International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsolstr

Two-dimensional axisymmetric stresses exerted

by instantaneous pulses and sources of diusion
in an innite space in a case of time-fractional
diusion equation
Y.Z. Povstenko
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jan Dugosz University of Czestochowa, al. Armii Krajowej 13/15,
42200 Czestochowa, Poland
Received 9 April 2006; received in revised form 5 July 2006
Available online 15 July 2006

Abstract
The theory of diusive stresses based on the time-fractional diusion equation is formulated. The source problem is
discussed as well as the Cauchy problem. The stresses are found in axially symmetric cases (for plane deformation).
The numerical results for the concentration and stress distributions are presented graphically for various values of order
of fractional derivative.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Non-Fickean diusion; Diusive stresses; Fractional calculus; MittagLeer functions

1. Introduction
The classical theory of heat conduction is based on the Fourier law
q k grad T

relating the heat ux vector q to the temperature gradient, where k is the thermal conductivity of a solid. In
combination with the law of conservation of energy, this equation leads to the parabolic heat conduction
equation
oT
aT DT ;
ot

where aT is the thermal diusivity coecient, t is time, D is the Laplace operator. Eq. (2) is a constituent part
of the classical theory of thermoelasticity (we restrict our consideration to the uncoupled theory).
E-mail address: j.povstenko@ajd.czest.pl
0020-7683/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.07.008

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2325

The classical theory of diusion is based on the Fick law

J , grad c

relating the matter ux vector J to the concentration gradient, where , is the diusion conductivity. In combination with the balance equation for mass the Fick law leads to the classical diusion equation
oc
aDc;
ot

where a is the diusivity coecient. Eq. (4) makes an integral part of the classical theory of diusive stresses.
During the past three decades, non-classical theories, in which the Fourier law and Fick law as well as the
heat conduction equation and the diusion equation were replaced by more general equations, have been proposed. Some of these theories were formulated in terms of the theory of heat conduction, other in terms of the
diusion theory. For an extensive bibliography on this subject and further discussion see Podstrigach and
Kolyano (1976), Chandrasekharaiah (1986), Chandrasekharaiah (1998), Joseph and Preziosi (1989a,b),
Hetnarski and Ignaczak (1999), Metzler and Klafter (2000a) and Zaslavsky (2002), among others. The results
of this paper are formulated in terms of diusion and diusive stresses, but they also concern heat conduction
and thermal stresses.
In the theory of heat conduction proposed by Gurtin and Pipkin (1968) the Fourier law was generalized to
time-non-local dependence between the heat ux vector and the temperature gradient resulting in integrodierential heat conduction equation. The thermoelasticity theory based on this equation was formulated
by Chen and Gurtin (1970). Subsequently, Norwood (1972) and Moodi and Tait (1983) proposed the following time-non-local equation:
Z t
qt k
Kt  s grad T sds
5
0

or in terms of diusion
Z t
Kt  s grad csds:
Jt ,

Green and Naghdi (1993) set

Kt  s 1

which yields the wave equation for the temperature and thermoelasticty without energy dissipation.
It was noted by Chandrasekharaiah (1986) that the constitutive equation for the heat ux proposed by Cattaneo (1958) and Vernotte (1958) can also be rewritten in a non-local form with the short-tale exponential
time-non-local kernel


ts
Kt  s  exp 
;
8
f
where f is a non-negative constant.
Kaliski (1965) and Lord and Shulman (1967), based on results of Cattaneo (1958) and Vernotte (1958),
introduced the theory of generalized thermoelasticity.
The time-non-local dependence between the ux vectors and corresponding gradients with long-tale
power kernel can be interpreted in terms of fractional integrals and derivatives and yields the time-fractional
diusion (or heat conduction) equation
oa c
aDc;
ota

0 < a < 2:

For example, the constitutive equation with the kernel

Kt  s

1
a2
t  s ;
Ca  1

1<a<2

10

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Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

can be written as (see Eq. (15) below)

Jt ,I a1 grad ct:

11

Substitution of Eq. (11) into the balance equation for mass and subsequent dierentiation gives Eq. (9) with
1 < a < 2.
Eq. (9) is usually referred to anomalous diusion. Other terms used in this context are: anomalous
transport (Zaslavsky, 1992, 2002), fractional diusion (Schneider, 1990), and strange kinetics (Shlesinger et al., 1993).
Various types of anomalous transport can be distinguished. The limiting case a = 0 corresponding to the
Helmholtz equation is associated with localized diusion (Kimmich, 2002). The subdiusion regime is characterized by the value 0 < a < 1. The ordinary diusion corresponds to a = 1. The superdiusion regime is
associated with 1 < a < 2. The limiting case a = 2 corresponding to the wave equation is known as ballistic
diusion (Metzler and Klafter, 2000b; Kimmich, 2002).
At the level of individual particle motions the classical diusion corresponds to the Brownian motion which
is characterized by a mean-squared displacement increasing linearly with time
hx2 i  at:

12

Anomalous diusion which is exemplied by a mean-squared displacement with the power-law time
dependence
hx2 i  ata ;

a 6 1;

13

at the level of individual particle motion has been modeled in numerous ways. The continuous time random
walk (CTRW) theory (Montroll and Shlesinger, 1984; Metzler et al., 1998; Metzler and Klafter, 2000b and
references therein) is in most common use and allows one to extend classical Brownian random walks to variable jump lengths and waiting times between successive jumps. The velocity model in a CTRW scheme
(Zumofen and Klafter, 1993; Metzler and Compte, 1999) assumes that the particle moves at the constant
velocity to the new site. The power-law tails make it possible to have very long waiting times, and in the subdiusion regime (0 < a < 1) particles on the average move slower than in the ordinary diusion which corresponds to a = 1. In the superdiusion regime (1 < a < 2) particles on the average move faster than in the
ordinary diusion. For dimensions higher than D = 1, solutions of Eq. (9) for 1 < a < 2 can be bimodal,
and from a waiting time perspective correspond to the velocity model.
Eq. (9) is a mathematical model of important physical phenomena ranging from amorphous (Scher and
Montroll, 1975), colloid (Weeks and Weitz, 2002), glassy (Bendler et al., 2002; Hilfer, 2002) and porous (Koch
and Brady, 1988; Kimmich, 2002) materials through fractals (Ben-Avraham and Havlin, 2001; Even et al.,
1984; Nigmatullin, 1986), percolation clusters (Kimmich, 2002), random (Giona and Roman, 1992) and disordered (Ben-Avraham and Havlin, 2001) media to comb structures (Lubashevskii and Zemlyanov, 1998),
dielectrics (Nigmatullin, 1984a) and semiconductors (Nigmatullin, 1984b), polymers (Cates, 1984; Paul,
2002) and biological systems (Periasamy and Verkman, 1998).
Metzler and Nonnenmacher (2003) connect fractional relaxation to a generalized diusion approach similar
to the Zener model, and construct generalized rheological models based on fractional elements.
A quasi-static uncoupled theory of diusive (or thermal) stresses based on Eq. (9) was proposed by the
author (Povstenko, 2005a,b). The purpose of this paper is to study stresses in axially symmetric case (for plane
deformation) in the framework of this theory. Because Eq. (9) in the case 1 6 a 6 2 interpolates the heat conduction equation (a = 1) and the wave equation (a = 2) the proposed theory interpolates the classical thermoelasticity and the thermoelasticity without energy dissipation introduced by Green and Naghdi (1993).
2. Essentials of the RiemannLiouville fractional calculus
In this section we recall the main ideas of fractional calculus (Samko et al., 1993; Miller and Ross, 1993;
Goreno and Mainardi, 1997, among others). It is common knowledge that integrating by parts n  1 times

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2327

the calculation of the n-fold primitive of a function f(t) can be reduced to the calculation of a single integral of
the convolution type
Z t
1
n1
t  s f sds;
14
I n f t
n  1! 0
where n is a positive integer. The RiemannLiouville fractional integral is introduced as a natural generalization of the convolution type form (14):
Z t
1
a1
t  s f sds; a > 0;
15
I a f t
Ca 0
where C(a) is the gamma function. The Laplace transform rule for the fractional integral reads
LfI a f tg

1
Lff tg;
sa

16

where s is the transform variable.

The RiemannLiouville derivative of the fractional order a is dened as left-inverse to Ia

8 n
Z t
d
1
na1
>
>
t  s
f sds ; n  1 < a < n;
< n
dt Cn  a 0
DaRL f t Dn I na f t
n
>
>
: d f t;
an
dtn

17

and for its Laplace transform requires the knowledge of the initial values of the fractional integral Inaf(t) and
its derivatives of the order k = 1, 2, . . . , n  1:
LfDaRL f tg sa Lff tg 

n1
X

Dk I na f 0 sn1k ;

n  1 < a < n:

18

k0

An alternative denition of the fractional derivative was proposed by Caputo (1967, 1969):
8
Z t
1
dn f s
>
>
t  sna1
ds; n  1 < a < n;
<
Cn  a 0
dsn
a
na n
19
DC f t I D f t
n
>
>
: d f t;
a

n:
dtn
For its Laplace transform rule the Caputo fractional derivative requires the knowledge of the initial values of
the function f(t) and its integer derivatives of order k = 1, 2, . . . , n  1:
LfDaC f tg sa Lff tg 

n1
X

Dk f 0 sa1k ;

n  1 < a < n:

20

k0

The Caputo fractional derivative is a regularization in the time origin for the RiemannLiouville fractional
derivative by incorporating the relevant initial conditions (Goreno and Mainardi, 1998). In this paper we
shall use the Caputo fractional derivative omitting the index C. If care is taken, the results obtained using
the Caputo formulation can be recast to the RiemannLiouville version.
3. Diusive stresses. Formulation of the problem
A quasi-static uncoupled theory of diusive stress is governed by the equilibrium equation in terms of
displacements
lDu k l grad div u bc K c grad c;

21

the stressstrainconcentration relation

r 2le k tr e  bc K c cI

22

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Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

and the time-fractional diusion equation

oa c
aDc Q;
ota

0 6 a 6 2;

23

where u is the displacement vector, r the stress tensor, e the linear strain tensor, c the concentration, Q the
mass source, a the diusivity coecient, k and l are Lame constants, Kc = k + 2l/3, bc is the diusion coefcient of volumetric expansion, I denotes the unit tensor.
It should be pointed out that rst theoretical investigation of the interaction between the processes of elasticity, heat and diusion in elastic solid dates back to Podstrigach (1961, 1964, 1965). For additional references, further generalizations and discussion see Nowacki (1974), Podstrigach and Povstenko (1985),
Nowacki and Olesiak (1991) and others.
Just as in classical theory we can use the representation of non-zero components of the stress tensor in terms
of displacement potential U (Parkus, 1959; Nowacki, 1986)
r 2l$$U  IDU;

24

where $ is the gradient operator.

The displacement potential is determined from the following equation:
DU mc;

1 m bc
;
1m 3

25

where m is the Poisson ratio.

If a bounded solid is considered the corresponding boundary conditions should be given; for unbounded
medium
lim ux; t 0;

26

lim cx; t 0:

27

jxj!1
jxj!1

Eq. (23) should also be subject to initial conditions

t0:
t0:

c P x; 0 < a 6 2;
oc
W x; 1 < a 6 2:
ot

28
29

In this paper we consider two-dimensional axisymmetric case. Hence, Eqs. (23), (28), (29) and (24) are rewritten as
 2

oa c
o c 1 oc
a

Qr; t;
30
ota
or2 r or
t0:
t0:

c P r; 0 < a 6 2;
oc
W r; 1 < a 6 2
ot

31
32

and
rzz rrr rhh 2lDU;
 2

o U 1 oU
rrr  rhh 2l

:
or2 r or

33
34

Solution of Eq. (30) under initial conditions (31) and (32) can be represented by the following formula:
Z 1
Z tZ 1
RQR; sEQ r; R; t  sdR ds 2p
RP REP r; R; tdR
cr; t 2p
0
0
0
Z 1
RW REW r; R; tdR;
35
2p
0

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2329

where we have three types of fundamental solutions EQ(r, R, t), EP(r, R, t) and EW(r, R, t) corresponding to
q
dr  Rd t;
Qr; R; t
36
2pR
p
dr  R;
37
P r; R
2pR
w
W r; R
dr  R;
38
2pR
respectively. For the sake of convenience and to obtain the non-dimensional quantities we have introduced the
multipliers q, p and w.
The purpose of this paper is to nd the fundamental solutions EQ(r, R, t), EP(r, R, t) and EW(r, R, t) and to
study stresses in axially symmetric case (for plane deformation) corresponding to these solutions.
4. The source problem
Consider the time-fractional diusion equation with the source term and zero initial conditions
 2

oa c
o c 1 oc
q
dr  Rd t; 0 6 r < 1; 0 < t < 1;
a

ota
or2 r or
2pR
t0:
t0:

c 0; 0 < a 6 2;
oc
0; 1 < a 6 2:
ot

39
40
41

Mathematical aspects concerning correctness of initial-value problem for anomalous diusion equation with
the source term were discussed by Eidelman and Kochubei (2004) for 0 < a < 1 and Hanyga (2002a,b) for
0 < a < 2.
Using the Laplace transform with respect to time t and the Hankel transform with respect to the radial
coordinate r we obtain
c

q
1
J 0 Rn
;
2p
sa an2

42

where asterisk denotes the transforms, s is the Laplace transform variable, n is the Hankel transform variable.
The most important special functions used in fractional calculus are the MittagLeer functions (Erdelyi
et al., 1955)
1
X
zn
; a > 0; z 2 C
43
Ea z
Can 1
n0
providing a generalization of the exponential function and the generalized MittagLeer functions in two
parameters a and b (Humbert, 1953; Agarwal, 1953; Humbert and Agarwal, 1953) which are described by
the following series representation:
1
X
zn
Ea;b z
; a > 0; b > 0; z 2 C:
44
Can b
n0
The essential role of the MittagLeer functions in fractional calculus results from the following formula for
the inverse Laplace transform (Podlubny, 1994)
 ab 
s
L1 a
45
tb1 Ea;b bta :
s b
To invert the Laplace transform of the concentration (42) the following formula


1
L1
ta1 Ea;a an2 ta
sa an2
is used.

46

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Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

Consequently, we obtain
Z
qta1 1
c
Ea;a an2 ta J 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;
2p 0
Z
qta1 1
Ea;a an2 ta J 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;
rrr rhh 2lm
2p 0
Z
qta1 1
Ea;a an2 ta J 0 RnJ 2 rnn dn
rrr  rhh 2lm
2p 0

47
48
49

or
Z
qta1 1
rrr 2lm
Ea;a an2 ta J 0 RnJ 1 rndn;
2pr 0
rhh 2lmc  rrr :

50
51

Let us consider several particular cases. The solutions for these particular values of the parameter a can be also
used for testing the numerical algorithms in the general case of arbitrary values of 0 < a < 2.
It is convenient to introduce the following non-dimensional quantities:
p a=2
at
r
j
;
52
q ;
R
R
2pR2
1 2pR2
c a1 c;
ij
r
rij :
53
2lm qta1
qt
4.1. Normal diusion (a = 1)
In this case


1
2
1
L
ean t
s an2
and
q
2p

ean t J 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;

0
Z 1
q
2
rrr 2lm
ean t J 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0

Using integrals (A1) and (A6) from Appendix we obtain




1
1 q2
q
c 2 exp 
;
I0
2j
2j2
4j2

  p
Z 1
1
1 q2 x
q x
rr  2
exp 
I0
dx;
r
4j 0
4j2
2j2
rr :
hh c  r
r

54

55
56

57
58
59

The last equation follows from Eq. (51) and will be used for all considered particular cases.
4.2. Subdiusion with a = 1/2
The inverse Laplace transform reads


Z 1
p 2
p
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2 4
p

L
t

expa
n
t
erfcan
vev 2a tn v dv:

an

p
2
pt
pt 0
s an

60

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2331

Inserting integral representation (60) into Eqs. (47) and (50), changing integration with respect to n and v and
using integrals (A1) and (A6) from Appendix we arrive at


Z 1
1
1 q2
q

c p 2
exp v2 
I0
dv;
61
2
4j2 v
8j v
2 pj 0

  p
Z 1
Z 1
1
1 q2 x
q x
v2
p


e
exp 
I0
dx dv:
62
rrr 
2v
2v
8j
4j
4 pj2 0
0
4.3. Superdiusion with a = 3/2
The inverse Laplace transform for this value of parameter a was obtained by Povstenko (2005b) and reads
(
!
p


p

1
1
p
3
c
ec erfc c 2ec=2 cos
G3=2 n; t
L1
3
2
s3=2 an2
3a1=3 n2=3
"
#
)
p



p Z
4 c 1
3
1
c1  v2 dv ;
p
exp  c1  v2 cos
63
2
2
p 0
where c = a2/3n4/3t.
The concentration and stress component are
Z 1
q
G3=2 n; tJ 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;
c
2p 0
Z 1
q
rrr 2lm
G3=2 n; tJ 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0

64
65

4.4. Ballistic diusion (a = 2)

In the case of the wave equation


p
1
sin atn
p

L1

an
s2 an2
and
Z 1
p
q
sin atnJ 0 RnJ 0 rndn;
c p
2p a 0
p
Z 1
q
sin atn
J 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
rrr 2lm p
n
2p ar 0

66

67
68

Using integrals (A2) and (A5) from Appendix we present the non-dimensional concentration c and stress tenrr for dierent values of j.
sor component r
4.4.1. 0 < j < 1
8
0;
0 6 q < 1  j;
>
>
< 1
p Kk; 1  j < q < 1 j;
c
jp q
>
>
:
0;
1 j < q < 1;
8
0;
0 6 q < 1  j;
>
>
>
2q3
>
>
2
Z
>
q
j2  1  x
>
p
1
<
4
5dx; 1  j < q < 1 j;
p
x
K

rr
r
jpq2 1j
2 x
>
>
>
>
>
1
>
>
: 2;
1 j < q < 1:
q

69

70

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Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

4.4.2. j = 1
8
1
< p
Kk; 0 < q < 2;
c p q
:
0;
2 < q < 1;
8
p!
Z q
p

>
1
2x
>
>
xK
dx; 0 < q < 2;
< 2
pq 0
2
rr
r
>
>
1
>
: ;
2 < q < 1:
q2
4.4.3. j > 1
 
8
1
1
>
>
; 0 6 q < j  1;
p K
>
>
>
jpk
q
k
<
c
1
>
j  1 < q < 1 j;
p Kk;
>
>
jp
q
>
>
:
0;
1 j < q < 1;
2
3
8
p
Z q
>
>
>
2
x
2 x
6
7
>
>
q K4q5dx;
0 6 q < j  1;

>
2
>
jpq
>
2
2
0
2  x  1
2  x  1
>
j
j
>
>
>
>
2
3
>
>
>
p
Z j1
>
>
2
x
2 x
>
6
7
>
q K4q5dx
<
2
jpq
2
2
0
rr
r
j2  x  1
j2  x  1
>
>
q

3
>
2
>
>
Z q
>
2  x  12
>
j
p
1
>
>
5dx;
>
p

j  1 < q < 1 j;
xK4
>
2
>
jpq
2 x
>
j1
>
>
>
>
>
>
1
>
: ;
1 j < q < 1:
q2

71

72

73

74

Here and in what follows K(k) and E(k) are the complete elliptic integrals of the rst and second kind,
q
j2  q  12
k
:
75
p
2 q
5. The rst Cauchy problem
Consider the rst Cauchy problem for the time-fractional diusion equation
 2

oa c
o c 1 oc

; 0 6 r < 1; 0 < t < 1;

ota
or2 r or
p
dr  R; 0 < a 6 2;
t0: c
2pR
oc
0; 1 < a 6 2:
t0:
ot

76
77
78

Mathematical aspects relating to well-posedness of the Cauchy problems for anomalous diusion equation
were considered by many authors. Here we refer to the papers of El-Sayed (1995, 1996) for 0 < a < 2, Umarov
et al. (2000) (0 < a < 2), Hanyga (2002a,b) (0 < a < 2), Moustafa (2003) (1 < a < 2), Eidelman and Kochubei

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2333

(2004) (0 < a < 1) and references therein. Earlier works of Berens and Westphal (1968) (0 < a < 2), Kochubei
(1990) (0 < a < 1) and Fujita (1990) (1 < a < 2) dealing with the one-dimensional case should also be mentioned.
This remark (excluding papers in which the case (0 < a < 1) was studied) also concerns the second Cauchy problem (see Eqs. (104)(106) below).
Using the Laplace transform with respect to time t and the Hankel transform with respect to the radial
coordinate r we obtain
c

p
sa1
J 0 Rn
:
2p
sa an2

79

The inverse Laplace transform is expressed in terms of the MittagLeer functions

1

sa1
sa an2



Ea;1 an2 ta  Ea an2 ta :

80

Inverting the Hankel transform leads to

p
c
2p

Ea an2 ta J 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;

0
Z 1
p
rrr 2lm
Ea an2 ta J 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0

81
82

Let us analyze some particular cases.

5.1. Localized diusion
The limiting case a ! 0 corresponds to the solution of the Helmholtz equation
lim c
a!0

and

p
1
1
J 0 Rn
2
2p
1 an s

83

1
J 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;
1

an2
0
Z 1
p
1
rrr 2lm
J 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0 1 an2

p
2p

84
85

Using integrals (A4) and (A7) from Appendix we obtain

8
1
>
< 2 I 0 q=jK 0 1=j; 0 6 q < 1;
c j
>
: 1 I 1=jK q=j; 1 < q < 1;
0
0
j2
8
1
>
>
<  I 1 q=jK 0 1=j;
jq
rr
r
>
1
>
:  2 I 1 1=jK 0 1=j I 0 1=jK 1 1=j  qI 0 1=jK 1 q=j;
jq

86

0 < q < 1;
87
1 < q < 1;

where the non-dimensional quantities (52) are used as well as

c

2pR2
c;
p

ij
r

1 2pR2
rij :
2lm p

88

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Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

5.2. Normal diusion (a = 1)

It is well-known that in the case of the diusion equation solutions for the source problem and the Cauchy
problem coincide and in Eq. (35)
EQ r; R; t EP r; R; t:

89

Hence, we can use Eqs. (55) and (56) with q substituted by p.

5.3. Subdiusion with a = 1/2
The inverse Laplace transform for this value of a is well-known. We obtain the integral representation
(
)
Z 1
p 2
p
1
2
2
2
1
2 4
p

L
t

expa
n
t
erfcan
ev 2a tn v dv
90
p p
2
p 0
s s an
which is convenient to change the order of integration with respect to n and v after inserting into (81) and (82).
Using integrals (A1) and (A6) from Appendix allows us to arrive at


Z 1
1
1 q2
q
1
2
c p 2
dv;
91
exp v 
I
0
4j2 v v
8j2 v
2 pj 0

  p
Z 1
Z
1
1 v2 1
1 q2 x
q x
rr  p 2
e
r
exp 
I0
dx dv:
92
2
8j v
4j2 v
4 pj 0 v
0
5.4. Superdiusion with a = 3/2
The inverse Laplace transform for this value of parameter a was obtained by Povstenko (2005a) and reads
(
p !
 p 
p

s
1
3
ec erfc c 2ec=2 cos
c
F 3=2 n; t
L1
2
3=2
3
2
s an
"p
# )


p Z
4 c 1
1
p
3
2
2
p
c1  v dv :
exp  c1  v cos
93
2
3
2
p 0
The concentration and stress component are
Z 1
p
c
F 3=2 n; tJ 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;
2p 0
Z 1
p
rrr 2lm
F 3=2 n; tJ 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0

94
95

5.5. Ballistic diusion (a = 2)

In the case of the wave equation


p
s
1
L
cos atn;
2
2
s an
Z 1
p
p
c
cos atnJ 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;
2p 0
Z 1
p
p
rrr 2lm
cos atnJ 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0

96
97
98

The solution to the Cauchy problem can be received by dierentiation of the solution (67) to the source problem with respect to time. To obtain the stress component rrr, Eq. (A3) from Appendix is used.

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2335

5.5.1. 0 < j < 1

8
0;
>
>
>
<

1
1
j
c p dq  1 j p dq  1  j
3=2
>
4pq
2 1j
2 1j
>
>
:
0;
8
0;
>
>
s !
>
"
#
>
>
>
2
1j
< 1
; k p Kk ;
 2 1  K0 arcsin
rr
r
q
1jq
p q
>
>
>
>
>
1
>
: ;
q2

0 6 q < 1  j;
02

Ek  k Kk
; 1  j < q < 1 j; 99
k 2 k 02
1 j < q < 1;
0 6 q < 1  j;
1  j < q < 1 j;

100

1 j < q < 1:

5.5.2. j = 1
8
s !#
"
>
>
1
2
>
>
; k ; 0 < q < 2;
<  2 1  K0 arcsin
q
2q
rr
r
>
>
1
>
>
2 < q < 1:
: 2 ;
q

101

5.5.3. j > 1
8
 
2j
1
>
>
E
; 0 6 q < j  1;
 q
>
>
>
k
>
2  q  12 j2  q 12 
>
p
j
<

1
c p dq  1  j
102
j Ek  k 02 Kk
>
2 1j
>
;
j  1 < q < 1 j;
>
2
02
>
3=2
>
k k
> 4pq
>
:
0;
1 j < q < 1;
s !
8
"
 #
>
1
1jq 1
1 p 1
>
>
;
 2 1  K0 arcsin

qK
; 0 < q < j  1;
>
>
>
q
1

q
k
pk
k
>
>
>
>
s !
"
#
<
1
2
1j
rr
103
r
; k p Kk ;
j  1 < q < 1 j;
1  K0 arcsin

>
>
1jq
p q
> q2
>
>
>
>
>
>
1
>
: ;
1 j < q < 1;
q2
p
where k is the same as in Eq. (75), k 0 1  k 2 , Heumans Lambda function K0(u,k) is described in Appendix.
6. The second Cauchy problem
Consider the second Cauchy problem for the time-fractional diusion equation
 2

oa c
o c 1 oc
a

;
ota
or2 r or
t0:
t0:

0 6 r < 1; 0 < t < 1;

c 0; 1 < a 6 2;
oc
w

dr  R; 1 < a 6 2:
ot 2pR

104
105
106

2336

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

The Laplace transform with respect to time t and the Hankel transform with respect to the radial coordinate r
leads to
c

w
sa2
J 0 Rn
;
2p
sa an2

107

1 < a 6 2:

It follows from Eq. (45) that

1

sa2
sa an2

and
wt
c
2p

tEa;2 an2 ta

108

Ea;2 an2 ta J 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;

Z 1
wt
rrr 2lm
Ea;2 an2 ta J 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0

109

110

In the case of the second Cauchy problem we use the following non-dimensional quantities
c

2pR2
c;
wt

ij
r

1 2pR2
rij :
2lm wt

111

For 1 < a 6 2 we consider two particular cases.

6.1. Superdiusion with a = 3/2
(
1

1
p 3=2
ss an2

!
p
3
p
c
H 3=2 n; t
2
3
3a2=3 n4=3
"
#
)
p



p Z
4 c 1
1
p
3
2
2
c1  v  dv
p
exp  c1  v cos
2
3
2
p 0
1

p
e erfc c  2ec=2 cos
c

112

and
c

w
2p

H 3=2 n; tJ 0 RnJ 0 rnn dn;

Z 1
w
rrr 2lm
H 3=2 n; tJ 0 RnJ 1 rndn:
2pr 0

113

114

6.2. Ballistic diusion (a = 2)

In the case of the wave equation the fundamental solution to the second Cauchy problem coincides with the
fundamental solution to the source problem, and in Eq. (35)
EQ r; R; t EW r; R; t:
Hence, we can use Eqs. (67) and (68) with q substituted by w.

115

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2337

7. Numerical results and discussion

In this section we present the numerical results for the non-dimensional concentration and stresses distributions for various values of order of fractional derivative a and the parameter j.
The series representation Eq. (44) of the MittagLeer type functions is inconvenient for calculation of
integrals (47), (50), (81), (82), (109) and (110). The integral representations of these functions suitable for such
calculation were obtained by Goreno and Mainardi (1996, 1997). Using their results we get

L1

L1

L1




1
sa an2
sa1
sa an2
sa2
sa an2

8
< a1=a1 n2=a2 Ua0 n; t;

: a1=a1 n2=a2 U0 n; t  W0 n; t; 1 < a < 2;

a
a
( 1
0 < a < 1;
Ua n; t;
1
U1
a n; t Wa n; t;

0 < a < 1;

1
a1=a n2=a

116

117

1 < a < 2;

Ua2 n; t W2
a n; t;

1<a<2

118

with
Z

xam
dx;
x2a 2xa cosap 1
0
h
p

2 a1=a n2=a t cosp=a

pi
Wm
cos a1=a n2=a t sin
 m  1 ;
a n; t e
a
a
a
Um
a n; t

sinap

1=a n2=a t

exa

119
120

where m = 0 refers to the source problem, m = 1 and m = 2 correspond to the rst and second Cauchy problems, respectively.
The numerical results are shown in Figs. 116. The computations are carried out in the range 0 6 q 6 2 or
0 6 q 6 4 according to the values of j reecting the characteristic features of the curves for various order of
the time-fractional derivative.

Fig. 1. Variation of concentration with distance (the source problem; j = 0.25).

2338

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

Fig. 2. Variation of concentration with distance (the source problem; j = 1).

Fig. 3. Variation of concentration with distance (the source problem; j = 1.5).

In the case of subdiusion (0 < a < 1) the anomalous diusion equation interpolates the Helmholtz equation and the ordinary diusion equation. In the case of superdiusion (1 < a < 2) the considered equation
interpolates the diusion equation and the wave equation, and the proposed theory interpolates the classical

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2339

Fig. 4. Variation of stress rrr with distance (the source problem; j = 0.25).

Fig. 5. Variation of stress rrr with distance (the source problem; j = 1.5).

theory of diusive stresses and that without energy dissipation introduced by Green and Naghdi (1993) in
terms of thermoelasticity.The solutions of fractional diusion equation in the superdiusion regime feature
propagating humps, underlininig the proximity to the standard wave equation in contrast to the shape of
curves describing the subdiusion regime. For this reason, in the case 1 < a < 2 the term fractional wave
equation is also used in the literature (see e.g. Schneider and Wyss, 1989; Metzler and Klafter, 2000b).
For some values of parameters the solution to this equation is not everywhere positive (in two- and threedimensional cases). This might also be reected in the fact that for 1 < a < 2 the MittagLeer functions
are no more monotonically decaying with increasing argument, but contain oscillations (see Eq. (120)).

2340

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

Fig. 6. Variation of stress rhh with distance (the source problem; j = 0.25).

Fig. 7. Variation of stress rhh with distance (the source problem; j = 1.5).

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2341

Fig. 8. Variation of concentration with distance (the rst Cauchy problem; j = 0.25).

Fig. 9. Variation of stress rrr with distance (the rst Cauchy problem; j = 0.25).

Three distinguishing values of the parameter j are considered: j = 0.25, j = 1 and j = 1.5. The particular
case R = 0 was studied in the previous papers (Povstenko, 2005a,b). The solution for this case can also be
obtained supposing the large values of the parameter j (j ! 1).

2342

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

Fig. 10. Variation of stress rhh with distance (the rst Cauchy problem; j = 0.25).

Fig. 11. Variation of concentration with distance (the second Cauchy problem; j = 0.25).

In gures we have not displayed the curves for the same values of a because very dierent scales were
obtained. We try to show the transition of solutions from the Helmholtz equation through the diusion equation to the wave equation. In particular, it is evident from the gures how jumps and Dirac delta functions

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2343

Fig. 12. Variation of concentration with distance (the second Cauchy problem; j = 1.5).

Fig. 13. Variation of stress rrr with distance (the second Cauchy problem; j = 0.25).

arising in the case of the wave equation are approximated. Unfortunately, for reasons of space, it is impossible
to exhibit the whole spectrum of numerical results. Therefore, we have restricted ourselves to the most essential and representative gures.
It should be noted that the results are presented in the non-dimensional form. The proposed theory is a
generalization of the classical theory of diusive stresses accounting for the fractional diusion equation
instead of the ordinary diusion equations. To estimate stresses, as the rst approximation we can use the

2344

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

Fig. 14. Variation of stress rrr with distance (the second Cauchy problem; j = 1.5).

Fig. 15. Variation of stress rhh with distance (the second Cauchy problem; j = 0.25).

classical values of the shear modulus, Poissons ratio and diusion expansion coecient. There is a body of
data concerning the value of a in Eq. (13) (see e.g. Luedtke and Landman, 1999; Upadhyaya et al., 2001; Kimmich et al., 2001; Paul, 2002; Huc and Main, 2003). The solutions of specic problems for the time-fractional
diusion equation can be also of interest for experimental studies of the diusivity coecient.

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

2345

Fig. 16. Variation of stress rhh with distance (the second Cauchy problem; j = 1.5).

Acknowledgement
The author is grateful to Prof. Oleksa Piddubniak for helpful discussion.
Appendix
Here we present integrals (Gradshtein and Ryzhik, 1980; Prudnikov et al., 1983) used in the paper:
 2
  
Z 1
1
b c2
bc
2
exp 
eax J 0 bxJ 0 cxx dx
;
I0
2a
2a
4a
0
8
0;
0 < a < jb  cj;
>
>
>
>
>
1
Z 1
< p Kk;
jb  cj < a < b c;
sinaxJ 0 bxJ 0 cxdx p bc
>


0
>
>
1
1
>
>
: p K
; b c < a < 1;
k
pk bc
8
0;
0 < a < c  b;
>
>
>


>
>
1
c

a
>
>
>
1  K0 u1 ; k p Kk ;
0 < jc  bj < a < c b;
>
>
p bc
>
Z 1
<b"
r  #


cosaxJ 1 bxJ 0 cxdn 1
1
1 b 1
>
1  K0 u2 ;

K
; 0 < b c < a;
0
>
>
>
b
k
pk c k
>
>
>
>
>
>
>1;
:
0 < ja  cj < a c < b;
b
(
Z 1
I 0 abK 0 ac; 0 < b < c;
x
J 0 bxJ 0 cxdx
2
2
x a
I 0 acK 0 ab; 0 < c < b;
0

A1

A2

A3

A4

2346

Y.Z. Povstenko / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 23242348

where In(x) and Kn(x) are the modied Bessel functions of order n, F(u, k) and E(u, k) are the incomplete elliptic integrals of the rst and second kind, K(k) and E(k) are the complete elliptic integrals of the rst and second
kind, respectively. Heumans Lambda function is expressed as (Abramowitz and Stegun, 1972)
2
K0 u; k EkF u; k 0 KkEu; k 0  KkF u; k 0 :
p
Here
q
2
p
a2  b  c
p
k
;
k 0 1  k 2 ; a > 0; b > 0;
2 bc
r
r
2c
acb
;
u2 arcsin
:
u1 arcsin
abc
abc

c > 0;

Using the well-known formula for the Bessel functions

Z c
c
yJ 0 xydy J 1 cx
x
0
allows us to obtain the additional integrals
 2
  
Z c
Z 1
1
b x2
bx
ax2
e J 0 bxJ 1 cxdx
x exp 
dx;
I0
2ac 0
2a
4a
0
8
1
>
Z 1
< I 1 acK 0 ab;
0 < c < b;
1
J 0 bxJ 1 cxdx a
2
2
>
x a
0
: 1 bI abK ab I abbK ab  cK ac; 0 < b < c:
1
0
0
1
1
ac

A5

A6

A7

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