Heat Transfer - K. A. Gavhane

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Heat Transfer
by K. A. Gavhane1
Created by
Deepak
Bachelor of Technology
Chemical Engineering
DCRUST,Murthal
College Teacher
Ms. Sunanda
Cross-Checked by
Lavitha Pereira
May 24, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Heat Transfer
Author: K. A. Gavhane
Publisher: Nirali Prakashan, Pune
Edition: 10
Year: 2010
ISBN: 8190639617
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
2 Conduction
3 Convection
48
4 Radiation
96
5 Heat Exchangers
114
6 Evaporation
149
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
Thickness of insulation . . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss per metre . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loss per area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat Passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulated pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Composite brick . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat flow in a pipe . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reduction in heat loss in insulated pipe
Heat loss in a pipe . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arrangements for heat loss . . . . . . .
Insulation thickness . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss in furnace . . . . . . . . . . .
Rate of heat loss in pipe . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss from insulated steel pipe . . .
Heat loss from furnace . . . . . . . . . .
Rate of heat loss . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat loss per metre . . . . . . . . . . .
Mineral wool insulation . . . . . . . . .
Furnace wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thickness of insulating brick . . . . . .
Heat flow through furnace wall . . . . .
4
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5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
26
27
28
29
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.49
2.50
2.51
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
Heat loss in pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Heat flux through layers . . . . . . . . . . .
Conductive conductance furnace wall . . . .
Critical radius of insulation . . . . . . . . .
Critical radius of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time required for steel ball . . . . . . . . .
Steel ball quenched . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ball plunged in a medium . . . . . . . . . .
Slab temperature suddenly lowered . . . . .
Flow over a flat plate . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stainless steel rod immersed in water . . . .
Chromel alumel thermocouple . . . . . . . .
Thermocouple junction . . . . . . . . . . .
Batch reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat dissipation by aluminium rod . . . . .
Aluminium fin efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .
Pin fins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metallic wall surrounded by oil and water .
Brass wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boundary layer thickness . . . . . . . . . .
Boundary layer thickness of plate . . . . . .
Thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer
Flat plate boundary layer . . . . . . . . . .
Rate of heat removed from plate . . . . . .
Heat removed from plate . . . . . . . . . .
Local heat transfer coefficient . . . . . . . .
Width of plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transferred in flat plate . . . . . . . .
Rate of heat transferred in turbulent flow .
Heat transfer from plate in unit direction .
Heat lost by sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat lost by sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent power lost in bulb . . . . . . . . . .
Heat lost by cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer in tube . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer coefficient . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer coefficient in heated tube . . .
h of water flowing in tube . . . . . . . . . .
5
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30
31
31
33
34
34
35
36
37
38
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
48
49
50
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
58
59
60
60
61
62
63
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Overall heat transfer coefficient . . . .

Number of tubes in exchanger . . . . .
Convective film coefficient . . . . . . .
Length of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooling coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outlet temperature of water . . . . . .
Inside heat transfer coefficient . . . . .
Film heat transfer coefficient . . . . .
Area of exchanger . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural and forced convection . . . .
Natural convection . . . . . . . . . . .
Free convection in vertical pipe . . . .
Heat loss per unit length . . . . . . .
Free convection in pipe . . . . . . . .
Free convection in plate . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer from disc . . . . . . . .
Rate of heat input to plate . . . . . .
Two cases in disc . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total heat loss in a pipe . . . . . . . .
Heat loss by free convection . . . . . .
Heat loss from cube . . . . . . . . . .
Plate exposed to heat . . . . . . . . .
Nucleate poolboiling . . . . . . . . . .
Peak Heat flux . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stable film pool boiling . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer in tube . . . . . . . . . .
Nucleat boiling and heat flux . . . . .
Dry steam condensate . . . . . . . . .
Laminar Condensate film . . . . . . .
Saturated vapour condensate in array
Mass rate of steam condensation . . .
Saturated tube condensate in a wall .
Condensation rate . . . . . . . . . . .
Condensation on vertical plate . . . .
Heat loss by radiaiton . . . . . . . . .
Radiation from unlagged steam pipe .
Interchange of radiation energy . . . .
Heat loss in unlagged steam pipe . . .
6
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64
65
67
68
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
77
78
79
80
82
83
83
84
86
86
87
88
89
89
90
91
92
93
94
94
96
96
97
97
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
Loss from horizontal pipe . . . . . . . .

Heat loss by radiation in tube . . . . . .
Net radiant interchange . . . . . . . . .
Radiant interchange between plates . . .
Heat loss from thermflask . . . . . . . .
Diwar flask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat flow due to radiation . . . . . . . .
Heat exchange between concentric shell
Evaporation in concenric vessels . . . .
infinitely long plates . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat exchange between parallel plates .
Thermal radiation in pipe . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer in concentric tube . . . .
Heat exchange between black plates . .
Radiation shield . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer with radiaiton shield . . .
Radiaition shape factor . . . . . . . . .
Radiation loss in plates . . . . . . . . .
Concentric tube . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Harpin exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Double pipe heat exchanger . . . . . . .
Parallel flow arrangement . . . . . . . .
Counter flow exchanger . . . . . . . . .
LMTD approach . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shell and tube exchanger . . . . . . . .
Order of Scale resistance . . . . . . . . .
Length of tube required . . . . . . . . .
Suitability of Exchanger . . . . . . . . .
Number of tubes required . . . . . . . .
Shell and tube heat exchanger . . . . .
Length of pipe in Exchanger . . . . . .
Dirt factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer area . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oil Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Countercurrent flow heat exchanger . .
Vertical Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . .
Countercurrent Heat Exchanger . . . . .
7
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98
99
99
100
100
101
102
102
103
104
105
106
107
107
108
109
110
111
112
114
116
117
119
120
121
122
123
124
126
127
129
131
132
135
136
137
138
140
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
Number of tube side pass . . . . . . . . .

Number of tubes passes . . . . . . . . . .
Outlet temperature for hot and cold fluids
Counterflow concentric heat exchanger . .
Number of tubes required . . . . . . . . .
Parallel and Countercurrent flow . . . . .
Boiling point Elevation . . . . . . . . . .
Capacity of evaporator . . . . . . . . . . .
Economy of Evaporator . . . . . . . . . .
Steam economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaporator economy . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single effect Evaporator . . . . . . . . . .
Single effect evaporator reduced pressure .
Mass flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat load in single effect evaporator . . .
Triple effect evaporator . . . . . . . . . .
Double effect evaporator . . . . . . . . . .
lye in Triple effect evaporator . . . . . . .
Triple effect unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quadruple effect evaporator . . . . . . . .
Single effect Calendria . . . . . . . . . . .
Single effect evaporator . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 2
Conduction
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Thickness of insulation

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clc ;
clear ;
printf ( Example 2 . 1 \n Page no . 2 . 1 8 \ n Part (a ) )
A =1; // s q m e t r e
printf ( Area o f h e a t t r a n s f e r , A=%f m2\ n ,A )
Q =450; // W/ s q mtre
printf ( Rate o f h e a t l o s s / u n i t a r e a=%f W/m2\ n ,Q )
dT =400; // K
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s i n s u l a t i o n
l a y e r \ t , dT=%f K\n , dT )
k =0.11 //W/ (m. K)
printf ( For a s b e s t o s , k=%f\n ,k )
//Q=(k AdT ) / x
x =( k * A * dT ) / Q
X = x *1000;
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16 // f o r f i r e c l a y i n s u l a t i o n
17 k =0.84; // W/ (m. K)
18 printf ( For f i r e c l a y i n s u l a t i o n , k=%f W/ (m. K) \n ,k ) ;
19 x =( k * A * dT ) / Q ;
20 X = x *1000;
printf ( Ans . ( A) . T h i c k n e s s o f a s b e s t o s i s : %f m=%f mm

\n ,x , X )
22 printf ( Ans . ( B) T h i c k n e s s o f f i r e c l a y i n s u l a t i o n i s :
%f m =%f mm\n ,x , X )
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Scilab code Exa 2.2 Heat loss per metre

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clc ;
printf ( Example 2 . 2 , \ nPage no . 2 . 1 8 \ n ) ;
L =1 // m
printf ( Length o f p p i p e , L = %f m\n ,L ) ;
r1 =(50/2) // i n mm
r1 = r1 /1000 // i n m
printf ( r 1=%f m\n , r1 ) ;
r2 =(25+3) /1000 // m
printf ( r 2=%f m\n , r2 )
rm1 =( r2 - r1 ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) ;
printf ( rm1=%f m\n , rm1 )
k1 =45 //W/ (m. K)
R1 =( r2 - r1 ) /( k1 *(2* %pi * rm1 * L ) ) // K/W
printf ( Thermal r e s i s t a n c e o f w a l l p i p e=R1=%f K/W\n
, R1 ) ;
printf ( For i n n e r l a g g i n g : \ n ) ;
k2 =0.08 //W/ (m. K)
ri1 =0.028 //m
ri2 =( ri1 + r1 ) // m
rmi1 =( ri2 - ri1 ) / log ( ri2 / ri1 )
R2 =( ri2 - ri1 ) /( k2 *2* %pi * rmi1 * L )
printf ( Thermal r e s i s t a n c e o f i n n e r l a g g i n g=R2=%f K/
W , R2 ) ;
printf ( For o u t e r l a g g i n g : \ n ) ;
k3 =0.04 //W/ (m. K)
ro1 =0.053 //m
ro2 =( ro1 +0.04) // m
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27 rmo1 =( ro2 - ro1 ) / log ( ro2 / ro1 )

28 R3 =( ro2 - ro1 ) /( k3 *2* %pi * rmo1 * L )
29 printf ( Thermal r e s i s t a n c e o f i n n e r
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l a g g i n g=R2=%f K/
W\n , R3 ) ;
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Ti =550 //K // i n s i d e
To =330 //K // o u t s i d e
dT = Ti - To ; // T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e
Q = dT / R
printf ( Rate o f h e a t l o s s p e r m e t r e o f p i p e ,Q=%f W/m
,Q )
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Heat Loss

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clear ;
clc ;
printf ( Example 2 . 3 )
// Given
r1 =44 // [mm]
r1 = r1 /1000 // [m]
r2 =0.094
// [m]
r3 =0.124 // [m]
T1 =623 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t o u t e r s u r f a c e o f w a l l i n [K ]
T3 =313 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t o u t e r s u r f a c e o f o u t e r
insulation
[K]
k1 =0.087 // Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f i n s u l a t i o n l a y e r
1 . . i n [W/m. K ]
k2 =0.064 // Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f i n s u l a t i o n l a y e r
2 [W/m. K ]
l =1
// Length o f p i p e
[m]
rm1 =( r2 - r1 ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) // l o g mean r a d i u s o f
i n s u l a t i o n l a y e r 1 [m]
rm2 =( r3 - r2 ) / log ( r3 / r2 ) // l o g mean r a d i u s o f
i n s u l a t i o n l a y e r 2 [m]
// P u t t i n g v a l u e s i n f o l l o w i n g eqn :
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17 Q = ( T1 - T3 ) /(( r2 - r1 ) /( k1 *2* %pi * rm1 * l ) +( r3 - r2 ) /( k2 *2*

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%pi * rm2 * l ) ) ;
printf ( Heat l o s s p e r m e t e r p i p e i s %f W/m ,Q )
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Heat loss

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4
printf ( Example 2 . 4 )
// Given
A =1 // Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a
[ s q m]
x1 =0.229 // t h i c k n e s s o f f i r e b r i c k i n [m]
x2 =0.115 // t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i n g b r i c k i n [m]
x3 =0.229 // t h i c k n e s s o f b u i l d i n g b r i c k i n [m]
k1 =6.05 // t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f f i r b r i c k
[W/ (m.
K) ]
k2 =0.581 // t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f i n s u l a t i n g b r i c k
[W/m. K ]
k3 =2.33 // t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f b u i l d i n g b r i c k
[W/m. K ]
T1 =1223 // i n s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e [K ]
T2 =323 // O u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e [ K ]
dT = T1 - T2 // O v e r a l l temp d r o p [ K ]
R1 =( x1 / k1 * A ) // t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e 1
R2 =( x2 / k2 * A ) // Thermal r e s i s t a n c e 2
R3 =( x3 / k3 * A ) // Thermal r e s i s t a n c e 3
Q = dT /( R1 + R2 + R3 ) //w/SQ m
Ta = -(( Q * R1 ) - T1 ) // from Q1=Q=(T1Ta ) / ( x1 / k1 A)
// S i m i l a r l y
Tb =( Q * R3 ) + T2 ;
printf ( I n t e r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e : \ n i Between FBIB=%f
K \ n i i Between IBPB=%fK ,Ta , Tb ) ;
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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 5
printf ( Example 2 . 5 \ nPage 2 . 2 3 )
// Given
A =1; // l e t [ s q m]
x1 =0.23;
// t h i c k n e s s o f f i r b r i c k l a y e r [m]
x2 =0.115;
// [m]
x3 =0.23;
// [m]
T1 =1213; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f f u r n a c e [ K ]
T2 =318;
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f f u r n a c e
[K]
dT = T1 - T2 ; // [ K ]
k1 =6.047;
//W/ (m. K) ( f i r e b r i c k )
k2 =0.581;
//W/ (m. K) ( i n s u l a t i n g b r i c k )
k3 =2.33;
//W/ (m. K) ( b u i l d i n g b r i c k )
Q_by_A = dT /(( x1 / k1 ) +( x2 / k2 ) +( x3 / k3 ) ) // Heat l o s t p e r
u n i t Area i n Watt
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R1 =( x1 / k1 ) // Thermal r e s i s t a n c e
R1 =0.04
// Approximate
R2 =( x2 / k2 )
R2 =0.2025
// Approximate
R3 =( x3 / k3 )
R3 =0.1
// Approximate
Ta = T1 -(( dT * R1 ) /( R1 + R2 + R3 ) )
Tb =(( dT * R3 ) /( R1 + R2 + R3 ) ) + T2
Tb =565
// A p p r o x i m a t i o n
printf ( \ nAnswer : Heat l o s s p e r u n i t a r e a i s %f W=%f
J / s \n , Q_by_A , Q_by_A ) ;
28 printf ( \ nAnswer : \ n Ta=%f K =T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n f i r e b r i c k and i n s u l a t i n g b r i c k
\n Tb=%d K T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n
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i n s u l a t i n g and b u i l d i n g b r i c k \n ,Ta , Tb )

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clc
printf ( Example 2 . 7 , Page no 2 / 2 6 \n ) ;
printf ( Part (a ) \n ) ;
A =1; // s q m e t r e
x1 =114 // mm
x1 =114/1000 // m e t r e
k1 =0.138 // W/ (m. K)
R1 = x1 /( k1 * A )
x2 =229 //mm
x2 = x2 /1000 // m e t r e
k2 =1.38 // W/m. K
R2 = x2 /( k2 * A )
dT =1033 -349
// Heat l o s s
Q = dT /( R1 + R2 )
printf ( ANSWER: Heat l o s s
from 1 s q m e t r e w a l l=%f W
,Q ) ;
printf ( P a r t ( b ) \n ) ;
// c o n t a c t r e s i s t a n c e =c r
cr =0.09 //K/W
R = R1 + R2 + cr
Q = dT / R
printf ( ANSWER: Heat l o s s from 1 s q m e t r e when
r e s i s t a n c e p r e s e n t=%f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Loss per area

1 clear ;
2 clc ;
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// Example 2 . 8
printf ( Example 2 . 8 \n )
// Given :
x1 =0.02 // [m]
x2 =0.01 // [m]
x3 =0.02 // [m]
k1 =0.105 //W/ (m. k )
k3 = k1 //W/ (m. K)
k2 =0.041 //W/ (m. K)
T1 =303
T2 =263
dT = T1 - T2
// [ K ]
Q_by_A = dT /(( x1 / k1 ) +( x2 / k2 ) +( x3 / k3 ) )
R =0.625 //K/W
Tx =293
//K
Rx =0.9524
//K/W
x = R *( T1 - Tx ) /( dT * Rx )
x = x *100 //mm
printf ( The t e m p e r a t u r e o f 293 K w i l l be r e a c h e d a t
p o i n t %f mm from t h e o u t e r m o s t w a l l s u r f a c e o f
t h e i c e box ,x )

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clc
printf ( Example 2 . 9 , Page 2 . 2 8 \ n ) ;
// Given
ID =50 //mm;
dT =(573 -303) ;
printf ( I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r , ID=%f mm , ID ) ;
r1 = ID /2 //mm
r1 = r1 /1000 // m e t r e s
OD =150 // mm
printf ( Outer d i a m e t e r ,OD=%f mm , OD ) ;
r2 = OD /2 // mm
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r2 =75/1000 // m
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y
k =17.45 // W/ (m. K)
// S o l u t i o n
printf ( Q/A=dT / ( r2 r 1 ) / k \n ) ;
A1 =4* %pi *( r1 ^2) ;
A2 =4* %pi *( r2 ^2) ;
A = sqrt ( A1 * A2 )
Q =( A * k * dT ) /( r2 - r1 )
printf ( ANSWER: \ nHeat l o s s =Q=%f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Heat Passed

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clear ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 1 0
printf ( Example 2 . 1 0 )
A = 1 // s q m
x1 =0.15
x2 =0.01
x4 =0.15
T1 =973 // [ K ]
T2 =288 // [ K ]
dT = T1 - T2 // [ K ]
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t i e s
k1 =1.75
k2 =16.86
k3 =0.033
k4 =5.23
// i n a b s e n c e o f a i r gap , sum o f t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e s
sR =( x1 / k1 * A ) +( x2 / k2 * A ) +( x4 / k4 * A )
Q = dT / sR
printf ( Heat l o s t p e r s q m e t e r i s %d W/ s q m ,Q ) ;
//When h e a t l o s s ,Q=1163 , t h e n new r e s i s t a n c e =sR1
Q1 =1163 // [W/ s q m]
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23 sR1 = dT / Q1
24 // w i d t h o f a i r gap be w t h e n
25 w =( sR1 - sR ) * k3 * A
// [m]
26 w = w *1000
// i n [mm]
27 printf ( Width o f a i r gap i s %f mm ,w ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Insulated pipe

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clear ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 1 1
printf ( Example 2 . 1 1 ) ;
d1 =300 // [mm]
r1 = d1 /2 // [mm]
r1 = r1 /1000 // [m]
r2 = r1 +0.05 // [m]
r3 = r2 +0.04 // [m]
x1 =0.05 // [m]
x2 =0.04 // [m]
k1 =0.105 //W/ (m. K)
k2 =0.07
//W/ (m. K)
rm1 = ( r2 - r1 ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) ; // [m]
rm2 =( r3 - r2 ) / log ( r3 / r2 ) ;
// [m]
L =1 // l e t
A1 = %pi * rm1 * L
// l e t L=1
R1 = x1 /( k1 * A1 ) ;
A2 = %pi * rm2 * L
R2 = x2 /( k2 * A2 )
T1 =623 // [ K ]
T2 =323 // [ K ]
dT = T1 - T2 // [ K ]
// P a r t a
Q_by_L = dT /( R1 + R2 )
// Heat l o s s
printf ( Heat l o s s i s %f W/m , Q_by_L ) ;
// P a r t b :
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28 P =2* %pi *( r1 + x1 + x2 )
// [m]
29 Q_by_L_peri = Q_by_L / P
// [W/ s q m]
30
31 printf ( Heat l o s t p e r s q m e t e r o f o u t e r
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insulation
i s %f W/ s q m , Q_by_L_peri ) ;
R1 = x1 /( k1 * A1 )
sR =0.871+0.827
dT1 = dT * R1 / sR
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n two l a y e r s o f i n s u l a t i o n
=%f K ,( T1 - dT1 ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Composite brick

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// Example 2 . 1 2
clear ;
clc ;
printf ( Example 2 . 1 2 \ n )
// Given
x1 =0.01 // [m]
x2 =0.15 // [m]
x3 =0.15 // [m]
T1 =973 // [ K ]
T2 =423 // [ K ]
dT = T1 - T2 ;
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t i e s
k1 =16.86 // [W/m. K]
k2 =1.75 // [W/m. K ]
k3 =5.23 // [W/m. K ]
k_air =0.0337 // [W/m. K ]
A =1 // [ s q m]
sigma_R =( x1 /( k1 * A ) + x2 /( k2 * A ) + x3 /( k3 * A ) )
Q = dT / sigma_R // Heat f l o w i n
[W
Tm = Q * x3 / k3 // T e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i n m a g n e s i t e b r i c k
// I n t e r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e=iT
iT = T2 + Tm // [ K ]
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sigma_xbyk = A * dT /1163
// w i t h a i r gap f o r r e d u c i n g
heat l o s s to 1163 per sq m
x_by_k = sigma_xbyk - sigma_R
// x / k f o r a i r
t = x_by_k * k_air
t = t *1000;
printf ( Width o f t h e a i r gap i s %f mm ,t ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.13 Heat flow in a pipe

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// Example 2 . 1 3
printf ( Example 2 . 1 3 \n ) ;
L =1
// assume
[m]
k1 =43.03
// [W/ (m. K)
k2 =0.07
// (W/m. K)
T1 =423
T2 =305
// i n s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e [ K ]
// [ K ]
r1 =0.0525
// [mm]
r2 =0.0575;
// [m]
r3 =0.1075 // [m]
// r 3=r 3 / 1 0 0 0 ;
/ / [m]
Q =(2* %pi * L *( T1 - T2 ) ) /((( log ( r2 / r1 ) ) / k1 ) +(( log ( r3 / r2 ) )
/ k2 ) ) ;
// Heat l o s s p e r m e t r e
printf ( Heat f l o w p e r m e t r e o f p i p e i s %f W/m ,Q ) ;
printf ( P a r t 2\ n ) ;
//T=T e m p e r a t u r e o f o u t e r s u r f a c e
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26 T = T1 -( Q * log ( r2 / r1 ) ) /( k1 *2* %pi * L ) ;

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28 printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t o u t e r s u r f a c e
of s t e e l pipe :
%f K ,T ) ;
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30 printf ( \ n P a r t i i i \n ) ;
31 id =0.105
// i n s i d e d i a m e t r e i n
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33 A = %pi * id *1
// i n s i d e a r e a i n [ s q
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35 C = Q /( A *( T1 - T2 ) ) ;
// c o n d u c t a n c e
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37 printf ( C o n d u c t a n c e p e r m l e n g t h
[m]
m]
per length
b a s e d on i n s i d e
a r e a i s %f W/K ,C )

1 // Example 2 . 1 5
2 printf ( Example 2 . 1 5 \n )
3 A =1
// [ s q m]
4
x1 =0.1
//m
5
x2 =0.04
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k1 =0.7
7
k2 =0.48
8
sigma = x1 /( k1 * A ) + x2 /( k2 * A )
//K/W
9
//Q=4 .42 dT
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//Q=dT/ s i g m a
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// w i t h r o c k w o o l i n s u l a t i o n added , Q dash =0. 75 Q
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k3 =0.065
// W/ (m. K)
13
// Q dash=dT/ s i g m a+x3 / k3 A
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//On s o l v i n g Q and Q dash we g e t
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x3 =((1/(0.75*4.42) ) - sigma ) * k3
// [m]
16
x3 = x3 *1000
// [mm]
17
printf ( T h i c k n e s s o f r o c k w o o l i n s u l a t i o n r e q u i r e d=
%f mm , x3 )
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Scilab code Exa 2.16 Reduction in heat loss in insulated pipe

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 1 6 , Page no 2 . 3 6
d1 =40;
// D i a m e t e r o f p i p e [mm]
r1 =( d1 /2) /1000 // O u t s i d e r a d i u s i n [m]
t1 =20;
// I n s u l a t i o n 1 t h i c k n e s s i n [mm]
t1 = t1 /1000
// [m]
t2 = t1 ;
// I n s u l a t i o n 2 t h i c k n e s s i n [m]
r2 = r1 + t1 ;
// r a d i u s a f t e r 1 s t i n s u l a t i o n
i n [m]
r3 = r2 + t2 ;
// R a d i u s a f t e r s e c o n d i n s u l a t i o n i n [m
]
// S i n c e S c i l a b d o e s n o t h a n d l e s s y m b o l i c c o n s t a n t s ,
we w i l l assume some v a l u e s :
// ( 1 )
printf ( L e t t h e l a y e r M1 be n e a r e r t o t h e s u r f a c e )
L =1;
// [m]
T1 =10;
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f i n n e r s u r f a c e o f p i p e
[K]
T2 =5;
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f o u t e r s u r f a c e o f
i n s u l a t i o n [K]
k =1;
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y
k1 = k ;
// For M1 m a t e r i a l
k2 =3* k ;
// For m a t e r i a l M2
Q1 =( T1 - T2 ) /( log ( r2 / r1 ) /(2* %pi * L * k1 ) + log ( r3 / r2 ) /(2*
%pi * L * k2 ) )
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// ( 2 )
printf ( L e t t h e l a y e r o f m a t e r i a l M2 be n e a r e r t o
the s u r f a c e );
25 Q2 =( T1 - T2 ) /( log ( r2 / r1 ) /(2* %pi * L * k2 ) + log ( r3 / r2 ) /(2*
%pi * L * k1 ) )
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printf ( Q1=%f and Q2= %f \n For dummy v a r i a b l e s

u n i t y . . . \ nFor any v a l u e o f k , T1 and T2 , Q1 i s
a l w a y s l e s s t h a n Q2 ,Q1 , Q2 ) ;
printf ( \n So ,M1 n e a r t h e s u r f a c e i s a d v i s a b l e ( i . e
Arrangement one w i l l r e s u l t i , e s s h e a t l o s s \n ) )
;
per_red =( Q2 - Q1 ) *100/ Q2
printf ( P e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s i s %f p e r c e n t
, per_red )
printf ( \nNOTE : S l i g h t v a r i a t i o n i n a n s w e r s due t o
l e s s p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n i n book . I f p e r f o r m e d
manually , t h i s a n s w e r s t a n d s t o be c o r r e c t )
Scilab code Exa 2.17 Heat loss in a pipe

1 // Example2 . 1 7
2 T1 =523
// [ K ]
3
T2 =323
// [ K ]
4
r1 =0.05
// [m]
5
r2 =0.055
// [m]
6
r3 =0.105
// [m]
7
r4 =0.155
// [m]
8
k1 =50
// [W/ (m. K) ]
9
k2 =0.06
// [W/ (m. K) ]
10
k3 =0.12
//W/ (m. K)
11
//CASE 1
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Q_by_L1 =2* %pi *( T1 - T2 ) /(( log ( r2 / r1 ) ) / k1 +( log ( r3 / r2 )
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) / k2 +( log ( r4 / r3 ) ) / k3 )
// [W/m]
printf ( Heat l o s s =%f W/m , Q_by_L1 )
// Case 2
Q_by_L2 =2* %pi *( T1 - T2 ) /(( log ( r2 / r1 ) ) / k1 +( log ( r3 / r2 )
) / k3 +( log ( r4 / r3 ) ) / k2 )
perct =( Q_by_L2 - Q_by_L1 ) *100/ Q_by_L1
printf ( I f o r d e r i s c h a n g e d t h e n h e a t l o s s =%f W/m
, Q_by_L2 )
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printf ( \n l o s s o f h e a t i s i n c r e a s e d by %f p e r c e n t
by p u t t i n g m a t e r i a l w i t h h i g h e r t h e r m a l
c o n d u c t i v i t y n e a r t h e p i p e s u r f a c e , perct )
Scilab code Exa 2.18 Arrangements for heat loss

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 1 8 , Page no 2 . 3 8
// Given
// Assume :
L =1
// [m]
r1 =0.10
// [m]
O u t s i d e r a d i u s od p i p e
ia =0.025
// i n n e r i n s u l a i t o n [m]
r2 = r1 + ia
// Outer r a d i u s o f i n n e r i n s u l a t i o n
r3 = r2 + ia
// Outer r a d i u s o f o u t e r i n s u l a t i o n
//CASE 1 : a n e a r t h e p i p e s u r f a c e
// l e t k1=1
k1 =1;
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f A [W/m.K ]
// and k2=3k1=3
k2 =3;
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f B [W/m. K ]
// L e t dT=1
dT =1
Q1 = dT /( log ( r2 / r1 ) /(2* %pi * k1 * L ) + log ( r3 / r2 ) /(2* %pi * k2 *
L))
Q1 =22.12
// Approximate
//CASE 2 : b n e a r t h e p i p e s u r f a c e
Q2 = dT /( log ( r2 / r1 ) /(2* %pi * k2 * L ) + log ( r3 / r2 ) /(2* %pi * k1 *
L))
Q2 =24.39
printf ( ANSWER( i ) \nQ1=%f W \nQ2= %f W \nQ1 i s l e s s
t h a n Q2 . i . e a r r a n g e m e n t A n e a r t h e p i p e s u r f a c e
and B a s o u t e r l a y e r g i v e s l e s s h e a t l o s s \n ,Q1 ,
23
Q2 ) ;
26 percent =( Q2 - Q1 ) *100/ Q1 ;
// p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n
heat l o s s
27 printf ( \nANSWER( i i ) \ n P e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t
l o s s ( w i t h n e a r t h e p i p e s u r f a c e )=%f p e r c e n t ,
percent ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.19 Insulation thickness

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clc
clear
printf ( Example 2 . 1 9 . Page no . 2 . 3 9 )
// Given
x1 =0.224 // m
k1 =1.3 // W/ (m. K)
k2 =0.346 // W/ (m. K)
T1 =1588 // K
T2 = 299 // K
QA =1830 // W/ s q m e t r e // h e a t l o s s
// s o l u t i o n
printf ( Q/A=(T1T2 ) / x1 / k1+x2 / k2 ) ;
x2 = k2 *(( T1 - T2 ) *1/( QA ) -( x1 / k1 ) )
x2 = x2 *1000;
printf ( T h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n =%f mm , x2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.20 Heat loss in furnace

1 // Example 2 . 2 0
2 // Given
3 // f o r c l a y
4 k1 =0.533
// [W/ (m. K) ]
5 // f o r r e d b r i c k
6 k2 =0.7
// [W/m. K ]
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// Case 1
A =1
// Area
x1 =0.125
// [m]
x2 =0.5
// [m]
// R e s i s t a n c e s
r1 = x1 /( k1 * A ) // Res o f f i r e c l a y [ K/W]
r2 = x2 /( k2 * A ) // Res o f r e d b r i c k [ K/W]
r = r1 + r2
// T e m p e r a t u r e s
T1 =1373
// [ K ]
T2 =323
// [ K ]
Q =( T1 - T2 ) / r // [W/ s q m]
Tdash = T1 - Q * r1 // [ K ]
// Case2
// Heat l o s s must r e m a i n unchanged , T h i c k n e s s o f
red brick a l s o reduces to i t s h a l f
x3 = x2 /2
// [m]
r3 = x3 /( k2 * A ) // [ K/W]
Tdd = T2 +( Q * r3 )
// [ K ]
// T h i c k n e s s o f d i a t o m i t e be x2 , km be mean
conductivity
Tm =( Tdash + Tdd ) /2
// [ K ]
km =0.113+(0.00016* Tm ) // [W/ (m. K ]
x2 = km * A *( Tdash - Tdd ) / Q // [m]
x2 = x2 *1000
// [mm]
printf ( T h i c k n e s s o f d i a t o m i t e l a y e r=%f mm , x2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.21 Rate of heat loss in pipe

1 // Exaample2 . 2 1
2 // Given
3 k1 =0.7
// common b r i c k
W/ ( (m. K)
4 k2 =0.48
// gypsum l a y e r [W/ (m. K)
5 k3 =0.065 // Rockwool
[W/m. K ]
6 // Heat l o s s w i t h i n s u l a t i o b w i l l be 20% o f w i t h o u t
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insulation
A =1
// s q m
x1 =0.1
// [m]
x2 =0.04 // [m]
R1 = x1 /( k1 * A )
//K/W
R2 = x2 /( k2 * A )
//K/W
R = R1 + R2
//K/W
//R3=x3 / ( k3 A)
QbyQd =0.2
sigRbyRd = QbyQd
x3 =( R / QbyQd - R ) /15.4 //m
x3 = x3 *1000
// [mm]
printf ( T h i c k n e s s o f r o c k w o o l i n s u l a t i o n =%f mm , x3 )
Scilab code Exa 2.22 Heat loss from insulated steel pipe
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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 2 2
Ts =451;
// Steam t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
Ta =294;
// A i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K]
Di =25;
// I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r o f p i p e
[mm]
Di = Di /1000;
// [m]
od =33;
// Outer d i a m e t e r o f p i p e
[mm]
od = od /1000;
// [m]
hi =5678; // I n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t [W/ (m 2 .
K) ]
ho =11.36; // O u t s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
[W/ ( s q
m. K) ]
xw =( od - Di ) /2;
// T h i c k n e s s o f s t e e l p i p e
[m]
k2 =44.97;
// k f o r s t e e l i n W/ (m. K)
k3 =0.175;
// k f o r r o c k w o o l i n W/ (m. K)
ti =38/1000;
// t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n i n [
m]
r1 = Di /2;
// [m]
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r2 = od /2;
// [m]
rm1 =( r2 - r1 ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) ;
// [m]
r3 = r2 + ti ;
// [m]
rm2 =( r3 - r2 ) / log ( r3 / r2 ) ; // [m]
Dm1 =2* rm1 ;
// [m]
Dm2 =2* rm2 ;
// [m]
// Rate o f h e a t l o s s = dT / ( sigma R )
L =1;
// [m]
R1 =1/( hi * %pi * Di * L ) ; // [ K/W]
R2 = xw /( k2 * %pi * Dm1 * L ) ;
R3 =( r3 - r2 ) /( k3 * %pi * Dm2 * L ) ;
Do =( od +2* ti ) ;
// [mm]
R4 =1/( ho * %pi * Do * L ) ;
// [m]
sigma_R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 ;
// Heat l o s s
dT = Ts - Ta ;
// [ K ]
Q = dT / sigma_R ;
// Heat l o s s [W/m]
printf ( \ nAns : Rate o f h e a t l o s s i s %f W/m ,Q ) ;
printf ( \n NOTE: S l i g h t v a r i a t i o n i n f i n a l a n s w e r due
t o l a c k o f p r e c i s i o n i n c a l c u l a t i o n o f R1 , R2 , R3
and R4 . I n book an a p p r o x i m a t e v a l u e s o f t h e s e i s
t a k e n \n )
Scilab code Exa 2.23 Heat loss from furnace

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clc ;
// Example 2 . 2 3
T1 =913
// [ K ]
T =513
// [ K ]
T2 =313
// [ K ]
//Q=(T1T) / ( x / ( k A) )
//Q=(TT2 ) / ( 1 / ( hA) )
// x=2k /h
//Q=(T1T2 ) / ( x / ( kA ) +1/( hA) )
// T h e r e f o r e ,Q=hA / 3 ( T1T2 )
27
// With i n c r e a s e i n t h i c k n e s s ( 1 0 0%)
// x1 =4k / h
//Q2=(T1T2 ) / ( x1 / k A+1/( hA) )
//Q2=(hA) / 5 ) ( T1T2 )
//Now
h =1;
// Assume
A =1;
// Assume f o r c a l c u l a t i o n
Q1 =( h * A /3) *( T1 - T2 )
Q2 =(( h * A ) /5) *( T1 - T2 )
percent =( Q1 - Q2 ) *100/ Q1
// P e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n
heat l o s s
21 printf ( \ n T h e r e f o r e , P e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t
l o s s i s %d p e r c e n t , percent ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 2.24 Rate of heat loss

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clc ;
clear ;
printf ( Example 2 . 2 4 \ n Page no . 2 . 4 7 ) ;
// g i v e n
L =1 //m
thp =2 // T h i c k n e s s o f p i p e ; i n mm
thi =10 // T h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n ; i n mm
T1 =373 //K
T2 =298 //K
id =30 //mm
r1 = id /2 //mm
r2 = r1 + thp //mm
r3 = r2 + thi //mm
// I n S . I u n i t s
r1 = r1 /1000 //m
r2 = r2 /1000 //m
r3 = r3 /1000 //m
k1 =17.44 //W/ (m. K)
k2 =0.58 //W/ (m. K)
28
20 hi =11.63 //W/ ( s q m. K)
21 ho =11.63 //W/ ( s q m. K)
22 // S o l u t i o n
23 Q =(2* %pi * L *( T1 - T2 ) ) /(1/( r1 * hi ) +( log ( r2 / r1 ) ) / k1 +(( log
( r3 / r2 ) ) / k2 ) +(1/(0.02* ho ) ) )
24 printf ( ANSWER: \n Rate o f h e a t l o s s , Q=%f W ,Q ) ;

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clc ;
clear ;
// Examplr 2 . 2 5
h =8.5 ;
// [W/ s q m. K ]
dT =175 ;
// [ K ]
r2 =0.0167;
// [m]
Q_by_l = h *2* %pi * r2 * dT
// [W/m]
k =0.07 ;
// For i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l i n
[W/m.
K]
9 // f o r i n s u l a t e d p i p e 50% r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s
10 Q_by_l1 =0.5* Q_by_l
// [ w/m]
11 deff ( [ x ]= f ( r 3 ) , x=Q b y l 1 dT / ( ( l o g ( r 3 / r 2 ) ) / ( 2 %pi
k ) +1/(2 %pi r 3 h ) ) )
12
13 // by t r i a l and e r r o r method we g e t :
14 r3 = fsolve (0.05 , f )
15 t = r3 - r2
// t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n i n [m]
16 printf ( \n Hence , r e q u i r e d t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n
%f m=%f mm o r %d m , t , t 1 0 0 0 , round ( t 1 0 0 0 ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.26 Heat loss per metre

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2
// Example 2 . 2 6
29
is
// C a l c u l a t e h e a t l o s s p e r m e t r e l e n g t h
// Given
id =0.1
// i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r i n [m]
od =0.12
// o u t e r d i a m e t e r i n [m]
T1 =358
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f f l u i d
[K]
T2 =298
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f s u r r o u n d i n g
[K]
t =0.03
// t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n
[m]
k1 =58
// [W/m. K ]
k2 =0.2
//W/ (m. K) i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l
h1 =720
// i n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f [W/ s q m . K ]
h2 =9
//W/ s q m. K
r1 = id /2
// [m]
r2 = od /2
// [m]
r3 = r2 + t
// [m]
// Heat l o s s p e r m e t e r=Q by L
Q_by_L =( T1 - T2 ) /(1/(2* %pi * r1 * h1 ) + log ( r2 / r1 ) /(2* %pi * k1
) + log ( r3 / r2 ) /(2* %pi * k2 ) +1/(2* %pi * r3 * h2 ) ) ; //W/m
19 printf ( Heat l o s s p e r m e t r e l e n g t h o f p i p e=%f W ,
Q_by_L )
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Scilab code Exa 2.27 Mineral wool insulation

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 2 6
// Given :
T1 =573;
T2 =323;
T3 =298;
h1 =29;
coefficients
10 h2 =12;
11 r1 =0.047;
12 r2 =0.05;
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
// O u t s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r
[W/ s q m. K ]
// [W/ s q m. K ]
// I n t e r n a l r a d i u s [m]
// Outer r a d i u s [m]
30
13 k1 =58 ;
// [W/m. K]
14 k2 =0.052;
// [W/m. K]
15 //Q=(T1T2 ) / ( 1 / ( r 1 h1 )+l o g ( r 2 / r 1 ) / k1+l o g ( r 3 / r 2 ) / k2 )
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=(T2T3 ) / ( 1 / ( r 3 h2 ) )
deff ( [ x ]= f ( r 3 ) , x=(T1T2 ) / ( 1 / ( r 1 h1 )+l o g ( r 2 / r 1 ) / k1
+l o g ( r 3 / r 2 ) / k2 ) (T2T3 ) / ( 1 / ( r 3 h2 ) ) )
// by t r i a l and e r r o r method :
r3 = fsolve (0.05 , f )
t = r3 - r2
// T h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n i n [m]
//Q=h2 2 %pi r 3 L ( T2T3 )
Q_by_l = h2 *2* %pi * r3 *( T2 - T3 )
// [W/m]
printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s s o f i n s u l a t i o n i s %d mm \n Rate
o f h e a t l o s s p e r u n i t l e n g t h i s %f W/m , round ( t
*1000) , Q_by_l ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.28 Furnace wall

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2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 2 . 2 8
5 // C a l c u l a t e h e a t
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l o s s p e r s q m and t e m p e r a t u r e o f
outside surface
// Given
A =1 // assume [ s q m]
x1 =0.006
// [m]
x2 =0.075
// [m]
x3 =0.2
// [m]
k1 =39
// [W/m. K ]
k2 =1.1
// [W/m. K]
k3 =0.66
// [W/m. K ]
h0 =65
//W/ s q m . K
T1 =900
//K
T2 =300
//K
sigma_R =( x1 /( k1 * A ) + x2 /( k2 * A ) + x3 /( k3 * A ) +1/( h0 * A ) ) ;
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18 //To c a l c u l a t e h e a t l o s s / s q m a r e a
19 Q =( T1 - T2 ) / sigma_R
// [W/ s q m]
20 printf ( Heat l o s s p e r s q m e t r e a r e a
i s : %f W/ s q m ,Q
);
21 //Q/A=TT2 / ( 1 / h0 ) , where T=Temp o f o u t s i d e s u r f a c e
22 // So , T=T2+Q/ (A h0 )
23 T = Q /( A * h0 ) + T2
// [ K ]
24 printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e o f u t s i d e s u r f a c e o f f u r n a c e i s :
%f K ( %f d e g r e e C) ,T ,T -273)
Scilab code Exa 2.29 Thickness of insulating brick

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clear ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 2 9
// D e t e r m i n e n e c e s s a r y t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n b r i c k
// Given
A =1
// Assume [ s q m]
x1 =0.003
// [m]
x3 =0.008
// [m]
k1 =30
// [W/m. K ]
k2 =0.7
// [W/m. K]
k3 =40
// [W/m. K ]
T1 =363
// [ K ]
T =333
// [ K ]
T2 =300
// [ K ]
h0 =10
//W/ s q m. K
//Q=(T1T2 ) / ( x1 / ( k1 A)+x2 / ( k2 A)+x3 / ( k3 A) +1/( h0 A) )
// Also , Q=(TT2 ) / ( 1 / ( h0 A) )
// So , ( T1T2 ) / ( ( x1 / ( k1 A)+x2 / ( k2 A)+x3 / ( k3 A) +1/( h0
A) ) =(TT2 ) / ( 1 / ( h0 A) )
20 // or , x2=k2 A( ( T1T2 ) / ( ( TT2 ) h0 A) 1/( h0 A)x1 / ( k1 A
)x3 / ( k3 A) )
21 x2 = k2 * A *(( T1 - T2 ) /(( T - T2 ) * h0 * A ) -1/( h0 * A ) - x1 /( k1 * A ) - x3
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/( k3 * A ) ) ; // [m]
22 printf ( T h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i n g b r i c k r e q u i r e d i s %f
mm , x2 *1000) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.30 Heat flow through furnace wall

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clear ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 3 0
// Given
hi =75
// [W/ s q m. K)
x1 =0.2
//m
x2 =0.1
// [m]
x3 =0.1
// [m]
T1 =1943
// [ K ]
k1 =1.25
//W/m. K
k2 =0.074
// /W/m. K
k3 =0.555
//W/m. K
T2 =343
//K
A =1
// assume [ s q m]
sigma_R =1/( hi * A ) + x1 /( k1 * A ) + x2 /( k2 * A ) + x3 /( k3 * A ) ;
// Heat l o s s p e r i s q m
Q =( T1 - T2 ) / sigma_R
// [W]
// i f T=t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n chrome b r i c k and k o a l i n
b r i c k then
//Q=(T1T) / ( 1 / ( h i A)+x1 / ( k1 A) )
// o r T=T1(Q ( 1 / ( h i A)+x1 / ( k1 A) ) )
T = T1 -( Q *(1/( hi * A ) + x1 /( k1 * A ) ) ) ;
// [ K ]
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t i n n e r s u r f a c e o f m i d d l e l a y e r
=%f K( %f d e g r e e C) ,T ,T -273) ;
// i f Tdash=t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e o f
middel layer , then
//Q=(TdashT2 ) / ( x3 / ( k1 A) )
// o r Tdash=T2+(Q x3 / ( k3 A) )
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Tdash = T2 +( Q * x3 /( k3 * A ) )
// [ K ]
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t o u t e r s u r f a c e o f m i d d l e l a y e r
=%f K ( %f d e g r e e C) , Tdash , Tdash -273) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.31 Heat loss in pipe

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clear ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 3 1
// C a l c u l a t e : ( a ) Heat l o s s p e r u n i t l e n g t h
// ( b ) R e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s
// Given
hi =10
//W/ s q m. K
h0 = hi
//W/ s q .m. K
r1 =0.09
//m
r2 =0.12
//m
t =0.05
// t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n [m]
k1 =40
//W/m. K
k2 =0.05
//W/m. K
T1 =473
//K
T2 =373
//K
Q_by_L =2* %pi *( T1 - T2 ) /(1/( r1 * hi ) + log ( r2 / r1 ) / k1 +1/( r2 *
h0 ) ) ;
//W/m
printf ( Ans ( a ) Heat l o s s =%f W/m , Q_by_L )
// A f t e r a d d i t i o n o f i n s u l a t i o n :
r3 = r2 + t ;
// r a d i u s o f o u t e r s u r f a c e o f i n s u l a i t o n
Q_by_L1 =2* %pi *( T1 - T2 ) /(1/( r1 * hi ) + log ( r2 / r2 ) / k1 + log (
r3 / r2 ) / k2 +1/( r3 * h0 ) ) ;
// W
Red = Q_by_L - Q_by_L1
// R e d u c i t o n i n h e a t l o s s i n [W
/m]
percent_red =( Red / Q_by_L ) *100
//% R e d u c t i o n i n
heat l o s s
printf ( Ans ( b ) P e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s i s %f
p e r c e n t , percent_red )
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Scilab code Exa 2.32 Heat flux through layers

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clear ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 3 2
// D e t e r m i n e : i Heat f l u x a c r o s s t h e l a y e r s and
// i i I n t e r f a c i a l t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n t h e l a y e r s
// Given
T1 =798
//K
T2 =298
//K
x1 =0.02
//m
x2 = x1
//m
k1 =60
//W/m. K
k2 =0.1
//W/m. K
hi =100
//W/ s q m. K
h0 =25
//W/ s q m. K
Q_by_A =( T1 - T2 ) /(1/ hi + x1 / k1 + x2 / k2 +1/ h0 ) ;
//W/ s q m
printf ( Ans ( i ) Heat f l u x a c r o s s t h e l a y e r s i s %f W
/ s q m , Q_by_A ) ;
// I f T i s t h e i n t e r f a c i a l t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n s t e e l
p l a t e and i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l
// Q by A=(TT2 ) / ( x2 / k2 +1/h0 )
T = Q_by_A *( x2 / k2 +1/ h0 ) + T2
printf ( Ans ( i i ) I n t e r f a c i a l t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n
l a y e r s i s %f K ( %f d e g r e e C) ,T ,T -273) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.33 Conductive conductance furnace wall

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3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Example 2 . 3 3
6 // D e t e r m i n e T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e o u t e r
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surface of wall
and c o n v e c t i v e c o n d u c t a n c e on t h e o u t e r w a l l
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f h o t g a s :
T1 =2273
//K
// Ambient a u r t e m p e r a t u r e :
T4 =318
//K
// Heat f l o w by r a d i a t i o n from g a s e s t o i n s i d e
surface of wall :
Qr1_by_A =23260
// [W/ s q m]
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t on i n s i d e w a l l :
hi =11.63
//W/ s q m. K
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f w a l l :
K =58
//W. s q m/K
// Heat f l o w by r a d i a t i o n from e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e
to ambient :
Qr4_by_A =9300
//W/ s q m.
// I n s i d e Wall t e m p e r a t u r e :
T2 =1273
//K
Qr1 = Qr1_by_A
A =1
// s q m
//W
for
Qc1_by_A = hi *( T1 - T2 )
//W/ s q m
Qc1 = Qc1_by_A
// f o r A=1 s q m
// Thermal r e s i s t a n c e :
R =1/ K
//K/W p e r s q m
//Now Q=(T2T3 ) /R , i . e
// E x t e r n a l w a l l temp T3=T2QR
//Q e n t e r i n g w a l l=
Q_enter = Qr1 + Qc1
//W
T3 = T2 - Q_enter * R
//K
T3 =673
// Approximate
// Heat l o s s due t o c o n v e c t i o n :
Qc4_by_A = Q_enter - Qr4_by_A
//W/ s q m
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37 // Qc4 by A=h0 ( T3T4 )

38 // o r
h0=Qc4 by A / ( T3T4 )
39 h0 = Qc4_by_A /( T3 - T4 )
//W/ s q m. K
40 // R e s u l t
41 printf ( C o n v e c t i v e c o n d u c t a n c e i s : %f W/ s q m. K , h0 )
Scilab code Exa 2.34 Critical radius of insulation

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 3 4
// Given
T1 =473
// [ K ]
T2 =293
// [ K ]
k =0.17
//W/ (m. K)
h =3
//W/ ( s q m. K)
h0 = h
//W/ s q m. K
rc = k / h
//m
r1 =0.025
// I n s i d e r a d i u s o f i n s u l a i t o n [mm]
q_by_l1 =2* %pi *( T1 - T2 ) /( log ( rc / r1 ) / k +1/( rc * h0 ) )
//
Heat t r a n s f e r w i t h i n s u l a t i o n i n W/m
// Without i n s u l a t i o n :
q_by_l2 = h *2* %pi * r1 *( T1 - T2 )
//W/m
inc =( q_by_l1 - q_by_l2 ) *100/ q_by_l2
// I n c r e a s e o f
heat t r a n s f e r
printf ( When c o v e r e d w i t h i n s u l a t i o n , \ n h e a t l o s s =%f
W \n When w i t h o u t i n s u l a t i o n , h e a t l o s s = %f W \n
p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e =%f p e r c e n t , q_by_l1 , q_by_l2 , inc
);
k =0.04
// F i b r e g l a s s i n s u l a i t o n W/ ( s q m. K)
rc = k / h
// C r i t i c a l r a d i u s o f i n s u l a i t o n
printf ( I n t h i s c a s e t h e a v l u e o f r c=%f m i s l e s s
t h a n t h e o u t s i d e r a d i u s o f p i p e ( %f ) , \ n So
a d d i t o n o f any f i b r e g l a s s would c a u s e a d e c r e a s e
i n t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r \n ,rc , r1 )
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Scilab code Exa 2.36 Critical radius of pipe

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2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // Example 2 . 3 6
5 // C a l c u l a t e t h e h e a t
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l o s s p e r m e t r e o f p i p e and
outer s u r f a c e temperature
// Given
k =1
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y i n [W/ s q m. K ]
h =8
// Het t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n W/ s q m. K
rc = k / h // C r i t i c a l r a d i u s i n m
T1 =473
//K
T2 =293
//K
r1 =0.055
// Outer r a d i u s =i n n e r r a d i u s i n [m]
Q_by_L =2* %pi *( T1 - T2 ) /( log ( rc / r1 ) / k +1/( rc * h ) )
printf ( Heat l o s s p e r m e t e r o f p i p e i s %f W/m ,
Q_by_L )
// For o u t e r s u r f a c e
// Q by L =2%pi (TT2 ) / ( 1 / r c h )
// i m p l i e s t h a t , T=T2+Q by L / ( r c 2 %pi )
T = T2 + Q_by_L /( rc *2* %pi * h )
//K
printf ( Outer s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i s : %f K( %f d e g r e e
C) ,T ,T -273)
Scilab code Exa 2.37 Time required for steel ball

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2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 2 . 3 7
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// C a l c u l a t e t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r a b a l l t o a t t a i n a
t e m p e r a t u r e o f 423 K
// Given
k_steel =35
//W/m. K
Cp_steel =0.46
// kJ / ( kg K)
Cp_steel = Cp_steel *1000
// J / ( kg K)
h =10
//W/ s q m. K
rho_steel =7800
// kg / c u b i c m
dia =50
//mm
dia = dia /1000
//m
R = dia /2
// r a d i u s i n m
A =4* %pi * R ^2 // Area i n s q m
V = A * R /3
// Volume i n c u b i c m e t e r
Nbi = h *( V / A ) / k_steel
// As Nbi < 0 . 1 0 , i n t e r n a l temp g r a d i e n t i s n e g l i g i b l e
T =423
//K
T0 =723
//K
T_inf =373
//K
// (TT i n f ) / ( T0T i n f )=e (hAt / r h o CpV)
t = - rho_steel * Cp_steel * R * log (( T - T_inf ) /( T0 - T_inf ) )
/(3* h ) ;
// s
printf ( Time r e q u i r e d f o r a b a l l t o a t t a i n a
t e m p e r a t u r e o f 423 K i s %f s= %f h ,t , t /(3600) )
Scilab code Exa 2.38 Steel ball quenched

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 3 8
// Given
dia =50
//mm
dia = dia /1000
//m
r = dia /2
h =115
//W/ s q m. K
39
rho =8000 // kg / c u b i c m
Cp =0.42
// kJ / kg . K
Cp = Cp *1000
// J / ( kg K)
A =4* %pi * r ^2
// Area i n s q m
V = A * r /3
// Volume i n c u b i c m
T =423
//K
T_inf =363
//K
T0 =723
//K
// (TT i n f ) / ( T0T i n f )=e ( 3 h t / ( r h o Cp r ) )
t = - rho * Cp * r * log (( T - T_inf ) /( T0 - T_inf ) ) /(3* h ) ;
//
Time i n s e c o n d s
20 printf ( Time t a k e n by c e n t r e o f b a l l t o r e a c h a
t e m p e r a t u r e o f 423 K i s %f s (=%f m i n u t e s ,t , t
/60) ;
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Scilab code Exa 2.39 Ball plunged in a medium

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 3 9
// Given
h =11.36
//W/ s q m. K
k =43.3
//w/ (m. K)
r =25.4
// r a d i u s i n mm
r = r /1000
A =4* %pi * r ^2
// Area o f s p h e r e [ s q m]
V = A * r /3
// Volume i n [ c u b i c m]
rho =7849
// kg / c u b i c m
Cp =0.4606*10^3
// J / kg . K
t =1
// h o u r
t = t *3600
// s e c o n d s
T_inf =394.3
// [ K ]
T0 =700
// [ K ]
// (TT i n f ) / ( T0T i n f )=e ( 3 h t / r h o CpV)
40
19 T = T_inf +( T0 - T_inf ) *( %e ^(( - h * A * t ) /( rho * Cp * V ) ) ) ;

20 printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e o f b a l l a f t e r 1 h= %f K ( %f
d e g r e e C) ,T ,T -273)
Scilab code Exa 2.40 Slab temperature suddenly lowered

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4 0
// Given
rho =9000; // kg / c u b i c m
Cp =0.38; // kJ / ( kg . K)
Cp = Cp *1000
// J / ( kg . K)
k =370;
//W/m. K
h =90;
//W/ s q m. K
l =400;
//mm
l = l /1000 ;
// l e n g t h o f c o p p e r s l a b
t =5/1000 ;
// t h i c k n e s s i n [m]
A =2* l ^2
// Area o f s l a b
V = t * l ^2
L_dash = V / A
// [m]
// f o r s l a b o f t h i c k n e s s 2 x
// L d a s h=x
L_dash =0.025 ;
// [m]
Nbi = h * L_dash / k
//< 0 . 1 0
var = h * A /( rho * Cp * V )
// As Nbi < 0 . 1 0 , we can a p p l y lumped c a p a c i t y a n a l y s i s
T =363
// [ K ]
T_inf =303
// [ K ]
T0 =523
// [ K ]
t = -( log (( T - T_inf ) /( T0 - T_inf ) ) ) / var
printf ( Time a t which s l a b t e m p e r a t u r e becomes 363 K
i s %f s ,t )
27 printf ( CALCULATION MISTAKE IN BOOK IN LAST LINE )
41
Scilab code Exa 2.41 Flow over a flat plate

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4 1
// Given
rho =9000
// kg / c u b i c m e t e r
Cp =0.38
// kJ / ( kg . K)
Cp = Cp *1000
// J / kg . K
k =370
//W/ (m. K)
T0 =483
//K
T_inf =373
//K
delta_T =40
//K
T = T0 - delta_T
//K
t =5
// t i m e i n [ m i n u t e s ]
t = t *60
// [ s e c o n d s ]
//A=2A . . . . . Two f a c e s
//V=A. 2 x
// 2 x=t h i c k n e s s o f s l a b =30
mm=0.03
m
x =0.015
// [m]
th =2* x
// t h i c k n e s s o f s l a b
h = - rho * Cp * x * log (( T - T_inf ) /( T0 - T_inf ) ) / t
printf ( Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s : %f W/ ( s q m. K)
,h )
Scilab code Exa 2.42 Stainless steel rod immersed in water

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2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // Example 2 . 4 2
42
5 // Given
6 rho =7800
// [ kg p e r c u b i c m]
7 h =100
//W/ ( s q m. K) C o n v e c t i v e h e a t
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coeff
Cp =460
// J / ( kg . K)
k =40
//W/ (m. K)
L =1
// [m] l e n g t h o f r o d
D =10
//mm
D = D /1000
// d i a m e t e r i n [m]
R = D /2
// r a i d u s i n [m]
// For c y l i n d r i c a l r o d :
A =2* %pi * R * L
// Area i n [ s q m]
V = %pi * R ^2* L
L_dash = V / A
// [m]
Nbi = h * L_dash / k
// B i o t number
// N bi < 0 . 1 0 , Hence lumped h e a t c a p a v i t y i s p o s s i b l e
T =473
// [ K ]
T_inf =393
// [ K ]
T0 =593
// [ K ]
t = - rho * Cp * V * log (( T - T_inf ) /( T0 - T_inf ) ) /( h * A )
printf ( Time r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h t e m p e r a t u r e %f i s %f
s ,T , t ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.43 Chromel alumel thermocouple

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transfer
clear ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 4 3
// Given
rho =8600
// [ kg / c u b i c m]
Cp =0.42
// kJ / ( kg . K)
Cp = Cp *1000
// J / ( kg . K)
dia =0.71
// [mm]
dia = dia /1000
// [ d i a i n m]
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R = dia /2
// r a d i u s [m]
h =600
// c o n v e c t i v e c o e f f W/ ( s q m. K)
// L e t l e n g t h =L=1
L =1
// [m]
A =2* %pi * R * L ;
V = %pi *( R ^2) * L ;
tao =( rho * Cp * V ) /( h * A ) ;
printf ( Time c o n s t a n t o f t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e i s %f s ,
tao ) ;
// a t
t = tao
// From (TT i n f ) / ( T0T i n f )=e ( t / t a o )
ratio = %e ^( - t / tao )
// R a t i o o f t h e r m o c o u p l e
d i f f e r e n c e to i n i t i a l temperature d i f f e r e n c e
printf ( At t h e end o f t h e t i m e p e r i o d t=t a o=%f s ,
T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b /n t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e and
t h e g a s s t r e a m would be %f o f t h e i n i t i a l
t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e ,tao , ratio ) ;
printf ( \n I t s h o u l d be r e o r d e r e d a f t e r %f s ,4* tao )
;
Scilab code Exa 2.44 Thermocouple junction

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4 4
rho =8000
// kg / c u b i c m
Cp =420
// J / ( kg . K)
h_hot =60
// f o r h o t s t r e a m W/ ( s q m. K)
dia =4
// [mm]
t =10;
r = dia /(2*1000)
// r a d i u s i n [m]
// For s p h e r e
V =(4/3) * %pi * r ^3
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13 A =4* %pi * r ^2
// Volume i n [ s q m]
14 tao = rho * Cp * V /( h_hot * A )
// Time c o n s t a n t i n [ s ]
15 ratio = %e ^( - t / tao )
// %e( t / t a o ) =(TT i n f ) / ( T0
T inf )
16 T_inf =573
// [ K ]
17 T0 =313
// [ K ]
18 T = T_inf + ratio *( T0 - T_inf )
19 //ANS[ i ]
20 printf ( \n Answer : Time c o n s t a n t o f t h e r m o c o u p l e
is
%f s , tao ) ;
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// IN STILL AIR :
h_air =10
//W/ ( s q m . K)
tao_air = rho * Cp * V /( h_air * A )
// [ s ]
t_air =20
// [ s ]
ratio_air = %e ^( - t_air / tao_air )
T_inf_air =303
// [ K ]
T0_air = T ;
T_air = T_inf_air + ratio_air *( T0_air - T_inf_air )
//ANS[ i i ]
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t t a i n e d by j u n c t i o n 20 s a f t e r
r e m o v i n g from t h e h o t a i r s t r e a m i s : %d K , round (
T_air ) )
Scilab code Exa 2.45 Batch reactor

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4 5
T_inf =390;
U =600;
Ac =1;
Av =10
m =1000;
Cp =3.8*10^3;
// [ K ]
// [W/ s q m. K ]
// [ s q m]
// V e s s e l a r e a i n [ s q m]
// [ kg ]
// [ J / kg . K ]
45
10 To =290;
// [ K ]
11 T =360;
// [ K ]
12 h =8.5
// [W/ s q m. K ]
13 // Heat g a i n e d from t h e steam=Rate o f
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increase of
i n t e r n a l energy
//UA ( T i n f T)=mCpdT
deff ( [ x ]= f ( t ) , x=l o g ( ( T i n f To ) / ( T i n f T) )UAc t
/ (mCp ) ) ;
t = fsolve (1 , f ) ;
// [ i n s ]
t = round ( t )
// [ i n s ]
Ts =290;
printf ( \ nTime t a k e n t o h e a t t h e r e a c t a n t s o v e r t h e
same t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e i s %f h ,t ) ;
function t1 = g ( T ) , t1 = m * Cp /( U * Ac *( T_inf - T ) -h * Av *( T - Ts )
) , endfunction
t1 = intg ( To ,T , g ) ;
deff ( [m]= f x ( Tmax ) , m=UAc ( T i n f Tmax )hAv ( Tmax
Ts ) )
T_max = fsolve (1 , fx )
printf ( \nANS : I n CASE 1\ nTime t a k e n t o h e a t t h e
r e a c t a n t s = %f s . i e %f h \n ,t , t /3600) ;
printf ( \nANS : I n CASE 2 \n Time t a k e n t o h e a t t h e
r e a c t a n t s = %f s \n , t1 ) ;
printf ( \nANS . : Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e a t which
t e m p e r a t u r e can be r a i s e d i s %f K\n , T_max ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.46 Heat dissipation by aluminium rod

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4 6
dia =3
// [mm]
dia = dia /1000
// [m]
r = dia /2
46
k =150
//W/ (m. K)
h =300
//W/ ( s q m. K)
T0 =413
// [ K ]
T_inf =288
// [ K ]
A = %pi *( r ^2)
P = %pi * dia
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Q =( T0 - T_inf ) * sqrt ( h * P * k * A )
// Heat d i s s i p a t e d i n [W
]
15 printf ( Heat d i s s i p a t e d by t h e r o d i s %f W ,Q )
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14
Scilab code Exa 2.47 Aluminium fin efficiency

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4 7
// Given
k =200
//W/ (m. K)
h =15
//W/ ( s q m. K)
T0 =523
// [ K ]
T_inf =288
// [ K ]
theta_0 = T0 - T_inf
dia =25
// d i a m e t e r [mm]
dia = dia /1000
// d i a m e t e r [m]
r = dia /2
P = %pi * dia
// [m]
A = %pi * r ^2
// [ s q m]
// For i n s u l a t e d f i n :
m = sqrt ( h * P /( k * A ) )
L =100
// l e n g t h o f r o d i n [mm]
L = L /1000
// l e n g t h o f r o d i n [m]
Q = theta_0 * tanh ( m * L ) * sqrt ( h * P * k * A )
// Heat l o s s
//ANSWER1
printf ( Heat l o s s by t h e i n s u l a t e d r o d i s %f W \n ,Q
)
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23 nf = tanh ( m * L ) /( m * L )
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// Fin e f f i c i e n c y f o r
insulated fin
//ANSWER2
printf ( Fin e f f i c i e n c y i s %f p e r c e n t \n , nf *100)
// At t h e end o f t h e f i n : t h e t a / t h e t a 0 =( c o s h [m( Lx )
] / c o s h (mL) )
// a t x=L , t h e t a / t h e t a 0 =1/( c o s h (mL)
T = T_inf +( T0 - T_inf ) *(1/ cosh ( m * L ) )
// [ K ]
//ANSWER3
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f t h e f i n i s %f K \n
,T )
Scilab code Exa 2.49 Pin fins

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 4 9
// Given
k =300
//W/ (m. K)
h =20
//W. ( s q m. K)
P =0.05
// [m]
A =2
// [ s q cm ]
A = A /10000
// [ s q m]
T0 =503
// [ K ]
T_inf =303
// [ K ]
theta_0 = T0 - T_inf
// [ K ]
m = sqrt ( h * P /( k * A ) )
//CASE 1 : 6 F i n s o f 100 mm l e n g t h
L1 =0.1
// Length o f f i n i n [m]
Q = sqrt ( h * P * k * A ) * theta_0 * tanh ( m * L1 )
// For 6 f i n s
Q = Q *6
// f o r 6 f i n s [W]
//CASE 2 : 10 f i n s o f 60 mm l e n g t h
L2 =60
// [mm]
48
// [W]
22 L2 = L2 /1000
// [m]
23 Q2 = sqrt ( h * P * k * A ) * theta_0 * tanh ( m * L2 ) ;
// [W]
24 Q2 = Q2 *10
// For 10 f i n s
25 printf ( As , Q f o r 10 f i n s o f 60 mm l e n g t h ( %f W)
is
more t h a n Q f o r 6 f i n s o f 100 mm l e n g t h ( %f W) . \ n
The a g r e e m e n t >10 f i n s o f 60 mm l e n g t h i s more
e f f e c t i v e ,Q2 , Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.50 Metallic wall surrounded by oil and water
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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 5 0
// Given
h_oil =180
//W/ ( s q m. K)
h_air =15
//W/ ( s q m. K)
T_oil =353
// [ K ]
T_air =293
// [ K ]
delta_T = T_oil - T_air ;
// [ K ]
k =80
// C o n d u c t i v i t y i n
[W/ (m. K) ]
for_section =11*10^ -3
// [m]
L =25
// [mm]
L = L /1000
// [m]
W =1
// [m] Width , . . l e t
t =1
// [mm]
t = t /1000
// [m]
A=W*t
// [m]
P =2* t
Af =2* L * W
// s q m
N =1
Ab = for_section - A
// [ s q m]
//CASE 1 : Fin on o i l s i d e o n l y
m = sqrt ( h_oil * P /( k * A ) )
nf_oil = tanh ( m * L ) /( m * L )
Ae_oil = Ab + nf_oil * Af * N
// [ s q m]
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26 Q = delta_T /(1/( h_oil * Ae_oil ) +1/( h_air * for_section ) )
// [W]
27 printf ( I n o i l s i d e , Q=%f W\n ,Q ) ;
28 //CASE 2 : Fin on
a i r side only
29 m = sqrt ( h_air * P /( k * A ) )
30 nf_air = tanh ( m * L ) /( m * L )
31 nf_air =0.928
32 Ae_air = Ab + nf_air * Af * N
// [ s q m]
33 Q = delta_T /(1/( h_oil * for_section ) +1/( h_air * Ae_air ) )
// [W]
34 printf ( I n a i r s i d e , Q=%f W ,Q ) ;
35 printf ( \n From a b o v e r e s u l t s we s e e t h a t more h e a t
t r a n s f e r t a k e s p l a c e i f f i n s a r e p r o v i d e d on t h e
a i r s i d e );
Scilab code Exa 2.51 Brass wall

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 2 . 5 1
// Given
k =75
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y [W/ (m. K) ]
T_water =363
// [ K ]
T_air =303
// [ K ]
dT = T_water - T_air
// d e l t a T
h1 =150
// f o r w a t e r [W/ ( s q m. K) ]
h2 =15
// f o r a i r [W/ ( s q m. K) ]
W =0.5
// Width o f w a l l [m]
L =0.025
// [m]
Area = W ^2
// Base Area [ s q m]
t =1
// [mm]
t = t /1000
// [m]
pitch =10
// [mm]
pitch = pitch /1000
// [m]
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19 N = W / pitch
// [ No o f f i n s ]
20 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
21 A = N * W * t
// T o t a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l
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[ s q m]
Ab = Area - A
Af =2* W * L
// [ s q m]
// S u r f a c e a r e a o f f i n s
area of f i n s
[ s q m]
//CASE 1 : HEAT TRANSFER WITHOUT FINS

A1 = Area
// [ s q m]
A2 = A1
// [ s q m]
Q = dT /(1/( h1 * A1 ) +1/( h2 * A2 ) ) ;
// [W]
printf ( \ nWithout f i n s , Q=%f W\n ,Q ) ;
//CASE 2 : F i n s on t h e w a t e r s i d e
P =2*( t + W ) ;
A =0.5*10^ -3;
m = sqrt ( h1 * P /( k * A ) )
nfw = tanh ( m * L ) /( m * L )
// E f f e c i e n c y on w a t e r s i d e
Aew = Ab + nfw * Af * N
// E f f e c t i v e a r e a on t h e w a t e r
side
[ s q m]
Q = dT /(1/( h1 * Aew ) +1/( h2 * A2 ) ) ;
// [W]
printf ( \n With f i n s on w a t e r s i d e , Q=%f W \n ,Q ) ;
//CASE 3 : FINS ON THE AIR SIDE
m = sqrt ( h2 * P /( k * A ) )
nf_air = tanh ( m * L ) /( m * L )
// E f f e c i e n c y
Aea = Ab + nf_air * Af * N
// E f f e c t i v e a r e a on a i r s i d e
Q = dT /(1/( h1 * A1 ) +1/( h2 * Aea ) ) ;
// [W]
printf ( \n With F i n s on A i r s i d e ,Q=%f W \n ,Q )
//BOTH SIDE :
Q = dT /(1/( h1 * Aew ) +1/( h2 * Aea ) ) ;
// [W]
printf ( \n With F i n s on b o t h s i d e ,Q=%f W \n ,Q ) ;
51
in
Chapter 3
Convection
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Boundary layer thickness

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 3 . 1
4 mu =10^ -3
//N . s /m2
5 // At d i s t a n c e y from s u r f a c e
6 // ux=a+by+cy 2+dy 3
7 // At y =0 , ux=0 t h e r e f o r e a=0
8 // i . e t a o =0
9 // At e d g e o f boundary l a y e r , i e y=d e l
10 // ux= u i n f
11 // At y=o , c=0
12 // At y=d e l , ux=b d e l+d d e l 3
13
14 // T h e r e f o r e , b=3d d e l 3
15 // d= u i n f / ( 2 d e l 2 )
16 // b=3 u i n f / ( 2 d e l )
17
18 // For v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e , we have :
19 // d e l / x = 4 . 6 4 ( N r e x ) ( 1/2)
20
21 // E v a l u a t e N r e x
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x =75;
// [mm]
x = x /1000;
// [m]
u_inf =3;
// [m/ s ]
rho =1000
// [ kg /m 3 ] f o r a i r
Nre_x = u_inf * rho * x / mu
// Reynold number
// S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e v a l u e , we g e t
del = x *4.64*( Nre_x ^( -1/2) )
// [m]
printf ( \ nBoundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s i s d e l=%f m o r %f
mm ,del , del *1000) ;
31 printf ( \nWrong u n i t s i n a n s w e r o f book ,m and mm a r e
wrongly i n t e r c h a n g e d );
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Boundary layer thickness of plate

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example3 . 2
// Given
mu =15*10^ -6
// s q m / s
v =2
//m/ s
L =2
// [m] l e n g t h o f p l a t e
Nre_x =3*10^5
xc = Nre_x * mu / v
// c r i t i c a l l e n g t h a t whihc t h e
transition takes place
// S i n c e xc i s l e s s t h a n 2 m. T h e r e f o r e t h e f l o w i s
laminar
// a t any d i s t a n c e x , . i t i s c a l c u l a t e d from
// d e l / x = 4 . 6 4 / ( s q r t ( NRe , x ) )
// At x=L=2 m
Nre_l = v * L / mu
del_l =4.64* L / sqrt ( Nre_l )
del_l = del_l *1000
// [mm]
printf ( Boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e
i s %f mm , del_l ) ;
53
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 3 . 3
4 // Given
5 mu =15*10^ -6
// K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y i n [ s q m / s ]
6 x =0.4
// [m]
7 u_inf =3
// [m/ s ]
8 // At x =0.4 m,
9 Nre_x = u_inf * x / mu
;
10 printf ( S i n c e Nre , x ( %f ) i s L e s s t h a n 3 1 0 5 , . . t h e
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boundary l a y e r i s l a m i n a r , Nre_x ) ;
del =4.64* x / sqrt ( Nre_x )
// [m]
del = del *1000
// [mm]
printf ( \ n T h i c k n e s s o f boundary l a y e r a t x=%f m =%f
mm\n ,x , del ) ;
Cf_x =0.664/ sqrt ( Nre_x ) ;
printf ( L o c a l s k i n f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s : %f , Cf_x
);
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Flat plate boundary layer

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 4
mu =1.85*10^ -5
P =101.325;
M_avg =29;
R =8.31451;
T =300;
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
// P r e s s u r e i n [ kPa ]
// Avg m o l e c u l a r wt o f a i r
// Gas c o n s t a n t
// [ K ]
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rho = P * M_avg /( R * T )
// [ kg /m 3 ]
u_inf =2
// V i s c o s i t y i n [m/ s ]
// At x=20 cm =0.2 m
x =0.2;
// [m]
Nre_x = rho * u_inf * x / mu
// [ R e y n o l d s number ]
del_by_x =4.64/ sqrt ( Nre_x )
// [ Boundary l a y e r ]
del = del_by_x * x
// [m]
// d e l=d e l 1 0 0 0
/ / [mm]
// At
x =0.4 ;
// [m]
Nre_x =( rho * u_inf * x ) / mu
// <3105
// Boundary l a y e r i s l a m i n a r
del_by_x =4.64/ sqrt ( Nre_x )
del1 = del_by_x * x
// [m]
// d e l 1=d e l 1 1 0 0 0
/ / [mm]
d = del1 - del
// Del
function m_dot = f ( y ) , m_dot = u_inf *(1.5*( y / d ) -0.5*( y / d )
^3) * rho , endfunction
m_dot = intg (0 ,d , f )
printf ( \ nBoundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s a t d i s t a n c e 20 cm
from l e a d i n g e d g e i s %f m=%f mm\n ,del , del *1000)
;
printf ( \ nBoundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s a t d i s t a n c e 40 cm
from l e a d i n g e d g e i s %f m=%f mm\n , del1 , del1
*1000) ;
printf ( \ nThus , Mass f l o w r a t e e n t e r i n g t h e boundary
l a y e r i s %f kg / s , m_dot ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Rate of heat removed from plate

1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 3 . 5
55
// Given
mu =3.9*10^ -4
// K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y i n s q m/ s
k =36.4*10^ -3
// Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y i n W/ (m. K)
Npr =0.69
u_inf =8
// [m/ s ]
L =1
// Lenght o f p l a t e i n [m]
Nre_l = u_inf * L / mu
// S i n c e N r e l i s l e s s t h a n 3 1 0 5 , t h e f l o w i s
laminar over the e n t i r e length of p l a t e
13 Nnu =0.664* sqrt ( Nre_l ) * Npr ^(1.0/3.0)
//=hL/ k
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h = k * Nnu / L
//w/ s q m. K
h =3.06
[W/ s q m. K ]
T_inf =523
// [ K ]
Tw =351
// [ K ]
W =0.3
// Width o f p l a t e [m]
A=W*L
Q = h * A *( T_inf - Tw )
// Rate o f h e a t r e m o v a l from one
s i d e i n [W]
printf ( \ nRate o f h e a t r e m o v a l i s %f W\n ,Q )
// from two s i d e :
Q =2* Q
// [W]
printf ( \n %f W h e a t s h o u l d be removed c o n t i n o u s l y
from t h e p l a t e ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Heat removed from plate

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 6
P1 =101.325
// P r e s s u r e i n [ kPa ]
mu1 =30.8*10^ -6
// K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y i n [ s q m / s ]
k =36.4*10^ -3
// [W/ (m. K) ]
Npr =0.69
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u_inf =8
// V e l o c i t y i n [m/ s ]
Cp =1.08
// kJ / ( kg . K)
L =1.5
// Length o f p l a t e i n [m]
W =0.3
// Width i n [m]
A=L*W
// At c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e : mu1/mu2=P2/P1
P2 =8
// [ kPa ]
mu2 = mu1 * P1 / P2
// K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y a t P2 i n [ s q
m/ s ]
Nre_l = u_inf * L / mu2
// Reynold s no .
// S i n c e t h i s i s l e s s t h a n 3 1 0 5
Nnu =0.664* sqrt ( Nre_l ) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) )
h = Nnu * k / L // Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f f i c i e n t i n [W/ s q m.
K]
h =2.5
// A p p r o x i m a t i o n i n [W/ s q m.K ]
T_inf =523
// [ K ]
Tw =353
// [ K ]
Q =2* h * A *( T_inf - Tw )
// Heat removed from b o t h s i d e s
i n [W]
printf ( Rate o f h e a t removed from b o t h s i d e s o f
p l a t e i s %f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Local heat transfer coefficient

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 7
rho =0.998
// kg / c u b i c m
v =20.76*10^ -6
// [ s q m/ s ]
Cp =1.009
// [ kJ / kg .K ]
k =0.03
// [W/m. K]
u_inf =3
// [m/ s ]
x =0.4
// [m]
w =1.5
// [m]
Nre_x = u_inf * x / v
// R e y n o l d s no a t x =0.4 m
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// S i n c e t h i s i s l e s s t h a n 3 1 0 5 . The f l o w i s l a m i n a r
u p t o x =0.4 m
13 mu = rho * v
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
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Cp =1.009
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
Cp = Cp *1000
// [ J / kg . K ]
k =0.03
//W/ (m. K)
Npr = Cp * mu / k
Nnu_x =0.332*( sqrt ( Nre_x ) ) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) )
hx = Nnu_x * k / x
// [W/ (m. K) ]
// A v e r a g e v a l u e i s t w i c e t h i s v a l u e
h =2* hx
// [W/ (m. K) ]
h =10.6
A=x*w
Tw =407
// [ k ]
T_inf =293
// [ K ]
Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf )
// [W]
// From b o t h s i d e s o f t h e p l a t e :
Q =2* Q
// [W]
printf ( The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d from b o t h s i d e s o f t h e
p l a t e i s %d W , round ( Q ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Width of plate

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 8
rho =0.998
// [ kg / c u b i c m]
v =20.76*10^ -6
// [ s q m/ s ]
k =0.03
// [W/m. K]
Npr =0.697
x =0.4
// [m] from l e a d i n g e d g e o f t h e p l a t e
u_inf =3
// [m/ s ]
// Reynold numebr a t x =0.40 m
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12 // t h e r e f o r e f l o w i s l a m i n a r and
13 Nnu_x =0.332* sqrt ( Nre_x ) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) ) ;
14 hx = Nnu_x * k / x
// [W/ s q m. K ]
15 // A v e r a g e h e a t t a r n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s t w i c e
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this
value
h =2* hx
// [W/ s q m. K ]
// Given :
Q =1450
// [W]
Tw =407
// [ K ]
T_inf =293
// [ K ]
L =0.4
// [m]
//Q=hwL (TwT i n f )
//L=Q/ ( hw (TwT i n f ) )
w = Q /( h * L *( Tw - T_inf ) )
// [m]
printf ( \n Width o f p l a t e i s %f m ,w ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Heat transferred in flat plate

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 9
v =17.36*10^ -6
// V i s c o s i t y f o r a i r
[ s q m. / s ]
k =0.0275
// f o r a i r . . [W/ (m. K) ]
Cp =1.006
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
Npr =0.7
// f o r a i r
u_inf =2
// [m/ s ]
x =0.2
// [m]
// R e y n o l d s number a t x =0.2
m
Nnu_x =0.332* sqrt ( Nre_x ) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) )
hx = Nnu_x * k / x
// [W/ ( s q m. K ]
// A v e r a g e v a l u e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i s t w i c e t h i s
value
16 h =2* hx
// [W/ s q m. K) ]
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h =12.3
w =1
// w i d t h i n [m]
A=x*w
// [ s q m] Area o f p l a t e
Tw =333
// [ K ]
T_inf =300
// [ K ]
Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf )
// Heat f l o w i n [W]
printf ( \nANSWER: \ nHeat f l o w i s : %f W\n ,Q )
// From b o t h s i d e s o f p l a t e :
Q =2* Q
// [W]
printf ( \nANSWER\n Heat f l o w from b o t h s i d e s o f
p l a t e i s %f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Rate of heat transferred in turbulent flow

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 1 0
v =16.96*10^ -6
// [ s q m. / s ]
rho =1.128
// [ kg / c u b i c m]
Npr =0.699
// P r a n d t l number
k =0.0276
// [W/m. K ]
u_inf =15
// [m/ s ]
L =0.2
// [m]
Nre_l = L * u_inf / v
// Reynold s number
// S i n c e t h i s i s l e s s t h a n 3 1 0 5 , t h e boundary l a y e r
i s laminar over e n t i r e length
Nnu =0.664* sqrt ( Nre_l ) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) )
h = Nnu * k / L
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A = L ^2
Tw =293
// [ K ]
T_inf =333
// [ K ]
// Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r from BOTH s i d e s i s :
Q =2* h * A *( T_inf - Tw )
// [W]
printf ( Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r from b o t h s i d e s o f
p l a t e i s %f W\n ,Q ) ;
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// i i With t u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r from t h e l e a d i n g

edge :
h = k *0.0366*( Nre_l ^(0.8) ) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) ) / L
// [
W/ ( s q m. K) ]
// Heat t r a n s f e r from b o t h s i d e s i s :
Q =2* h * A *( T_inf - Tw )
// [W]
printf ( \ nThese c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o t h a t t h e t h a t
t r a n s f e r r a t e i s approximately doubled i f
boundary l a y e r i s t u r b u l e n t from t h e l e a d i n g e d g e
\n ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.11 Heat transfer from plate in unit direction
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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 1 1
mu =1.906*10^ -5
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
k =0.02723
//W/m. K
Cp =1.007
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
rho =1.129
// [ kg / c u b i c m]
Npr =0.70
Mavg =29
u_inf =35
// [m/ s ]
L =0.75
// [m]
Tm =313
// [ K ]
P =101.325
// [ kPa ]
Nre_l = rho * u_inf * L / mu
// Reynold s number >5105
Nnu =0.0366* Nre_l ^(0.8) * Npr ^(1.0/3.0) ;
h = Nnu * k / L
// [W/ s m. K ]
A =1* L
// [ s q m]
Tw =333
// [ K ]
T_inf =293
// [ K ]
Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf ) ;
// [W]
printf ( Heat t r a n s f e r from t h e p l a t e i s %f W ,Q ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.12 Heat lost by sphere

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 1 2
v =18.23*10^ -6
// s q m/ s
k =0.02814
// [W/m. K]
D =0.012
// [m]
r =0.006
// [m]
u_inf =4
// [m/ s ]
Nre = D * u_inf / v
// Reynold s number
Nnu =0.37* Nre ^(0.6) ;
h = Nnu *( k / D )
A =4* %pi * r ^2
// Area o f s p h e r e i n [ s q m]
Tw =350
// [ K ]
T_inf =300
// [ K ]
Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf )
// Heat l o s t by s p h e r e i n [W]
printf ( \n Heat l o s t by s p h e r e i s %f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Heat lost by sphere

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clc ;
clear ;
// Exmaple 3 . 1 3
v =15.69*10^ -6
// [ s q m. / s ]
k =0.02624
// [W/m. K]
Npr =0.708
mu =2.075*10^ -5
// kg /m. s
u_inf =4
// [m/ s ]
mu_inf =1.8462*10^ -5
// [m/ s ] v e l o c i t y
Tw =350
// [ K ]
T_inf =300
// [ K ]
62
D =0.012
// [m]
r = D /2
// R a d i u s i n [m]
Nre = u_inf * D / v
// Reynold s numbe
Nnu =2+(0.4* Nre ^(1.0/2.0) +0.06* Nre ^(2.0/3.0) ) * Npr
^(0.4) *( mu_inf / mu ) ^(1.0/4.0)
16 h = Nnu * k / D
// [W/ s q m. K ]
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18 A =4* %pi * r ^2
19 Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf ) ;
20 printf ( \n Heat l o s t by t h e s p h e r e
i s %f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Percent power lost in bulb

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 1 4
v =2.08*10^ -5
// [ s q m/ s ]
k =0.03
//W/ (m. K)
Npr =0.697
D =0.06
// [m]
u_inf =0.3
// [m/ s ]
Nre = D * u_inf / v
// R e y n o l d s number
// A v e r a g e n u s s e l t number i s g i v e n by :
Nnu =0.37*( Nre ^0.6) ;
h = Nnu * k / D
//W/ s q m. K
Tw =400
// [ K ]
T_inf =300
// [ K ]
D =0.06
// [m]
r =0.03
// [m]
A =4* %pi * r ^2
Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf )
// [W]
per = Q *100/100
// P e r c e n t o f h e a t l o s t by f o r c e d
convection
20 printf ( Heat t r a n s f e r r a t e i s %f W, And p e r c e n t a g e o f
power l o s t by c o n v e c t i o i s : %f p e r c e n t ,Q , per ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.15 Heat lost by cylinder

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 1 5
u_inf =50
// v e l o c i t y i n [m/ s ]
mu =2.14*10^ -5
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
rho =0.966
// [ kg / c u b i c m]
k =0.0312
// [W/ (m. K) ]
Npr =0.695
D =0.05
// D i a m e t e r i n [m]
Nre = D * u_inf * rho / mu ; // Reynold s number
printf ( %f , Nre )
Nnu =0.0266* Nre ^0.805* Npr ^(1/3) ;
h = Nnu * k / D
; //W/ s q m. K
h =171.7
printf ( \ n%f ,h )
Tw =423
// [ K ]
T_inf =308
// [ K ]
// Heat l o s s p e r u n i t l e n g t h i s :
Q_by_l = h * %pi * D *( Tw - T_inf ) ; // [W]
printf ( Heat l o s t p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f c y l i n d e r i s %f
W( a p p r o x ) , round ( Q_by_l ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.16 Heat transfer in tube

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2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 3 . 1 6
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v =20.92*10^ -6
// s q m/ s
k =3*10^ -2
//W/ (m. K)
Npr =0.7
u_inf =25
// [m/ s ]
d =50
// [mm]
d = d /1000
// [m]
Nre = u_inf * d / v
// Reynold s number
Tw =397
// [ K ]
T_inf =303
// [ K ]
// Case 1 : C i r c u l a r t u b e
Nnu =0.0266* Nre ^(0.805) * Npr ^(1.0/3.0) ;
h = Nnu * k / d
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A = %pi * d
Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf )
// [W]
Q_by_l1 = h * %pi * d *( Tw - T_inf )
// [W/m]
// Case 2 : S q u a r e t u b e
A =50*50
// Area i n [ s q mm]
P =2*(50+50)
// P e r i m e t e r [mm]
l =4* A / P
// [mm]
l = l /1000
// [m]
Nnu =0.102*( Nre ^0.675) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) )
h = Nnu * k / d
//W/ ( s q m. K)
A =4* l * l
// [ s q m]
Q = h * A *( Tw - T_inf )
Q_by_l2 = Q / l
// [W/m]
printf ( \ nRate o f h e a t f l o w from t h e s q u a r e p i p e=%f
W/m \n which i s more t h a n t h a t from t h e c i r c u l a r
p i p e which i s e q u a l t o %f W/m , Q_by_l2 , Q_by_l1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.17 Heat transfer coefficient
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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 1 7
mu =0.8
// V i s c o s i t y o f f l o w i n g f l u i d [ N . s / s q m]
rho =1.1
// D e n s i t y o f f l o w i n f f l u i d [ g / c u b i c cm ]
rho = rho *1000
// D e n s i t y i n [ kg / c u b i c m]
Cp =1.26
// S p e c i f i c h e a t [ kJ / kg . K ]
Cp = Cp *10^3
// i n [ J / ( kg . K) ]
k =0.384
// [W/ (m. K) ]
mu_w =1
// V i s c o s i t y a t w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e [ N . s / s q m]
L =5
// [m]
vfr =300
// V o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e i n [ c u b i c cm/ s ]
vfr = vfr *10^ -6
// [ c u b i c m/ s ]
mfr = vfr * rho
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f f l o w i n f f l u i d [ kg
/s ]
Di =20
// I n s i d e d i a m e t e r i n [mm]
Di = Di /1000
// [m]
Area =( %pi /4) * Di ^2
// Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n [ s q m]
u = vfr / Area
// V e l o c t i y i n [m/ s ]
Nre = Di * u * rho / mu
// Reynold s number
// As r e y n o l d s number i s l e s s t h a n 2 1 0 0 , he f l o w i s
laminar
Npr = Cp * mu / k
Nnu =1.86*( Nre * Npr * Di / L ) ^(1.0/3.0) *( mu / mu_w ) ^(0.14)
hi = Nnu * k / Di
// i n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t [W
/ s q m. K ]
printf ( I n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f W/ ( s q
m.K) , hi ) ;
// Note :
printf ( \n The a n s w e r g i v e n i n book . . i e 1 2 2 5 i s
wrong . p l e a s e r e d o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f l a s t l i n e
m a n u a l l y t o c h e c k \n ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.18 Heat transfer coefficient in heated tube

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 1 8
m =5500
// Mass f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / h ]
m = m /3600
// [ kg / s ]
rho =1.07
// D e n s i t y o f f l u i d i n [ g /cm 3 ]
rho = rho *1000
// [ kg /m 3 ]
vfr = m / rho
// V o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e i n [m3/ s ]
Di =40
// D i a m e t e r o f t u b e [mm]
Di = Di /1000
// [m]
A =( %pi /4) * Di ^2
// Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i n [ s q m]
u = vfr / A
// V e l o c i t y o f f l o w i n g f l u i d
[m/ s ]
rho =1070
// D e n s i t y i n [ kg /m 3 ]
mu =0.004
// V i s c o s i t y i n [ kg /m. s ]
Nre =12198
// Approx
// S i n c e t h i s r e y n o l d s number i s l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 0 0 , t h e
flow i s turbulent
Cp =2.72
// S p e c i f i c h e a t i n [ kJ / kg . K]
Cp = Cp *10^3
// S p e c i f i c h e a t i n [ J / kg . K ]
k =0.256
// t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y i n [W/m. K ]
Npr = Cp * mu / k
Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.4)
// N u s s e l t number
hi = k * Nnu / Di
// I n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n
[W/m 2 .K ]
printf ( I n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f W/ s q
m. K , hi ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.19 h of water flowing in tube

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2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 3 . 1 9
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//DATA:
rho =984.1
// D e n s i t y o f w a t e r [ kg /m 3 ]
Cp =4187
// S p e c i f i c h e a t i n [ J / kg . K ]
mu =485*10^ -6
// V i s c o s i t y a t 331 K [ Pa . s ]
k =0.657
// [W/ (m. K) ]
mu_w =920*10^ -6
// V i s c o s i t y a t 297 K [ Pa . s ]
// S o l u t i o n
D =16
// D i a m e t e r i n [mm]
D = D /1000
u =3
// V e l o c i t y i n [m/ s ]
rho =984.1
// [ kg /m 3 ]
Nre = D * u * rho / mu
Nre = round ( Nre )
Npr = Cp * mu / k
// D i t t u s B o e l t e r e q u a t i o n ( i )
Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.3)
// n u s s e l t number
h = k * Nnu / D
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t [W/m 2 .K ]
printf ( \nANSWER( i ) \nBy D i t t u s B o e l t e r e q u a t i o n we
g e t h=%f W/ s q m.K\n\n\n ,h ) ;
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26 // s i e d e r t a t e e q u a t i o n ( i i )
27 Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) ) *(( mu / mu_w ) ^0.14)
28 h = k * Nnu / D
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n [W/ s q m.
K]
29 printf ( \ nAnswer ( i i ) \nBy S i e d e r Tate e q u a t i o n we
g e t h=%f W/ s q m.K\n ,h ) ;
30 printf ( \nNOTE : C a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n book i n p a r t 2
i e s i e d e r t a t e eqn \n )
Scilab code Exa 3.20 Overall heat transfer coefficient

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2 clear ;
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// Example 3 . 2 0
m_dot =2250
// Mass f l o w a r t e i n [ kg / h ]
Cp =3.35
// S p e c i f i c h e a t i n [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
dT =316 -288.5
// T e m p e r a t u r e d r o p f o r o i l
[K]
Q = Cp * m_dot * dT
// Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i n [ kJ /h ]
Q = round ( Q *1000/3600)
// [ J / s ] o r [W]
Di =0.04
// I n s i d e d i a m e t e r [m]
Do =0.048
// O u t s i d e d i a m t e r i n [m]
hi =4070
// f o r steam [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =18.26
// For o i l [W/ s q m. K ]
Rdo =0.123
// [ s q m. K/W]
Rdi =0.215
// [ s q m. K/W]
Uo =1/(1/ ho + Do /( hi * Di ) + Rdo + Rdi *( Do / Di ) )
// [W/m 2 .K
]
Uo =2.3
dT1 =373 -288.5
// [ K ]
dT2 =373 -316
// [ K ]
dTm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 )
// [ K ]
Ao = Q /( Uo * dTm )
// Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a i n [m 2 ]
printf ( H e a t r t r a n s f e r a r e a i s : %f m2 , Ao ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.21 Number of tubes in exchanger

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 2 1
k_tube =111.65
// [W/m. K ]
W =4500
// [ kg /h ]
rho =995.7
// [ kg / s q m]
Cp =4.174
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
k =0.617
// [W/ (m. K) ]
v =0.659*10^ -6
// K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y [ s q m/ s ]
m_dot =1720
// kg / h
T1 =293
// I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
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T2 =318
// F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
dT = T2 - T1
// [ K ]
Q = m_dot * Cp * dT
// Heat t r a n s f e r r a t e i n [ kJ /h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ J / s ] o r [W]
Di =0.0225
// [m]
u =1.2
// [m/ s ]
// Nre=Di u r h o /mu o r
Nre = Di * u / v
// As Nre i s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 0 0 0 , D i t t u s B o e l t e r
equation i s applicable
Cp = Cp *10^3
// J / ( kg . K)
mu = v * rho
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Npr = Cp * mu / k
// D i t t u s B o e l t e r e q u a t i o n f o r h e a t i n g i s
Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.4)
hi = k * Nnu / Di
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
[W/ ( s q m
. K) ]
Do =0.025
// [m]
Dw =( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di )
// Log mean d i a m e t e r i n [m]
ho =4650
// [W/ s q m. K ]
k =111.65
// [W/m. K]
xw =( Do - Di ) /2
// [m]
Uo =1/(1/ ho + Do /( hi * Di ) + xw * Do /( k * Dw ) )
// O v e r a l l
h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n W/ (m 2 .K)
T_steam =373
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f c o n d e n s i n g steam i n
[K]
dT1 = T_steam - T1 +10
// [ K ]
dT2 = T_steam - T2 +10
// [ K ]
dTm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 )
// [ K ]
Ao = Q /( Uo * dTm ) // Area i n [m 2 ]
L =4
// l e n g t h o f t u b e [m]
n = Ao /( %pi * Do * L )
// number o f t u b e s
printf ( No . o f t u b e s r e q u i r e d=%d\n , round ( n ) ) ;
printf ( \n NOTE: t h e r e i s an e r r o r i n book i n
c a l c u l a t i o n o f dT1 and dT2 , \ n 373 293 i s w r i t t e n
a s 9 0 , i n s t e a d o f 8 0 . . . s i m i l a r l y i n dT2 , \ nSo , i n
c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e book , 1 0 i s added t o b o t h o f
them )
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Scilab code Exa 3.22 Convective film coefficient

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 2 2
m_dot =25000
// m a s s f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r [ kg / h ]
rho =992.2
// [ kg /m 3 ]
k =0.634
// [W/m. K ]
vfr = m_dot / rho
// [m3/ h ]
Npr =4.31
// P r a n d t l numberl
Di =50
// [mm]
Di =0.05
// [m]
dT =10
// [ K ] a s t h e w a l l i s a t a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 10
K above the bulk temperature
u =( vfr /3600) /( %pi *( Di /2) ^2)
// V e l o c i t y o f w a t e r
i n [m/ s ]
u =3.56
// Nre=Di u r h o /mu=Di u / v
a s v=mu/ r h o
v =0.659*10^ -6;
// [m2/ s ]
Nre = Di * u / v
// As i t i s l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 0 0 , t h e f l o w i s i n t h e
t u r b u l e n t r e g i o n f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r and D i t t u s
B o e l t e r eqn i s u s e d
Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.4) ;
hi = Nnu * k / Di
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e t i n [W/ s q m
.K]
q_by_l = hi * %pi * Di * dT
// Heat t r a n s f e r p e r u n i t
l e n g t h [kW/m]
printf ( A v e r a g e v a l u e o f c o n v e c t i v e f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t
i s h i= %d W/ s q m. K \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r e d p e r u n i t
l e n g t h i s Q/L=%f kW/m , round ( hi ) , q_by_l /1000) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.23 Length of tube

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 2 3
vfr =1200 ; // Water f l o w r a t e i n [ l / h ]
rho =0.98 ;
// D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n g / [ c u b i c cm ]
m_dot = vfr * rho
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r [ kg /h ]
m_dot2 = m_dot /3600
// [ kg / s ]
Cp =4.187*10^3 ;
// [ J / kg . K ]
Di =0.025 ; // D i a m e t e r i n [m]
mu =0.0006 ;
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Ai = %pi *(( Di /2) ^2)
// Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i n [m
2]
Nre =( Di / mu ) *( m_dot2 / Ai )
k =0.63 ; // f o r m e t a l w a l l i n [W/ (m.K) ]
Npr = Cp * mu / k ;
// S i n c e Nre >10000
// t h e r e f o r e , D i t t u s b o e l t e r eqn f o r h e a t i n g i s
Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^(0.8) ) *( Npr ^(0.4) )
ho =5800
; // Film h e a t c o e f f i c i e n t W / (m 2 .K)
hi = Nnu * k / Di
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f c i e n t i n [W/ ( s q
m.K) ]
Do =0.028 ;
// [m]
Di =0.025 ;
// [m]
xw =( Do - Di ) /2;
// [m]
Dw =( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di ) ;
// [m]
k =50 ; // f o r m e t a l w a l l i n [W/ (m. K) ]
Uo =1/(1/ ho + Do /( hi * Di ) + xw * Do /( k * Dw ) ) ;
// i n [W/ s q m
.K]
dT =343 -303 ; // [ K ]
dT1 =393 -303 ;
// [ K ]
dT2 =393 -343 ;
// [ K ]
dTm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 ) ;
// [ K ]
Cp = Cp /1000; // [ i n [ kJ / kg .K ] ]
Q = m_dot * Cp * dT ;
// Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i n [ kJ /h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600;
// [ J / s ] o r [W]
Ao = Q /( Uo * dTm ) ;
// Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a i n [ s q m]
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34 // Also , . . Ao=%pi DoL

. . implies that
35 L = Ao /( %pi * Do )
// [m]
36 printf ( Length o f t u b e r e q u i r e d i s %f m , round ( L ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.24 Cooling coil

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 2 4
// 1 . For i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s :
T =360;
// [ K ]
T1 =280;
// [ K ]
T2 =320;
// [ K ]
dT1 =T - T1 ;
// [ K ]
dT2 =T - T2 ;
// [ K ]
//Q1=m1 dot Cp1 ( T2T1 )
Cp1 =4.187
// Heat c a p a c i t y
dTlm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 ) // [ K ]
m1_by_UA = dTlm /( Cp1 *( T2 - T1 ) )
// For f i n a l c o n d i t i o n s :
// m2 dot=m1 dot
//U2=U1
//A2=5A1
deff ( x=f ( t ) , x=m1 by UA Cp1 ( tT1 ) 5(( dT1(Tt ) ) /
l o g ( dT1 / (Tt ) ) ) )
19 T = fsolve (350.5 , f )
20 printf ( \ n O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i s %f K\n ,T ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.25 Outlet temperature of water

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 3 . 2 5
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mo_dot =60
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f o i l i n [ g / s ]
mo_dot =6*10^ -2 // [ kg / s ]
Cpo =2.0
// S p e c i f i c h e a t o f o i l i n [ kJ / ( kg .K) ]
T1 =420 // [ K ]
T2 =320 // [ K ]
Q = mo_dot * Cpo *( T1 - T2 )
// Rate o f h e a t f l o w i n [ kJ / s
]
mw_dot = mo_dot
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r
// kg / s
t1 =290 // [ K ]
Cpw =4.18
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
// For f i n d i n g o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
t2 = t1 + Q /( mw_dot * Cpw )
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
dTm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 ) // [ K ]
ho =1.6 // O i l s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n [kW
/ ( s q m. K) ]
hi =3.6 // Water s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n [kW/ ( s q
m.K) ]
// O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s :
U =1/(1/ ho +1/ hi ) // [kW/ (m 2 .K) ]
A = Q /( U * dTm ) // [ s q m]
Do =25
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
L = A /( %pi * Do )
// Length o f t u b e i n [m]
printf ( \ n O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i s %f K \n ,
round ( t2 ) ) ;
28 printf ( Area o f h e a t t r a n s f e r r e q u i r e d i s %f s q m\n
,A ) ;
29 printf ( Length o f t u b e r e q u i r e d i s %f m ,L )
Scilab code Exa 3.26 Inside heat transfer coefficient

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 2 6
k =0.14 // f o r o i l [W/m.K ]
Cp =2.1 // f o r o i l [ kJ / kg . K ]
Cp = Cp *10^3 // J / kg . K
mu =154 // [mN. s / s q m]
mu_w =87 // (mn . s / s q m)
L =1.5
// [m]
m_dot =0.5
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f o i l [ kg / s ]
Di =0.019 // D i a m e t e r o f t u b e [m]
mean_T =319 // Mean t e m p e r a t u r e o f o i l [ K]
mu = mu *10^ -3 // [ N . s / s q m] o r [ kg / (m. s ) ]
A = %pi *( Di /2) ^2
// [ s q m]
G = m_dot / A
// Mass v e l o c i t y i n [ kg / s q m. s ]
Nre = Di * G / mu // R e y n o l d s number
// As Nre <2100 , t h e f l o w i s l a m i n a r
mu_w = mu_w *10^ -3 // [ N . s / s q m] o r kg / (m. s )
// The s i e d e r t a t e e q u a t i o n i s
hi =( k *(2.0*(( m_dot * Cp ) /( k * L ) ) ^(1.0/3.0) *( mu / mu_w )
^(0.14) ) ) / Di
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n [W/ s q m. K
]
22 printf ( \n The i n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s
%f W/ (m 2 .K) , hi ) ;
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printf ( \nNOTE : C a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n l a s t l i n e . i e
i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f h i i n book , p l e a s e p e r f o r m
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n m a n u a l l y t o c h e c k t h e a n s w e r \n )
Scilab code Exa 3.27 Film heat transfer coefficient

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 3 . 2 7
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m_dot =0.217 // Water f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / s ]

Do =19
// O u t s i d e d i a m e t e r i n [mm]
rho =1000
// D e n s i t y
t =1.6
// Wall t h i c k n e s s i n [mm]
Di = Do -2* t
// i . d o f t u b e i n [mm]
Di = Di /1000 // [m]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
Ai = %pi *( Di /2) ^2 // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n s q m
u = m_dot /( rho * Ai ) // Water v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h t u b e
[m/
s]
u =1.12 // a p p r o x i n book
Di =0.0157
// a p p r x i n book
T1 =301 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i n [ K ]
T2 =315 // O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i n [ K ]
T =( T1 + T2 ) /2 // [ K ]
hi =(1063*(1+0.00293* T ) *( u ^0.8) ) /( Di ^0.20) // I n s i d e
h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t W/ ( s q m. K)
hi =5084
printf ( %f , hi ) ;
hio = hi *( Di / Do ) // I n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f b a s e d
on o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r
i n W/ ( s q m. K)
printf ( %f , hio ) ;
printf ( Based on o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e , I n s i d e h e a t
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s %d W/ (m 2 .K) o r %f kW/ (m
2 .K) , round ( hio ) , round ( hio ) /1000) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.28 Area of exchanger

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 2 8
mair_dot =0.90
T1 =283 // [ K ]
T2 =366 // [ K ]
dT =( T1 + T2 ) /2
// [ kg / s ]
// [ K ]
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Di =12
// [mm]
Di = Di /1000 // [m]
G =19.9 // [ kg / ( s q m. s ) ]
mu =0.0198
// [mN. s / ( s q m) ]
mu = mu *10^ -3 // [ N . s / s q m] o r [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Nre = Di * G / mu // R e y n o l d s number
// I t i s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 4
k =0.029 //W/ (m. K)
Cp =1
// [ kJ / kg .K ]
Cp1 = Cp *10^3 // [ J / kg . K ]
Npr = Cp1 * mu / k // P a r n d t l number
// D i t t u s B o e l t e r e q u a t i o n i s
hi =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.4) * k / Di
// [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =232 //W/ s q m. K
U =1/(1/ hi +1/ ho ) // O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
[W/m 2 .K ]
Q = mair_dot * Cp *( T2 - T1 )
// kJ / s
Q = Q *10^3
// [ J / s ] o r [W]
T =700
// [ K ]
dT1 =T - T2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - T1
// [ K ]
dTm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 ) // [ K ]
//Q=UAdTm
A = Q /( U * dTm ) // Area i n s q m
printf ( Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a o f e q u i p m e n t i s %f s q m ,
A);
Scilab code Exa 3.29 Natural and forced convection

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 2 9
v =18.41*10^ -6
// [ s q m. / s ]
k =28.15*10^ -3
// [W/m. K]
Npr =0.7 // P r a n d t l number
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Beta =3.077*10^ -3
//K1
g =9.81 //m/ s 2
Tw =350 // [ K ]
T_inf =300
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf // [ K ]
L =0.3
// [m]
// 1 . F r e e C o n v e c t i o n
Ngr =( g * Beta * dT * L ^3) /( v ^2) // G r a s h o f number
Nnu =0.59*( Ngr * Npr ) ^(1.0/4.0)
h = Nnu * k / L
// A v e r a g e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t [W/
sq m K]
printf ( \n I n f r e e c o n v e c t i o n , h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f , h=
%f W/ ( s q m. K) \n ,h )
// 2 . F o r c e d C o n v e s t i o n
u_inf =4 // [m/ s ]
Nre_l = u_inf * L / v
Nnu =0.664*( Nre_l ^(1/2) ) *( Npr ^(1.0/3.0) )
//
N u s s e l t number
h = Nnu * k / L
// [W/ s q m. K ]
printf ( \n I n f o r c e d c o n v e c t i o n , h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f ,
h=%f W/ ( s q m. K) \n ,h )
printf ( \n From a b o v e i t i s c l e a r t h a t h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i n f o r c e d c o n v e c t i o n i s much l a r g e r
t h a n t h a t i n f r e e c o n v e c t i o n \n ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.30 Natural convection

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2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 3 . 3 0
5 k =0.02685
//W/ (m. K)
6 v =16.5*10^ -6
// kg / (m. s )
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Beta =3.25*10^ -3 //K1
g =9.81 //m/ ( s 2 )
Tw =333; // [ k ]
T_inf =283
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf // [ K ]
L =4 // Length / h e i g h t
o f p l a t e [m]
Ngr =( g * Beta * dT *( L ^3) ) /( v ^2)
// G r a s h o f f number
// L e t c o n s t=Ngr Npr
const = Ngr * Npr
// S i c e i t i s >109
Nnu =0.10*( const ^(1.0/3.0) )
h = Nnu * k / L
//W/ ( s q m. K)
h =4.3
// Approx i n book
W =7 // w i d t h i n [m]
A=L*W
// Area o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i n [ s q m]
Q = h * A * dT
// [W]
printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r e d i s %d W\n ,Q )
Scilab code Exa 3.31 Free convection in vertical pipe

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 3 1
v =18.97*10^ -6
//m2/ s
k =28.96*10^ -3
//W/ (m. K)
Npr =0.696
D =100
// Outer d i a m e t e r [mm]
D = D /1000
// [m]
Tf =333 // Film t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
Tw =373 // [ K ]
T_inf =293
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf // [ K ]
Beta =1/ Tf
// [ K 1]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
79
L =3 // Length o f p i p e [m]
Ngr =( g * Beta * dT *( L ^3) ) /( v ^2) // G r a s h o f number
Nra = Ngr * Npr
Nnu =0.10*( Ngr * Npr ) ^(1.0/3.0)
// n u s s e l t number f o r
vertical cylinder
19 h = Nnu * k / L
//W/ ( s q m. K)
20 Q_by_l = h * %pi * D * dT
// Heat l o s s p e r m e t r e l e n g t h [W/
m]
21 printf ( \n Hence , Heat l o s s p e r m e t r e l e n g t h i s %f W/
m \n , Q_by_l ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.32 Heat loss per unit length

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 3 2
k =0.630 //W/ (m. K
Beta =3.04*10^ -4 //K1
rho =1000
// kg /m3
mu =8.0*10^ -4
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Cp =4.187
// kJ / ( kg . K)
g =9.81 // [m/ ( s 2 ) ]
Tw =313 // [ K ]
T_inf =298
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf // [ K ]
D =20
// [mm]
D = D /1000
// [m]
Ngr =9.81*( rho ^2) * Beta * dT *( D ^3) /( mu ^2)
// G r a s h o f f
number
Cp1 = Cp *1000 // [ J / kg . K ]
Npr = Cp1 * mu / k // P r a n d t l number
// A v e r a g e n u s s e l t number i s
Nnu =0.53*( Ngr * Npr ) ^(1.0/4.0)
h = Nnu * k / D // [W/ sqm . K ]
Q_by_l = h * %pi * D * dT
// Heat l o s s p e r u n i t l e n g t h [W/m
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22 printf ( \ nHeat l o s s p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f t h e h e a t e r i s
%f W/m , Q_by_l ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.33 Free convection in pipe

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 3 3
k =0.03406
// [W/ (m/K) ]
Beta =2.47*10^ -3 //K1
Npr =0.687
v =26.54*10^ -6
//m2/ s
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
Tw =523 // [ K ]
T_inf =288
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf // [ K ]
D =0.3048
// [m]
Ngr =( g * Beta * dT *( D ^3) ) /( v ^2)
// G r a s h o f number
Nra = Ngr * Npr
// For Nra l e s s t h a n 1 0 9 , we have f o r h o r i z o n t a l
cylinder
Nnu =0.53*( Nra ^(1.0/4.0) )
h = Nnu * k / D
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Q_by_l = h * %pi * D * dT ; //W/m
printf ( Heat l o s s o f h e a t t r a n s f e r p e r m e t e r l e n g h
i s %f W/m , Q_by_l ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.34 Free convection in plate

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3 clear ;
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// Example 3 . 3 4
rho =960.63 // D e n s i t y i n [ kg /m 3 ]
Cp =4.216*10^3
// S p e c i f i c h e a t i n [ J / ( kg . K) ]
D =16
// D i a m e t e r i n [ cm ]
D = D /100 // [m]
k =0.68 // Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y i n [W/m. K ]
A =( %pi *( D /2) ^2)
L = A /( %pi * D )
// Length=A/P i n [m]
Beta =0.75*10^ -3 // [ K 1]
alpha =1.68*10^ -7
// [m2/ s ]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
Tw =403 // [ K ]
T_inf =343
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf // [ K ]
v =0.294*10^ -6
// [m2/ s ]
Nra =( g * Beta *( L ^3) * dT ) /( v * alpha )
// 1 . For Top s u r f a c e
Nnu =0.15*( Nra ) ^(1.0/3.0)
ht = Nnu * k / L // Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f f o r t o p s u r f a c e i n
W/ (m 2 .K)
ht = round ( ht )
// 2 . For bottom s u r f a c e
Nnu =0.27* Nra ^(1.0/4.0) // N u s s e l t number
hb = Nnu * k / L // [W/ s q m. K ]
hb = round ( hb )
Q =( ht + hb ) * A * dT ; // [W]
printf ( The r a t e o f h e a t i n p u t i s %f W ,Q )
Scilab code Exa 3.35 Heat transfer from disc

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 3 . 3 5
4 v =2*10^ -5
// [m2/ s ]
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k =0.03 // [W/m. K ]
D =0.25
L =0.90* D
// C h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e n g t h , l e t
T1 =298 // [ K ]
T2 =403 // [ K ]
dT = T2 - T1
// [ K ]
Tf =( T1 + T2 ) /2 // [ K ]
Beta =1/ Tf
// [ K 1]
A = %pi *( D /2) ^2
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
[m]
// Case 1 : Hot s u r f a c e f a c i n g up
Ngr = g * Beta * dT *( L ^3) /( v ^2)
Nnu =0.15*(( Ngr * Npr ) ^(1.0/3.0) )
h = Nnu * k / L
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Q = h * A * dT
// [W]
printf ( \n Heat t r a n s f e r r e d when h o t s u r f a c e i s
f a c i n g up i s %f W\n ,Q ) ;
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25 // Case 2 : For h o t s u r f a c e f a c i n g down
26 Nnu =0.27*( Ngr * Npr ) ^(1.0/4.0) ;
// G r a s h o f Number
27 h = Nnu * k / L
// [W/sqm . K]
28 Q = h * A * dT
// [W]
29 printf ( \n Heat t r a n s f e r r e d when h o t s u r f a c e i s
f a c i n g down i s %f W\n ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.36 Rate of heat input to plate

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3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Example 3 . 3 6
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rho =960 // [ kg /m 3 ]
Beta =0.75*10^ -3 // [ K 1]
k =0.68 // [W/m. K ]
alpha =1.68*10^ -7
// [m2/ s ]
v =2.94*10^ -7
// [m2/ s ]
Cp =4.216
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
Tw =403 // [ K ]
T_inf =343
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf
// [ K ]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
l =0.8
// [m]
W =0.08 // [m]
A=l*W
// Area i n [m 2 ]
P =2*(0.8+0.08)
// P e r i m e t e r i n [m]
L=A/P
// C h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i m e n s i o n / l e n g t h , L i n
Nra = g * Beta * L ^3* dT /( v * alpha )
[m]
// ( i ) f o r n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n , h e a t t r a n s f e r from t o p /
upper s u r f a c e heated
Nnu =0.15*( Nra ^(1.0/3.0) )
ht = Nnu * k / L // [W/m 2 .K ]
ht =2115.3
// A p p r o x i m a t i o n i n book , I f done m a n u a l l y
then answer d i f f
// ( i i ) For t h e bottom / l o w e r s u r f a c e o f t h e h e a t e d
plate
Nnu =0.27*( Nra ^(1.0/4.0) )
hb = Nnu * k / L // [W/ (m 2 .K) ]
hb = round ( hb )
// Rate o f h e a t i n p u t i s e q u a l t o r a t e o f h e a t
d i s s i p a t i o n from t h e u p p e r and l o w e r s u r f a c e s o f
the p l a t e
Q =( ht + hb ) * A *( Tw - T_inf )
// [W]
printf ( \n Rate o f h e a t i n p u t i s e q u a l t o h e a t
d i s s i p a t i o n =%f W ,Q ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.37 Two cases in disc

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 3 7
k =0.03 //W/ (m. K)
Npr =0.697
v =2.076*10^ -6
//m2/ s
Beta =0.002915
//K1
D =25 ;
// [ D i a m e t e r i n cm ]
D = D /100 // [m]
A = %pi *( D /2) ^2
// Area i n [m 2 ]
P = %pi * D // P e r i m e t e r [m]
T1 =293 // [ K ]
T2 =393 // [ K ]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
// Case ( i ) HOT SURFACE FACING UPWARD
L=A/P
// C h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e n g t h i n [m]
Beta =1/ Tf ; // [ K 1]
dT = T2 - T1
// [ K ]
Ngr =( g * Beta * dT *( L ^3) ) /( v ^2) // G r a s h o f f number
Nra = Ngr * Npr
Nnu =0.15*( Nra ^(1.0/3.0) )
h = Nnu * k / L
// [W/m 2 .K ]
Q = h * A * dT
// [W]
printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r e d when d i s c i s h o r i z o n t a l
w i t h h o t s u r f a c e f a c i n g upward i s %f W\n ,Q ) ;
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28 // Case ( i i ) HOT FACE FACING DOWNWARD
29 Nnu =0.27*( Nra ^(1/4) )
30 h = Nnu * k / L
//W/ (m 2 .K)
31 Q = h * A * dT
// [W]
32 printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r e d when d i s c i s h o r i z o n t a l
w i t h h o t s u r f a c e f a c i n g downward i s %f W\n ,Q ) ;
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// Case ( i i i )For d i s c v e r t i c a l
L =0.25 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e n g t h [m]
D = L // d i a [m]
A = %pi *(( D /2) ^2) // [ s q m]
Ngr =( g * Beta * dT *( L ^3) ) /( v ^2)
Npr =0.697
Nra = Ngr * Npr
Nnu =0.10*( Nra ^(1/3) )
h = Nnu * k / D
// [W/ (m 2 .K) ]
Q = h * A * dT
// [W]
printf ( For v e r t i c a l d i s c , h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d i s %f W ,
Q);
Scilab code Exa 3.38 Total heat loss in a pipe

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 3 8
v =23.13*10^ -6
; // [m2/ s ]
k =0.0321
; // [W/m. K]
Beta =2.68*10^ -3; // [ K 1]
Tw =443 ; // [ K ]
T_inf =303 ; // [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf ;
// [ K ]
g =9.81 ; // [m/ s 2 ]
Npr =0.688;
D =100 ; // D i a m e t e r [mm]
D = D /1000
// D i a m e t e r [m]
Nra =( g * Beta * dT *( D ^3) * Npr ) /( v ^2)
Nnu =0.53*( Nra ^(1.0/4.0) )
h = Nnu * k / D
// [W/ (m 2 .K) ]
h =7.93
e =0.90; // E m i s s i v i t y
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
;
//Q=Q conv+Q rad // T o t a l h e a t l o s s
86
// f o r t o t a l h e a t
l o s s per meter l e n g t h
Q_by_l = h * %pi * D * dT + sigma * e * %pi * D *( Tw ^4 - T_inf ^4) // [W
/m]
23 printf ( T o t a l h e a t l o s s p e r m e t r e l e n g t h o f p i p e i s
%f W/m , Q_by_l )
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Scilab code Exa 3.39 Heat loss by free convection

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 3 9
k =0.035; // [W/ (m. K) ]
Npr =0.684
; // P r a n d t l number
Beta =2.42*10^ -3; // [ K 1]
v =27.8*10^ -6;
// [m2/ s ]
Tw =533; // [ K ]
T_inf =363 ;
// [ K ]
dT = Tw - T_inf // [ K ]
D =0.01 ; // [m]
g =9.81; // [m/ s 2 ]
Nra =( g * Beta * dT *( D ^3) ) /( v ^2)
// For t h i s <105 , we have f o r s p h e r e
A =4* %pi *( D /2) ^2 // Area o f s p h e r e i n [m 2 ]
Nnu =(2+0.43* Nra ^(1.0/4.0) ) // N u s s l e t number
h = Nnu * k / D
//W/ (m 2 .K)
Q = h * A * dT
// [W]
printf ( \ nRate o f h e a t l o s s i s %f W ,Q )
Scilab code Exa 3.40 Heat loss from cube

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3 clear ;
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// Exampe 3 . 4 0
v =17.95*10^ -6
// [m2/ s ]
dT =353 -293 // [ K ]
k =0.0283
// [W/m. K ]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
Npr =0.698
Cp =1005 // J / ( kg . K)
Beta =1/ Tf
// [ K 1]
l =1 // [m]
Nra =( g * Beta * dT *( l ^3) * Npr ) /( v ^2)
// I n t e x t b o o k r e s u l t o f a b o v e s t a t e m e n t i s w r o n g l y
c a l c u l a t e d , So
Nra =3.95*10^8
// For Nra <109 , f o r a v e r t i c a l p l a t e , t h e a v e r a g e
n u s s e l t number i s
h = Nnu * k / l
// [W/m 2 .K ]
h =2.35
// Approx i n book
A = l ^2
// Area [m 2 ]
// Heat l o s s form 4 v e r t i c a l f a c e s o f 1m1m i s
Q1 =4*( h * A * dT )
// [W]
// For t o p s u r f a c e
P =4* l
// P e r i m e t e r i n [m]
L=A/P
// [m]
Nra =( Npr * g * Beta * dT *( L ^3) ) /( v ^2)
h = Nnu * k / L
// [W/m 2 .K ]
h =6.7
// Approx
Q2 = h * A * dT
// [W]
Q_total = Q1 + Q2
// T o t a l h e a t l o s s [W]
printf ( \n T h e r e f o r e t o t a l h e a t l o s s i s %d W ,
Q_total ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.41 Plate exposed to heat

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 4 1
rho =0.910;
// D e n s i t y i n [ kg /m 3 ]
Cp =1.009*1000;
// [ J / kg . K ]
k =0.0331;
// [W/m. K]
mu =22.65*10^ -6;
// [ N . s /m 2 ]
// L e t a=s m a l l e r s i d e
// b=b i g g e r s i d e
//Qa=ha AdT
//Qb=hb AdT
//Qa=1. 14 Qb
// Given a b=1510 4
//On s o l v i n g we g e t :
a =0.03;
// [m]
b =0.05;
// [m]
A=a*b
Tf =388;
// [ K ]
Beta =1/ Tf
// [ K 1]
T1 =303;
// [ K ]
T2 =473;
// [ K ]
dT = T2 - T1
// [ K ]
v = mu / rho
g =9.81
//m/ s 2 [ a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y ]
hb =0.59*((( g * Beta * dT *( b ^3) ) /( v ^2) ) * Cp * mu / k ) ^(1/4) *( k
/b)
// [W/ s q m. K ]
26 Qb = hb * A *( dT )
// [W]
27
28 Qa =1.14* Qb
// [W]
29 printf ( \ n D i m e n s i o n s o f t h e p l a t e
);
printf ( \ nHeat
vertical is
31 printf ( \ nHeat
vertical is
30
a r e %fx%f m\n ,a , b
t r a n s f e r when t h e b i g g e r s i d e h e l d
%f W\n , Qb ) ;
t r a n s f e r when t h e s m a l l s i d e h e l d
%f W\n , Qa ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.42 Nucleate poolboiling

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 4 2
Ts =373 // [ K ]
rho_l =957.9
// r h o l [ kg /m 3 ]
Cpl =4217
// [ J / kg . K ]
mu_l =27.9*10^ -5 // [ kg / (m. s ) ]
rho_v =0.5955
// [ kg /m 3 ]
Csf =0.013
sigma =5.89*10^ -2
// [ N/m]
Nprl =1.76
lambda =2257 // [ kJ / kg ]
lambda = lambda *1000 // i n [ J / kg ]
n =1 // f o r w a t e r
m_dot =30
// Mass f l o w r a t e [ kg /h ]
m_dot = m_dot /3600
// [ kg / s ]
D =30
// D i a m e t e r o f pan [ cm ]
D = D /100 // [m]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
A = %pi *( D /2) ^2
Q_by_A = m_dot * lambda / A
// [W/ s q m]
// For n u c l e a t e b o i l i n g p o i n t we have :
dT =( lambda / Cpl ) * Csf *((( Q_by_A ) /( mu_l * lambda ) ) * sqrt (
sigma /( g *( rho_l - rho_v ) ) ) ) ^(1.0/3.0) *( Nprl ^ n ) // [ K
]
24 Tw = Ts + dT
// [ K ]
25 printf ( \n T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e bottom s u r f a c e o f t h e
pan i s %f W/ ( s q m) , Tw ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.43 Peak Heat flux

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1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 3 . 4
4 lambda =2257 // [ kJ / kg ]
5 lambda = lambda *1000
// i n [ J / kg ]
6 rho_l =957.9
// r h o l [ kg /m 3 ]
7 rho_v =0.5955
// [ kg /m 3 ]
8 sigma =5.89*10^ -2
// [ N/m]
9 g =9.81
// [m/ s 2 ]
10 // Peak h e a t f l u x i s g i v e n by
11 Q_by_A_max =( %pi /24) *( lambda * rho_v ^0.5*( sigma * g *(
12
13
rho_l - rho_v ) ) ^(1/4) )

//W/m2
Q_by_A_max = Q_by_A_max /(10^6)
//MW/ ( s q m)
printf ( \n Peak h e a t f l u x i s %f MW/ s q m , Q_by_A_max )
;
Scilab code Exa 3.44 Stable film pool boiling

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 4 4
rho_l =957.9 // [ kg /m 3 ]
lambda =2257 // [ kJ / kg ]
lambda = lambda *10^3 // [ J / kg ]
rho_v =31.54 // [ kg /m 3 ]
Cpv =4.64
// [ kJ / kg .K ]
Cpv = Cpv *10^3
// [ J / kg . K ]
kv =58.3*10^ -3 // [W/ (m. K) ]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
mu_v =18.6*10^ -6 // [ kg / (m. s ) ]
e =1.0
// E m i s s i v i t y
sigma =5.67*10^ -8;
Ts =373 // [ K ]
Tw =628 // [ K ]
dT = Tw - Ts
// [ K ]
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18 D =1.6*10^ -3 // [m]
19 T =( Tw + Ts ) /2 // [ K ]
20 hc =0.62*(( kv ^3) * rho_v *( rho_l - rho_v ) * g *( lambda +0.40*
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Cpv * dT ) /( D * mu_v * dT ) ) ^(1.0/4.0) // C o n v e c t i v e h e a t

transfer coeff
[W/ s q m. K ]
hr = e * sigma *( Tw ^4 - Ts ^4) /( Tw - Ts ) // R a d i a t i o n h e a t
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n [W/ s q m. K ]
h = hc +(3/4) * hr
// T o t a l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t W
/ ( s q m. K)
// Heat d i s s i p a t i o n r a t e p e r u n i t
l e n g t h i n [kW/m]
printf ( \n S t a b l e f i l m b o i l i n g p o i n t h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f W/ ( s q m. K) ,h ) ;
Q_by_l = Q_by_l /1000 // [kW/m]
printf ( \n Heat d i s s i p a t e d p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f t h e
h e a t e r i s %f kW/m , Q_by_l ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.45 Heat transfer in tube

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clc ;
clear ;
// Exmaple 3 . 4 5
dT =10
// [ K ]
P =506.625
// [ kPa ]
P = P /10^3
// [ Mpa ]
D =25.4 // D i a m e t e r [mm]
D = D /1000
// [m]
h =2.54*( dT ^3) *( %e ^( P /1.551) )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
//Q=h %pi DLdT
// Heat t r a n s f e r r a t e p e r m e t e r l e n g t h o f t u b e i s
// [W/m]
printf ( \n Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r p e r 1m l e n g t h o f
t u b e i s %f W/m , round ( Q_by_l ) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.46 Nucleat boiling and heat flux

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 4 6
dT =8
// [ K ]
P =0.17 // [ Mpa ]
P = P *1000
// [ kPa ]
h1 =2847 // [W/ ( s q m. K) ]
P1 =101.325 // [ kPa ]
h =5.56*( dT ^3)
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Q_by_A = h * dT // [W/ s q m]
hp = h *( P / P1 ) ^(0.4)
// [W/ s q m. K ]
// C o r r e p o n d i n g h e a t f l u x i s :
Q_by_A1 = hp * dT // [W/ s q m]
per =( Q_by_A1 - Q_by_A ) *100/ Q_by_A // P e r c e n t i n c r e a s e
in heat f l u x
15 printf ( \ nHeat f l u x when p r e s s u r e
i s 1 0 1 . 3 2 5 kPa i s
%f W/ s q m\n , Q_by_A ) ;
16 printf ( \n P e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n h e a t f l u x i s %f
p e r c e n t , round ( per ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.47 Dry steam condensate

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 4 7
mu =306*10^ -6
// [ N . s /m 2 ]
k =0.668 // [W/m. K]
rho =974 // [ kg /m 3 ]
lambda =2225 // [ kJ / kg ]
lambda = lambda *10^3 // [ J / kg . K ]
93
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
Ts =373 // [ K ]
Tw =357 // [ K ]
dT = Ts - Tw
// [ K ]
Do =25
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
h =0.725*(( rho ^2* g * lambda * k ^3) /( mu * Do * dT ) ) ^(1.0/4.0)
// [W/ s q m. K ]
16 Q_by_l = h * %pi * Do * dT
// [W/m]
17 m_dot_byl =( Q_by_l / lambda )
// [ kg / s ]
18 m_dot_byl = m_dot_byl *3600
// [ kg /h ]
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printf ( \nMean h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f W/ ( s q
m. K) \n ,h ) ;
21 printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r p e r u n i t l e n g t h i s %f W/m\n
, Q_by_l ) ;
22 printf ( \ n C o n d e n s a t e r a t e p e r u n i t l e n g t h i s %f kg / h
, m_dot_byl ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.48 Laminar Condensate film

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 4 8
rho =960 // [ kh /m 3 ]
mu =2.82*10^ -4
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
k =0.68 // [W/ (m. K) ]
lambda =2255 // [ kJ / kg ]
Ts =373 // S a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f steam [ K ]
Tw =371 // [ K ]
dT = Ts - Tw
// [ K ]
L =0.3
// D i m e n s i o n [m]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
h =0.943*( rho ^2* g * lambda * k ^3/( L * mu * dT ) ) ^(1/4)
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//W/
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s q m. K
A = L ^2
// [ s q m]
Q = h * A *( Ts - Tw )
// [W] = [ J / s ]
m_dot = Q / lambda // C o n d e n s a t e r a t e [ kg / s ]
m_dot = m_dot *3600
// [ kg /h ]
printf ( \n A v e r a g e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f W
/ ( s q m. K) \n ,h ) ;
printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r a t e i s %f J / kg \n ,Q ) ;
printf ( \n Steam c o n d e n s a t e r a t e p e r h o u r i s %f kg / h
\n , m_dot ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.49 Saturated vapour condensate in array

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clc ;
clear ;
// EXample 3 . 4 9
rho =1174
// [ kg /m 3 ]
k =0.069 // [W/ (m. K) ]
mu =2.5*10^ -4
// [ N . s /m 2 ]
lambda =132*10^3 // [ J / kg ]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
Ts =323 // [ K ]
Tw =313 // [ K ]
dT = Ts - Tw
// [ K ]
// For s q u a r e a r r a y , n=4
n =4 // number o f t u b e s
Do =12
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
h =0.725*( rho ^2* lambda * g * k ^3/( n * Do * mu * dT ) ) ^(1/4) //W
/ ( s q m. K)
// For h e a t t r a n s f e r a r e a c a l c u a l t i o n , n=16
A = n * %pi * Do // [ s q m]
A =0.603
Q = h * A * dT // [W/m]
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m_dot = Q / lambda // [ kg / s ]
m_dot =0.049
// A p p r i x i m a t i o n i n book
m_dot = m_dot *3600
// [ kg /h ]
printf ( \n Rate o f c o n d e n s a t i o n p e r u n i t l e n g t h i s
%f kg / h , m_dot ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.50 Mass rate of steam condensation

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 5 0
rho =960 // [ kg /m 3 ]
k =0.68 // [W/m. K]
mu =282*10^ -6
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Tw =371 // Tube w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e [ K ]
Ts =373 // S a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
dT = Ts - Tw
// [ K ]
lambda =2256.9
// [ kJ / kg ]
// Fora s q u a r e a r r a y w i t h 100 t u b e s , n=10
Do =0.0125 // [m]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
n =10
h =0.725*((( rho ^2) * g * lambda *( k ^3) /( mu * n * Do * dT ) )
^(1.0/4.0) ) //W/ ( s q m. K)
L =1 // [m]
// n=100
n =100;
A = n * %pi * Do * L
// [m2/m l e n g t h ]
Q = h * A * dT
// Heat t r a n s f e r r a t e i n [W/m]
ms_dot = Q / lambda // [ kg / s ]
ms_dot = ms_dot *3600 // [ kg /h ]
printf ( \n Mass r a t e o f steam c o n d e n s a t i o n i s %d kg /
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h\n , round ( ms_dot ) ) ;

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printf ( \n NOTE:ERROR i n S o l u t i o n i n book . Do i s

w r o n g l y t a k e n a s 0 . 0 1 2 i n l i n e s 17 and 22 o f t h e
book , A l s o A i s w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d \n )
Scilab code Exa 3.51 Saturated tube condensate in a wall

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 5 1
rho =975 // [ kg /m 3 ]
k =0.871 // [W/m. K]
dT =10
// [ K ]
mu =380.5*10^ -6 // [ N . s /m 2 ]
lambda =2300 // [ kJ / kg ]
lambda = lambda *1000 // L a t e n t h e a t o f c o n d e n s a t i o n [
J / kg ]
Do =100 // Outer d i a m e t e r [mm]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
// f o r h o r i z o n t a l t u b e
h1 =0.725*(( rho ^2* lambda * g * k ^3) /( mu * Do * dT ) ) ^(1/4)
// A v e r a g e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
// f o r v e r t i c a l t u b e
// h2 = 0 . 9 4 3 ( ( r h o 2 lambda g k 3 ) / (muLdT ) ) ( 1 / 4 )
// A v e r a g e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
h2 = h1
// For v e r t i c a l t u b e
// i m p l i e s t h a t
L =(0.943*(( rho ^2* lambda * g * k ^3) ^(1/4) ) /( h1 *(( mu * dT )
^(1/4) ) ) ) ^4
// [m]
L =0.29
// Approximate i n book
h =0.943*(( rho ^2* lambda * g * k ^3) /( mu * L * dT ) ) ^(1/4) // [W
/ ( s q m. K) ]
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23 A = %pi * Do * L
// Area i n [m 2 ]
24 Q = h * A * dT
// Heat t r a n s f e r r a t e [W]
25 mc_dot = Q / lambda
// [ Rate o f c o n d e n s a t i o n ] i n [ kg / s ]
26 mc_dot = mc_dot *3600
// [ kg /h ]
27 printf ( \n Tube l e n g t h i s %f m\n ,L ) ;
28 printf ( \n Rate o f c o n d e m s a t i o n p e r h o u r i s %f kg / h
, mc_dot ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.52 Condensation rate

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 3 . 5 2
m1_dot =50
// For h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n [ kg / h ]
Do =10
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
L =1 // [m]
// For 100 t u b e s n=10
n =10;
//We know t h a t
// m dot=Q/ lambda=hAdT/ lambda
// m dot i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o h
// m1 dot p r o p t o h1
// m2 dot propn t o h2
// m1 dot / m2 dot=h1 / h2
// o r :
m2_dot = m1_dot /((0.725/0.943) *( L /( n * Do ) ) ^(1/4) )
kg / h ]
18 printf ( \n For v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n , Rate o f
c o n d e n s a t i o n i s %f kg / h , m2_dot ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.53 Condensation on vertical plate

98
// [
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clc ;
clear ;
rho =975 // [ kg /m 3 ]
k =0.671 // [W/ (m. K) ]
mu =3.8*10^ -4
// [ N . s /m 2 ]
dT =10
// [ K ]
lambda =2300*10^3
// [ J / kg ]
L =1 // [m]
g =9.81 // [m/ s 2 ]
h =0.943*(( rho ^2* lambda * g * k ^3) /( mu * L * dT ) ) ^(1/4)
/ ( s q m. K)
/ / [W/ s q m. K ]
printf ( \n ( i ) A v e r a g e h e a t t r a n s f e r
%d W/ (m 2 .K) \n , round ( h ) ) ;
//W
coefficient
13
14 // L o c a l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
15 // a t x =0.5
/ / [m]
16 x =0.5
// [m]
17 h =(( rho ^2* lambda * g * k ^3) /(4* mu * dT * x ) ) ^(1/4)
is
// [W/ s q
m.K ]
printf ( \n ( i i )L o c a l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t a t
0 . 5 m h e i g h t i s %d W/ ( s q m. K) \n , round ( h ) ) ;
19 delta =((4* mu * dT * k * x ) /( lambda * rho ^2* g ) ) ^(1/4)
// [m
]
20 delta = delta *10^3
// [mm]
21 printf ( \n ( i i i )Film t h i c k n e s s i s %f mm , delta ) ;
18
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Chapter 4
Radiation
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Heat loss by radiaiton

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 1
e =0.9
// [ E m i s s i v i t y ]
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/m 2 .K 4 ]
T1 =377 // [ K ]
T2 =283 // [ K ]
Qr_by_a = e * sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) // [W/ s q m]
printf ( Heat l o s s by r a d i a t i o n i s %d W/ s q m , round (
Qr_by_a ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Radiation from unlagged steam pipe

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 4 . 2
4 e =0.9
5 T1 =393
// [ K ]
100
6 T2 =293
// [ K ]
7 sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ s q m. K ]
8 Qr_by_a = e * sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) //W/ s q m
9 printf ( \n Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r by r a d i a t i o n
i s %f
W/ s q m , Qr_by_a ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Interchange of radiation energy

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 3
L =1; // [m]
e =0.8 ; // E m i s s i v i t y
sigma =5.67*10^ -8 ;
// [m 2 .K 4 ]
T1 =423; // [ K ]
T2 =300; // [ K ]
Do =60;
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000; // [m]
A = %pi * Do * L // [ s q m]
A =0.189
// Approx i n book [m 2 ]
Qr = e * sigma * A *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// [W/m]
printf ( \n Net r a d i a i t o n r a t e p e r 1 m e t r e l e n g t h o f
p i p e i s %d W/m , round ( Qr ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Heat loss in unlagged steam pipe

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 4
e =0.9
L =1 // [m]
Do =50
// [mm]
101
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ (m 2 .K 4 ) ]
T1 =415 // [ K ]
T2 =290 // [ K ]
dT = T1 - T2
// [ K ]
hc =1.18*( dT / Do ) ^(0.25) // [W/ s q m. K ]
A = %pi * Do * L // Area i n [ s q m]
Qc = hc * A * dT // Heat l o s s by c o n v e c t i o n W/m
Qr = e * sigma * A *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// Heat l o s s by r a d i a t i o n
p e r l e n g t h W/m
16 Qt = Qc + Qr
// T o t a l h e a t l o s s i n [W/m]
17 printf ( \n T o t a l h e a t l o s s by c o n v e c t i o n i s %f W/m ,
Qt ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 4.5 Loss from horizontal pipe

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 5
e =0.85
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ s q m. K ]
T1 =443 // [ K ]
T2 =290 // [ K ]
dT = T1 - T2
// [ K ]
hc =1.64* dT ^0.25
//W/ s q m. K
Do =60
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
L =6 // Length [m]
A = %pi * Do * L // S u r f a c e a r e a o f p i p e i n [ s q m]
Qr = e * sigma * A *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// Rate o f h e a t l o s s by
radiaiton W
15 Qc = hc * A *( T1 - T2 ) // Rate o f h e a t l o s s by c o n v e c t i o n [
W]
16 Qt = Qr + Qc
// T o t a l h e a t l o s s
[W]
17 printf ( \n T o t a l h e a t l o s s i s %d W , round ( Qt ) )
102
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Heat loss by radiation in tube

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clc ;
clear ;
// EXample 4 . 6
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/m 2 .K 4 ]
e1 =0.79;
e2 =0.93;
T1 =500 ; // [ K ]
T2 =300 ; // [ K ]
D =70
// [mm]
D = D /1000
// [m]
L =3 // [m]
W =0.3
// S i d e o f c o n d u i t [m]
A1 = %pi * D * L // [ s q m]
A1 =0.659
// Approximate c a l c u l a t i o n i n book i n
[m 2 ]
16 A2 =4*( L * W )
// [ s q m]
17 Q = sigma * A1 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 +(( A1 / A2 ) *(1/ e2 -1) ) )
// [W]
18 printf ( \n Heat l o s t by r a d i a t i o n i s %f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Net radiant interchange

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 4 . 7
4 sigma =5.67*10^ -8
5 T1 =703
// [ K ]
6 T2 =513
// [ K ]
// [W/ s q m. K 4 ]
103
7 e1 =0.85
8 e2 =0.75
9 Q_by_Ar = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 +1/ e2 -1) // [W/ s q m]
10 printf ( \n Net r a d i a n t i n t e r c h a n g e p e r s q u a r e m e t r e
i s %d W/ s q m , round ( Q_by_Ar ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Radiant interchange between plates

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 8
L =3 ; // [m]
A = L ^2
sigma =5.67*10^ -8;
// [W/ s q m. K 4 ]
T1 =373; // [ K ]
T2 =313; // [ K ]
e1 =0.736;
e2 = e1 ;
F12 =1/((1/ e1 ) +(1/ e2 ) -1)
Q = sigma * A * F12 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// [W]
printf ( \n Net r a d i a n t i n t e r c h a n g e i s %d W , round ( Q )
);
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Heat loss from thermflask

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clc ;
clear ;
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
e1 =0.05
e2 =0.05
//A1=A2=1 ( l e t )
A1 =1;
A2 = A1 ;
// [W/ s q m. K 4 ]
104
9 F12 =1/(1/ e1 +( A1 / A2 ) *(1/ e2 -1) )

10 T1 =368
// [ K ]
11 T2 =293
// [ K ]
12 Q_by_A = sigma * F12 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
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// Heat l o s s p e r u n i t
Area [W/ s q m]
printf ( \ nRate o f h e a t l o s s when o f s i l v e r e d s u r f a c e
i s %f W/ s q m , Q_by_A ) ;
//When b o t h t h e s u r f a c e s a r e b l a c k
e1 =1;
e2 =1;
F12 =1/(1/ e1 +( A1 / A2 ) *(1/ e2 -1) )
Q_by_A = sigma * F12 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// [W/ s q m]
printf ( \n When b o t h s u r f a c e s a r e b l a c k , Rate o f h e a t
loss
i s %d W/ s q m , round ( Q_by_A ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Diwar flask

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 1 0
e1 =0.05
e2 = e1
A1 =0.6944;
A2 =1;
T1 =293 // [ K ]
T2 =90
// [ K ]
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/m 2 .K 4 ]
D =0.3
F12 =1/(1/ e1 +( A1 / A2 ) *(1/ e2 -1) )
Q_by_A = sigma * F12 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// [W/ s q m]
Q = Q_by_A * %pi *( D ^2) // [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *3600/1000
// [ kJ / h ]
lambda =21.44
// L a t e n t h e a t i n [ kJ / kg ]
m_dot = Q / lambda
// kg / h
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19
printf ( \n The l i q u i d o x y g e n w i l l e v a p o r a t e a t %f kg
/ h , m_dot ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.11 Heat flow due to radiation

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example4 . 1 1
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
//W/ (m 2 .K 4 )
e1 =0.3;
e2 = e1 ;
D1 =0.3 // [m]
D2 =0.5 // [m]
T1 =90
// [ K ]
T2 =313 // [ K ]
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2 // Area i n [ s q m]
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2 // Area i n [ s q m]
Q1 = sigma * A1 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 +( A1 / A2 ) *(1/ e2 -1) ) // [
W]
Q1 = abs ( Q1 ) ; // A b s o l u t e v a l u e i n [W]
printf ( \n Rate o f h e a t f l o w due t o r a d i a t i o n i s %f
W , Q1 ) ;
//When Aluminium i s u s e d
e1 =0.05
e2 =0.5
Q2 = sigma * A1 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 +( A1 / A2 ) *(1/0.3 -1) ) //
[W]
Q2 = abs ( Q2 ) // A b s o l u t e v a l u e i n [W]
Red =( Q1 - Q2 ) *100/ Q1 // P e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n
printf ( \n R e d u c t i o n i n h e a t f l o w w i l l be %f p e r c e n t
, Red ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.12 Heat exchange between concentric shell

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 1 2
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ s q m. K 4 ]
T1 =77
// [ K ]
T2 =303 // [ K ]
D1 =32
//cm
D1 = D1 /100
// [m]
D2 =36
// [ cm ]
D2 = D2 /100
// [m]
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2 // [ s q m]
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2 // [ s q m]
e1 =0.03;
e2 = e1 ;
Q = sigma * A1 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 +( A1 / A2 ) *(1/ e2 -1) ) // [W
]
Q = Q *3600/1000
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = abs ( Q ) ;
// [ kJ / h ]
lambda =201 // kJ / kg
m_dot = Q / lambda // E v a p o r a t i o n r a t e i n [ kg / h ]
printf ( \n N i t r o g e n e v a p o r a t e s a t %f kg /h , m_dot ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Evaporation in concenric vessels

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 1 3
D1 =250 // I n n e r s p h e r e i d a m e t e r [mm]
D1 = D1 /1000 // Outer d i a m e t e r [m]
D2 =350 // [mm]
D2 = D2 /1000 // [m]
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
//W/ ( s q m. K 4 )
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2 // [ s q m]
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A2 = %pi * D2 ^2 // [ s q m]
T1 =76
// [ K ]
T2 =300 // [ K ]
e1 =0.04;
e2 = e1 ;
Q = sigma * A1 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /((1/ e1 ) +( A1 / A2 ) *((1/ e2 ) -1) )
// [W]
Q = -2.45
// Approximate
Q = abs ( Q )
// [W]
Q = Q *3600/1000
// [ kJ / h ]
lambda =200 // kJ / kg
Rate = Q / lambda
// [ kg /h ]
printf ( \n Rate o f e v a p o r a t i o n i s %f kg /h ( a p p r o x ) ,
Rate ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.15 infinitely long plates

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 1 5
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ (m 2 .K 4 ) ]
e1 =0.4
e3 =0.2
T1 =473 // [ K ]
T3 =303 // [ K ]
Q_by_a = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T3 ^4) /((1/ e1 ) +(1/ e3 ) -1) // [W/ s q
m]
// Q 1 b y a=s i g m a ( T14T2 4 ) / ( ( 1 / e 1 ) +(1/ e 2 ) 1)=s i g m a
A ( T24T3 4 ) / ( ( 1 / e 2 ) +(1/ e 3 ) 1) / / [W/ s q m]
e2 =0.5
// S o l v i n g we g e t
T2 =((6/9.5) *((3.5/6) * T3 ^4+ T1 ^4) ) ^(1/4) // [ K ]
Q1_by_a = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /((1/ e1 ) +(1/ e2 ) -1) // [W/ s q
m]
red =( Q_by_a - Q1_by_a ) *100/ Q_by_a
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printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r a t e p e r
SHIELD ) due t o r a d i a t i o n i s %f
17 printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r a t e p e r
SHIELD ) due t o r a d i a t i o n i s %f
;
18 printf ( \ n R e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s
;
16
unit
W/ s q
unit
W/ s q
a r e a (WITHOUT
m\n , Q_by_a ) ;
a r e a (WITH
m\n , Q1_by_a )
i s %f p e r c e n t , red )
Scilab code Exa 4.16 Heat exchange between parallel plates

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 4 . 1 6
4 // I n s t e a d y s t a t e , we can w r i t e :
5 // Qcd=Qdb
6 // s i g m a ( Tc4Td 4 ) / ( 1 / e c +1/ed 1)=s i g m a ( Td4Tb 4 )
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/ ( 1 / ed +1/eb 1)
// i . e Td 4 = 0 . 5 ( Tc4Tb 4 )
// Given :
Ta =600 // [ K ]
eA =0.8;
eC =0.5;
eD =0.4;
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// For a i r
// (6004 Tc 4 ) / 2 . 2 5 = ( Tc4Td 4 ) / 3 . 5
// 1 . 5 6 ( 6 0 0 4 Tc 4 )=Tc4Td4
// P u t t i n g v a l u e o f Td i n t e r m s o f Tc
// 1 . 5 6 ( 6 0 0 4 Tc 4 )=Tc 4 0 . 5 ( Tc 4 3004)
function y = f ( Tc )
y =1.56*(600^4 - Tc ^4) - Tc ^4+0.5*( Tc ^4 -300^4)
endfunction
Tc = fsolve (500 , f ) ;
// [ K ]
// o r
Tc =560.94
// [ K ] Approximate a f t e r s o l v i n g
Td = sqrt ( sqrt (0.5*( Tc ^4 -300^4) ) )
// [ K ]
109
Q_by_a = sigma *( Ta ^4 - Tc ^4) /(1/ eA +1/ eC -1)

// [W/ s q
m]
26 printf ( \ nRate o f h e a t e x c h a n g e p e r u n i t a r e a=%f W/m
2 , Q_by_a ) ;
27 printf ( \ n S t e a d y s t a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s , Tc=%f K, and Td=
%f K ,Tc , Td ) ;
25
Scilab code Exa 4.17 Thermal radiation in pipe

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 1 7
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ ( s q m. K 4 ) ]
e =0.8
T1 =673; // [ K ]
T2 =303; // [ K ]
Do =200
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000 // [m]
L =1
// L e t [m]
A1 = %pi * Do * L // [m2/m]
// CAse 1 : P i p e t o s u r r u n d i n g s
Q1 = e * A1 * sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// [W/m]
Q1 =5600
// Approximated
//Q1=5600
/ / [W/m] a p p r o x i m a t e d i n book f o r
c a l c u l a t i o n purpose
// C o n c e n t r i c c y l i n d e r s
e1 =0.8;
e2 =0.91;
D1 =0.2 // [m]
D2 =0.4 // [m]
Q2 = sigma *0.628*( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /((1/ e1 ) +( D1 / D2 ) *((1/ e2 )
-1) )
// [W/m] l e n g t h
Red = Q1 - Q2
// R e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s
110
printf ( \nDue t o t h e r m a l r a d i a i t o n , L o s s o f h e a t t o
s u r r o u n d i n g i s %d W/m\n , round ( Q1 ) ) ;
26 printf ( \nWhen p i p e i s e n c l o s e d i n 1 400 mm d i a m e t e r
b r i c k c o n d u i t , L o s s o f h e a t i s %d W/m\n , round ( Q2
));
27 printf ( \n R e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s i s %d W/m\n , round
( Red ) ) ;
25
Scilab code Exa 4.18 Heat transfer in concentric tube

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 1 8
sigma =5.67*10^ -8 ;
// [W/ ( s q m. K 4 ) ]
T1 =813; // [ K ]
T2 =473; // [ K ]
e1 =0.87;
e2 =0.26;
D1 =0.25 ; // [m]
D2 =0.3; // [m]
Q_by_a1 = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 +( D1 / D2 ) *(1/ e2 -1) )
// [W/ sqm ]
16 printf ( \n Heat t r a n s f e r by r a d i a i t o n i s %d W/ s q m ,
Q_by_a1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.19 Heat exchange between black plates

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clear ;
// Example 4 . 1 9
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ s q m. K 4 ]
A1 =0.5*1
// [ s q m]
F12 =0.285
T1 =1273 // / [K ]
T2 =773 // [ K ]
Q = sigma * A1 * F12 *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4)
// [W]
printf ( \n Net r a d i a n t h e a t e x c h a n g e b e t w e e n p l a t e s
i s %d W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.20 Radiation shield

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 2 0
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
// [W/ s q m. K 4 ]
T1 =750 // [ K ]
T2 =500 // [ K ]
e1 =0.75;
e2 =0.5;
// Heat t r a n s f e r w i t h o u t s h i e l d :
Q_by_a = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /((1/ e1 ) +(1/ e2 ) -1)
m]
// Heat t r a n s f e r w i t h s h i e l d :
R1 =(1 - e1 ) / e1
// R e s i s t a n c e 1
F13 =1;
R2 =1/ F13
e3 =0.05
R3 =(1 - e3 ) / e3
112
// [W/ s q
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R4 =(1 - e3 ) / e3
F32 =1;
R5 =1/ F32
R6 =(1 - e2 ) / e2
// T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e
Total_R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + R6
Q_by_as = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) / Total_R
// [W/ s q m]
Red =( Q_by_a - Q_by_as ) *100/ Q_by_a

h e a t t r a n f e r due t o s h i e l d
// R e d u c i t o n i n
printf ( \n R e d u c t i o n i n h e a t t r a n s f e r r a t e a s a
r e s u l t o f r a d i a i o t n s h i e l d i s %f p e r c e n t , Red ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.21 Heat transfer with radiaiton shield

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 2 1
e1 =0.3
e2 =0.8
// L e t s i g m a ( T14T2 4 )=z =1( c o n s t )
z =1;
// L e t
Q_by_A = z /(1/ e1 +1/ e2 -1) //W/ s q m
// Heat t r a n s f e r w i t h r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d
e3 =0.04
F13 =1;
F32 =1;
// The r e s i s t a n c e s a r e :
R1 =(1 - e1 ) / e1
R2 =1/ F13
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R3 =(1 - e3 ) / e3
R4 = R3
R5 =1/ F32
R6 =(1 - e2 ) / e2
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + R6
// T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e
Q_by_As = z / R // where z=s i g m a ( T14T2 4 ) //W/ s q m
red =( Q_by_A - Q_by_As ) *100/ Q_by_A
// P e r c e n t
reduction in heat t r a n s f e r
24 printf ( \n The h e a t t r a n s f e r i s r e d u c e d by %f
p e r c e n t due t o s h i e l d , red )
Scilab code Exa 4.22 Radiaition shape factor

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 2 2
sigma =5.67*10^ -8;
T1 =1273 // [ K ]
T2 =773 // [ K ]
T3 =300 // [ K ]
A1 =0.5 // [ s q m]
A2 = A1 ; // [ s q m]
F12 =0.285;
F21 = F12 ;
F13 =1 - F12 ;
F23 =1 - F21 ;
e1 =0.2;
e2 =0.5;
// R e s i s t a n c e i n t h e n e t w o r k a r e c a l c u l a t e d a s :
R1 =1 - e1 /( e1 * A1 )
R2 =1 - e2 /( e2 * A2 )
R3 =1/( A1 * F12 )
R4 =1/( A1 * F13 )
R5 =1/( A2 * F23 )
114
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R6 =0
// Given (1 e 3 ) / e 3 A3=0
// A l s o
Eb1 = sigma * T1 ^4 //W/ s q m
Eb2 = sigma * T2 ^4
// [W/ s q m]
Eb3 = sigma * T3 ^4 // [W/ s q m]
// E q u a t i o n s a r e :
// ( Eb1J1 ) /2+( J2J1 ) / 7 . 0 1 8 + ( Eb3J1 ) / 2 . 7 9 7 = 0
// ( J1J2 ) / 7 . 0 1 8 + ( Eb3J2 ) / 2 . 7 9 7 + ( Eb2J2 ) /2=0
J1 =33515
// [W/ s q m]
J2 =15048
// [W/sqm ]
J3 = Eb3 // [W/ s q m]
Q1 =( Eb1 - J1 ) /((1 - e1 ) /( e1 * A1 ) )
// [W/ s q m]
Q2 =( Eb2 - J2 ) /((1 - e2 ) /( e2 * A2 ) )
// [W/ s q m]
Q3 =( J1 - J3 ) /(1/( A1 * F13 ) ) +( J2 - J3 ) /(1/( A2 * F23 ) )
// [W
/ s q m]
40 printf ( \n T o t a l h e a t l o s t by p l a t e 1 i s %f W/ s q m\n
, Q1 ) ;
41 printf ( \n T o t a l h e a t l o s t by p l a t e 2 i s %f W/ s q m\n
, Q2 ) ;
42 printf ( \ nThe n e t e n e r g y l o s t by b o t h p l a t e s must be
a b s o r b e d by t h e room , \ n %f=%f ,Q3 , Q1 + Q2 )
Scilab code Exa 4.23 Radiation loss in plates

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 2 3
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
e1 =0.7;
e2 =0.7;
T1 =866.5
// [ K ]
T2 =588.8
// [ K ]
// [W/ s q m. K 4 ]
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Q_by_A = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /((1/ e1 ) +(1/ e2 ) -1) // [W/ s q

m]
e1 =0.7;
e2 = e1 ;
e3 = e1 ;
e4 = e1 ;
e = e1 ;
//Q w i t h n s h e l l s =1/( n+1)
n =2
Q_shield =1/( n +1) ;
es1 = e1 ;
es2 = e1 ;
Q_by_A = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /((1/ e1 ) +(1/ e2 ) +2*(1/ es1 +1/
es2 ) -( n +1) ) // [W/ s q m]
printf ( \n New R a d i a i t o n l o s s i s %f W/ s q m , Q_by_A ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.24 Concentric tube

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 4 . 2 4
// 1 .WITHOUT SHIELD
sigma =5.67*10^ -8
e1 =0.12;
e2 =0.15;
T1 =100 // [ K ]
T2 =300 // [ K ]
r1 =0.015
// [m]
r2 =0.045
// [m]
L =1
// [m]
A1 =2* %pi * r1 * L
// [ s q m]
Q_by_L =2* %pi * r1 * sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 +( r1 / r2 ) *(1/
e2 -1) )
// [W/m]
15 //ve s a i g n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e n e t h e a t f l o w i s i n
the r a d i a l inward d i r e c t i o n
116
16 // 2 .WITH CYLINDRICAL RADIATION SHIELD

17 e3 =0.10;
18 e4 =0.05;
19 r3 =0.0225
// [m]
20 Qs_by_L =2* %pi * r1 * sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /(1/ e1 + r1 / r2 *(1/ e2
-1) +( r1 / r3 ) *(1/ e3 +1/ e4 -1) ) // [W/ s q m]

21 red =( abs ( Q_by_L ) - abs ( Qs_by_L ) ) *100/ abs ( Q_by_L )
percent reduction in heat gain
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//
// R a d i a t i o n n e t w o r k a p p r o a c h
A3 =2* %pi * r3
// [ s q m]
A2 =2* %pi * r2
// [ s q m]
F13 =1;
F32 =1;
R1 =(1 - e1 ) /( e1 * A1 )
R2 =1/( A1 * F13 )
R3 =(1 - e3 ) /( e3 * A3 )
R4 =(1 - e4 ) /( e4 * A3 )
R5 =1/( A3 * F32 )
R6 =(1 - e2 ) /( e2 * A2 )
Qs = sigma *( T1 ^4 - T2 ^4) /((1 - e1 ) /( e1 * A1 ) +1/( A1 * F13 ) +(1 e3 ) /( e3 * A3 ) +(1 - e4 ) /( e4 * A3 ) +1/( A3 * F32 ) +(1 - e2 ) /( e2 *
A2 ) )
36 printf ( \n With c y l i n d r i c a l r a d i a i t o n s h i e l d Heat
g a i n e d by f l u i d p e r 1 m l e n g h o f t u b e i s %f W/m\n
, Qs_by_L ) ;
37 printf ( \ n P e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t g a i n i s %f
p e r c e n t \n , red ) ;
38 printf ( \ nWith r a d i a i t o n n e t w o r k a p p r o a c h %f W/sqm
, Qs ) ;
117
Chapter 5
Heat Exchangers
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Harpin exchanger

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 1
Di =35
// [mm]
Di = Di /1000
// [m]
Do =42
// [mm]
Do = Do /1000
// [m]
// f o r b e n z e n e
mb_dot =4450
// [ kg /h ]
Cpb =1.779
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
t2 =322
// [ K ]
t1 =300 // [ K ]
Q = mb_dot * Cpb *( t2 - t1 )
// f o r b e n z e n e i n [ kJ / h ]
// For t o u l e n e
T1 =344 // [ K ]
T2 =311
// [ K ]
Cpt =1.842
// [ kJ / kg .K ]
mt_dot = Q /( Cpt *( T1 - T2 ) )
// [ kg /h ]
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Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
// Hot f l u i d ( t o l u e n e )
// Cold f l u i d ( b e n z e n e )
dT1 =22
// [ K ]
dT2 =11
// [ K ]
dTlm =( dT1 - dT2 ) /( log ( dT1 / dT2 ) )
// [ K ]
// Clod f l u i d : I n n e r p i p e , b e n z e n e
Di =0.035
// [m]
Ai =( %pi /4) * Di ^2
// Flow a r e a [ s q m]
Gi = mb_dot / Ai
// Mass v e l o c i t y [ kg /m 2 . h ]
Gi = Gi /3600
// [ kg /m 2 . s ]
mu =4.09*10^ -4
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Nre = Di * Gi / mu
Cp = Cpb *10^3
// [ J / ( kg . K) ]
k =0.147
// [W/m. K]
Npr = Cp * mu / k
hi =( k / Di ) *0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.4)
// [W/ s q m. K ]
hio = hi * Di / Do
// [W/ s q m. K ]
D1 =0.042
// O u t s i d e d i a o f i n s i d e p i p e
[mm]
D2 =0.0525
// I n s i d e d i a o f o u t s i d e p i p e [m]
De =( D2 ^2 - D1 ^2) / D1
// [m]
De =0.0236
// Approximated
aa = %pi *( D2 ^2 - D1 ^2) /4
// Flow a r e a [ s q m]
Ga = mt_dot / aa
// Mass v e l o c i t y i n [ kg /m 2 . h ]
Ga = Ga /3600
// [ kg /m 2 . s ]
mu =5.01*10^ -4
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Nre = De * Ga / mu
Npr = Cp * mu / k
ho =( k / De ) *0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.3)
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Uc =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Rdi =1.6*10^ -4
// F o u l i n g f a c t o r [m 2 .K/W]
Rdo =1.6*10^ -4
// F o u l i n g f a c t o r [m 2 .K/W]
Rd = Rdi + Rdo
// (m 2 .K/W)
Ud =1/(1/ Uc + Rd )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A = Q /( Ud * dTlm )
// s q m
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59 ex =0.136
// [ s q m]
60 l = A / ex
//m
61 tl =12
// T o t a l l e n g t h o f one h a r p i n o f 6m [m]
62 printf ( b%f ,l ) ;
63 printf ( \n\ R e q u i r e d s u r f a c e i s f u l f i l l e d by
c o n n e c t i n g %d( t h r e e ) 6m h a r p i n s i n s e r i e s \n ,
round ( l / tl ) )
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Length of pipe

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 2
4 ma_dot =300*1000/24
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// Mass f l o w r a t e o f a c i d
i n [ kg / h ]
mw_dot =500*1000/24
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f
w a t e r i n [ kg / h ]
Cp1 =1.465
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
T1 =333
// [ K ]
T2 =313
// [ K ]
Q = ma_dot * Cp1 *( T1 - T2 )
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
Cp2 =4.187
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
t1 =288
// [ K ]
t2 =( Q /( mw_dot * Cp2 ) ) + t1
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
dTlm =32.26
// A p p r o x i m a t i o n i n [ K]
// I n n e r p i p e
m_dot =12500
// [ kg /h ]
Di =0.075
// [m]
Ai =( %pi /4) * Di ^2
// [ s q m]
G = ma_dot / Ai
// [ kg /m 2 . h ]
G = G /3600
// [ kg /m 2 . s ]
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mu =0.0112
// [ kg /m. s ]
k =0.302
//W/ (m. K)
Nre = Di * G / mu
// Reynold number
Npr = Cp1 *10^3* mu / k
hi =( k / Di ) *0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.3)
//W/ s q m. K
Do =0.1
// [m]
hio = hi * Di / Do
//W/ s q m. K
D1 =0.1
// [m]
D2 =0.125
// [m]
De =( D2 ^2 - D1 ^2) / D1
// [m]
Aa =( %pi /4) *( D2 ^2 - D1 ^2)
// [ s q m]
Ga = mw_dot / Aa
// [ kg /m 2 . h ]
Ga = Ga /3600
// [ kg / s q m. s ]
mu =0.0011
// [ kg /m. s ]
Nre = De * Ga / mu
k =0.669
// f o r w a t e r
Npr = Cp2 *10^3* mu / k
ho =( k / De ) *0.023*( Nre ^0.8) * Npr ^0.4
// [W/ s q m. K ]
xw =( Do - Di ) /2
// [m]
Dw =( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di )
// [m]
kw =46.52
// t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
o f w a l l i n [W/m. K ]
Uc =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio + xw * Do /( kw * Dw ) ) // [W/ s q m. K ]
Ud = Uc
// As d i r t f a c t o r v a l u e s
are not given
Ud =195.32
A = Q /( Ud * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
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// [ s q m]
51 printf ( \ nArea =%f m 2 , \ nLength f o p i p e r e q u i r e d =%f
m( a p p r o x ) ,A , L )
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Double pipe heat exchanger

1 clc ;
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clear ;
// Example 5 . 3
me_dot =5500 ;
// [ kg /h ]
me_dot1 = me_dot /3600
// [ kg / s ]
Di =0.037
;
// I . D o f i n n e r p i p e i n [m]
Ai =( %pi /4) * Di ^2
// [ s q m]
G = me_dot1 / Ai
// [ kg / s q m. s ]
mu =3.4*10^ -3
;
// [ Pa . s ] o r [ kg / (m. s ) ]
Nre = Di * G / mu
Cp =2.68
; // [ kJ / kg .K ]
Cp1 = Cp *10^3
// [ J /kgK ]
k =0.248
; // [W/m. K ]
Npr = Cp1 * mu / k
// Nre i s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 , Use D i t t u s B o e l t e r eqn :
Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.3)
hi = k * Nnu / Di
// [W/ s q m. K ]
T2 =358
// [ K ]
T1 =341
// [ K ]
Cp2 =1.80
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
t2 =335
// [ K ]
t1 =303
// [ K ]
mt_dot = me_dot * Cp *( T2 - T1 ) /( Cp2 *( t2 - t1 ) ) // [ kg /h ]
mt_dot = mt_dot /3600
// [ kg / s ]
D1 =0.043
// [m]
D2 =0.064
// I n s i d e d i a o f o u t e r p i p e
De =( D2 ^2 - D1 ^2) / D1
// E q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r [m
]
Aa = %pi /4*( D2 ^2 - D1 ^2)
// [ s q m]
Ga = mt_dot / Aa
// kg / ( s q m. s )
mu2 =4.4*10^ -4
// V i s c o s i t y o f
t o l u e n e Pa . s
k2 =0.146
// For t o l u e n e [W/m.K ]
Cp2 =1.8*10^3
// J / kg . K
Nre = De * Ga / mu2
Npr = Cp2 * mu2 / k2
Nnu =0.023* Nre ^0.8* Npr ^0.4
ho = k2 * Nnu / De
//W/ ( s q m. K)
Dw =( D1 - Di ) / log ( D1 / Di )
// [m]
122
38 x =0.003
// Wall t h i c k n e s s i n
39 Uo =1/(1/ ho +(1/ hi ) *( D1 / Di ) +( x * D1 /(46.52* Dw ) ) )
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[m]
// [
W/ s q m. K ]
dT1 =38
// [ K ]
dT2 =23
// [ K ]
dTlm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 )
// [ K ]
Q = me_dot1 * Cp *( T2 - T1 )
// [ kJ / s ]
Q = Q *1000
// [ J / s ]
L = Q /( Uo * %pi * D1 * dTlm )
// [m]
printf ( \ n T o t a l l e n g g t h o f d o u b l e p i p e h e a t
e x c h a n g e r i s %f m ,L )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Parallel flow arrangement

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 4
mc_dot =1000
// [ kg /h ]
mc_dot = mc_dot /3600
// [ kg / s ]
mh_dot =250
// [ kg /h ]
mh_dot = mh_dot /3600 // [ kg / s ]
Cpc =4187
// [ J / ( kg . K) ]
Cph =3350
// [W/K]
w = mc_dot * Cpc
// [W/K ]
l = mh_dot * Cph
// [W/K ]
C = mh_dot * Cph /( mc_dot * Cpc )
U =1160
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A =0.25
// Heat t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e f o r e x c h a n g e r i n
[ s q m]
ntu = U * A /( mh_dot * Cph )
//
E =(1 - %e ^( - ntu *(1+ C ) ) ) /(1+ C )
// E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
heat exchanger
T1 =393
// I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
t1 =283
// C o o l i n g w a t e r [ K ]
T2 = T1 - E *( T1 - t1 )
// O u t l e t T o f h o t l i q u i d
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21 t2 = C *( T1 - T2 ) + t1
// [ K ]
22 printf ( \n\ n E f f e c t i v e n e s s
o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r i s %f\n
,E ) ;
printf ( \ n O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f h o t l i q u i d i s %f\n ,
T2 ) ;
24 printf ( \ n O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i s %f\n , t2 )
23
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Counter flow exchanger

1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 5 . 5
5 Cpc =4187
// S p e c i f i c h e a t o f w a t e r i n
[ J / ( kg . K) ]
6 Cph =2000
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// Sp h e a t o f o i l i n [ J / ( kg .K
)]
mc_dot =1300/3600
// [ kg / s ]
mh_dot =550/3600
// [ kg / s ]
w = mc_dot * Cpc
// [W/K ]
o = mh_dot * Cph
// [W/K ]
// Heat c a p a c i t y o f r a t e o f h o t f l u i d i s s m a l l e r t h a n
water
U =1075
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A =1
// [ s q m]
ntu =( U * A ) /( mh_dot * Cph )
E =(1 - %e ^( - ntu *(1 - C ) ) ) /(1 - C * %e ^( - ntu *(1 - C ) ) )
//
Effeciency
T1 =367
// [ K ]
t1 =288
// [ K ]
T2 = T1 - E *( T1 - t1 )
// O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e
[K]
T2 =291.83
// Approximated i n book
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without p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n
t2 = C *( T1 - T2 ) + t1
// [ K ]
Q = mh_dot * Cph *( T1 - T2 )
// [W]
printf ( \n\ n E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f e x c h a n g e r i s %f\n ,E ) ;
printf ( \ n O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f o i l i s %f K\n , T2 ) ;
printf ( \ n O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i s %f K\n , t2 )
;
printf ( \ nRate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i s %f W ,Q ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.6 LMTD approach

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 6
printf ( \nLMTD Approach \n )
Cph =4187
// [ J / ( kg .K) ]
mh_dot =600/3600
// Hot s i d e f l o w r a t e [ kg / s ]
mc_dot =1500/3600
// [ kg / s ]
Cpc = Cph
// [ J / kg . K ]
T1 =343
// [ K ]
T2 =323
// [ K ]
Q = mh_dot * Cph *( T1 - T2 )
// [W]
t1 =298
// [ K ]
t2 =( mh_dot * Cph *( T1 - T2 ) ) /( mc_dot * Cpc ) + t1 // [ K ]
dT1 =45
// [ K ]
dT2 =17
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
hi =1600
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n [W/ s q m. K ]
ho = hi
// [W/ s q m. K ]
U =1/(1/ hi +1/ ho )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A = Q /( U * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
printf ( \ n E f f e c t i v e n e s s NTU a p p r o a c h \n ) ;
125
// h o t w a t e r :
h = mh_dot * Cph
// [W/K ]
c = mc_dot * Cpc
// [W/K ]
// Heat c a p a c i t y r a t e o f h o t f l u i d i s s m a l l
//
E =( T1 - T2 ) /( T1 - t1 )
// E f f e c t i v e n e s s
// f o r p a r a l e l l f l o w :
ntu = - log (1 - E *(1+ C ) ) /(1+ C )
A2 =( ntu * mh_dot * Cph ) / U
// [ s q m]
t2 = C *( T1 - T2 ) + t1
// [ K ]
printf ( \n By LMTD a p p r o a c h a r e a o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r
i s %f s q m\n ,A ) ;
36 printf ( \nBy Ntu a p p r o a c h Area o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r i s
%f s q m\n ,A ) ;
37 printf ( \n O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f c o l d w a t e r=%f K\n ,
t2 )
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Scilab code Exa 5.7 Shell and tube exchanger

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 7
mw_dot =10
// [ kg / s ]
Cpw =4.187
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
t2 =318
// [ K ]
t1 =295
// [ K ]
Q = mw_dot * Cpw *( t2 - t1 )
// [ kJ / s ]
Q = Q *1000
//W
dT1 =98
// [ K ]
dT2 =75
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
hi =850
// [W/ s q m. K ]
id =0.027
// I n s i d e d i a [m]
od =0.031
// O u t s i d e d i a [m]
hio = hi * id / od
// [W/ s q m. K ]
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ho =6000
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s [W/ s q m. K ]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Ao = Q /( Uo * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
L =4
// Length [m]
n = Ao /( %pi * od * L )
// [ No . o f t u b e s ]
printf ( \n Number o f t u b e s r e q u i r e d = %d\n , round ( n )
);
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Order of Scale resistance

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 8
4 mdot =7250;
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// N i t r o b e n z e n e i n s h e l l i n [ kg /
h]
Cp =2.387;
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
mu =7*10^ -4 ;
// Pa . s
k =0.151;
// [W/m. K]
T1 =400;
// [ K ]
T2 =317;
// [ K ]
t1 =305;
// [ K ]
t2 =345;
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
Q = mdot * Cp *( T1 - T2 )
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
n =166;
// no o f t u b e s
L =5;
// [m]
Do =0.019;
// [m]
Di =0.015
// [m]
Ao = n * %pi * Do * L
// [ s q m]
Uo = Q /( Ao * dTlm )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Ud = Uo
// S h e l l s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
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Pt =0.025
// [m]
C_dash = Pt -(0.5* Do +0.5* Do )
// S h e l l s i d e c r o s s f l o w a r e a
B =0.15
// [m]
id =0.45
// [m]
as = id * C_dash * B / Pt
// [ s q m]
// As t h e r e a r e two s h e l l p a s s e s , a r e a p e r p a s s i s :
as_dash = as /2
// [ s q m]
// E q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r o f s h e l l
De =4*( Pt ^2 -( %pi /4) * Do ^2) /( %pi * Do )
// [m]
// Mass v e l o c i t y on s h e l l s i d e
Gs = mdot / as_dash
// [ kg /m 2 . h ]
Gs = Gs /3600
// [ kg /m 2 . s ]
mu =7*10^ -4
// Pa . s
Cp = Cp *1000
// J / kg . K
Nre = De * Gs / mu
// Reynold number
Npr = Cp * mu / k
// P r a n d t l s number
Nnu =0.36* Nre ^0.55* Npr ^(1.0/3.0) // N u s s e l t s number
hi =1050
// [W/ s q m . K ]
ho = Nnu * k / De
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +(1/ hi *( Do / Di ) ) )
// [W/ s q m K ]
Uc = Uo
Rd =( Uc - Ud ) /( Uc * Ud )
//m 2 .K/W
printf ( \n F o u l i n g f a c t o r =S c l a e r e s i s t a n c e =%f m 2 .K/
W\n , Rd ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Length of tube required

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 9
4 k =0.628
//W/ (m. K)
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rho =980
// [ kg /m 3 ]
mu =6*10^ -4
// kg / (m. s )
Cpw =4.187
// kJ / ( kg . K)
Cp = Cpw *10^3
// J / ( kg . K)
Di =25
// [mm]
Di = Di /1000
// [m]
mw_dot =1200*10^ -3* rho
w a t e r [ kg / h ]
mw_dot = mw_dot /3600
// [ kg / s ]
Ai =( %pi * Di ^2) /4
// I n s i d e a r e a o f t u b e
in sq m
G = mw_dot / Ai
// kg /m 2 . s
Nre = Di * G / mu
Npr = Cp * mu / k
// P r a n d d t l number
// I n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
Nnu =0.023* Nre ^0.8* Npr ^0.4
hi = Nnu * k / Di
// [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =6000
// [W// s q m. K ]
Do =0.028
// [m]
Dw =( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di )
// [m]
x =( Do - Di ) /2
// [m]
k2 =348.9
// t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f m e t a l
i n [W/m. K ]
Uo =1/((1/ ho ) +(1/ hi ) *( Do / Di ) +( x / k2 ) *( Do / Dw ) ) // [W/ s q
m. K ]
t1 =303
// [ K ]
t2 =343
// [ K ]
Q = mw_dot * Cpw *( t2 - t1 )
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000
// [W]
Ts =393
// [ K ]
dT1 = Ts - t1
// [ K ]
dT2 = Ts - t2
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
// [ s q m]
L = Ao /( %pi * Do )
// Length
printf ( \n t h e r e f o r e l e n g t h o f t u b e r e q u i r e d i s %f m
\n ,L ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 5.10 Suitability of Exchanger

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 1 0
m_dot =7250
// [ kg /h ] o f n i t r o b e n z e n e
Cp =2.387;
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
mu =7*10^ -4;
// [ kg /m. s ]
k =0.151;
// [W/m. K]
vis =1;
Ft =0.9;
//LMTD c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r
T1 =400
// [ K ]
T2 =317
// [ K ]
t1 =333
// [ K ]
t2 =300
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t1
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t2
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
// For n i t r o b e n z e n e
Q = m_dot * Cp *( T1 - T2 )
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
n =170
//No . o f t u b e s
L =5
// [m]
Do =0.019
// [m]
Di =0.015
// [m]
Ao = n * %pi * Do * L
// [ s q m]
Uo = Q /( Ao * Ft * dTlm )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Ud = Uo
// [W/ s q m. K ]
B =0.15
// B a f f l e s p a c i n g [m]
Pt =0.025
// Tube p i t c h i n [m]
C_dash = Pt - Do
// C l e a r a n c e i n [m]
id =0.45
// [m]
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// S h e l l s i d e c r o s s f l o w a r e a
as = id * C_dash * B / Pt
// [ s q m]
// E q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r o f s h e l l
De =4*( Pt ^2 -( %pi /4) *( Do ^2) ) /( %pi * Do )
// [m]
// Mass v e l o c i t y on s h e l l s i d e
Gs = m_dot / as
// [ kg / (m. h ) ]
Gs = Gs /3600
// [ kg /m 2 . s ]
mu =7*10^ -4
// [ kg /m. s ]
Cp = Cp *1000
// [ J / kg . K ]
Nre = De * Gs / mu
Npr = Cp * mu / k
// From e m p i r i c a l eqn :
mu_w = mu
//
Nnu =0.36* Nre ^0.55* Npr ^(1/3)
ho = Nnu * k / De
// [W/ s q m. K ]
hi =1050
// Given [W/ s q m. K ]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +(1/ hi ) *( Do / Di ) )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Uc = Uo
//W/ s q m. K
// S u i t a b i l i t y o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r
Rd_given =9*10^ -4
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Rd =( Uc - Ud ) /( Uc * Ud )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
printf ( \n Rd c a l c u l a t e d ( %f W/m 2 .K) i s mazimum
a l l o w a b l e s c a l e r e s i s t a n c e \n , Rd ) ;
59 printf ( \n\ nAs Rd c a l c u l a t e d ( %f W/ s q m. K) (OR
1 . 1 1 0 3 ) i s more t h a n Rd g i v e n ( %f W/ s q m, K) , t h e
g i v e n h e a t e x c h a n g e r i s s u i t a b l e \n ,Rd , Rd_given )
;
Scilab code Exa 5.11 Number of tubes required

1 clc ;
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clear ;
// Example 5 . 1 1
mw_dot =1720;
// w a t e r i n [ kg /h ]
t1 =293 ;
// [ K ]
t2 =318 ;
// [ K ]
Cpw =4.28;
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
Q = mw_dot * Cpw *( t2 - t1 )
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
//W
lambda =2230;
// [ kJ / kg ]
dT1 =90 ;
// [ K ]
dT2 =65 ;
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f i n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
Di =0.0225;
// [m]
u =1.2 ;
// [m/ s ] \
rho =995.7 ;
// [ kg /m 3 ]
v =0.659*10^ -6
// [m/ s ]
mu = v * rho
// [ kg /m. s ]
// r e y n o l d s number
Cp = Cpw *1000
// [ J / kg . K ]
k =2.54 ;
// [ kJ / h .m. K ]
k = k *1000/3600
// [W/m. K ]
Npr = Cp * mu / k
Nnu =0.023* Nre ^0.8* Npr ^0.4
hi = k * Nnu / Di
// [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =19200
// [ kJ / h .m 2 .K ]
ho = ho *1000/3600
// [W/m 2 .K ]
Do =0.025
// [m]
Dw =( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di )
// [m]
x =( Do - Di ) /2
// [m]
kt =460
// For t u b e w a l l m a t e r i a l [ kJ /h .m. K ]
kt = kt *1000/3600
// [W/m. K ]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +(1/ hi ) *( Do / Di ) +( x / kt ) *( Do / Dw ) )
// [
W/ s q m. K ]
36 //Q=UoAodTlm
37 Ao = Q /( Uo * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
38 L =4
// Tube l e n g t h i n [m]
132
39 n = Ao /( %pi * Do * L )
// [ Number o f t u b e s ]
40 n = round ( n )
// Approximate
41 printf ( \n Number o f t u b e s r e u i r e d= %d ,n ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Shell and tube heat exchanger

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 1 2
4 t1 =290
// I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f c o o l i n g w a t e r
[K]
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t b a s e d on
i n s i d e a r e a i n [W/ s q m. K ]
lambda =400
// [ kJ / kg ] LAtent h e a t o f b e n z e n e
mb_dot =14.4
// [ t /h ] C o n d e n s a t i o n r a t e o f b e n z e n e
vapour
Cpw =4.187
// S p e c i f i c h e a t
// With no S c a l e
5 ho =2250
6
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9
10
11 Q = mb_dot *1000* lambda
// Heat duty o f c o n d e n s e r i n
[ kJ / h ]
12 Q =( Q /3600) *1000
// [W]
13 // S h e l l and t u b e t y p e o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r
14
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21
i s used as a
s i n g l e pass surface condenser

Di =0.022
// I . D o f t u b e [m]
L =2.5
// Length o f e a c h t u b e i n [m]
n =120
// Number o f t u b e s
A = %pi * Di * L
// Area o f h e a t t r a n s f e r p e r m e t r e
l e n g t h i n [m2/m]
A=n*A
// T o t a l a r e a o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i n [m
2]
Ai =( %pi /4) * Di ^2 // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f e a c h t u b e
i n [m 2 ]
Ai = n * Ai
// T o t a l a r e a o f f l o w i n [m 2 ]
u =0.75
// V e l o c t y o f w a t e r [ ms 1]
133
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V = u * Ai
rho =1000
mw_dot = V * rho
// V o l u m e t r i c f l o w o f w a t e r
// [ D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n [ kg /m 3 ] ]
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r i n
[ kg / s ]
// Heat b a l a n c e
//Q=mw dot Cpw ( t2 t 1 )
t2 = Q /( mw_dot * Cpw *1000) + t1
// [ K ]
T =350
// C o n d e n s i n g b e n z e n e t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
dT1 =T - t1
// [ K ]
dT2 =T - t2
// [ K ]
//LMTD
U = Q /( A * dTlm )
// [W/m 2 .K ]
U = round ( U )
// N e g l e c t i n g r e s i s t a n c e , we have :
hi =1/(1/ U -1/ ho )
// [W/m 2 .K ]
// h i i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o u 0 . 8
C = hi /( u ^0.8)
// C o n s t a n t
// With S c a l e
Rd =2.5*10^ -4
// [m2 K. /W]
// 1/U=1/ h i +1/ho+Rd
//U=h i / ( 1 + 3 . 3 8 u 0 . 8 )
/ / [ kg / s ]
// mw dot=r h o u Ai
// L e t t 2 be t h e o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
//Q=mw dot Cpw ( t2 t 1 )
// t 2=Q/ ( mw dot Cpw)+t 1
dT1 =60
// dT2=T( t 1 + 8 . 3 7 3 / u )
// dTlm = 8 . 3 7 3 / ( u l o g ( 6 0 u / ( 6 0 u 8 . 3 7 3 ) ) )
//Q=UAdTlm
// 1 . 8 9 = ( ( u 0 .2 ) / ( 1 + 3 . 3 8 u 0 . 8 ) ) ( 1 / l o g ( ( 6 0 u ) /60 u
8.373)
// I f we assume v a l u e s o f u g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 7 5 m/ s
// For u =3.8
/ / [ ms 1]
u =3.8
// ] ms 1]
printf ( \ nWater v e l o c i t y must be 3 . 8 8 ms1 ) ;
134
Scilab code Exa 5.13 Length of pipe in Exchanger

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 1 3
4 mh_dot =1.25
5 Cpw =4.187*10^3
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27
// [ kg / s ]
// Heat c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r i n [ J /
kg . K ]
lambda =315
// [ kJ / kg ]
Q = mh_dot * lambda
// Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r from
vapour
[ kJ / s ]
Q = Q *10^3
// [W]
Ts =345
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f c o n d e n s i n g
vapour [K]
t1 =290
// I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r [ K ]
t2 =310
// O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r [ K ]
dT1 = Ts - t1
// [ K ]
dT2 = Ts - t2
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
// Heat removed from v a p o u r = Heat g a i n e d
mw_dot = Q /( Cpw *( t2 - t1 ) )
// [ kg / s ]
hi =2.5
// [kW/ s q m. K ]
hi = hi *1000
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Do =0.025
// [m]
Di =0.020
// [m]
hio = hi *( Di / Do )
// I n s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o s f f i c i e n t r e f e r r e d t o o u t s i d e d i a i n [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =0.8
// O u t s i d e h e a t t r a n b s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i n [kW/ s q m. K ]
ho = ho *1000
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
//Ud i s 80% o f Uc
Ud =(80/100) * Uo
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Ao = Q /( Ud * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
135
// [m]
// O u t s i d e a r e a o f p i p e
28 L =1
29 A = %pi * Do * L
30
31
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39
40
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46
per m length of pipe

len = Ao / A
// T o t a l l e n g t h o f p i p i n g
required .
rho =1000
// [ kg /m 3 ]
V = mw_dot / rho
// [m3/ s ]
v =0.6
// [m/ s ]
a=V/v
// C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
f o r f l o w p a s s [ s q m]
a1 =( %pi * Di ^2) /4
// [ s q m]
// f o r s i n g l e p a s s on t u b e s i d e f l u i d ( w a t e r )
n = round ( a / a1 )
per pass
l = len / n
// Length o f e a c h t u b e i n
[m]
// For two p a s s e s on w a t e r s i d e :
tn =2* n
// T o t a l no o f t u b e s
l2 = len / tn
[m]
// For f o u r p a s s e s on w a t e r s i d e / t u b e s i d e
tn2 =4* n
// T o t a l no . o f t u b e s
l3 = len / tn2
[m]
printf ( \nNo . o f t u b e s=%d , \ nLength o f t u b e=%f m ,
tn2 , l3 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.14 Dirt factor

1
2 clc
3 clear
4 // Example 5 . 1 4
5 // P r o p e r t i e s o f c r u d e
oil :
136
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36
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38
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
// [ N . s / s q m]
// [W/m. K ]
Cpc =1.986
;
mu1 =2.9*10^ -3;
k1 =0.136
;
rho1 =824
// [ kg /m 3 ]
// P r o p e r t i e s o f bottom p r o d u c t :
Cp2 =2.202
;
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
rho2 =867
;
// [ kg /m 3 ]
mu2 =5.2*10^ -3
;
// [ N . s / s q m]
k2 =0.119
;
// [W/ s q m. K ]
mc_dot =135000
;
// B a s i s : c r u i d o i l f l o w
r a t e i n [ kg / h ]
m_dot =106000
;
// Bottom p r o d u c t f l o w
r a t e i n n [ kg /h ]
t1 =295
;
// [ K ]
t2 =330
;
// [ K ]
T1 =420
;
// [ K ]
T2 =380
;
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
Q = mc_dot * Cpc *( t2 - t1 )
// kJ /h
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
// S h e l l s i d e c a l c u l a t i o n s :
Pt =25
;
// [mm]
Pt = Pt /1000
;
// [m]
B =0.23
;
// [m]
Do =0.019
;
// [m] O u t s i d e
diameter f or square pitch
c_dash = Pt - Do
// C l e a r a n c e i n [
m]
id =0.6
;
// [m]
as = id * c_dash * B / Pt
// C r o s s f l o w
a r e a o f s h e l l [ s q m]
// s i n c e t h e r e i s a C a l c u l a i t o n m i s t a k e , we t a k e :
137
39 as =0.0353;
40 Gs = m_dot / as
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67
68
69
// S h e l l s i d e
mass v e l o c i t y i n [ kg / s q m. h ]
Gs = Gs /3600;
// [ kg / s q m. s ]
De =4*( Pt ^2 -( %pi /4) * Do ^2) /( %pi * Do )
// [m]
Nre = De * Gs / mu2
// R e y n o l d s
number
Npr = Cp2 *1000* mu2 / k2
// P r a n d t l
number
muw = mu2
// S i n c e mu/muw=1
Nnu =0.36*( Nre ^0.55) * Npr ^(1.0/3.0) *( mu2 / muw ) ^(0.14)
ho = Nnu * k2 / De
// [W/ s q m. K ]
// Tube s i d e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t :
n =324
;
n_p =324/2
;
//No . o f t u b e s p e r p a s s
t =2.1
;
// T h i c k n e s s i n [mm]
t = t /1000
;
// [m]
Di = Do -2* t
// I . d o f t u b e i n [m]
A =( %pi /4) *( Di ^2)
// C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f
one t u b e i n [ s q m]
A_p = n_p * A
// T o t a l a r e a f o r f l o w p e r
p a s s i n [ s q m]
G = mc_dot / A_p
// [ kg / s q m h ]
G = G /3600
// [ kg / s q m. s ]
Nre = Di * G / mu1
// R e y n o l o d s number
Npr =42.35 ;
Nnu =0.023*( Nre ^0.8) *( Npr ^0.4)
hi = Nnu * k1 / Di
// [W/ s q m. K ]
hio = hi * Di / Do
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Uc = Uo
L =4.88 ;
// Length o f
t u b e i n [m]
Ao = n * %pi * Do * L
// [ s q m]
Ud = Q /( Ao * dTlm )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Rd =( Uc - Ud ) /( Uc * Ud )
// [m 2 .K/W]
138
printf ( \n The c a l c u l a t i o n o f l i n e no . 3 6 t o
c a l c u l a t e d a s i s w r o n g l y done i n Book by p r i n t i n g
0 . 0 3 5 3 , , . . which i s wrong \n ) ;
71 printf ( \nRd=%f K/w , o r 7.3410 4 which i s l e s s t h a n
the provided , so t h i s i f i n s t a l l e d w i l l not g i v e
r e q u i r e d t e m p e r a r u e s w i t h o u t f r e q u e n t c l e a n i n g \n\
n , Rd ) ;
70
Scilab code Exa 5.15 Heat transfer area

1
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3
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5
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25
clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 1 5
//CASE I :
Cp =4*10^3;
// [ J / kg . K ]
t1 =295;
// [ K ]
t2 =375;
// [ K ]
sp =1.1;
// S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f l i q u i d
v1 =1.75*10^ -4;
// Flow o f l i q u i d i n [m3/ s ]
rho = sp *1000
// [ kg /m 3 ]
m_dot = v1 * rho
// [ kg / s ]
Q = m_dot * Cp *( t2 - t1 ) // [W]
T =395;
// [ K ]
dT1 =T - t1
// [ K ]
dT2 =T - t2
// [ K ]
U1A = Q / dTlm
// [W/K]
//CASEI I
v2 =3.25*10^ -4
T2 =370
m_dot = v2 * rho
Q = m_dot * Cp *( T2 - t1 )
dT1 =T - t1
// Flow i n [m3/ s ]
// [ K ]
// [ kg / s ]
// [W]
// [ K ]
139
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
// [W/K]
26 dT2 =T - T2
27 dTlm =( dT1 - dT2 ) / log ( dT1 / dT2 )
28 U2A = Q / dTlm
29 // s i n c e u i s propn t o v
30 // h i =C v 0 . 8
31
32 U2_by_U1 = U2A / U1A
33
34 ho =3400
35
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50
51
52
53
// Heat t r a n s f e r
c o e f f f o r c o n d e n s i n g steam i n [W/ s q m. K ]
C = poly (0 , C )
// L e t C=1 and v=v1
//C=1;
v = v1 ;
// =1.7510 4 m3/ s
hi = C * v ^0.8
U1 =1/(1/ ho +1/ hi )
//
//When v=v2
v = v2 ;
hi = C * v ^0.8
U2 =1/(1/ ho +1/ hi )
//
// S i n c e U2=1.6U1
C =142497
v = v1
hi = C * v ^0.8
U1 =1/(1/ ho +1/ hi )
//
A = U1A / U1
// Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a i n [ s q
m]
54 printf ( \n O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f W
/ s q m. K and \n\ nHeat t r a n s f e r a r e a i s %f s q m ,U1 ,
A);
Scilab code Exa 5.16 Oil Cooler

140
1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 1 6
4 mo_dot =6*10^ -2
5 Cpo =2*10^3
6
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21
22
// [ kg / s ]
// S p e c i f i c h e a t o f
o i l i n [ J / kg . K ]
Cpw =4.18*10^3
// S p e c i f i c h e a t o f w a t e r
i n [ J / kg . K ]
T1 =420
// [ K ]
T2 =320
// [ K ]
T =290
// [ K ] Water e n t e r i n g
temperature
Q = mo_dot * Cpo *( T1 - T2 )
// [ J / s ] = [W]
// Heat g i v e n o u t =Heat g a i n e d
t2 = Q /( mo_dot * Cpw ) + T
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - T
// [ K ]
hi =1.6*1000
// [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =3.6*1000
// [W/ s q m. K ]
U =1/(1/ ho +1/ hi ) // [W/ s q m. K ]
A = Q /( U * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
D =0.025
// [m]
L = A /( %pi * D )
// [m]
printf ( \n Length o f t u b e r e q u i r e d = %f m ,L ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.17 Countercurrent flow heat exchanger

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 1 7
mb_dot =1.25
Cpb =1.9*10^3
Cpw =4.187*10^3
T1 =350
// Benzene i n [ kg / s ]
// For b e n z e n e i n [ J / kg . K ]
// i n [ J / kg . K ]
// [ K ]
141
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29
T2 =300
// [ K ]
Q = mb_dot * Cpb *( T1 - T2 )
// [W]
t1 =290
// [ K ]
t2 =320
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
mw_dot = Q /( Cpw *( t2 - t1 ) )
// Minimum f l o w r a t e o f
w a t e r i n [ kg / s ]
hi =850
// [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =1700
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Do =0.025
// [m]
Di =0.022
// [m]
x =( Do - Di ) /2
// T h i c k n e s s i n [m]
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Dw =( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di )
// [m]
k =45
// [W/m. K]
Uo =1/((1/ ho ) +(1/ hio ) +( x / k ) *( Do / Dw ) ) // [W/ s q m. K ]
// [ s q m]
L =1
// Length i n [m]
area = %pi * Do * L
// O u t s i d e s u r f a c e
area o f tube per i m l e n g t h
Tl = Ao / area
// T o t a l l e n g t h o f
t u b i n g r e q u i r e d i n [m]
printf ( \ n T o t a l l e n g t h o f t u b i n g r e q u i r e d=%d m ,
round ( Tl ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.18 Vertical Exchanger

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 1 8
4 m_dot =4500
5
kg / h ]
lambda =394
// Benzene c o n d e n s a t i o n r a t e i n [
// L a t e n t h e a t o f c o n d e n s a t i o n o f
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b e n z e n e i n [ kJ / kg ]
Q = m_dot * lambda
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
Cpw =4.18
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
t1 =295
// [ K ]
t2 =300
// [ K ]
// For w a t e r :
mw_dot = Q /( Cpw *1000*( t2 - t1 ) )
// [ kg / s ]
rho =1000
// [ kg /m3
V = mw_dot / rho
// V o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e i n [m
3/ s ]
u =1.05
// [m/ s ]
A=V/u
// C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
r e q u i r e d i n [ s q m]
// For t u b e :
x =1.6
// t h i c k n e s s i n [mm]
x = x /1000
// [m]
Do =0.025
// [m]
Di = Do -2* x
// [m]
A1 =( %pi * Di ^2) /4
// Of one t u b e [ s q m]
n = A / A1
//No . o f t u b e s r e u i r e d
n = round ( n )
L =2.5
Ao = n * %pi * Do * L
// S u r f a c e a r e a f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r
i n [ s q m]
Ts =353
// C o n d e n s i n g temp o f b e n z e n e i n
[K]
T1 =295
// I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
T2 =300
// O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n [K ]
dT1 = Ts - T1
// [ K ]
dT2 = Ts - T2
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
Uo = Q /( Ao * dTlm )
// [W/ s q mK]
Ud = Uo
// [W/ s q m. K ]
//OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFCIENT :
// I n s i d e s i d e :
143
39 T =( T2 + T1 ) /2
// [ K ]
40
41 hi =1063*((1+0.00293* T ) * u ^0.8) /( Di ^0.2)
// [W/
s q m. K ]
// [W
42 hio = hi *( Di / Do )
/ s q m. K ]
43 Dw =( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di )
]
44 k =45
// For t u b e i n [W/ (m. ) ]
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
// [m
// O u t s i d e o f t u b e :
mdot_dash =1.25/ n
// [ kg / s ]
M = mdot_dash /( %pi * Do )
// [ kg / (m. s ) ]
k =0.15
// [W/ (m. K) ]
rho =880
// [ kg /m 3 ]
mu =0.35*10^ -3
// [ N . s / s q m]
g =9.81
// [m/ s 2 ]
A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
hm =(1.47*((4* mdot_dash ) / mu ) ^( -1/3) ) /( mu ^2/( k ^3* rho
^2* g ) ) ^(1/3) // [W/ s q m. K ]
ho = hm
// [W/ s q m. K ]
k =45
// [W/m]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio +( x * Do ) /( k * Dw ) )
//Uo=1/(1/ ho+1/ h i o +(x Do / ( k Dw) ) )
// O v e r a l l h e a t
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n [W/ s q m. K ]
Uc = Uo
// [W/ s q m. K ]
58
59
60 Rd =( Uc - Ud ) /( Uc * Ud )
//Maximum
a l l o w a b l e s c l a e r e s i s t a n c e i n [K/W]
61 printf ( \n Uc ( %f ) i s i n e x c e s s o f Ud ( %f ) , t h e r e f o r e
we a l l o w f o r r e a s o n a b l e s c a l e r e s i s t a n c e , \ nRd=%f
K/W\n ,Uc , Ud , Rd ) ;
62 printf ( \n No . o f t u b e s = %d ,n )
Scilab code Exa 5.19 Countercurrent Heat Exchanger

144
1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 1 9
4 mw_dot =5;
5 Cpw =4.18;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// Water f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / s ]
// Heat c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r [ kJ / kg
.K]
t1 =303;
// [ K ]
t2 =343;
// [ K ]
Q = mw_dot * Cpw *( t2 - t1 )
// [ kJ / s ]
Q = Q *1000;
// [W]
T1 =413;
// [ K ]
T2 =373;
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
dTlm = dT1
// / [K ]
hi =1000;
// [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =2500;
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Rd =1/(0.714*1000)
// F o u l i n g f a c t o r [m 2 .K/KW]
U =1/(1/ hi +1/ ho + Rd )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A = Q /( U * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r a r e a i s %f s q m ,A ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.20 Number of tube side pass

1
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 2 0
Cpo =1.9
// Heat c a p a c i t y f o r o i l [ kJ / kg . K ]
Cps =1.86
// Heat c a p a c i t y f o r steam [ kJ / kg . K ]
ms_dot =5.2
// Mass f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / s ]
T1 =403
// [ K ]
T2 =383
// [ K ]
// [ kJ / s ]
// [W]
Q = ms_dot * Cps *( T1 - T2 )
Q = Q *1000
145
t1 =288;
// [ K ]
t2 =358;
// [ K ]
dT2 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT1 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
//LMTD i n [ K ]
U =275 ;
// O v e r a l l h e a t
t r a n s f e r c o e f f c i e n t i n [W// s q m. K ]
18 Ft =0.97
//LMTD c o r r e c t i o n
factor
19 A = Q /( U * Ft * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
20 printf ( \ nHeat e x c h a n g e r s u r f a c e a r e a i s %f s q m ,A )
;
12
13
14
15
16
17
Scilab code Exa 5.21 Number of tubes passes

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 2 1
4 mc_dot =3.783;
5 mh_dot =1.892;
6 Cpc =4.18;
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// Cold w a t e r f l o w r a t e [ kg / s ]
// Hot w a t e r f l o w r a t e [ kg / s ]
// Sp h e a t o f c o l d w a t e r [ kJ / ( kg .
K) ]
T1 =367;
// [ K ]
t2 =328;
// [ K ]
t1 =311;
// [ K ]
Cph =4.18;
// S p e c i f i c h e a t o f h o t w a t e r [ kJ
/ ( kg . K) ]
rho =1000;
// D e n s i t y [ kg /m 3 ]
D =0.019;
// D i a m e t e r o f t u b e i n [m]
U =1450 ;
// O v e r a l h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i n [W/ s q m. K ]
T2 = T1 - mc_dot * Cpc *( t2 - t1 ) /( mh_dot * Cph )
// [ K ]
Q = mc_dot * Cpc *( t2 - t1 )
// [ kJ / s ]
Q = Q *1000
// [W]
// For c o u n t e r f l o w h e a t e x c h a n g e r
146
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 =17;
// [ K ]
lmtd = dTlm
//LMTD
Ft =0.88
//LMTD c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r
A = Q /( U * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
u =0.366;
// V e l o c i t y t h r o u g h t u b e s
[ ms 1]
Ai = mc_dot /( rho * u )
// T o t a l f l o w Area i n [ s q
m]
n = Ai /(( %pi /4) *( D ^2) )
L =1
// Per m l e n g t h [m]
sa = %pi * D * L
// S . S p e r t u b e p e r 1 m
length
L = A /( n * %pi * D )
// Length o f t u b e s i n [m]
printf ( \ nThe l e n g t h i s more t h a n a l l o w a b l e 2 . 4 4 m
l e n g t h , s o we must u s e more t h a n one t u b e \n ) ;
31
32 // For 2 p a s s e s on t h e t u b e s i d e
33 A = Q /( U * Ft * lmtd )
// [ s q m]
34 L = A /(2* n * %pi * D )
// Length i n [m]
35 printf ( \n T h i s l e n g t h i s w i t h i n 2 . 4 4 m r e q u i r e m e n t ,
s o t h e d e s i g n c h o i c e i s \n\n ) ;
36 printf ( \ nType o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r : 12 S h e l l and
t u b e h e a t e x c h a n g e r \n )
37 printf ( \nNo o f t u b e s p e r p a s s= %d\n , round ( n ) ) ;
38 printf ( \ nLength o f t u b e p e r p a s s=%f m\n ,L ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.22 Outlet temperature for hot and cold fluids
1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 2 2
4 mh_dot =16.67;
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f h o t f l u i d i n
[ kg / s ]
147
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
mc_dot =20;
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f c o l d f l u i d i n
[ kg / s ]
Cph =3.6;
// Sp h e a t o f h o t f l u i d i n [ kJ / kg
.K]
Cph = Cph *1000;
// Sp h e a t o f h o t f l u i d i n [ J / kg
.K]
Cpc =4.2;
// Sp h e a t o f c o l d f l u i d i n [ kJ / (
kg . K) ]
Cpc = Cpc *1000;
// Sp h e a t o f c o l d f l u i d i n [ J / (
kg . K) ]
U =400;
// O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i n [W/ s q m. K ]
A =100;
// S u r f a c e a r e a i n [ s q m]
mCp_h = mh_dot * Cph
// [ J / s ] o r [W/K ]
mCp_c = mc_dot * Cpc
// [ J / s ] o r [W/K ]
mCp_small = mCp_h
// [W/K]
C = mCp_small / mCp_c
// C a p a c i t y r a t i o
ntu = U * A / mCp_small
//NTU
T1 =973;
// Hot f l u i d i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n
[K]
t1 =373;
// Cold f l u i d i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e
i n [K ]
// Case 1 : C o u n t e r c u r r e n t f l o w a r r a n g e m e n t
E =(1 - %e ^( -(1 - C ) * ntu ) ) /(1 - C * %e ^( -(1 - C ) * ntu ) ) //
Effectiveness
//W=T1T2 / ( T1t 1 )
therefore :
T2 = T1 - E *( T1 - t1 )
// [ K ]
printf ( \ n E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f h o t f l u i d i s %d K ,
round ( T2 ) ) ;
t2 = mCp_h *( T1 - T2 ) /( mCp_c ) + t1
// [ From e n e r g y
b a l a n c e eqn i n ] [ K ]
printf ( \ n E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f c o l d f l u i d i s %d K(%d
C) \n , round ( t2 ) , round ( t2 -273) ) ;
26
27 // Case 2 : P a r a l l e l f l o w a r r a n g e m e n t
28 E1 =(1 - %e ^( -(1+ C ) * ntu ) ) /(1+ C )
29 // I n t h e t e x t b o k h e r e i s a c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e , and
t h e v a l u e o f E i s t a k n e a s E=0.97
148
30
31 T2 = T1 - E1 *( T1 - t1 )
// [ K ]
32 t2 = mCp_h *( T1 - T2 ) /( mCp_c ) + t1
33
34
// [ From e n e r g y
b a l a n c e eqn i n ] [ K ]
printf ( \ n E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f Hot w a t e r=%f K\n , T2 ) ;
printf ( \ n E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f c o l d w a t e r=%f K\n , t2 )
;
Scilab code Exa 5.23 Counterflow concentric heat exchanger

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 2 3
Cpo =2131;
// Sp h e a t o f o i l i n [ J / kg . K ]
Cpw =4187;
// Sp h e a t o f w a t e r i n [ J / kg . K ]
mo_dot =0.10;
// O i l f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / s ]
mw_dot =0.20;
// Water f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / s ]
U =380;
// O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n [W/
s q m. K ]
T1 =373;
// I n i t i a l temp o f o i l [ K ]
T2 =333;
// F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f o i l [ K ]
t1 =303;
// Water e n t e r t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
t2 = t1 + mo_dot * Cpo *( T1 - T2 ) /( mw_dot * Cpw )
// [ K ]
// 1 .LMTD method
dT1 = T1 - t2
// [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1
// [ K ]
// [ K ]
lmtd = dTlm ;
// [ K ]
Q = mo_dot * Cpo *( T1 - T2 )
// [ J / s ]
A = Q /( U * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
Do =0.025;
// I n n e r t u b v e d i a m e t e r [
m]
L = A /( %pi * Do )
// Length i n [m]
// 2 .NTU method
149
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
mCp_c = mw_dot * Cpw

// [W/K]
mCp_h = mo_dot * Cpo
// [W/K]
printf ( \n I n t e x t b o o k t h i s v a l u e o f mCp h i s
w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d a s 2 3 1 . 1 s o we w i l l t a k e t h i s
o n l y f o r c a l c u l a t i o n \n ) ;
mCp_h =231.1;
// [W/K]
// mCp h i s s m a l l e r
C = mCp_h / mCp_c
E =( T1 - T2 ) /( T1 - t1 )
// E f f e c i e n c y
// For c o u n t e r c u r r e n t f l o w
deff ( [ x ]= f ( ntu ) , x=E(1%e((1C) ntu ) ) /(1 C%e
((1C) ntu ) ) )
ntu = fsolve (1 , f )
A = ntu * mCp_h / U
// [ s q m]
A =0.56
// A p p r o x i m a t e l y
L1 = A /( %pi * Do )
// Length i n [m]
printf ( \nFrom LMTD a p p r o a c h : \ n l e n g t h=%f m\n ,L ) ;
printf ( \nFrom NTU method : \ n l e n g t h=%f m\n , L1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.24 Number of tubes required

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc ;
clear ;
// Example 5 . 2 4
ho =200;
// [W/ s q m. K ]
hi =1500;
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Cpw =4.2;
// Sp h e a t o f Water i n [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
Cpo =2.1;
// Sp h e a t o f O i l i n [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
E =0.8;
// E f f e c t i v e n e s s
k =46;
// [W/m. K ]
m_dot =0.167;
// [ kg / s ]
mCp_oil =2* m_dot * Cpo *1000
// For o i l [W/K ]
// m C p o i l i s w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d a s 7 1 0 . 4
150
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
mCp_water = m_dot * Cpw *1000

// For w a t e r [W/K ]
// m C p o i l i s w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d a s 7 1 0 . 4
//NOTE: The a b o v e two v a l u e s a r e w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d
i n book a s 7 1 0 . 4
// s o we t a k e h e r e :
mCp_small =710.4
// [W/K]
// S i n c e b o t h mCp water and m C p o i l a r e e q u a l ,
therefore :
C =1;
deff ( [ x ]= f ( ntu ) , x=E( ntu /(1+ ntu ) ) ) ;
ntu = fsolve (1 , f )
id =20;
// I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r i n [mm]
od =25;
// E x t e r n a l d i a m e t e r i n [mm]
hio = hi * id / od
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Dw =( od - id ) / log ( od / id )
// [mm]
Dw = Dw /1000
// [m]
x =( od - id ) /2
// [mm]
x = x /1000
// [m]
Do =0.025
// E x t e r n a l d i a i n [m]
L =2.5;
Uo =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio +( x / k ) *( Dw / Do ) )
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A = ntu * mCp_small / Uo
// Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a i n [ s q m]
n = A /( %pi * Do * L )
//No o f t u b e s
printf ( \nNo . o f t u b e s r e q u i r e d = %d , round ( n +1) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.25 Parallel and Countercurrent flow

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 5 . 2 5
4
5 // ( i ) P a r a l l e l f l o w
6 T1 =633;
// [ K ]
7 t2 =303;
// [ K ]
151
8
9
10
11
12
13
T2 =573;
// [ K ]
t1 =400;
// [ K ]
dT1 = T1 - t2 ; // [ K ]
dT2 = T2 - t1 ; // [ K ]
mh_dot =1.2; // [ kg / s ]
U =500;
// O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n [
W/sqm . K ]
Cp =2083;
// Sp . h e a t o f o i l J / kg . K
Q = mh_dot * Cp *( T1 - T2 )
// [W]
A = Q /( U * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
14
15
16
17
18
19 // ( i i ) C o u n t e r c u r r e n t f l o w
20 dT1 = T1 - t1 ;
// [ K ]
21 dT2 = T2 - t2 ;
// [ K ]
22 dTlm =( dT2 - dT1 ) / log ( dT2 / dT1 )
// [ K ]
23 A1 = Q /( U * dTlm )
// [ s q m]
24 printf ( \ nFor p a r a l l e l f l o w , Area = %f s q m \n For
c o u n t e r c u r r e n t f l o w , Area=%f s q m\n ,A , A1 ) ;
25 printf ( \n\ nFor t h e same t e r m i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e s o f
the f l u i d , the s u r f a c e area f o r the counterflow
a r r a n g e m e n t \n i s l e s s t h a n t h e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
p a r a l l e l f l o w \n )
152
Chapter 6
Evaporation
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Boiling point Elevation

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc ;
clear ;
// Example6 . 1
T =380
//B . P o f s o l u t i o n [ K ]
T_dash =373
//B . P o f w a t e r [ K ]
BPE =T - T_dash
// B o i l i n g p o i n t e l e v a t i o n i n [ K ]
Ts =399
// S a t u r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
DF = Ts - T
// D r i v i n g f o r c e i n [ K ]
printf ( \ n B o i l i n g p o i n t o f e l e v a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n
i s %d K \n , BPE ) ;
10 printf ( \ n D r i v i n g f o r v e f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r i s %d K \n
, DF )
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Capacity of evaporator

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 6 . 2
153
m_dot =10000
//Weak l i q u o r e n t e r i n g i n [ kg / h ]
fr_in =0.04
// F r a c i t o n o f c a u s t i c s o d a IN i . e 4
%
6 fr_out =0.25
// F r a c i t o n o f c a u s t i c s o d a OUT i . e 25
%
7 // L e t m d a s h d o t be t h e kg /h o f t h i c k l i q u o r l e a v i n g
8 mdash_dot = fr_in * m_dot / fr_out
// [ kg /h ]
4
5
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// O v e r a l l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e
// kg / h o f f e e d=kg /h o f w a t e r e v a p o r a t e d +kg / h o f
thick liquor
// we=w a t e r e v a p o r a t e d i n kg / h
// T h e r e f o r e
we = m_dot - mdash_dot
// [ kg /h ]
printf ( \n C a p a c i t y o f e v a p o r a t o r i s %d kg / h , we ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Economy of Evaporator

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3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc ;
clear ;
// Exmaple 6 . 3
ic =0.05
// I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 5%)
fc =0.2
// F i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n
( 2 0%)
T_dash =373
//B . P o f w a t e r i n [ K ]
bpe =5
// B o i l i n g p o i n t e l e v a t i o n [ K ]
mf_dot =5000
// [ B a s i s ] f e e d t o e v a p o r a t o r i n [
kg / h ]
// M a t e r i a l b a l a n c e o f s o l u t e
mdash_dot = ic * mf_dot / fc
// [ kg /h ]
// O v e r a l l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e
mv_dot = mf_dot - mdash_dot
// Water e v a p o r a t e d [ kg /
h]
lambda_s =2185
// L a t e n t h e a t o f c o n d e n s a t i o n
o f steam [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v =2257
// L a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i s a t i o n o f
154
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
w a t e r [ kJ / kg ]
lambda = lambda_v
// [ kJ / kg ]
T = T_dash + bpe
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h i c k l i q u o r [ K ]
Tf =298
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f f e e d [ K ]
Cpf =4.187
// Sp . h e a t o f f e e d i n [ kJ / kg .K ]
// Heat b a l a n c e o v e r e v a p o r a t o r=m s d o t
ms_dot =( mf_dot * Cpf *( T - Tf ) + mv_dot * lambda ) / lambda_s
// Steam c o n s u m p t i o n [ kg /h ]
Eco = mv_dot / ms_dot
// Economy o f e v a p o r a t o r
Ts =399
// S a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f steam i n [ K ]
dT = Ts - T
// T e m p e r a t u r e d r i v i n g f o r c e [ K ]
U =2350
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Q = ms_dot * lambda_s
// Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i n [
kJ / kg ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ J / s ] = [W]
A = Q /( U * dT )
// Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a i n [ s q
m]
printf ( \nANSWER Economoy p f e v a p o r a t o r i s %f \n ,
Eco ) ;
printf ( \ nHeat t a r n s f e r a r e a t o be p r o v i d e d = %f s q
m\n ,A ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Steam economy

1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // Example 6 . 4
5 Cpf =3.98
6 lambda_s =2202
// S p e c i f i c h e a t o f f e e d i n kJ / ( kg . K)
// L a t e n t h e a t o f c o n d s o f h e a t a t
0 . 2MPa i n [ kJ / kg ]
7 lambda =2383
// L a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i s a t i o n o f
w a t e r a t y 323 [ kJ / kg
8 ic =0.1
// I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s o i l d s i n
[%]
155
9 fc =0.5
10 m_dot =30000
// Feed t o e v a p o r a t o r i n [ kg / h ]
11 mdash_dot = ic * m_dot / fc
// Mass f l o w r a t e o f t h i c k
12
l i q u o r i n [ kg / h ]
mv_dot = m_dot - mdash_dot
kg / h ]
// Water e v a p o r a t e d i n [
13
14 // Case 1 : Feed a t 293K
15 mf_dot =30000
// [ kg /h ]
16 mv_dot =24000
// [ kg /h ]
17 Cpf =3.98
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
18 Ts =393
// S a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f steam i n [ K]
19 T =323
// B o i l i n g p o i n t o f s o l u t i o n [ K ]
20 lambda_s =2202
// L a t e n t h e a t o f c o n d e n s a t i o n [
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
kJ / kg ]
lambda =2383
// L a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i s a t i o n [ kJ / kg ]
Tf =293
// Feed t e m p e r a t u r e
// E n t h a l p y b a l a n c e o v e r t h e e v a p o r a t o r :
// Steam c o n s u m p t i o n [ kg / h ]
eco =( mv_dot / ms_dot )
// Steam economy
printf ( \nWhen Feed i n t r o d u c e d a t 293 K , Steam
economy i s %f\n , eco ) ;
dT = Ts - T
// [ K ]
U =2900
// [W/ s q m. K ]
// Heat l o a d =Rate o f
h e a t t r a n s f e r i n [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ J / s ]
A = Q /( U * dT )
// Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a
r e q u i r e d [ s q m]
printf ( \n ANSWER( i ) \n\n At 293 K, Heat t r a n s f e r
a r e a r e q u i r e d i s %f s q m\n ,A ) ;
33
34 // Case2 : Feed a t 308K
35 Tf =308
// [ Feed t e m p e r a t u r e ] [ K ]
36 ms_dot =( mf_dot * Cpf *( T - Tf ) + mv_dot * lambda ) / lambda_s
// Steam c o n s u m p t i o n i n [ kg / h ]
37 eco = mv_dot / ms_dot
// Economy o f
156
38
39
40
41
42
evaporator
printf ( \n ANSWER( i i ) \n\n When T=308 K \ nEconomy o f
e v a p o r a t o r i s %f\n , eco ) ;
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ J / s ]
A = Q /( U * dT )
// Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a
r e q u i r e d [ s q m]
printf ( \nANSWER( i i i ) \n When T=308 K, \ nHeat
t r a n s f e r Area r e q u i r e d i s %f s q m\n ,A) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Evaporator economy

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 5
m_dot =5000 // Feed t o t h e e v a p o r a t o r [ kg /h ]
Cpf =4.187
//Cp o f f e e d i n [ kJ / kg . K ]
ic =0.10
// I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n
fc =0.4
mdash_dot = m_dot * ic / fc
// [ kg /h ] o f t h i c k
liquor
mv_dot = m_dot - mdash_dot
// Water e v a p o r a t e d
i n [ kg / h ]
lambda_s =2162
// L a t e n t h e a t o f c o n d e n s i n g
steam [ kJ / kg ]
P =101.325
// P r e s s u r e i n t h e e v a p o r a t o r [ kPa ]
bp =373
// [ K ]
Hv =2676
// E n t h a l p y o f w a t e r v a p o r [ kJ / kg ]
H_dash =419
// [ kJ / kg ]
Hf =170
// [ kJ / kg ]
ms_dot =( mv_dot * Hv + mdash_dot * H_dash - m_dot * Hf ) /
lambda_s
eco = mv_dot / ms_dot
// Steam economy o f
evaporator
// [ kJ / h ]
157
19
20
21
22
23
U =1750
// [W/ s q m. K ]
dT =34
// [ K ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ J / s ]
A = Q /( U * dT )
// [ s q m]
printf ( \n Heat t r a n s f e r a r e a t o be p r o v i d e d i s %f
s q m ,A ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Single effect Evaporator

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 6
mf_dot =5000
// [ kg /h ]
ic =0.01
// I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n [ kg / h ]
fc =0.02
[ kg / h ]
T =373
// B o i l i n g p t o f s a t u r a t i o n i n [ K
]
Ts =383
// S a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f
steam i n [ K ]
// [ kg /h ]
kg / h ]
Hf =125.79
// [ kJ / kg ]
Hdash =419.04
// [ kJ / kg ]
Hv =2676.1
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_s =2230.2
// [ kJ / kg ]
ms_dot =( mdash_dot * Hdash + mv_dot * Hv - mf_dot * Hf ) /
lambda_s
// Steam f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / h ]
// Steam economy
// Rate o f h e a t t r a n s f e r
i n [ kJ /h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ J / s ]
dT = Ts - T
// [ K ]
18
19
20
21 A =69
// H e a t i n g a r e a o f e v a p o r a t o r i n [ s q
158
m]
22 U = Q /( A * dT )
// O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n [W/
s q m. K ]
23 printf ( \ nSteam economy i s %f\n , eco ) ;
24 printf ( \n\ n O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s %d
W/ s q m. K , round ( U ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Single effect evaporator reduced pressure

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 6 . 7
4 // From p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e :
5 mf_dot =5000
// [ kg /h ]
6 Hf =125.79
// [ kJ / kg ]
7 lambda_s =2230.2
// [ kJ / kg ]
8 mdash_dot =2500
// [ kg /h ]
9 Hdash =313.93
// [ kJ / kg ]
10 mv_dot =2500
// [ kg /h ]
11 Hv =2635.3
// [ kJ / kg ]
12 ms_dot =( mdash_dot * Hdash + mv_dot * Hv - mf_dot * Hf ) /
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
lambda_s
// Steam f l o w r a t e i n [ kg / h ]
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
U =2862
// [W/ s q m. K ]
dT =35
// [ K ]
A = Q /( U * dT )
// [ s q m]
printf ( \n The h e a t t r a n s f e r a r e a i n t h i s c a s e i s %f
s q m\n ,A ) ;
printf ( \n\nNOTE : There i s a c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n
t h e book a t t h e l i n e 1 2 o f t h i s code , m s d o t v a l u e
i s w r i t t e n a s 2 3 2 0 . 1 8 , which i s wrong \n\n ) ;
159
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Mass flow rate

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 6 . 8
4 mf_dot =6000
// Feed r a t e i n [ kg / h ]
5 // Taking t h e g i v e n v a l u e s from p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e ( 6 . 6 )
6 Hf =125.79
// [ kJ / kg ]
7 ms_dot =3187.56
// [ kg /h ]
8 lambda_s =2230.2
// [ kJ / kg ]
9 Hdash =419.04
// [ kJ / kg ]
10 Hv =2676.1
// [ kJ / kg ]
11 mv_dot =( mf_dot * Hf + ms_dot * lambda_s -6000* Hdash ) /( Hv -
Hdash ) // Water e v a p o r a t e d i n [ kg /h ]
mdash_dot =6000 - mv_dot
p r o d u c t [ kg / h ]
13 x =(0.01* mf_dot ) *100/ mdash_dot
//Wt % o f s o l u t e
in products
14 printf ( \ nMass f l o w r a t e o f p r o d u c t i s %f kg / h\n\n ,
mdash_dot ) ;
15 printf ( \n\ nThe p r o d u c t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s %f p e r c e n t
by w e i g h t \n\n ,x ) ;
12
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Heat load in single effect evaporator

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10
clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 9
Tf =298
// Feed t e m p e r a t u r e i n [K ]
T_dash =373
// [ K ]
Cpf =4
// [ kJ / kg .K ]
fc =0.2
// F i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s a l t
ic =0.05
mf_dot =20000
// [ kg /h ] Feed t o e v a p o r a t o r
// T h i c k l i q u o r [ kg /h ]
160
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

kg / h ]
lambda_s =2185
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda =2257
// [ kJ / kg ]
bpr =7
// B o i l i n g p o i n t r i s e [ K ]
T = T_dash + bpr
// B o i l i n g p o i n t o f s o l u t i o n i n [ K ]
Ts =39
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f c o n d e n s i n g steam i n [ K]
// Economy o f e v a p o r a t o r
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ J / s ]
printf ( \ nHeat l o a d i s %d W o r J / s , round ( Q ) ) ;
printf ( \n\ nEconomy o f e v a p o r a t o r i s %f , eco ) ;
printf ( \n\nNOTE : Again t h e r e i s a c a l c u a l t i o n
m i s t a k e i n book a t l i n e 19 o f code , i t i s w r i t t e n
a s 4 0 4 1 5 0 7 . 1 i n s t e a d o f 4 0 4 1 5 0 7 1 \n\n ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.10 Triple effect evaporator

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 1 0
Ts =381.3
// [ K ]
dT =56.6;
// [ K ]
U1 =2800; // O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n f i r s t
effect
effect
effect
dT1 = dT /(1+( U1 / U2 ) +( U1 / U3 ) ) // / [K ]
dT2 = dT /(1+( U2 / U1 ) +( U2 / U3 ) ) // / [K ]
dT3 = dT -( dT1 + dT2 )
// [ K ]
161
// dT1=TsT 1 d a s h
/ / [K ]
T1dash = Ts - dT1
// dT2=T1 dashT 2 d a s h
/ / [K ]
T2_dash = T1dash - dT2
// [ K ]
printf ( \n\ n B o i l i n g p o i n t o f s o l u t i o n i n f i r s t
e f f e c t =%f K\n\n , T1dash ) ;
17 printf ( \n\ n B o i l i n g p o i n t o f s o l u t i o n i n s e c o n d
e f f e c t =%f K\n\n , T2_dash ) ;
12
13
14
15
16
Scilab code Exa 6.11 Double effect evaporator

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20
clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 1 1
mf_dot =10000
// [ kg /h ] o f f e e d
ic =0.09
fc =0.47
m1dot_dash = ic * mf_dot / fc
// [ kg /h ]
Ps =686.616
// Steam p r e s s u r e [ kPa . g ]
Ps = Ps +101.325
// [ kPa ]
Ts =442.7
// S a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
P2 =86.660
// Vacuum i n s e c o n d e f f e c t i n [ kPa ]
U1 =2326
// O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r i n f i r s t e f f e c t
[W/ s q m. K ]
U2 =1744.5
// O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r i n 2 nd e f f e c t [W
/sqm . K ]
P2_abs =101.325 - P2
// A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n s e c o n d
e f f e c t [ kPa ]
T2 =326.3
// T e m p e r a t u r e i n 2 nd e f f e c t i n [ K]
dT = Ts - T2
// [ K ]
Tf =309
// Feed t e m p e r a t u r e i n [ K ]
T =273
// [ K ]
Cpf =3.77
// kJ / kg . K S p e c i f i c h e a t f o r a l l
c a u s t i c streams
//Q1=Q2
162
21 //U1A1dT1=U2A2dT2
22 dT2 = dT /1.75
// [ K ]
23 dT1 =( U2 / U1 ) * dT2
// [ K ]
24 // S i n c e t h e r e i s no B . P . R
25 Tv1 = Ts - dT1
// T e m p e r a t u r e i n v a p o r s p a c e o f
26
27
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43
f i r s t e f f e c t i n [K]
Tv2 = Tv1 - dT2
// S e c o n d e f f e c t [K ]
Hf = Cpf *( Tf - T )
// Feed e n t h a l p y [ kJ / kg ]
H1dash = Cpf *( Tv1 - T )
// E n t h a l p y o f f i n a l p r o d u c t [
kJ / kg ]
// kJ / kg
// For steam a t 4 4 2 . 7 K
lambda_s =2048.7
// [ kJ / kg ]
// For v a p o u r a t 3 9 2 . 8 K
Hv1 =2705.22
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v1 =2202.8
// [ kJ / kg ]
// f o r v a p o u r a t 3 2 6 . 3 K:
Hv2 =2597.61
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v2 =2377.8
// [ kJ / kg ]
// O v e r a l l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e :
mv_dot = mf_dot - m1dot_dash
// [ kg /h ]
// E q u a t i o n 4 becomes :
// mv1 dot l a m b d a v 1+m f d o t Hf=( mv dotmv1 dot ) Hv2+(
m f d o t mv2 dot ) H2 dash
44 mv1_dot =( H2dash *( mf_dot - mv_dot ) - mf_dot * Hf + mv_dot * Hv2
) /( Hv2 + lambda_v1 - H2dash )
45 mv2_dot = mv_dot - mv1_dot
// [ kg /h ]
46
47
48
49
// From e q u a t i o n 2
m2dot_dash = m1dot_dash + mv1_dot

// F i r s t
e f f e c t m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e [ kg / h ]
50 ms_dot =( mv1_dot * Hv1 + m1dot_dash * H1dash - m2dot_dash *
H2dash ) / lambda_s
// [ kg /h ]
51
52
163
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60
61
62
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64
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78
// Heat t r a n s f e r Area
// F i r s t e f f e c t
A1 = ms_dot * lambda_s *(10^3) /(3600* U1 * dT1 )
// S e c o n d e f f e c t
lambda_v1 = lambda_v1 *(10^3/3600)
A2 = mv1_dot * lambda_v1 /( U2 * dT2 )
// [ s q m]
// [ s q m]
// S i n c e A1 n o t= A2
//SECOND TRIAL
Aavg =( A1 + A2 ) /2
dT1_dash = dT1 * A1 / Aavg
dT2_dash = dT - dT1
// [ s q m]
// [ K ]
// / [K ]
// T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n
Tv1 = Ts - dT1_dash
// [ K ]
Tv2 = Tv1 - dT2_dash
// [ K ]
Hf =135.66
// [ kJ / kg ]
// [ kJ / kg ]
H2dash =200.83
// [ kJ / kg ]
// Vapour a t 3 8 8 . 5 K
Hv1 =2699.8
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v1 =2214.92
// [ kJ / kg ]
mv1_dot =( H2dash *( mf_dot - mv_dot ) - mf_dot * Hf + mv_dot * Hv2
) /( Hv2 + lambda_v1 - H2dash )
79 mv2_dot = mv_dot - mv1_dot
// [ kg /h ]
80
81
82
// F i r s t e f f e c t Energy b a l a n c e
ms_dot =(( mv1_dot * Hv1 + m1dot_dash * H1dash ) -( mf_dot mv2_dot ) * H2dash ) / lambda_s
// [ kg /h ]
83
84 // Area o f h e a t t r a n s f e r
85 lambda_s = lambda_s *1000/3600
86 A1 = ms_dot * lambda_s /( U1 * dT1_dash )
87
88 // S e c o n d e f f e c t :
164
// [ s q m]
89 A2 = mv1_dot * lambda_v1 *1000/(3600* U2 * dT2_dash )
// [ s q m]
90
91
92
93
94
95
printf ( \nA1 ( %f )=A2 ( %f ) , So t h e a r e a i n e a c h e f f e c t

can be %f s q m\n ,A1 , A2 , A2 ) ;
printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e i n e a c h e f f e c t i s %f
s q m\n , A2 ) ;
printf ( \ nSteam c o n s u m p t i o n=%d kg / h\n , round ( ms_dot )
);
printf ( \ n E v a p o r a t i o n i n t h e f i r s t e f f e c t i s %d kg / h
\n , round ( mv1_dot ) ) ;
printf ( \ n E v a p o r a t i o n i n 2 nd e f f e c t i s %d kg /h\n ,
round ( mv2_dot ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.12 lye in Triple effect evaporator

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 1 2
Tf =353;
// [ K ]
T =273
// [ K ]
mf_dot =10000;
// Feed [ kg /h ]
ic =0.07;
// I n i t i a l c o n c o f g l y c e r i n e
fc =0.4;
// FinaL CONC OF GLYCERINE
// O v e r a l l g l y c e r i n e b a l a n c e
m3dot_dash =( ic / fc ) * mf_dot
// [ kg /h ]
// / [ kg /h ]
P =313;
// Steam p r e s s u r e [ kPa ]
Ts =408;
// [ from steam t a b l e ] [ K ]
P1 =15.74;
// [ P r e s s u r e i n l a s t e f f e c t ] [ kPa ]
Tv3 =328;
// [ Vapour t e m p e r a t u r e ]
dT = Ts - Tv3
// O v e r a l l a p p a r e n t [ K ]
bpr1 =10 ;
// [ K ]
bpr2 = bpr1 ;
165
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bpr3 = bpr2 ;
sum_bpr = bpr1 + bpr2 + bpr3
// [ K ]
dT = dT - sum_bpr
// T r u e O v e r a l l
dT1 =14.5;
// [ K ]
dT2 =16;
// [ K ]
dT3 =19.5;
// [ K ]
Cpf =3.768
// [ kJ / ( kg . K) ]
// E n t h a l p i e s o f v a r i o u s s t r e a m s
Hf = Cpf *( Tf - T )
// [ kJ / kg ]
H1 = Cpf *(393.5 - T )
// [ kJ / kg ]
H2 = Cpf *(367.5 - T )
// [ kJ / kg ]
H3 = Cpf *(338 - T )
// [ kJ / kg ]
// For steam a t 40K
lambda_s =2160
// [ kJ / kg ]
Hv1 =2692
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v1 =2228.3
// [ kJ / kg ]
Hv2 =2650.8
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v2 =2297.4
// [ kJ / kg ]
Hv3 =2600.5
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v3 =2370
// [ kJ / kg ]
//MATERIAL AND EBERGY BALANCES
// F i r s t e f f e c t
// M a t e r i a l b a l a n c e
// m 1 d o t d a s h=m f d o t mv1 dot
// m 1 d o t d a s h =1750+ mv2 dot+mv3 dot
// Energy b a l a n c e
// m s d o t l a m b d a s+mf Dot h f=mv1 dot Hv1+m 1 d o t d a s h
H1
50 // 2 1 6 0 m s d o t +2238( mv2 dot+mv3 dot ) =19800500
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// S e c o n d e f f e c t
// Energy b a l a n c e :
// mv3 dot = 8 7 0 9 . 5 4 2 . 0 7 6 mv2 dot
// T h i r d e f f e c t :
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// m 2 d o t d a s h=mv3 dot+m 3 d o t d a s h
// m 2 d o t d a s h=mv3 dot +1750
// From eqn 8 we g e t
mv2_dot
=(8709.54*2600.5+1750*244.92 -8790.54*356.1 -356.1*1750)
/( -2.076*356.1+2297.4+2600.5*2.076)
// From eqn 8 :
mv3_dot =8709.54 -2.076* mv2_dot
// [ kg /h ]
mv1_dot = mv_dot -( mv2_dot + mv3_dot )
// [ kg /h ]
// From e q u a t i o n 4 :
// m 1 d o t d a s h=m f d o t mv1 dot
// m s d o t =( mv1 dot Hv1+m 1 d o t d a s h H1m f d o t Hf ) /
lambda s
/ / [ kg / h ]
ms_dot =(19800500 -2238*( mv2_dot + mv3_dot ) ) /2160
// [ kg /h ]
// Heat t r a n s f e r Area i s
U1 =710
// [W/ s q m. K ]
U2 =490
// [W/ s q m. K ]
U3 =454
// [W/ s q m. K ]
A1 = ms_dot * lambda_s *1000/(3600* U1 * dT1 )
// [ s q m]
A2 = mv1_dot * lambda_v1 *1000/(3600* U2 * dT2 )
// [ s q m]
A3 = mv2_dot * lambda_v2 *1000/(3600* U3 * dT3 )
// [ s q m]
// The d e v i a i t o n i s w i t h i n +10%
// Hence maximum A1 a r e a can be recommended
eco =( mv_dot / ms_dot )
// [ Steam economy ]
Qc = mv3_dot * lambda_v3
// [ kJ / h ]
dT =25
// R i s e i n w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e
Cp =4.187
mw_dot = Qc /( Cp * dT )
printf ( \nANSWER\n Area i n e a c h e f f e c t % f s q m\n , A1 )
;
86 printf ( \nANSWER \n Steam economy i s % f \n , eco ) ;
87 printf ( \nANSWER C o o l i n g w a t e r r a t e i s %f t / h ,
mw_dot /1000)
167
Scilab code Exa 6.13 Triple effect unit

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 1 3
Cpf =4.18
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
dT1 =18
// [ K ]
dT2 =17
// [ K ]
dT3 =34
// [ K ]
mf_dot =4
// [ kg / s ]
Ts =394
// [ K ]
bp =325
//Bp o f w a t e r a t 1 3 . 1 7 2 kPa [ K]
dT = Ts - bp
// [ K ]
lambda_s =2200
// [ kJ / kg ]
T1 = Ts - dT1
// [ K ]
lambda1 =2249
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_v1 = lambda1
// [ kJ / kg ]
T2 = T1 - dT2
lambda2 =2293
lambda_v2 = lambda2
// [ K ]
// [ kJ / kg ]
// [ kJ / kg ]
T3 = T2 - dT3
lambda3 =2377
lambda_v3 = lambda3
// [ K ]
// [ kJ / kg ]
// [ kJ / kg ]
ic =0.1
// I n i t i a l c o n c o f s o l i d s
fc =0.5
// F i n a l c o n c o f s o l i d s
// [ kg / s ]
// T o t a l e v a p o r a t i o n
i n [ kg / s ]
29 // M a t e r i a l b a l a n c e o v e r f i r s t e f f e c t
30 // m f d o t=m v 1 d o t m 1 d o t d a s h
31 // Energy b a l a n c e :
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// m s d o t l a m b d a s=m f d o t ( Cpf ( T1Tf )+mv1 dot

lambda v1 )
// M a t e r i a l b a l a n c e o v e r s e c o n d e f f e c t
// m 1 d o t d a s h=mv2 dot+m 2 d o t d a s h
// E n t h a l p y b a l a n c e :
// mv1 dot l a m b d a v 1+m 1 d o t d a s h ( cp ( T1T2 )=mv2 dot
lambda v2 )
// M a t e r i a l b a l a n c e o v e r t h i r d e f f e c t
// m 2 d o t d a s h=mv3 dot+m3dot+d a s h
// mv2 lambda v2+m 2 d o t d a s h cp ( T2T3 )=mv3 dot
lambda v3
294
mv2_dot =3.2795/3.079
// [ kg / s ]
mv1_dot =1.053* mv2_dot -0.1305
// [ kg / s ]
mv3_dot =1.026* mv2_dot +0.051
// [ kg / s ]
ms_dot =( mf_dot * Cpf *( T1 -294) + mv1_dot * lambda_v1 ) /
lambda_s
// [ kg / s ]
// Steam economy
eco = round ( eco )
printf ( \ nSteam economy i s %d\n , eco ) ;
U1 =3.10
// [kW/ s q m. K ]
U2 =2
// [kW/ s q m. K ]
U3 =1.10
// [kW/ s q m. K ]
// F i r s t e f f e c t :
A1 = ms_dot * lambda_s /( U1 * dT1 )
// [ s q m]
// [ s q m]
// [ s q m]
// A r e a s a r e c a l c u l a t e d w i t h a
d e v i a t i o n o f +10%
printf ( \ nArea p f h e a t t r a n s f e r i n e a c h e f f e c t i s %f
s q m\n , A3 )
169
Scilab code Exa 6.14 Quadruple effect evaporator

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 1 4
mf_dot =1060
// [ kg /h ]
ic =0.04
fc =0.25
// [ kg /h ]
// T o t a l e v a p o r a t i o n=
// [ kg /h ]
// Fromsteam t a b l e :
P1 =370
// [ kPa . g ]
T1 =422.6
// [ K ]
lambda1 =2114.4
// [ kJ / kg ]
P2 =235
// [ kPa . g ]
T2 =410.5
// [ K ]
lambda2 =2151.5
// [ kJ / kg ]
P3 =80
// [ kPa . g ]
T3 =390.2
// [ K ]
lambda3 =2210.2
// [ kJ / kg ]
P4 =50.66
// [ kPa . g ]
T4 =354.7
// [ K ]
lambda4 =2304.6
// [ kJ / kg ]
P =700
// L a t e n t h e a t o f steam [ kPa . g ]
lambda_s =2046.3
// [ kJ / kg ]
// FIRST EFFECT
// m s d o t=m f d o t Cpf ( T1Tf )+mv1 dot lambda1
// m s d o t = 1 3 4 5 . 3 1 . 0 3 3 m 1 d o t d a s h
//SECOND EFFECT
170
37 // m 1 d o t d a s h=m 2 d o t d a s h+mdot v2
38 // E n t h a l p y b a l a n c e :
39 // m 1 d o t d a s h = 5 3 1 . 3 8 + 0 . 5 1 0 m 2 d o t d a s h
40
41 //THIRD EFFECT
42 // M a t e r i a l b a l a n c e :
43 // m2dot dash m 3 d o t d a s h+mv3 dot
44
45 //FOURTH EFFECT
46 // m 3 d o t d a s h=m 4 d o t d a s h+mv4 dot
47 mv4dot_dash =169.6
// [ kg /h ]
48 m3dot_dash =416.7
// [ kg /h ]
49
50 // From eq n 4 :
51 m2dot_dash = -176.84+1.98* m3dot_dash
// [ kg /h ]
52
53 // From eqn 2 :
54 m1dot_dash =531.38+0.510* m2dot_dash
// [ kg /h ]
55
56 // From eqn 1 :
57 ms_dot =1345.3 -1.033* m1dot_dash
58 eco = mv_dot / ms_dot
// [ kg e v a p o r a t i o n / kg
steam ]
59 printf ( \ nSteam economy i s %f e v a p o r a t i o n / kg steam ,
eco ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.15 Single effect Calendria

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 // Example 6 . 1 5
4 m1_dot =5000
// [ kg /h ]
5 ic =0.1
6 fc =0.5
7 mf_dot =( fc / ic ) * m1_dot
// [ kg /h ]
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mv_dot = mf_dot - m1_dot

// Water e v a p o r a t e d [ kg /h ]
P =357
// Steam p r e s s u r e [ kN/ s q m]
Ts =412
// [ K ]
H =2732
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda =2143
// [ kJ / kg ]
bpr =18.5
// [ K ]
T_dash =352+ bpr
// [ K ]
Hf =138
// [ kJ / kg ]
lambda_s =2143
// [ kJ / kg ]
Hv =2659
// [ kJ / kg ]
H1 =568
// [ kJ / kg ]
ms_dot =( mv_dot * Hv + m1_dot * H1 - mf_dot * Hf ) / lambda_s
// Steam c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /h
printf ( \ nSteam c o n s u m p t i o n i s %f kg / h\n , ms_dot ) ;
printf ( \ n C a p a c i t y i s %f kg / h\n , mv_dot ) ;
// Economy
printf ( \ nSteam economy i s %f\n , eco ) ;
dT = Ts - T_dash
// [ K ]
hi =4500
// [W/ s q m. K ]
ho =9000
// [W/ s q m. K ]
Do =0.032
// [m]
Di =0.028
// [m]
x1 =( Do - Di ) /2
// [m]
Dw =( Do - Di ) / log (32/28)
// [m]
x2 =0.25*10^ -3
// [m]
L =2.5
// Length [m]
// [W/ s q m. K ]
printf ( \n NOTE: I n t e x t b o o k t h i s v a l u e o f h i o i s
w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d a s 3 9 7 5 . 5 . . So we w i l l t a k e
t h i s \n\n ) ;
hio =3975.5
k1 =45
// Tube m a t e r i a l i n [W/ s q m. K ]
k2 =2.25
// For s c a l e [W/m. K]
Uo =1/(1/ ho +1/ hio +( x1 * Dw ) /( k1 * Do ) +( x2 / k2 ) )
//
O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i n W/ s q m. K
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
172
42 A = Q /( Uo * dT )
// [ s q m]
43 n = A /( %pi * Do * L )
// from A=n %pi DoL
44 printf ( \n No . o f t u b e s r e q u i r e d i s %d , round ( n ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.16 Single effect evaporator

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clc ;
clear ;
// Example 6 . 1 6
bpr =40.6;
// [ K ]
Cpf =1.88;
// [ kJ / kg . K ]
Hf =214;
// [ kJ / kg ]
H1 =505;
// [ kJ / kg ]
mf_dot =4536;
// [ kg /h ] o f f e e d s o l u t i o n
ic =0.2;
// I n i t i a l c o n c
fc =0.5;
// T h i s c k l i q u o r f l o w
a r t e [ kg / h ]
// [ kg /H ]
Ts =388.5;
// S a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f steam
i n [ K]
bp =362.5
// b . P o f s o l u t i o n i n [ K]
lambda_s =2214;
// [ kJ / kg ]
P =21.7;
// Vapor s p a c e i n [ kPa ]
Hv =2590.3;
// [ kJ / kg ]
// E n t h a l p y b a l a n c e o v e r e v a p o r a t o r
ms_dot =( m1dot_dash * H1 + mv_dot * Hv - mf_dot * Hf ) / lambda_s
// [ kg /h
printf ( \ nSteam c o n s u m p t i o n i s %f kg / h\n , ms_dot ) ;
dT = Ts - bp
// [ K ]
U =1560
// [W/ s q m. K ]
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [W]
A = Q /( U * dT )
// [ s q m]
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printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r a r e a i s %f s q m\n ,A ) ;

// C a l c u l a t i o n s c o n s i d e r i n g e n t h a l p y o f s u p e r h e a t e d
vapour
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31 Hv = Hv + Cpf * bpr
// [ kJ / kg ]
32 ms_dot =( m1dot_dash * H1 + mv_dot * Hv - mf_dot * Hf ) / lambda_s
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// [ kg /h ]
printf ( \n Now , Steam c o n s u m p t i o n i s %f kg /h\n ,
ms_dot ) ;
// Steam economy
printf ( \ nEconomy o f e v a p o r a t o r %f\n , eco ) ;
// [ kJ / h ]
Q = Q *1000/3600
// [ w ]
A2 = Q /( U * dT )
// Area
printf ( \nNow , Area i s %f\n ,A ) ;
perc =( A2 - A ) *100/ A
// % e r r o r i n t h e h e a t
t r a n s f e r area
printf ( \n I f e n t h a l p y o f w a t e r v a p o u r Hv w e r e b a s e d
on t h e s a t u r a t e d v a p o u r a t t h e p r e s s u r e \ n t h e
e r r o r i n t r o d u c e d i s o n l y %f p e r c e n t \n , perc ) ;
174

Heat Transfer - K. A. Gavhane

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

List of Scilab Codes

Heat loss in pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overall heat transfer coefficient . . . .

Loss from horizontal pipe . . . . . . . .

Number of tube side pass . . . . . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Thickness of insulation

printf ( Ans . ( A) . T h i c k n e s s o f a s b e s t o s i s : %f m=%f mm

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Heat loss per metre

27 rmo1 =( ro2 - ro1 ) / log ( ro2 / ro1 )

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Heat Loss

17 Q = ( T1 - T3 ) /(( r2 - r1 ) /( k1 *2* %pi * rm1 * l ) +( r3 - r2 ) /( k2 *2*

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Heat loss

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Heat loss

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Heat loss

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Loss per area

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Heat loss

Scilab code Exa 2.10 Heat Passed

Scilab code Exa 2.11 Insulated pipe

Scilab code Exa 2.12 Composite brick

Scilab code Exa 2.13 Heat flow in a pipe

26 T = T1 -( Q * log ( r2 / r1 ) ) /( k1 *2* %pi * L ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.15 Thickness of insulation

Scilab code Exa 2.16 Reduction in heat loss in insulated pipe

printf ( Q1=%f and Q2= %f \n For dummy v a r i a b l e s

Scilab code Exa 2.17 Heat loss in a pipe

Scilab code Exa 2.18 Arrangements for heat loss

Scilab code Exa 2.19 Insulation thickness

Scilab code Exa 2.20 Heat loss in furnace

Scilab code Exa 2.21 Rate of heat loss in pipe

Scilab code Exa 2.23 Heat loss from furnace

Scilab code Exa 2.24 Rate of heat loss

Scilab code Exa 2.25 Thickness of insulation

Scilab code Exa 2.26 Heat loss per metre

Scilab code Exa 2.27 Mineral wool insulation

Scilab code Exa 2.28 Furnace wall

Scilab code Exa 2.29 Thickness of insulating brick

Scilab code Exa 2.30 Heat flow through furnace wall

Scilab code Exa 2.31 Heat loss in pipe

Scilab code Exa 2.32 Heat flux through layers

Scilab code Exa 2.33 Conductive conductance furnace wall

37 // Qc4 by A=h0 ( T3T4 )

Scilab code Exa 2.34 Critical radius of insulation

Scilab code Exa 2.36 Critical radius of pipe

Scilab code Exa 2.37 Time required for steel ball

Scilab code Exa 2.38 Steel ball quenched

Scilab code Exa 2.39 Ball plunged in a medium

19 T = T_inf +( T0 - T_inf ) *( %e ^(( - h * A * t ) /( rho * Cp * V ) ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.40 Slab temperature suddenly lowered

Scilab code Exa 2.41 Flow over a flat plate

Scilab code Exa 2.42 Stainless steel rod immersed in water

Scilab code Exa 2.43 Chromel alumel thermocouple

Scilab code Exa 2.44 Thermocouple junction

Scilab code Exa 2.45 Batch reactor

Scilab code Exa 2.46 Heat dissipation by aluminium rod

Scilab code Exa 2.47 Aluminium fin efficiency

Scilab code Exa 2.49 Pin fins

26 Q = delta_T /(1/( h_oil * Ae_oil ) +1/( h_air * for_section ) )

Scilab code Exa 2.51 Brass wall

//CASE 1 : HEAT TRANSFER WITHOUT FINS

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Boundary layer thickness

17 Q = ( T1 - T3 ) /(( r2 - r1 ) /( k1 2 %pi * rm1 * l ) +( r3 - r2 ) /( k2 2

26 T = T1 -( Q * log ( r2 / r1 ) ) /( k1 2 %pi * L ) ;

19 T = T_inf +( T0 - T_inf ) ( %e ^(( - h A * t ) /( rho * Cp * V ) ) ) ;