(8)

With initial and boundary condition

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

16

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

t 0 :U = 0, = 0,C = 0 for 0 y 1

U = t , = 1,C = t at y = 0

t > 0

U = 0, = 0,C = 0 at y = 1

(9)

Where Gr, Gc, Sc ,Pr are Grashof number, modified Grashof, Schmidt number and Prandtl
number respectively.
Using Laplace transform to (6), (7) and (8). The new governing equations becomes

d 2U
pU = Gr GcC
dy 2

(10)

d 2C
pScC = 0
dy 2

(11)

d 2
sp = 0
dy 2

(12)

With boundary conditions

t 0 :U = 0, = 0,C = 0 for 0 y 1

1
1
1

U = p 2 , = p ,C = p 2 = t at y = 0
t > 0:

U = 0, = 0, C = 0

at
=
1
y

(13)

Equations (10) to (12) are solved with help of (13), the solutions for fluid temperature,
concentration and velocity are given as follows

n=0

a
2 t

( y, t ) = erfc

b
erfc

2 t

c2
c
C ( y , t ) t 1 + erfc
2
n =0
2 t

U ( y, t ) =
n =0

(14)

d 2
c

e
t 1 + erfc

2
t

2 t

k 2
k
t 1 + erfc
2
2 t

c2
4t

k2

4t

d
e

d 2
4t

(15)

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

17

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

e 2
t 1 + erf
2

2 t

e e4t

2
1 b 2
b b4t
b
+

erf
e
t 1 +
( s 1) 2 2 t t

a2
1 a 2
a 4t
a

erf
e
t 1 +
( s 1) 2 2 t t

2
2
2
Gc 2
10d1e d1
2d1e d1 2d13e d1 +2d14erfc(d1 )
2
+
+ 2d1 erfc(d1 )

t erfc(d1 )

3
(Sc 1)
6
3
3

2
2
2

10c1e c1
2c e c1 2c13e c1 2c14erfc(c1 )
t 2 erfc(c1 )
+ 2c12 erfc(c1 ) 1

3
6
3
3

2
2

q 2
1
q q4t r 2
r r4t
q
r
+
e t 1 + erf
e
t 1 + erf

2
2
( S 1)
t
t
2 t
2 t
n=0

f2
f
t 1 +
erf
2
2 t

f 4f t

g 2
g
+ t 1 + erf
2
2 t

2
g g4t

2
2
2
2
10 w1e w1
2 w1e w1 2w13e w1 +2 w14erfc( w1 )
2
+ 2 w1 erfc( w1 )

t erfc( w1 )

3
6
3
3

2
2
2

10 z1e z1
2 z1e z1 2 z13e z1 +2 z14 erfc ( z1 )
2
2
t erfc ( z1 )
+ 2 z1 erfc( z1 )

3
6
3
3

Gc
+
(Sc 1)
n =0

10h1e h1
2h1e h1 2h13e h1 +2h14 erfc (h1 )
2
t erfc (h1 )
+ 2h1 erfc (h1 )

3
6
3
3

2
2
2

10 j1e j1
2 j1e j1 2 j13e j1 +2 j14 erfc( j1 )
2
t erfc( j1 )
+ 2 j1 erfc( j1 )

3
6
3
3

(16)

The Skin friction is given as

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

18

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

U
t

y =0

2

( 2m ) erfc 1
= 1 +

2
n=0
2 t

2
t

2
m
( )

2 t

1
2 m + 2 2m + 2
1
2
t ( 2m + 2 ) erfc
( 2m + 2 ) 2t +
+ 1 + 2 erfc

2 t
2 t 2t t

t
(2n + 2
s
(2n + 2
s + 1 +
s s (2n + 2)erfc
s erfc

( s 1)
2 t
2
2 t

s
s s
t ( 2n ) s
2
2n + 2 ) 2t
erfc
1 +
(

+
( s 1)
2
2t t

2 t

2n s +
s
s
2
erfc
2t ( 2n ) +

2
2 t 2t t

2 ( 2 n + 2 )

Sc erfc( Sc ) 2 ( 2n + 2 ) erfc ( 2n + 2 ) Sc +

4
3
Sc
( Sc ) 2n + 2
2
2
Sc ( 2n + 2 )
Sc 3 ( 2n + 2 ) +

12 (t )3 2t
6t t

Sc
Sc 2
4
2
2n + 2 ) erfc
4 ( 2n + 2 ) erfc +
2 (
24t

2t
Sc 5 Sc
Gc 2
2t ( 2n + 2 )2 Sc +
t erfc
+

(Sc 1)
2 t 12t t
2
2 ( 2n + 2 ) Sc erfc Sc 2 ( 2n + 2 ) erfc ( 2n + 2 ) Sc +

)
( Sc )
2t

12 t ( t )
3

Sc
2
Sc ( 2n + 2 )
6t t

( 2n + 2 )4 Sc

2
3 ( 2n + 2 ) +

2t

( 2n + 2 ) Sc
Sc
Sc 2
4
3
2
n
+
2
erfc

4
2
n
+
2
erfc
(
)
(
)

24t 2
2 t
2 t

Sc 5 Sc
Sc
2
( 2n ) Sc + 2n 2 erfc Sc +

t 2 erfc
2
t
2
n
2
2
n
erfc
+

+
(
)
(
)
(
)

t
2 t
2 t
2t 12t t

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

19

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

Sc 2 2n Sc + Sc 4
Sc
2
2
3
( 2n ) 2t

+
6t t
3 2 t
2 t

( 2n ) Sc
Sc
Sc 2
4
3
2
n
erfc
+
4
2
n
erfc

(
)
(
)

2 t
2 t
24t 2

2
( 2 n + 2m )
1 2n
1
t 1 + erf c
+ ( 2n + 2m ) erfc
+

Sc n =0 m =0 2
2
t
2
t

2
2
4t ( 2n + 2m )
2 n s + 2 s + 2m
erfc 1 +
t 1 +

2
2t t
2 t

( 2n
s + 2m ) erfc

+
2n s + 2
2t 2n s + 2 s + 2m

2 t
2t t

2
n
s
+
2
m
+
2

t 2n s + 2m + 2 erfc 2n s + 2m + 2 1 +

s + 2 s + 2m

) (

1
erfc
2 t

2
1

2t + 2n s + 2m + 2 +
+

2t t
2
2
1
t 1 + 2n s + 2 s + 2m erfc
+ 2 n s + 2 s + 2m

2 t

( 2n
erfc

2n s + 2 s + 2m 2 2t

2 t
2t t

The rate of heat transfer across the channels wall is given as

s

=
erfc

y =0
y
t
n=0

s + 2 s + 2m

The rate of mass transfer across the channels wall is given as

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

20

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

C
t

y =0

(2n

2
2n Sc + (2n Sc

Sc

= t ( 2nSc ) erfc
2n Sc + 2t e
+ 1 +
erf

2
2t t
2 t

2n Sc + 2 Sc
2n Sc + 2 Sc

t ( 2nSc + 2Sc ) erfc

+ 1+

2
2 t

2
( 2 n Sc + 2 Sc )
2

Sc
Sc
4t

erfc
2t 2n Sc + 2 Sc e
+

t
t

t
2
2

Sc + y Sc
4t

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to get a physical view of the heat and mass transfer over a vertical plate with radiation,
numerical calculations are carried out for different valves of Modified Grashof, Schmidt number,
Prandtl number, radiation parameter, and time. The reason for the Calculations is to give us the
effects of the parameters G2 , Sc, Pr, R and t upon the nature of the flow and transport. We made
use of the following Parameter values except other wise Indicated, Pr=2, R=1, Sc=0.22, Gc
=4and t=1

Figures 1 to 2 show concentration profiles for different values of the Schmidt number (Sc = 0.22,
0.50, 0.78, 1.00) and (Sc = 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0) respectively. It is observed that concentration
decreases with increases in Schmidt number. Concentration profile for different values of time (t
= 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6) and (t = 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40) are shown in fig 3 and 4. It is observed that
concentration increases with increasing values of time. Velocity Profiles for different values of
Schmidt number (Sc = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) are shown in fig 5. It is seen that Velocity increases with
increasing values of Schmidt number. The Velocity Profiles for different values of modified
Grashof number ( Gc = -20, -15, -10, -5) are shown in fig 6. It is noted that Velocity increases with
increasing of Grashof number. Temperature profiles for different values of the Prandtl number (Pr
= 0.6, 0.64, 0.71, 0.85) are displayed in figure 7. From figure 7 it is seen that higher values of the
Prandtl number decreases temperature of the fluid. The temperature profiles for different values of
Radiation parameter (R = 0.0001, 0.0004, 0.0007, 0.0009) are presented in fig 8. It is observed
that temperature increases with the increasing of radiation number.

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

21

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

Figure 1 Concentration profiles for different value of Schmidt number

Figure 2 Concentration profiles for different values of Schmidt number

Figure 3 Concentration profiles for different values of time

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

22

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

Figure 4 Concentration profiles for different values of time

Figure 5 Velocity profiles for different values of Schmidt number

Figure 6 Velocity profiles for different values of Modified Grashof number

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

23

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

Figure 7 Temperature profiles for different values of Prandtl number

Figure 8 Temperature profiles for different values of Radiation number

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

24

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

Table 1 Values of Skin friction, Shear Stress and Nusselt number with different values of
parameter.

Pr
R
Sc
Nu
Sh
T
G2
0.71
1
0.22
1
1
4
2.0947 29.2476 59.6492
0.71
2
0.22
1
1
4
1.3347 29.2476 59.6492
0.71
1
0.60
1
1
4
2.0947 60.3527 102.7621
0.71
1
0.22
1
2
4
6.3933 42.8189 37.6976
0.85
1
0.22
1
1
4
6.3933 42.8189 29.3445
0.71
1
0.22
2
1
4
6.3933 42.8189 59.6492
0.71
1
0.22
1
1
5
6.3933 42.8189 78.6787
CONCLUSION
The problem of unsteady flow of viscous, incompressible fluid in a vertical channel in the
presence of thermal radiation and mass transfer was investigated analytically using Laplace
transform techniques. It is found that higher values of the Schmidt number decreases
concentration of the fluid while higher values of Schmidt number and time increases
concentration and velocity of the fluid respectively. Increasing modified Grashof number
accelerates velocity of the fluid. This type of flow found application in space technology and
in the processes involving higher temperatures.
NUMENCLATURE
g -gravitational force
Gr -thermal Grashof number
Gc modified Grashof number
Sc Schmidt number
t time variable
T fluid temperature
T0 -Temperature at y=0
Tw - Temperature at y=a
u the axial velocity
C0 - concentration at y=0
Cw - concentration at y=a
y- transverse distance
x- axial distance
- Coefficient of volume expansion due to temperature
A -a constant
- frequency of the oscillation
v- kinematic viscosity coefficient
- fluid density
All rights reserved
This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

25

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

- non dimensional temperature

C- non dimensional concentration
REFRENCES
Ahmed, A., Sarki, M.N., and Ahmad, M. (2014). Radiation effects on heat and mass transfer over
an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate with chemical reaction. Proceeding of the
International Multi Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Vol. (II), IMECS 2014,
March 12-14, Hong Kong.
Chamkha .A.J.,(2000). Thermal radiation and buoyancy effects on hydromagnetic flow over an
acceleration permeable surface with heat source or sink, International Journal for Heat and mass
Transfer, 38, 1699-1712.
Chamkha, A.J. Takhar, H.S. and Soundalgekar, V.M. (2001). Radiation effects on free convection
flow past a semi-infinite vertical plate with mass transfer. Chemical Engineering Journal. 84, 3353420.
Chaudhary, R.C., Bhupendra Kumar Sharma and Abhay Kumar Jha. (2006) Radiation effect with
Simultaneous thermal and mass diffusion in MHD mixed convection flow from a vertical surface
with ohmic heating, Romanian Journal of Physics. Bucharest, 51, 78. 715-727.
Emad M. Aboueldahad, Gamal El-Din A. A. (2005) investigated the thermal radiation effects on
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow past a semi-infinite vertical plate in the presence of mass
diffusion. Journal of Applied Physics Vol.(6),pp 22-27
Makinde, O. and Ogulu A. (2008). The effect of thermal radiation on the heat and mass transfer
flow of a variable viscosity fluid past a vertical porous plate permeated by a transverse magnetic
field, Chemical Engineering Communications, 195(12), 1575-1584.
Muralidharam, M. and Muthucumaraswamy, R., (2013). Radiative flow past an accelerated
vertical plate with variable temperature and uniform mass diffusion. International Journal of
Modeling and Optimization, 3(3), pp. 298-301.
Muthucumaraswamy, R. and Kumar S.G. (2004). Heat and mass transfer effect on moving vertical
plate in the presence of thermal radiation, Theoretical Applied Mechanics 31-35
Muthucumarwamy, R., Sathappan K. E and Nataragan R. (2008). Heat transfer effects on flow
past an exponential accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature, Theoretical Applied
Mechanics, 35(4). 323-331.

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

26

J. Abdullahi: Continental J. Engineering Sciences 11 (1): 14 - 27, 2016

Ramachandran Prasad V and Bhaska Reddy N. (2007). Presented radiation and mass transfer
effects on an unsteady MHD free-convection flow past heated vertical plate in a porous medium
with viscous dissipation. Theoretical Applied Mechanics, 34, 2. 135-16.
Seddeek, M.A(2005). Finite elements method for the effects of chemical reaction, variable
viscosity, Thermophoresis and Heat Generation /Absorption on a boundary layer Hydromagnetic
Flow with Heat and Mass Transfer over a Heat Surface. Acta Mechanics 177, pp. 1- 18

All rights reserved

This work by Wilolud Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

27