4312lec04 PDF

COURSE
ENGI 4312
Mechanics of Solids I
INSTRUCTOR
Prof. Steve Bruneau,
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
sbruneau@engr.mun.ca
T.A.s Emad Rizk, Nabil Dawood
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
TEXT READING
NOTES
Tell me if
you are not
on this list
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
TEXT READING
NOTES
Let me know now

if there are
conflicts with your
scheduled lab
day1 or day2
Assignment Notes: Apparently, Mecmovies must be accessed with Internet

Explorer dont use Netscape, Firefox or any of the other stuff.
Px
Py
20oP
COURSE
ENGI 4312
0.2m
1.2m
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
INSTRUCTOR
Equilibrium FBD of tine

Note that if moments taken
about E then there is only one
unknown Py
M E = 0
29.43 kN
Fy
30o
Fx
TOPIC
TEXT READING
Shear Plane A (smallest surface to shear)

NOTES
A
45o
Area A = a sin(45o )(4) = 2.828a
Strain Problems
COURSE
ENGI 4312
Initial diameter do = 6 in
Final diameter d = 7 in
76
d do
=
= 0.167 in / in
=
6
do
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
3m
4m
LBD
LCE = 10mm
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
LBD LCE
=
3
7
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
LBD = 3(10) / 7 = 4.286mm
Section 3.1 3.7

NOTES
CE =
BD =
LCE
= 10 / 4000 = 0.00250mm / mm
L
LBD
= 4.286 / 4000 = 0.00107 mm / mm
L
Strain Problems
x =
COURSE
ENGI 4312
0.3
= 0.03 in / in
10
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
0.2
y =
= 0.02 in / in
10
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
2-16 Determine shear strain along the edges of the plate at A and B
At A:
'
'
NOTES
10.2 in
2
9.7 in
= tan 1 (
9.7
) = 43.561o
10.2
'= 1.52056 rad
( A )nt = 1.52056
2
( A )nt = 0.0502 rad
B is equal magnitude but

opposite sign:
( B )nt = 0.0502 rad
CHAPTER 3 Mechanical Properties of Materials

The mechanical properties of a particular solid helps to describe how
the solid behaves under load or in varying temperatures. The typical
properties of interest to engineers are:
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Elasticity, Resilience, Toughness, Rigidity, Yield Strength

Ultimate strength, Poissons ratio
In this section we are going to
learn how these properties are
defined and what significance
they have to engineers.
Properties are inherent to

materials and are thus
determined through experiment
of representative specimens.
The tension or compression test
is commonly used to identify the
relationship between average
normal stress and average
normal strain. All of the
properties above may be
determined using this simple test.
Instron Model 4487

electro-mechanical load
frame, 67,000-lb
capacity.
Tension Test
COURSE
Specimens like the standardized one shown are prepared for the test.
Punch marks away from the ends mark the locations where elongation
will be measured. The machine measures and displays loads. All
specimen dimensions are measured prior to the test.
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
The machine is used to stretch the specimen at a slow constant rate

until it reaches its breaking point. The applied load and the elongation
are measured on a frequent or continuous basis. The calibration of this
load into a stress and the elongation into a strain then permits the
plotting of the results on what is referred to as the
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Note that elongation may be measured using an extensometer or by
using strain gauges which detect strain through a change in electrical
resistance in a thin wire film when stretched.
Stress Strain Diagram

Using the experimental data the nominal stress is computed by
dividing the applied load by the specimens original cross-sectional
area. This calculation also assumes that the stress is constant over
the cross-sectional area between the punch marks.
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Likewise the nominal strain is found either from the strain gauge
reading directly, or, via the quotient of the specimens change in
gauge length over its original gauge length.
This diagram is very
important in engineering
as it leads to the
definition of many key
properties and is
independent of sample
size and shape. Due to
natural variability in
composition,
manufacturing,
temperature, load rates
etc no two diagrams will
be exactly the same but
average representations
are quite acceptable in
practice.
P
=
Ao
Lo
Elastic behavior:
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Representative of Ductile Steel
When a material rebounds to its original

size and shape without damage or
permanent strain after loading it is said
to be elastic. This behavior is mostly
identified on the stress-strain curve in
the region where stress is directly
proportional to strain and is therefore
linearly elastic ie. The curve is in fact a
straight line.
The Proportional Limit marks the end of
this linear region. The Elastic limit, just
beyond the proportional limit marks the
end of elastic behavior after which
deformations become permanent.
Yielding:
Beyond the elastic limit a specimen begins to
Yield - undergoes permanent deformation. The
yield point marks this exact point on the curve.
Stresses applied beyond this result in what we
call Plastic Deformation. If a material continues
to elongate without any increase in load
carrying capacity beyond the yield point it is
said to be Perfectly Plastic.
Strain Hardening:
When yielding has ended a further load

can be applied to the specimen resulting
in a curve that rises higher but flatter
until the Ultimate stress is reached.
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
The rise in the curve is called strain

hardening and the elongation is
assumed to act uniformly over the
specimens length up to the Ultimate
Stress.
Necking
The cross sectional area of the specimen has decreased uniformly to this
point, but beyond the ultimate stress a localized region called a Neck begins to
form. The load that this neck region can carry diminishes further as increased
elongation reduces cross sectional area further which in turn reduces load
carrying capacity. The process continues until the specimen breaks or parts at
what we call the fracture stress.
True Stress Strain Diagram
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Instead of using the nominal stress

for plotting, one may use the actual
cross-sectional area at the instant of
load measurement to get a true
stress. Also for strain one may
compute true strain using the
specimen length at the point the load
measurement is taken, instead of
relating back to the original length.
The true stress-true strain diagram
shows that ductile steel actually
carries greater stress up to the
fracture point. None-the-less the
nominal stress-strain diagram is used
in most engineering practices where
most work is done in the elastic
range. (error of .1% for stiff
materials)
The diagram shows that the
strains in the elastic region of
the mild steel specimen are
much, much smaller than
those experienced in the
plastic range. 317 times at
failure strain!!
Ductile and Brittle Materials

Ductile materials can sustain large strains before failure. Example: Mild Steel
Ductile materials are often used by engineers because they absorb shock well
and they give you an indication that theres a problem before failure occurs.
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Brittle materials barely yield at all before failure. Example: Cast Iron
Brittle materials are often quite hard and may resist wear and corrosion quite
well, but failure of a specimen may come unexpectedly as plastic deformation is
not observed prior to catastrophic rupture.
Ductile behavior
Ductility specified by percent elongation
L f Lo
% Elongation =
(100%)
Lo
Mild Steel = 38%
And, or ductility is specified by percent area reduction
Ao Af
% Area.reduction =
(100%)
Ao
Mild Steel = 60%
Other ductile materials are brass and zinc with constant yielding beyond the
elastic range. Aluminum, however, does not have constant yielding and often
the yield point must be determined using the Offset Method graphical means
of getting point at 0.2% strain
Natural Rubber is a non-linear

elastic ductile material. Wood is also
ductile but care is taken to remain in
the elastic range of behavior
Brittle behavior
Gray cast Iron is very brittle but has a
significantly higher resistance to axial
compression than tension.
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Recall this for

mild steel
Concrete
Concrete is classified as a brittle material, and it also has a low strength capacity
in tension.
The mix controls the specific properties (ratios of water sand cement,
aggregates, etc) plus the curing time and temperature.
COURSE
ENGI 4312
The compressive strength of concrete is 12.5 times greater than its tensile
strength in this typical diagram. That is the main reason why steel bars are used
INSTRUCTOR
As reinfocement where tensile loads are to be carried.
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Hookes Law
Robert Hooke in 1676 used springs to demonstrate a proportional increase in
stain with stress
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
= E
E represents the constant of proportionality for the

linear relationship. It is also called the
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY or Youngs Modulus.
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
E is a measure of the STIFFNESS of a

material. Fortunately, virtually all forms of
steel have about the same modulus if
elasticity (slope) even though the
proportional limits vary greatly.
Units of E are pascals since strain is
dimensionless and stress is a pressure. Ex:
Esteel = 200 GPa
Strain Hardening
Elastic strain is recovered but plastic strain remains the material becomes
subject to permanent set. The following curves illustrate the increase of yield
point due to plastic strain and the subsequent loss of ductility called strain
hardening.
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Mechanical Hysteresis results from the loss of strain energy to heat,

therefore, the specimen does not rebound perfectly along the original path
of loading. This effect is important when selecting materials to serve as
dampers for vibrating structural or mechanical equipment..
Strain Energy
A material deformed under loading stores energy like any work applied to a
spring. This type of stored internal energy is referred to as Strain energy.
Strain Energy Density is expressed as:
U 1
u=
=
V 2
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
If the material behavior is linear elastic then Hookes law applies and we can
represent strain energy density in terms of uniaxial stress:
1 2
u=
2E
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES
Resilience
The modulus of resilience is the mechanical
property that describes how much energy a
material can absorb prior to yielding near the
proportional limit.
1
1 2 pl
ur = plpl =
2
2 E
Toughness
The modulus of toughness is the mechanical property that describes the
strain energy density of a material prior to its rupture. So it is represented by
the entire area under the stress strain diagram and measures the ultimate
energy absorption capability.
COURSE
ENGI 4312
INSTRUCTOR
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
rizk@engr.mun.ca
nabil@engr.mun.ca
chaoguo@engr.mun.ca
TOPIC
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
TEXT READING
Hibbeler
Section 3.1 3.7
NOTES

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COURSE

Let me know now

Assignment Notes: Apparently, Mecmovies must be accessed with Internet

Equilibrium FBD of tine

Shear Plane A (smallest surface to shear)

Area A = a sin(45o )(4) = 2.828a

LBD = 3(10) / 7 = 4.286mm

Section 3.1 3.7

'= 1.52056 rad

( A )nt = 0.0502 rad

B is equal magnitude but

( B )nt = 0.0502 rad

CHAPTER 3 Mechanical Properties of Materials

Elasticity, Resilience, Toughness, Rigidity, Yield Strength

Properties are inherent to

Instron Model 4487

The machine is used to stretch the specimen at a slow constant rate

Stress Strain Diagram

Representative of Ductile Steel

When a material rebounds to its original

Representative of Ductile Steel

When yielding has ended a further load

The rise in the curve is called strain

True Stress Strain Diagram

Instead of using the nominal stress

Representative of Ductile Steel

Ductile and Brittle Materials

Mild Steel = 38%

And, or ductility is specified by percent area reduction

Mild Steel = 60%

Natural Rubber is a non-linear

Recall this for

As reinfocement where tensile loads are to be carried.

E represents the constant of proportionality for the

E is a measure of the STIFFNESS of a

Mechanical Hysteresis results from the loss of strain energy to heat,

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