International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology

(IJARET)
Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 6977, Article ID: IJARET_07_02_007
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=2
Journal Impact Factor (2016): 8.8297 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
IAEME Publication
___________________________________________________________________________

DETERMINING METAL SURFACE

WAVINESS PARAMETERS AND HEIGHT
LIQUID SURFACE WAVE BY TRACKING
REFLECTED LASER SPECKLE
Mayada B.Al-Quzweny
Department of Physics, College of Science,
Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid
Solar Researches Centre, Renewable Energies Directorate,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Iraq
ABSTRACT
The work is concentrated on an experimental approach to determine
surface waviness of metal and height of liquid surface wave. It is based on
illuminated those surfaces with a highly coherent light such as laser, and
observed movement of center of speckle pattern which were gained from the
movement surfaces by using tracking program. The movements of the speckle
pattern work on carries important information about those surfaces. Two
triangulation methods employed to evaluate metal waviness and liquid surface
wave. The first method apply on a solid material (metal) and taking a video
directly from the reflected surface, the second method apply on the liquid
material (oil ) and taking a video after reflected from screen. The methods
used here have a great potential for precise and non-contact optical
measurements for surface wave measurements.
Key words: Tracking, Speckle Pattern, Waviness, CCD Camera
Cite this Article: Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim
Owaid. Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid
Surface Wave by Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp. 6977.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=2

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

69

editor@iaeme.com

Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid

1. INTRODUCTION
There are many diverse techniques that can be employed to relate the surface to the
physical effect used in their measurement. The technique used can be generalized into
two categories; contact and non-contact methods. The contact or stylus methods
involve dragging a measurement tip across the surface whereas non-contact methods
are based on imaging and microscopy principle. Stylus profilers are more commonly
used by the industries and are calibrated with help of calibration standards. Noncontact methods are based on optical techniques are fast and offer aerial measurement
of the surface [1-3]. Speckle technique one of non-contact measurement this
technique regarded as measuring signal and is widely applied in various field of
measurement without any surface treatment [4]. When a surface is illuminated a
coherent lights such a laser, it is scattered by the surface and a fine granular structure
or a speckle pattern including bright and dark regions is observed. This pattern carries
important information about the surface [5].One of these information surface
waviness measurement which required steady-rate displacements of the object and
depend on expected value of an angular distribution of scattered light intensity [6]. In
this paper we present two optical methods, the first one related on finding surface
waviness, in a large scale comparing with a roughness, for rough aluminum metal
strip and the second to determine amplitude of surface wave that caused by impact
iron sphere on motor oil liquid and studying the effect of changing temperature degree
of that surface on amplitude wave, where the two methods are based on tracking
speckle pattern movement.

2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS

2.1. Experimental Setup and Results of Evaluation Metal Surface
Waviness
The waviness parameters are considered as important parameters to characterize
surfaces. In our method and by using particular optical arrangement the waviness of
the rough aluminum strip (10 x50) cm2 which was fixed on traveling base moving
with constant speed (3.78) cm/sec could be evaluated. This by using a source of diode
laser with TEM00 mode, and CCD camera connected to personal computer (PC) with
MATLAB version 7.9. The laser was set in optical arrangement with vertical distance
20.96 cm from the surface, and 12.1 cm horizontal distance from incident laser point
on the surface. The camera set with F-number 2.8 and put in specular direction of the
scattering laser. The triangulation method of waviness measurement of our
experiment is explained in fig.1 which depends on relationship of similar triangles.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

70

editor@iaeme.com

Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by
Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle

Figure 1 Triangulation Measurement Diagram

In accordance with the structure in fig.1, and experiment arrangement there is
angle (1) between incident light ray and horizontal axis.
Angle (1) = angle (2) = 60
With the structure (a) is the distance between the reflective optical axis
intersection at the surface and the front of the receiving lens equal to 24.2 cm , and the
(b)is the distance from the back of the receiver lens to the array surface equal to (0.47)
cm and it is the focal length of camera lens at F-number (2.8).
To plot the waviness graph, video of moving speckle pattern recorded and
processing in two stages the first stage is reading video and converting it to individual
frames and the second stage is processing every frame to determine position of center
high intensity region of speckle pattern with pixel coordinate in CCD by tracking this
center. The tracking depends on "four crossing lines" method. This method applied on
each frame of video that consist of 384 frames, and a plot graph of the positions with
number of frame. Fig.2 illustrated graph. In our experiment the camera has frame rate
(29) frames/sec. this means the time from frame to frame is (0.0344) second, and with
constant liner speed of aluminum strip (3.78) cm/second. The distance that crossing
within one frame is (0.13) cm. this means each (0.13) cm of horizontal distance one
position is taken of speckle center.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

71

editor@iaeme.com

Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid

Figure 2 Graph of Strip Aluminum Waviness

From this graph and after applying triangulation method waviness parameter W a,
Wq, Wv, Wp, and Wt of surface are found. Where Wa is arithmetic average deviation
of waviness from the mean line. Wq is the corresponding parameter to wa is the root
mean square value of waviness. Wv is the maximum depth or lowest point of
waviness below the mean line. Wp is the maximum height or the highest point of
waviness above the mean line and Wt is the sum total of the maximum valley and
maximum peak of waviness. From fig.1 the magnification in our experiment is 0.02
[7] L found by graph (center position of high intensity region in speckle pattern ), and
L' (center position on aluminum strip ) is found by applying relationship of similar
triangles and magnification [8].then the displacement distance of surface along
normal direction is given by:
From the displacement distance of surface along normal direction amplitude
waviness parameters shown in table (1) and applied on graph illustrated in fig.3.
Table 1 Waviness Parameters of Aluminum Strip
Waviness
parameter

L measure
(pixel)

L measure
(cm)

X Actual
measure (cm)

Wa
Wq
Wv
Wp
Wt

9.5026
10.7467
19
21
40

0.25
0.28
0.49
0.54
1.04

0.21
0.24
0.43
0.47
0.90

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

72

editor@iaeme.com

Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by
Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle

Wa

Wp

Wt

Mean
line

Wv

Figure 3 Displacement Distance of Surface along Normal Direction Amplitude Waviness

Parameters

In our experiment (large surface waviness) the beam diameter must be very small
compare with distance between peak-to-peak of the surface waviness to get more
accuracy, and the incident angle of laser on the surface must be small as much as
possible to avoid the second reflection on surface.
In small surface waviness, a simple change in optical arrangement must be done,
the first change is the incident angle of laser on the surface is zero value, and the
second change video processing depends on tracking change distribution of intensity
inside the reflected speckle pattern.

2.2. Experimental Setup and Results of Evaluation Liquid Surface Wave:

In this experiment liquid surfaces state were characterized by using method depending
on noticing effect of impact of a solid sphere at a point on liquid surfaces. Simple
optical arrangements were used to observe this effect by tracking speckle movement
which was reflected from movement liquids surfaces.
This tracking of speckle reveals features that can be used to characterize different
types of liquids or to describe the changes in physical properties of the liquid by
changing external effect. The effect of impact of all liquids that used in our
experiment done by iron sphere which had volume (26.5)mm3 , and mass (1.044)g fell
vertically on liquid surfaces with free down at distance (3)cm behind of incident laser
point on liquid surface and the sphere position far (3) cm from surface where the
vertical distance between center of reflected speckle on screen and level of liquid was
(28.5) cm, and horizontal distance of incident laser point on liquid surface to screen
was equal (15.5)cm before impact. The CCD camera put in position far from screen
(14.5) cm and setup with same F-number and same (fps) in the first experiment.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

73

editor@iaeme.com

Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid

The effect of impact that was caused by incident iron sphere recorded by the
camera with video for (6)sec. this mean using 174 frames, these frames processing in
same program that is used to process frames of aluminum strip waviness.
Effect of impact sphere on liquid surface was studied. In our experiment with
three constant parameter velocity of sphere at fluid surface, non-dimensional Froude
number and initial energy of the sphere (just before impact). From equation (2) the
velocity of impact sphere on liquid surface is:
Uo = 2.42 m/sec where Uo is the velocity, (g) is the gravitational, (ho) height of
sphere from liquid surface [9], equation (3) shows the determine Froude number
which usually characterize impact with it [10].

Fr = 161.51where Fr is Froude number, d sphere diameter = 0.0037 m, initial

energy of the sphere calculated by using equation (4). [11]

k.E = 0.000305 Joule where K.E is an initial energy of the sphere (just before
impact), and msphere is sphere mass 1.044g.
At position of impact cavity of dropping sphere followed by pinch-off and
Worthington jet on surface construction. This interaction with liquid surface causes a
wave on surface. In our work the wave is that caused by impacting noticing at (3) cm
from falling sphere by using optical arrangement illustrated in figure (4) , which is
characterize by using program of tracking wave on liquid surface at noticing point.
This characterize depend on physical of laser and light reflection principle. When the
light source is fixed and irradiated surface, the normal of laser incidence angle will
produce a horizontal movement along with the vertical movement of liquid level, then
the reflected light image also will be change on the detection surface, and thus the
amount of liquid surface displacement be known.

Figure 4 Normal Translation Measurement Diagram for Liquid Surface.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

74

editor@iaeme.com

Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by
Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle

The graphs of effect sphere impact on liquid surface level (motor oil at 100 C)
with the number of frames is illustrated in figure (5), and explained impact effect on
the graph in figure (6).

Figure 5 Graphs of Motor Oil at 100 oC

Figure 6 Specifying the Effect of Worthington Jet and Pinch-Off on Liquid Surface
Wave
In this experiment the effect of impact sphere with the motor oil liquid at a
different temperature 110 oC,100 oC, 90 oC, 80 oC, 70 oC, 60 oC, 50 oC, 40 oC, 30 oC
and 26 oC are recorded and processing to get ten graphs, each graph related to one of

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

75

editor@iaeme.com

Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid

these temperature degrees, actual amplitudes of waves are gotten from the principle of
reflected light, and the parallel lines of different cross-cutting nature and triangle
method, the actual maximum amplitude found at upper and found at upper and lower
points on graph that reflected from the liquid surface by:
X: is distance from liquid surface displacement, L: is distance on screen, : is the
incident angle of laser beam. So from graphs and by using equation (5) actual
amplitude is found.
Table 2 Relation between Temperature and Wave Amplitude
Max. amplitude
L (cm)

Actual
Max. amplitude
X (cm)

No.

Temp. ( C)

Max. amplitude
in graph (pixel)

110

370

5.74

2.41

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
26

342
213
205
145
97
79
48
36
31

5.30
3.30
3.18
2.25
1.50
1.22
0.74
0.56
0.48

2.23
1.39
1.33
0.94
0.63
0.51
0.31
0.23
0.20

The changing impact effect of solid sphere on surface of motor oil at noticing
point expressed as relationship between liquid temperature and maximum amplitude
height of liquid surface wave as shown in table (2)this relationship plot as illustrated
in figure(7).

R square =
0.9723

Figure 7 Curve illustrated change impact effect on liquid surface with different
temperature.
The fitting equation of this curve used to describe the effect of impact solid sphere
at noticing point under this experiment condition.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

76

editor@iaeme.com

Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by
Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle

3. CONCLUSIONS
The work depends on tracking all the central regions which have high intensity, for
each speckle pattern in video frames. This shows a great potential for non-contact
optical surfaces in measurements. This will enable us to study and observe surfaces in
a high accuracy within a short time specially with a great developing in imaging
systems. In addition to that any external effect on liquid surfaces can be evaluated by
building calibration relationship between changing the external effect and liquid
surface wave behavior.

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Mahesh Chand, A.Mehta, R.Sharma, V.N.Ojha &K.P.Chaudhary. (2011),

Roughness Measurement Using Optical Profiler with Self-Reference Laser and
Stylus Instrument A comparative Study, Pure and Appl.phy.49:335-339.Hebeish,
A. and El-Rafie, M. H. American Dyestuff Reporter, 79(7), 1990, pp. 34.
Chin Y.Poon &B.Bhushan.(1995), Comparison of Surface Roughness
Measurements by Stylus Profiler, AFM and non-Contact Optical Profiler, Wear,
190:76-88.Evans, G. E., Shore, J. and Stead, C. V. Journal of Society of Dyers &
Colourist, 100, 1984, pp. 304.
F.Gascon &F.Salazar. (2011), Simulation of Rough Surfaces and Analysis of
Roughness by MATLAB, In Tech 564:391-420.
Chern-Sheng Lin, C.Min, F.Shu, M.Yeh, C.Chao &R.Chen, 2011, Application of
Laser Speckle Technology in Solar Wafer Roughness Inspection System, Indian
Journal of Pure &Applied Physics 49:523-530.Abou-Shousha, M. H. American
Dyestuff Reporter, 77(10), 1988, pp. 32.
Ersin Kayahan, H.Oktem, F.H.Nasibov, &O.Gundogdu, 2010, Measurement of
Surface Roughness of Metal Using Binary Speckle Image Analysis, Trib. Inter.
43:307-311.Harper, R. J. et. al. Textile Chemists & Colorist, 20, 1988, pp. 25.
C.Lukianowicz &T.Karpinski. (2001), Optical System for Measurement of Surface
Form and Roughness, Meas. Science Review, 1:151-154.
Jiri Keprt & Ludek Bartonek, 1999, Measurement of Small Deformations by Laser
Speckle Interferometry, Physica 38:115-125.
Huanqi Tao &W.Liu, (2010), Measurement System for Liquid Level Based on
Laser Triangulation and Angular Tracking, Journal of Computer 5:1444-1447.
Benjamin Akers & Andrew Belmonte. (2006), Impact Dynamic of Sphere Falling
into a Viscoelastic Micellar Fluid, J.Non-Newtoian Fluid Mech.135:97108.Trotman, E. R., Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, 5th
Edition. London and High Wycombe: Charles Griffin and Company Ltd., 1975, pp.
540.
Torben Grumstrup, J.B. Keller &A.Belmonte. (2007), Cavity Ripples Observed
During the Impact of Solid Objects into Liquids, Am. Phy. Soci.99:114502.Booth,
J. E., Principles of Textile Testing. London: Butterworth Scientific Publishers,
1987.
Sindhu Priyadarshini, Dr. Chandrashekar and Dr. Manjunath. Study of the Effects
of Illumination and The Camera Parameters In The Haemoglobin Estimation Using
A Digital Camera. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
5(4), 2016, pp. 5764.
Jenna Maria. (2011), an Experimental Study of Worthington Jet Formation after
Impact of Solid Sphere, MS.c Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp

77

editor@iaeme.com