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Homework 3 of Matb 220 due on 8/3/2014.
Page 77. 1, 7,12,16. Page 83 2,5,8,11,14,16,18,20
Definition. Given n differentiable functions y1 , y2 , , yn , define their wronskian
W = W (y1 , y2 , , yn ) =

y1

y1

y2

y2

.
.
.

y1

.
.
.
(n1)
y2

12. e2x cos(x), e2x sin(x), where = 0

yn

yn
.
.
.
(n1)
yn

Wronskian Test. The differentiable functions y1 , y2 , , yn , are linearly independent

on an interval I of R, if and only if W (y1 , y2 , , yn ) = 0 at some point of I.
p77. Find a homogeneous, second order, linear ODE y + ay + by = 0 with constant
(or variable) coefficients for which the given functions are solutions. Show linear
independence (a) by considering quotients, (b) by Wronskian test.
2. cos x, sin x
Solution. Reversing the process from the roots back to form
characteristic equation. From the given trigonometric functions, one can obtain
the characteristic roots i, and i. Hence the char. equation is 0 = ( + i)(
i) = 2 + 2 . The ODE is y + y = 0. Remark. One can also check both
satisfy the 1st order non-linear equation (y )2 + 2 y 2 = 2 .
sin(x)
(a) the ratio g(x) = cos(x)
= tan(x) which is a non-constant function, as
g(0) = tan(0) = 0, and g(1/4) = tan(/4) = 1.
(b) The Wronskian W (cos x, sin x) = cos x(sin x) (cos x) sin x
= cos2 x sin2 x = , which is no-zero, so it follows from
the Wronskian test that the two functions are linearly independent.
1. e0.5x , e0.5x
(a) Ratio =

Solution. =

. The ODE is

y +

y+

= 0.

(b) W (e0.5x , e0.5x ) =

e0.5x
0.5e0.5x

7. cos(2 ln x), sin(2 ln x)

Solution. Compare the roots m = of the
characteristic polynomial m2 + (a 1)m + b = 0 of Cauchy-Euler equation
x2 y + axy + by = 0 with solution x (A sin x + B sin x) then m =
or
.

16. ekx cos(x), ekx sin(x).

p83. Find the (real-valued) general solution. Which rule are you using? Show each
step of your calculation. (Study method of undetermined coefficients.)
1. y +3y +2y = 30e2x .
Solution. The char. equation of homogeneous equation
y +3y +2y = 0 is 0 = 2 +3+2 = (+1)(+2), so = 1 or = 2, hence the
general solution yh (x) = c1 ex + c2 e2x . As the non-homogeneous term r(x) is of
exponential type, which exponent is not equal to the characteristic roots, it follows
from the method of undetermined coefficients without modification rule that
the particular solution yp (x) = Ae2x for some constant A to be determined later.
30e2x = yp + 3yp + 2yp = A(22 + 3 2 + 2)e2x , so 12A = 30, i.e. A = 5/2. So the
general solution yg (x) = yh (x) + yp (x) = c1 ex + c2 e2x + 5e2x /2.
2. y + 4y + 3.75y = 109 cos 5x Solution. Char equation 0 = 2 +
has roots

and

. So yh (x) =

5. y + y 6y = 6x3 3x2 + 12x

14. y + 2y + y = 2x sin x

8. y + 10y + 25y = 100 sinh 5x = 50e5x 50e5x sinh x = (ex + ex )/2.

Solution. Char eq. 0 = 2 + 10 + 25 = ( + 5)2 , the roots are = 5, 5 with
multiplicity= 2. yh (x) = (c1 + c2 x)e5x . The non-homogeneous term r(x) =
50e5x 50e5x , part of which coincide with yh , so apply modification rule for
e5x for the part. sol. yp (x) = Ae5x + Bx2 e5x . By (uv) = u v + 2u v + uv ,

p 83. Solve the initial value problem. State which rules you are using. Show each
step of your calculation in detail. (Study method of undetermined coefficients.)
18. y 2y = 12e2x 8e2x

y(0) = 2

y (0) = 12

yp (x) =
yp (x) =

11. y + 1.44y = 24 cos 1.2x

20. y + 2y + 10y = 17 sin x 37 sin 3x,

y(0) = 6.6,

y (0) = 2.2