Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept.

of ECE, KL University

Date of Exam:11-08-2014

KL University, Vaddeswaram, Dept. of ECE

B. Tech (All branches) , IInd year, Sem-1
Test-1 Solutions, Signal Processing-13-ES205
Max Marks = 30
Part I
1. Answer all Questions. Each question carries one mark.

6x1 = 6 M

(a) What do you understand the term processing of signals?

Ans: Signal processing is any operation that changes the characteristics of a signal. These
characteristics include the amplitude, shape, phase and frequency content of the signal.
Signal processing is a discipline concerned with the acquisition, representation, manipulation,
and transformation of signals required in a wide range of practical applications.
(b) Resolve the fundamental period of a DT sequence x[n] cos(0.25 n) .

2
8

Ans: x[n] cos(0.25 n) cos

n . By comparing with standard sinusoidal sequence,

x[n] A cos
n , the fundamental period N = 8.
N

(c) Represent a DT sequence x[n] [n 1] 2 [n 1] in graphical form.

Ans: The sequence can be written as x[n] {1 0 2} . The graphical representation is shown

below

(d) Consider a DT sequence x[n] {1 2 1} . Determine its odd signal component.

Ans: Since x[n] x[n] , the given sequence is even sequence, hence no odd components.

xo [n] 12 x[n] x[n] {0 0 0}

(e) Determine the value of

n [n] .

Ans: By expanding the sequence, we have

n [n] 3 [3] 2 [2] 1 [1] 0 [0] 1 [1] 2 [2] 0

(f) State the conditions for causal systems.

Ans: A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time n depends only on
present and past inputs [ i.e., x[n], x[n 1], x[n 2], ... ], but does not depend on future inputs
[ i.e., x[n 1], x[n 2], x[n 3], ... ]. If a system does not satisfy this definition, it is called noncausal.
1

Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

Date of Exam:11-08-2014

Part II
Answer any THREE questions. All question carry equal marks.

3x8 = 24 M

2.(a) Discuss each element of the digital signal processing system?

(b) x[n] {2 1 1 1 1} . Resolve its even and odd components. Plot the sequences.

3M
5M

Ans: (a)

A typical system for the digital processing of analog signals includes the following elements:
(i). A sensor that converts the physical quantity to an electrical variable signal. The output of the
sensor is subject to some form of conditioning, usually amplification, so that the voltage of the
signal is within the voltage sensitivity range of the converter.
(ii). An analog filter (known as pre-filter or anti-aliasing filter) used to smooth the input signal
before sampling to avoid a serious sampling artifact known as aliasing distortion.
(iii). An A/D converter that converts the analog signal to a digital signal. After the samples of a
discrete-time signal have been stored in memory, time-scale information is lost. The sampling
rate and the number of bits used by the ADC determine the accuracy of the system.
(iv). A digital signal processor (DSP) that executes the signal processing algorithms. The DSP is
a computer chip that is similar in many ways to the microprocessor used in personal
computers. A DSP is, however, designed to perform certain numerical computations
extremely fast. Discrete-time systems can be implemented in real-time or off-line, but ADC
and DAC always operate in real-time. Real-time means completing the processing within the
allowable or available time between samples.
(v). A DAC that converts the digital signal to an analog signal. The DAC, which reintroduces the
lost time-scale information, is usually followed by a sample-and-hold circuit. Usually the A/D
and D/A converters operate at the same sampling rate.
(vi). An analog filter (known as reconstruction or anti-imaging filter) used to smooth the staircase
output of the DAC to provide a more faithful analog reproduction of the digital signal.

Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

Date of Exam:11-08-2014

2 (b)

x[n] {0 0 -2 1 1 1 1}

x[n] {1 1 1 1 -2 0 0}

xe [n] {0.5 0.5 -0.5 1 -0.5 0.5 0.5}

xo [n] {-0.5 -0.5 -1.5 0 1.5 0.5 0.5}

3.(a) Determine whether a DT sequence x[n] 1/ 4 u[n] is a power or energy signal. Find
the corresponding value.
1
Ans: E
4

n2

n0

p Lim

161

4M

n 0
1

N 2 N 1

n N

1 2 n

4

1
1 (1 / 16)

16
15

Jouls

1 N 1 N 1

1 16
0
16
Lim

1
N 2 N 1
1

16

(b) Determine whether or not each of the following sequences is periodic. In case a signal is
periodic, specify its fundamental period.

4M

(i) x[n] sin( n / 2 / 5) cos( n / 8) 3cos( n / 4 / 3) (ii) x[n] e j (3 n/4)

Ans:
(i) x[n] sin( n / 2 / 5) cos( n / 8) 3cos( n / 4 / 3)

sin( n / 2 / 5) is a periodic sequence with period N = 4.

cos( n / 8) is a periodic sequence with period N = 16.

cos( n / 4 / 3) is a periodic sequence with period N = 8.

Therefore x[n] is periodic with period N = 16. (16 is least common multiple of 4, 8, 16)
3

Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

Date of Exam:11-08-2014

(ii) x[n] e j (3 n/4) . On comparing with standard equation x[n] e

j ( 2 kn)
N

, N = 8. Hence

the given sequence is periodic with period N = 8. Here k=3 stands for 3rd harmonic

4.(a) Consider two DT sequences x1[n] 3 1 1 3 -2 5 and x2[n] 1 1 3 0 1 1 .

Find out (i) x[n] x1[n] x2[n 1] and (ii) x[n] x1[n 2] x2[n 1] .

5M

-2 3 1 -1 3
x2[n] 1 1 3 0 1 1 , then x2[n 1] 1 1 3 0 1 1
Therefore x[n] x1[n] x2[n 1] 5 -2 3
1 -1 3 1 1 3 0 1 1
Ans: (i) x1[n] 3 1 1 3 -2 5 ,then x1[n] 5

{5 -1

-1

4 -1}

x2[n] 1 1 3 0 1 1 , then x2[n 1] 1 1 0 3 1 1

Therefore x[n] x1[n 2]x2[n 1] 3 1 1 3 -2 51 1 0 3 1 1
(ii) x1[n] 3 1 1 3 -2 5 , then x1[n 2] 3 1 1 3 -2 5

{0

3 -2

0}

4 (b) Illustrate the applications of digital signal processing

3M

1. Telecommunication: Echo cancellation in telephone networks, telephone dialing

application, Modems, Line repeaters, channel multiplexing, data encryption, video
conferencing, cellular phone, Fax etc.
2. Consumer Electronics: Digital Audio / TV, electronic music synthesizer, educational
toys, FM stereo, sound recording applications.
3. Instrumentation and Control: Spectrum analysis, digital filter, PLL, function generator,
servo control, Robot control and process control.
4. Image Processing: Image compression, Image enhancement, Image analysis and
recognition.
5. Medicine: Medical diagnostic instrumentation such as CT, X-Ray scanning, MRI,
spectrum analysis of ECG and EEG signals to detect the various disorders in heart and
brain, patient monitoring.

Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

Date of Exam:11-08-2014

6. Speech Processing: Speech analysis methods are used in automatic speech recognition,
Speaker verification and identification. Speech synthesis techniques include conversion
of written text into speech.
7. Seismology: DSP techniques are employed in the geophysical exploration for oil and
gas, detection of underground nuclear explosion and earthquake monitoring.
8. Military: Radar signal processing, Sonar signal processing, Navigation and secure
communications.
5. A discrete-time sequence x[n] is defined as

1 n3 , 3 n 1

x[n] 1, 0 n 3
0,
elsewhere

(a) Determine its values and sketch the signal x[n] .

(b) Sketch the signals that results if we:
(i) First fold x[n] and then delay the resulting sequence by four samples.
(ii) First delay the x[n] by four samples and fold the resulting sequence.
(c) Sketch the signal x[n 4] .
Ans:

2+4+2 M

(a) x[n] 0 1 2 1 1 1 1
3 3

(b) (i) x[n] 1 1 1 1 2 1 0

3 3

After delaying the folded sequence by 4 samples, we have

x[n 4] 0 1 1 1 1 23 13 0

(ii) On the other hand , if we delay x[n] by 4 samples we have

x[n 4] 0 0 13 23 1 1 1 1

Now, if we fold x[n 4] , we have

x[n 4] 0 1 1 1 1 23 13 0 0

(c) x[n 4] 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0
3 3

Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

Date of Exam:11-08-2014

6. For each of the following systems, determine whether the system is stable, causal,
linear,

time-invariant and memory less.

(a) y[n] x[n] nx[n 1] (b) y[n] x[n 2]

3+5M

Ans: y[n] x[n] nx[n 1] Dynamic, linear, time-variant, non-causal, stable

Dynamic system

T {x1[n] x2[n]} x1[n] x2[n] n x1[n 1] x2[n 1] x1[n] nx1[n 1] x2[n] nx2[n 1]
T {x1[n]} T {x2[n]} x1[n] nx1[n 1] x2[n] nx2[n 1]
Hence, it is linear system

y[n] T {x[n]} x[n] nx[n 1] y[n k ] x[n k ] (n k ) x[n k 1]

y[n, k ] T {x[n k ]} x[n k ] nx[n k 1] , y[n k ] y[n, k ]
Hence it is time variant system

Non-causal
Let x[n] C [n]

y[n] C [n] nC [n 1]
y[2] C [2] 0.C [1] 0
y[1] C [1] 0.C [0] C
y[0] C [0] 0.C [1] C
y[1] C [1] 1.C [2] 0
y[2] C [2] 3.C [3] 0
0
Hence it is stable system
(a) y[n] x[n 2] Dynamic, linear, time-variant, non-causal, stable
Dynamic system

T {x1[n] x2[n]} x1[n 2] x2[n 2]

T {x1[n]} T {x2[n]} x1[n 2] x2[n 2]

linear system

y[n] T {x[n]} x[n 2] y[n k ] x[(n k ) 2] x[n k 2]

y[n, k ] T {x[n k ]} x[n k 2], y[n k ] y[n, k ]
Hence it is time variant system.

Non-causal
If | x[n]| M , then | T{x[n]} | | x[n 2] | M hence it is stable system.
6