2014 International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control

High Frequency Characteristics of Magnetostriction on

Vibration and Noise for Single-Phase Transformer
dependence of Magnetic Circuit Method
Chang-Hung Hsu1,a, Chien-Hung Liu2, Yung-Chia Hsiao3, eng-Ming Chu4, Chien-Yu Lu5, Shan-Jen Cheng6
2

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology
cliu@ntut.edu.tw
3
Department of Electro-Optical and Energy Engineering, MingDao University
ycshaw@mdu.edu.tw
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology
chuwengming@gmail.com
5
Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education
lcy@cc.ncue.edu.tw
6
Department of Aircraft Engineering, Army Academy
cheng5721@gmail.com
1,a
Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Army Academy
No.750, Longdong Rd., Zhongli City, Taoyuan County 320, Taiwan
Corresponding Author: chshiu@fortune.com.tw

AbstractThis study presents a practical approach to reduce in

tern of magnetic loss, core vibration, noise level, and
magnetostriction variation for single-phase transformer by using
constructed a model of magnetic circuit. In this paper, it is
indicated that there is two kind of model which including halfturn (HT) and normal type (NT) of winding structure which will
be induced core in magnetic flux variations. First, this study has
constructed a useful way to analyze the magnetic core in core loss
and magnetic flux variation by using finite element analysis
(FEA). The half-turn structure of winding effect is present
changing the winding in order to leading electromagnetic
variation was taken out from the different sides of the core. The
result is an additional half-turn in one of the core windows in a
single-phase transformer, which can create overfluxing of the
core leading to excessive losses and temperature rises. This paper
presents a methodology with magnetic circuit to analyze the halfturn effect in transformer. The experimental measurement and
FEA results between 60 Hz to 3 kHz, comparisons of different
core magnetic circuits of transformer in electromagnetic and
magnetic flux variation, were analyzed.

an adverse effect on cross-regulation. Besides, for

nonlinear magnetic core field-circuit coupled model
is used to simulate the half-turn effect of the
magnetic flux density of magnetic core is modelled
using FEA. In this paper, a comprehensive
experimental and design results between 60 Hz and
3000 Hz for single-phase transformer with half-turn
winding structure were analysed. The main
contribution of this paper is presented in different
winding structure effect of magnetic flux of the
electromagnetic variation on magnetic core.
II. MAGNETISM THEORY AND MODEL

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Keywords Single-phase transformer, magnetic flux, core loss.

A. Electromagnetic Model and Magnetic Circuit Structure of

the Core

I. INTRODUCTION

It is proposed a comprehensive electromagnetic

analysis of different winding structure in design
based on experimental results [1]. In [2], a new
method for the calculation of leakage inductances
between short-circuited windings is proposed. The
main objective is to find an analytical alternative to
the finite-element analysis (FEA) for the
computation of short-circuit inductances in
electromagnetic
transients-type
(EMT-type)
programs. In [3], it is well known that a half-turn in
a secondary winding of a power transformer causes
978-1-4799-5277-9/14 $31.00 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/IS3C.2014.110

For 2-D magnetic analysis, consider the classical

Poissons equation
w 1 wAz w 1 wAz

wx P wx wy P wy

J z

(1)

where Az and J z denote the components of the

magnetic vector potential and the free or the source
current density, respectively, and P is the material
permeability.
399

This paper presents a shell-type transformer

structure as shown in Figure 1 where v1 and v2 are
the voltages at the transformers terminals.
i r
N 1 , 1 , 1 , L1 and N 2 , i2 , r2 , L2 are the number of turns,
the currents, the resistances and the leakage
inductances of the primary and the secondary
windings, respectively. The resistance re , for both of
the transformers, introduces the eddy currents
effects in each case.

According to the Faraday's law, the input voltage

is proportional to the winding N 1 (turn), crosssection area of the core ( cm 2 ) , magnetic flux density
B (Telsa ) and magnetic field strength H ( A / m ) ,
respectively. Therefore, the effect of magnetic flux
strength on magnetostriction force H can be
described as follow
H

'L
L

2H S
H c2

HdH
0

H S B02
cos 2 Zt
( N 1 AZB s ) 2

(4)

where H S is coefficient of magnetostriction force of

the silicon steel material (mm ) , L is the length of
silicon steel (mm ) ,
Bs is saturation magnetic flux density (T ) and H c is
material coercive force ( A / m ) . The vibration
acceleration of the core induced by the
magnetostriction force as shown follow
FIG 1 The sketch of the transformer magnetic circuit.

ac

Particularly, using the description of the eddy

currents calculation, the resistance re is determined
and it is depended on the magnetic core dimensions
and topology of the transformer that is under
consideration in each case. This resistance re is
given by
re

3
wI j
N / k ej
j 1 wI1
2
1

r1  re
r
1
0
L1 0
 L1 0
0 0

 re
0
0

0 i1
0 i1c
r2 i 2

2H s LU 0
cos 2Zt
( N 1 ABs )

(5)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(2)

where k ej are defined constant value. The

equations of the electrical part of the transformers
in Figure 1 can be written in magnetic circuit matrix
form as
v1
v
1
 v 2

d 2 'L
d2

(3)

0 i1
0
d
d
0 i1c  \ 1
dt
dt
\ 2
L2 i 2

FIG 2 The FEA simulation results for different winding structures of

transformers: (a) normal type (NT), (b) clockwise half-turn (CHT) and (c)
counterclockwise half-turn (CCHT).

where \ 1 and\ 2 are the flux linkages.

400

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THE MAGNETISM PROPERTIES ON CORES OF TRANSFORMER
BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND FEA RESULTS.

Recall equations of (3)-(5), it is show the

magnetostriction force proportional to the magnetic
field strength H ( A / m) and number of winding turn,
which means the core loss, core vibration and noise
level induced magnetism variation results, can be
addressed by equations. The finite element analysis
(FEA) with different winding structure was shown
in Figure 2, including the normal type (NT) without
half-turn structure, clockwise half-turn (CHT) and
counterclockwise half-turn (CCHT), respectively.
The sketch of experimental environment was shown
in Figure 3.

Type

Operated
Bm (T)/
f (Hz)
1.6 T,
60 Hz

500
(VA)
0.148 T,
3 kHZ

Coil
type

Core loss
(Watt)
FEA results Measured results

NT

49.46

49.65

CHT

46.11

45.73

CCHT

47.23

55.35

NT

163.79

161.95

CHT

146.67

152.37

CCHT

148.79

168.72

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A.

FIG 3 Experimental environments and equipment.

Flux density (T)

1.5
1

CHT, 60Hz
CCHT, 60Hz
NT, 60Hz

CHT, 3000Hz
CCHT, 3000Hz
NT, 3000Hz

the Bm and H which means the magnitude of

magnetic flux density in the core of the transformer
with half-turn winding structure was significantly
affected on the magnetic flux variation of core
inside, as shown in Figure 5. Table I show the
comparison of the core loss analysis and measured
results. The difference of no load loss between the
analysis and the measurement is due to the structure
of transformer winding between NT, CHT and
CCHT that is related with the magentostriction
force and magnetic flux variation, were addressed.

0.5
0
-60

-30
0
30
Length path (cm)

60

(a)

Flux density (T)

1.5
1

CHT, 60Hz
CCHT, 60Hz
NT, 60Hz

CHT, 3000Hz
CCHT, 3000Hz
NT, 3000Hz

B.

0.5
0
-60

-30
0
30
Length path (cm)

Permeability, Hysteresis Loop and Core Loss

Recall eq. (4), the permeability in FEA results

show flux density distribution in the core across the
middle-legged and outer-legged of the core, as
shown in Figure 4. The general trend in 60Hz of
these figures is that the flux density of CHT and
CCHT is lower than NT structure, rises at the 3 kHz
in CHT structure magnetizing level. It was expected
to see a decrease of flux density from middlelegged to outer-legged of the core due to the
difference in magnetostriction variation induced
from external winding of CHT and CCHT. Besides,
it is validated that core loss (Watt), exciting power
(VA) and core vibration ac is proportional to

Core Vibration and Noise Level

Recall equation (5), the core vibration

measurement results has shown that core
magnetism dependent on parameter of physical
winding for CHT and CCHT are significant
relevant to the magnetostriction force. Besides,
when the transformer operated at lower frequency
of 60Hz, is not significant. However, a higher

60

(b)
FIG 4 Simulation results in permeability of different type cores: (a) middlelegged and (b) outside-legged.

401

TABLE III
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN CORE VIBRATION AND NOISE FOR SINGLE-PHASE

frequency of 3 kHz for transformer has shown

opposing results due to the winding structure
changing CHT and CCHT, as shown Figs 6.
Importantly, the magnetism results in core loss,
vibration and noise is not completely dependent on
magnetic results. The experimental results for core
vibration and noise level are shown in Table II.

TRANSFORMER

Operated
Bm (T)/
f (Hz)

Type

The transient analysis method was proposed to

evaluate the change of no load loss by the half-turn
effect in single-phase shell-typed transformer with
different winding structures. From the measured
result and FEA simulated analysis, it has found that
the core loss dependent on CHT of half-turn
structure affected because the magnitude of flux
density and permeability is variable. Besides, the
core vibration and noise results were also shown the
magnetostriction force of the core with CHT and
CCHT structure did not absolute relevant the
proposed analysis method due to the magnetic flux
were changed by magnetostriction variation.

16.15

55

60

65

70

10

75

2000

2990

2005

2995

Amplitude (mV)

1005

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

3000

Exciting power (VA)

(a)
24.5
24

23
50

100

10

150

200
4.95

4.39

4.94

4.38

4.93

4.37
1999

0
0

48.8
58.6

CHT

38.5

53.6

58.1

CCHT

34.3

41.8

61.0

CHT, 60Hz
CCHT, 60Hz
NT, 60Hz
CHT, 60Hz
CCHT, 60Hz
NT, 60Hz

300
200
100

6
4 5
3
1 2

CHT, 3000Hz
CCHT, 3000Hz
NT, 3000Hz
CHT, 3000Hz
CCHT, 3000Hz
NT, 3000Hz

2000

2001

300
200
100
0

2 3

5 6

(b)
FIG 6 Vibration results in different frequencies: (a) 60 Hz and (b) 3 kHz.
2998

2999

3000

6.56
6.54
6.52
6.5
6.48
995

0.13
38.9

3000
6000
9000
12000
Frequency (Hz)

NT, 500VA
CHT, 500VA
CCHT, 500VA

23.5

20

0.15
31.2

3000

4.5

30

49.6

NT

3.26

1995

1000

49.0

(a)

4.46
995

0.09

CCHT

0
60
120
180
240
300
360
Frequency (Hz) 420
480

4.48

0
0

0.12

3.28

3.72
3.7

CHT

Noise
(dB)

3.3

3.74

4.52

0.148 T,
3 kHZ

NT, 500VA
CHT, 500VA
CCHT, 500VA

16.2

15

500
(VA)

Amplitude (mV)

Core less (Watt)

16.3
16.25

Coil
type
NT

1.6 T,
60 Hz

IV. CONCLUSION

20

Core
acceleration
(m/s2)
Middle
Outside
leg
leg
0.11
0.09

REFERENCES
1000

[1]

1005

1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)

3000
[2]

(b)
[3]

FIG 5 The magnetism properties of transformer core with different winding

structures: (a) core loss (Watt) and (b) exciting power (VA).

402

Mathieu Lambert et.al., Analytical calculation of leakage inductance

for low-frequency transformer modeling, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 507-515, 2013.
A. A. Adlya,Incorporating core hysteresis properties in threedimensional computations of transformer inrush current forces,
Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 105, pp. 07A329 -1-3, 2009.
Xingsheng Zhout et. al., Applications of half-turn on E-core in
switching power supplies, Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition, vol. 2, pp. 1210-1215, 1999.