Electric Motor Protection

Gunawan # 119452
Electrical/Maintenance

Agenda
1 Introduction
2 Motor Electric Failures
3 Relay Protection

4 Agenda 4

1 Introduction

1. Introduction
Costs Associated with Motor Failures
Costs Associated with Motor Failures

Equipment downtime
Loss of production
Collateral equipment damage
Equipment replacement
Work in process damage
Overtime for repair crews
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1. Introduction
Thermal Breakdown

Electric Motor Failures causes

Thermal
Mechanical
Environmental

Thermal Breakdown

1. Introduction

2 Motor Electrical Failures

2. Motor Electrical failures

2. Motor electrical failures

Thermal breakdown causes

Thermal Breakdown
Over load
Voltage variations
Single Phasing

Short Circuits

Thermal Breakdown

Lightning and Surges

Improper Ventilation / Cooling
Dirt / Dust Accumulation
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Over load
Thermal Breakdown
Process Cause (Excessive load)
High Ambient Condition

Thermal Breakdown

Power supply ( Voltage / Current unbalance)

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Voltage
Voltage Variations
Phase unbalance
Thermal Breakdown

Phase loss (Single Phasing)

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Low Voltage..cause
Demand for power is greater than the
supply
Long cable runs
Overloaded transformers
Thermal Breakdown
Distribution system

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Low Voltage Effect

Reduced efficiency

Reduced life expectancy

Increased temperatures
Increased currentThermal Breakdown
Lower torque

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High Voltage Effect

Reduced efficiency
Reduced power factor
Increased power consumption
Increased current Thermal Breakdown
Increased temperature

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Voltage Unbalance
Percent voltage unbalance

= 100 x Maximum voltage deviation from average voltage

average voltage

Thermal Breakdown

example:
Assume voltages to a motor are 228 V to Phase A, 220V to
Phase B and 236 V to Phase C. The average voltage is
228 V. The voltage unbalance is as follows:
Voltage imbalance = 236-228 x 100 = 3.5%
228

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Cause of Voltage Unbalance

Unequal loading of a three phase system
Unequal tap settings on transformers
Loose connections in the power system
Damaged starter contacts
Thermal Breakdown
Open delta transformer systems
Storms (lightning)
Poor regulation by utility

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Voltage unbalance Effect

Horsepower Derating

Thermal Breakdown

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Single Phasing

Thermal Breakdown

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Causes of Single Phasing

Damaged motor starter contact
Burned open overload relay
Damaged switch or circuit breaker
Blown fuse
Thermal Breakdown
Open cable or bus on transformer
secondary
Open motor winding
Open transformer winding

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Mechanical breakdown causes

Thermal Breakdown
Bearing failure
Vibration
Improper alignment

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Thermal Breakdown

Bearing failure causes

Thermal Breakdown
Improper Lubrication
Excessive Belt Tension
Misalignment

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Thermal Breakdown

Environmental breakdown causes

Thermal Breakdown
Moisture / Water
Corrosion / Chemical
Age

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Thermal Breakdown

% Causes of Motor Failures

Thermal Breakdown

Thermal Breakdown

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Causes of Motor Failures

Thermal Breakdown
Bearing

Rotor Failures

Failures

5%

Overload

13%

30%

Thermal Breakdown

Contaminants
19%

Single Phasing

Misc
9%

Old Age
10%

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14%

3 Relay Protection

3.1 Thermal overload relay

Thermal Breakdown

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Thermal over load function :

Thermal Breakdown

Over load
Application : Low Voltage motor 480 V

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Thermal O/L curve

Thermal Breakdown

Thermal Breakdown

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Thermal O/L operation

Thermal Breakdown

Thermal Breakdown

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Thermal O/L connection

Thermal Breakdown

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Thermal Over load installation

Thermal Breakdown

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3.2 Time Over current relay

Thermal Breakdown

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Time Over current Function

Thermal Breakdown

Over load
Instantaneous Over current
Stall time
Application : Medium Voltage motor
4160 V

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Time Over current relay connection

Thermal Breakdown

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Time Over current relay operation

Thermal Breakdown

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3.3 Lodtrak IV relay

Thermal Breakdown

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Lodtrak IV Function

Thermal Breakdown

Over load
Over Temperature
Instantaneous Over current
Phase Unbalance
Stall time
Under current
Load jam

Application : Medium Voltage motor

4160 V
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Lodtrak IV Function connection

Thermal
Breakdown

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3.4 Differential relay

Thermal Breakdown

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Differential Relay functions

Thermal Breakdown
Internal fault

Application : High Voltage motor

13800 V

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Differential relay connection

Thermal Breakdown

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Differential relay operation

Thermal Breakdown

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3.5 Digital Relay

Thermal n

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Motor Management Relay functions

Thermal Breakdown
Over load

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Over Temperature
Instantaneous Over current
Phase Unbalance
Stall time
Under current
Load jam
Under / Over Voltage
Ground fault

Application : Medium Voltage motor

4160 V

Motor Management relay Connection

Thermal n

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3.5 Digital Relay

Thermal n

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48

M 60 Motor Relay functions

Thermal Breakdown
Over load
Over Temperature
Instantaneous Over current
Phase Unbalance
Stall time
Under current
Load jam
Differential
Under / Over Voltage
Ground fault
Application : High Voltage motor
13800 V

M 60 Motor Relay connection

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Thank you

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