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x
At the same point, the displacement in the y direction is:
w
v z z
y
The curvatures of the plate are then given as the rate of change
of the angular displacements of the normals and defined as:
2w
x 2
x
2w
y 2
y
xy
2 2w
xy
CIVL 8/7117
E
x y
1 2
E
y x
1 2
xy G xy
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The transverse shear stresses tyz and txz are also present, even
though transverse shear deformation is neglected.
These stresses vary quadratically through the plate thickness.
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t /2
Mx
z x dz
t /2
My
t /2
z y dz
t /2
t /2
M xy
z xy dz
t /2
Mx
y dz
z
2 x
1
t /2
My
x dz
z
2 y
1
t /2
t /2
t /2
t /2
M xy
t /2
zG xy dz
CIVL 8/7117
6M x
t2
Qx Qy
q 0
x
y
M x M xy
Qx 0
x
y
M y
M xy
Qy 0
y
x
where q is the transverse distributed loading and Qx and Qy
are the transverse shear line loads.
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Qx Qy
q 0
x
y
M x M xy
Qx 0
x
y
M y
y
M xy
x
Qy 0
4w
4w
2 4w
D 4 2 2 4 q
x y
y
x
where the solution to the thin-plate bending is a function of the
transverse displacement w.
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4w
4w
2 4w
D 4 2 2 4 q
x y
y
x
If we neglect the differentiation with respect to the y direction,
the above equation simplifies to the equation for a beam and
the flexural rigidity D of the plate reduces to the EI of the beam
when the Poisson effect is set to zero.
1
x x y y xy xy dV
2 V
1
Mx x My y Mxy xy dA
2 A
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w ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a3 y a4 x 2 a5 xy a6 y 2 a7 x 3
a8 x 2 y a9 xy 2 a10 y 3 a11x 3 y a12 xy 3
The function given above is an incomplete quartic polynomial;
however, it is complete up to the third order (first ten terms),
and the choice of the two more terms from the remaining five
terms of the complete quartic must be made.
The choice of x3y and y3x ensure that we will have continuity in
the displacement among the interelement boundaries.
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w ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a3 y a4 x 2 a5 xy a6 y 2 a7 x 3
a8 x 2 y a9 xy 2 a10 y 3 a11x 3 y a12 xy 3
The terms x4 and y4 would yield discontinuities along the
interelement boundaries.
The final term x2y2 cannot be paired with any other term so it is
also rejected.
w ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a3 y a4 x 2 a5 xy a6 y 2 a7 x 3
a8 x 2 y a9 xy 2 a10 y 3 a11x 3 y a12 xy 3
The displacement function approximation also satisfies the
basic differential equation over the unloaded part of the plate.
In addition, the function accounts for rigid-body motion and
constant strain in the plate.
However, interelement slope discontinuities along common
boundaries of elements are not ensured.
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w ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a4 x 2 a7 x 3
w
a2 2a4 x 3a7 x 2
x
w
a3 a5 x a8 x 2 a11x 3
y
y
The displacement w is cubic while the slope w/x is the same
as in beam bending.
Based on the beam element, recall that the four constants a1,
a2, a4, and a7 can be defined by invoking the endpoint
conditions of wi, wj, i, and i.
w ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a4 x 2 a7 x 3
w
a2 2a4 x 3a7 x 2
x
w
a3 a5 x a8 x 2 a11x 3
y
y
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w
a2 2a4 x 3a7 x 2
x
w ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a4 x 2 a7 x 3
w
a3 a5 x a8 x 2 a11x 3
y
y
The normal slope w/y is not uniquely defined and a slope
discontinuity occurs.
The solution obtained from the finite element analysis using this
element will not be a minimum potential energy solution.
However, this element has proven to give acceptable results.
1 x y x 2 xy
w
x
0 0 1 0
y 0 1 0 2 x y
w
y
2y
x
0
x y
x2
2x 2
2 xyy
y 2
xy
y
2 xy 3 y 2
a1
x y
xy a2
3
x
3 xy 2 a3
2 x 2 y y 3
a12
3
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yi
xi 2
xi y i
xi
2 xi
y i
xj
2 xn
yi 2
xi 3
2y i
2 xi
xjy j
yj
y n
xj
xi 2 y i
xi
2
2 xn
2 xi y i
2
xi y i 2
2 xi y i
y i
2
2
xj y j
xjy j
2 xn y n
y n2
yi 3
3y i
0
yj
xi 3 y i
xi
2 xi y i
2
x j3y j
2 xn 2 y n
xi y i 3 a1
y i a3
x j y j 3 a4
3
y n a12
3 xi y i 2 a2
3
P C d
1
or
N d
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2w
x 2
2w
y 2
xy
2 2w
xy
x
2a4 6a7 x 2a8 y 6a11xy
2a 4a x 4a y 6a x 2 6a y 2
5
8
9
11
12
xy
or in matrix form as: Q a
2x
0
Q 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
0
4 x 4 y
0
6 y
6 xy
0
6 x 2
Th f
Therefore:
Q a
Q C
where: B Q C
or
a1
0 a2
6 xy a3
6 y 2
a12
B d
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M My D y D B d
M
xy
xy
0
Et 3
[D ]
0
1
2
12 1
0 0 0.5 1
[k ] [B ]T [D][B ] dxdy
The stiffness matrix for the four-node rectangular element is of a
12 x 12.
The surface force due to distributed loading q acting per unit
area in
i the
h z direction
di
i iis:
[Fs ] [Ns ]T q dxdy
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f yn k12,1 k12,2
k1,12 w i
xi
k3,12 yi
k 4,12 w j
k12,12 yn
k 2,12
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The figure below shows results for some selected Mindlin plate
theoryy elements.
Mindlin plate elements account for bending deformations and
for transverse shear deformation.
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Displacement
at the center (in)
% error
0.09100
11.6
16
0.09334
14.5
36
0.08819
8.2
64
0.08584
5.3
256
0.08300
1.8
1,024
0.08209
0.7
0.08182
0.08154
0.3
--
4,096
Exact Solution
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The next set of plots shows the shear stress xy and the nodeg shear stress xy.
average
The next set of plots shows the twisting moment Mxy and the
g twisting
g moment Mxy.
node-average
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End of Chapter 12
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