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1.

Seedling: A seedling is a young plant, already grown from a seed. Gardeners can
set seedlings directly into pots or garden beds. E.g Seedlings are a great way for
cold climate gardeners to grow herbs from warmer zones.

2.

Transpiration: is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from

roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is
released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from
plant leaves

3.

Respiration: The process of metabolizing (burning) sugars to yield energy for

growth, reproduction, and other life processes.In respiration, plants (and animals)
convert the sugars (photosynthates) back into energy for growth and other life
processes (metabolic processes).

4.

Aerobic Respiration: Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to get the energy from
food. Living things that use aerobic respiration are called aerobes. As a result of
aerobic respiration ATP is released from food. The energy released is used by
the cell to perform its functions.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ----------------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +

5.

ENERGY

Anaerobic Respiration: In anaerobic respiration oxygen is not needed although

it can take place in the presence of oxygen. In anaerobic respiration glycolysis
takes place. The 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) are then converted into other
products. Anaerobic respiration is also known as fermentation.

6.

Decomposition:Decomposition is the natural process of dead animal or plant

tissue being rotted or broken down. This process is carried out by invertebrates,
fungi and bacteria. The result of decomposition is that the building blocks
required for life can be recycled.

7.

Photosynthesis: is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and

storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae
(Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO 2, and H2O to make sugar.
The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using
chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis.
6CO 2 + 6H 2O (+ light energy) C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2.

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8.

Compost soil:-Decomposed soil media of animal excreta, leaf, plant bank root
and farm yard prepared by using microorganism under specific temperature and
pressure.

9.

Correct time for sowing seeds:The packet which contains your seeds will have a
guide to the time of the year when the seeds can be sown e.g. April-May, but this
is only a rough guide and depending on which country you live in and where the
seeds came from you may have erratic germination. For a more accurate guide to
the correct sowing of the seeds refer to the germination temperature of the seeds
which should also be on the packet, if you can't find it on the packet refer to our
plants database for a guide. Simply measure the temperature of the seed compost
or medium you will be growing in before you sow.

10. Green house effect:-The greenhouse effect is a natural process by which some of
the radiant heat from the Sun is captured in the lower atmosphere of the Earth,
thus maintaining the temperature of the Earth's surface. The gases that help
capture the heat, called greenhouse gases, include water vapor, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, and a variety of manufactured chemicals.Green house
effect responsible for climate change.The main disadvantages of green house
effect is global warming,
11. Stomata:-Plants 'breathe' too, but they do it through tiny openings in leaves
called stomata (singular: stoma). Stomata open and close to allow the intake of
carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen. It's very important that they do this,
because this is the very oxygen that we ourselves need to breathe.
12. Transplantation:-the process of removing a plant from the place where it has
been growing and replanting it in another. The major requirement in
transplanting(especially of larger plants) is a sufficient water supply,since the
roots are almost inevitably injured in the process. In most cases the roots should
be pruned well before replanting,both to stimulate new and compact growth and
to eliminate the injured portions.The"balling" of tree roots improves the chances
of survival of the plant when transplanted.

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13. Transplanting time:-Transplanting at a time of minimal evaporation(e.g., an

evening or a cloudy day) or of minimal growth(e.g.,the dormant season)can help
minimize the stress on the plant.Crop and garden plants as well as trees are often
started in greenhouses or nurseries under conditions carefully controlled to ensure
maximal sprouting and vigorous early growth;they are then transplanted as
seedlings or young plants to their permanent environment.
14. Creepers:-Creepers is a group of plants or vines which need support of some
kind in your garden. Because creepers grow vertically in the garden they are great
space savers and can be used to provide masses of foliage so are useful to cover
walls, trees or a fence. The definition of a creeper is a plant that grows, typically
along the ground or up a building, by slowly spreading out.

The structure of plant:

Plants are so important because they make their own energy from sunshine through
photosynthesis. They are the bottom of the food web supplying food and energy for
all other life on earth. They store extra sugars in their stems, roots, seeds or fruit. That
energy is passed on to any animal that eats them, including us. We are part of the food
web when we eat plant parts like apples, carrots, rice or potatoes. Learn here the
names of plant structures, their job, and what they look like on the plant.
Flower Flowers petals are often showy because they are designed to attract
pollinators like birds and insects who will fertilize them. The flowers job is help to
make seeds.
Sepals The sepals are at the base of the flower and cover and protect the flower
before it blooms.
Fruit After a flower has been pollinated the ovules inside it grow into seeds. The
ovary grows into a protective, fleshy fruit around them. In nature when an animal eats
a wild fruit, it spreads the seeds inside it. Each seed might grow into another plant in
the right conditions.
Leaf - A plants leaves collect sunlight for the process of photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis is the process where green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and
water to make food and oxygen. Little openings in the leaves, called stomata, collect
carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. Tiny veins in the leaves spread water
and nutrients throughout the leaf. The process of photosynthesis occurring in green
plants around the world is what makes the oxygen we breathe.
Stem - A plants stems help support the weight of the plant and all its leaves. Water
and minerals are brought up from the roots. Nutrients made by photosynthesis in the
leaves are sent down and all around the plant.

Root - A plants roots anchor it into the ground. They also collect water and minerals
from the soil and transport them up into the plant.
Reproductive Organs The reproductive organs of a flower are the male stamens
and the female pistil.
The stamen includes an anther on top where the pollen grains (haploid) are made. A
long filament holds the anther up to meet the wind or pollinating insect.
The pistil has 3 parts. The stigma is the sticky tip where pollen grains stick. The ovary
is at the base of the pistil and contains the ovules. The style is the thin stalk that
connects the stigma down to the ovary.

Types of soil
1. Soil Type: Sandy
Sandy soil has the largest particles among the different soil types. Its dry and gritty to
the touch, and because the particles have huge spaces between them, it cant hold on
to water.
Water drains rapidly, straight through to places where the roots, particularly those of
seedlings, cannot reach. Plants dont have a chance of using the nutrients in sandy soil
more efficiently as theyre swiftly carried away by the runoff.
The upside to sandy soil is that its light to work with and warms much more quickly
in the spring.

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Testing what type of soil youre working with involves moistening the soil and rolling
it into a ball to check the predominating soil particle. When you roll the slightly wet
sandy soil in your palms, no ball should be formed and it crumbles through your
fingers easily.
2. Soil Type: Silty
Silty soil has much smaller particles than sandy soil so its smooth to the touch. When
moistened, its soapy slick. When you roll it between your fingers, dirt is left on your
skin.
Silty soil retains water longer, but it cant hold on to as much nutrients as youd want
it to though its fairly fertile. Due to its moisture-retentive quality, silty soil is cold and
drains poorly.
Silty soil can also easily compact, so avoid trampling on it when working your
garden. It can become poorly aerated, too.
3. Soil Type: Clay
Clay soil has the smallest particles among the three so it has good water storage
qualities. Its sticky to the touch when wet, but smooth when dry.
Due to the tiny size of its particles and its tendency to settle together, little air passes
through its spaces. Because its also slower to drain, it has a tighter hold on plant
nutrients. Clay soil is thus rich in plant food for better growth.
Clay soil is cold and in the spring, takes time to warm since the water within also has
to warm up. The downside is that clay soil could be very heavy to work with when it
gets dry. Especially during the summer months, it could turn hard and compact,
making it difficult to turn. (When clay soil is worked while its too wet though, its
prone to damage).
If moistened soil feels sticky, rolls up easily, and forms into a ball or sausage-like
shape, then youve got yourself clay.
4. Soil Type: Peaty
Peaty soil is dark brown or black in color, soft, easily compressed due to its high
water content, and rich in organic matter. Peat soil started forming over 9,000 years
ago, with the rapid melting of glaciers. This rapid melt drowned plants quickly and
died in the process. Their decay was so slow underwater that it led to the
accumulation of organic area in a concentrated spot.
Although peat soil tends to be heavily saturated with water, once drained, it turns into

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a good growing medium. In the summer though, peat could be very dry and become a
fire hazard. (I kid you notpeat is the precursor of coal.) The most desirable quality
of peat soil, however, is in its ability to hold water in during the dry months and its
capacity to protect the roots from damage during very wet months.
Peat contains acidic water, but growers use it to regulate soil chemistry or pH levels
as well as an agent of disease control for the soil.
When wet peat soil is rolled, you wont form a ball. Its spongy to the touch and when
squeezed, water could be forced out.
5. Soil Type: Saline Soil
The soil in extremely dry regions is usually brackish because of its high salt content.
Known as saline soil, it can cause damage to and stall plant growth, impede
germination, and cause difficulties in irrigation.
The salinity is due to the buildup of soluble salts in the rhizospherehigh salt
contents prevent water uptake by plants, leading to drought stress.
Its easy enough to test if you have saline soil. Youll probably see a white layer
coating the surface of the soil, your plants are growing poorly, and theyre suffering
from leaf tip burn, especially on young leaves.