Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hatem Alsyouri
Heat and Mass Transfer Operations
Chemical Engineering Department
The University of Jordan
References
1.
2.
3.
Packed Columns
Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption,
and liquid-liquid extraction.
The gas liquid contact in a packed bed column is
continuous, not stage-wise, as in a plate column.
The liquid flows down the column over the packing surface
and the gas or vapor, counter-currently, up the column.
Some gas-absorption columns are co-current
The performance of a packed column is very dependent on
the maintenance of good liquid and gas distribution
throughout the packed bed.
2
Packing material
Plate columns can handle a wider range of liquid and gas flow-rates
than packed columns.
2)
Packed columns are not suitable for very low liquid rates.
3)
The efficiency of a plate can be predicted with more certainty than the
equivalent term for packing (HETP or HTU).
4)
Design Procedure
Specify
separation
requirements
Determine
column height (Z)
Select column
internals
Determine
column diameter
Packing Materials
1. Ceramic: superior wettability, corrosion
resistance at elevated temperature, bad
strength
2. Metal: superior strength & good wettability
3. Plastic: inexpensive, good strength but may
have poor wettability at low liquid rate
Reference:
Seader and Henley
Structured
packing materials
Reference:
Seader and Henley
10
Characteristics of Packing
Reference:
Seader and Henley
11
Reference:
Seader and Henley
12
TU
TU
Height of Transfer Unit (HTU)
TU
TU
n
Vin yin
Lout xout
Packing Height (Z) = height of transfer unit (HTU) number of transfer units (n)
13
More common
Equilibrium stage
analysis
HETP method
Mass Transfer
analysis
HTU method
Z = HETP N
N = number of theoretical stages obtained from
McCabe-Thiele method
HETP
Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate
Represents the height of packing that gives
similar separation to as a theoretical stage.
HETP values are provided for each type of
packing
Z = HTU NTU
HTU = Height of a Transfer unit
NTU = Number of Transfer Units (obtained by
numerical integration)
V
K y a Ac
L
K x a Ac
y A out
y A in
x A out
x A in
dy
Z H OG NOG
*
( yA yA )
d xA
( x A x*A )
Z H OL NOL
14
y A out
y A in
dy
( y *A y A )
HOG
Substitute values to calculate HOG
Integration = NOG
NOG is evaluated graphically by numerical integration using the equilibrium and
operating lines.
Draw 1/(yA* -yA) (on y-axis) vs. yA (on x-axis). Area under the curve is the value
of integration.
1
( y *A y A )
Evaluate area
under the curve
by numerical
integration
Area = N
15
Local
Local
gas phase
liq phase
Overall
16
LOCAL coefficient
OVERALL coefficient
Gas Phase
Z = HG NG
Z = HOG NOG
M. Transfer Coeff.: ky a
Driving force:
Liquid
Phase
M. Transfer Coeff.: Ky a
Z = H L NL
M. Transfer Coeff.: kx a
Driving force: (x xi)
(y y*)
Z = HOL NOL
M. Transfer Coeff.: Kx a
Driving force:
(x x*)
Note: Driving force could be ( y yi) or (yi y) is decided based on direction of flow. This
17
applies to gas and liquid phases, overall and local.
y A out
N OG
yout
yin
dy A
*
( yA yA )
y A in
y A out
1
y ( y*A y A ) dy A
A in
yA
yA*
(yA*-yA)
1/(yA*-yA)
yA in
yA out
operating lines
19
f ( X ) dX
X0
h
f ( X 0 ) 4 f ( X 1 ) 2 f ( X 2 ) 4 f ( X 3 ) 2 f ( X 4 ) 4 f ( X 5 ) f ( X 6 )
3
X X 0
h 6
6
f ( X ) dX
X0
h
f ( X 0 ) 4 f ( X 1 ) 2 f ( X 2 ) 4 f ( X 3 ) f ( X 4 )
3
X 4 X 0
4
X0
f ( X ) dX
h
f ( X 0 ) 4 f ( X 1 ) f ( X 2 )
3
X 2 X 0
2
20
L'
L'
Yn1 X n (Y1 X o )
V'
V'
21
22
23
Y out
Y1
X in
Y2
Y3
Y3 i
Y4
Y out Y5
Y in
X in
kxa
slope
kya
X out
X out
24
Y out
Y1
X in
Y2
Y3
vertical
Y4
Y3 *
Y out Y5
Y in
X in
X out
X out
25
kxa
kya
Y out
Y in
Y out
Y in
X1
X in
X2
X3
X3 i X 4
X in
X out
X out
26
Y out
Y in
X in
horizontal
Y out
Y in
X out
X3 *
X1
X in
X2
X3
X4
X out
27
Note: This exercise (from Seader and Henley) was solved using an equation
based on a certain approximation. You need to re-solve it graphically using
Simspons rule and compare the results.
28
29
30
Stripping Exercise
Wankat 15D8
We wish to strip SO2 from water using air at 20C.
The inlet air is pure. The outlet water contains
0.0001 mole fraction SO2, while the inlet water
contains 0.0011 mole fraction SO2. Operation is
at 855 mmHg and L/V = 0.9(L/V)max. Assume
HOL = 2.76 feet and that the Henrys law
constant is 22,500 mmHg/mole frac SO2.
Calculate the packing height required.
31
Solution
T = 20C
P = 855 mmHg
Water
L
xin = 0.0011
= 11104
Air (solvent)
V
xout = 0.0001
yin = 0
= 1104
40
35
30
y SO2 103
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
xout
1104
x SO2
104
10
xin
12
11104
14
16
33
34
40
35
30
y SO2 103
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
xout
1104
x SO2
104
10
xin
12
11104
14
16
35
30
25
y SO2 103
20
15
10
0
0
10
12
x SO2 104
36
30
25
y SO2 103
20
15
10
5
0
x SO2 104
10
12
37
x*
1/(x-x*)
1.0E-4
10,000
3.0E-04
2.0E-04
10,000
5.0E-04
7.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
10,000
10,000
9.0E-04
8.0E-04
10,000
1.1E-03
1.0E-03
10,000
Apply a graphical
or numerical
method for
evaluating NOL
x A in0.0011
dx
*
(
x
x
A
A)
x A out 0.0001
f ( X ) dX
X0
h
f ( X 0 ) 4 f ( X 1 ) 2 f ( X 2 ) 4 f ( X 3 ) 2 f ( X 4 ) 4 f ( X 5 ) f ( X 6 )
3
h
X6
X0
f ( X ) dX
X 6 X 0
X 6 X 0 f ( X
63
6
0
) 4 f ( X 1 ) 2 f ( X 2 ) 4 f ( X 3 ) 2 f ( X 4 ) 4 f ( X 5 ) f ( X 6 )
38
X6
f ( X ) dX
X0
X 6 X 0 f ( X
63
) 4 f ( X 1 ) 2 f ( X 2 ) 4 f ( X 3 ) 2 f ( X 4 ) 4 f ( X 5 ) f ( X 6 )
x A in0.0011
dx
*
(
x
x
A
A)
x A out 0.0001
f (X )
1
( x x* )
Z = 26.22 ft
39
5-point method
X4
X0
f ( X ) dX
h
f ( X 0 ) 4 f ( X 1 ) 2 f ( X 2 ) 4 f ( X 3 ) f ( X 4 )
3
X4 X0
h
4
40
41
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Feed
Distillate
Bottom
Reflux
Boilup
6.
7.
8.
9.
Rectifying section
Striping section
Condenser
Re-boiler
Rectifying
Stripping
43
44
Rectifying section
HTU
NTU
NTU
HTU
Stripping section
45
xA
yA i
xA i
y Ai y A k x a L H G
x Ai x A
kya V HL
yA
46
47
48
49
50
ya
yai
0.04
0.3225
0.605
0.605
0.7625
0.92
0.13
0.455
0.63
0.62
0.8
0.95
(yai-ya) 1/(yai-ya)
0.09
0.1325
0.025
0.015
0.0375
0.03
11.11
7.55
40.00
66.67
26.67
33.33
51
52