International Journal of Agricultural

Science and Research (IJASR)

ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E): 2321-0087
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 55-64
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF BIOREGULATORS ON FLOWERING AND

YIELD OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L) CV. BANGANPALLI
DHEERAJ. G1, BHAGWAN. A2, RAJ KUMAR. M3 & VENKATLAXMI. A4
1

College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

1,2

Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Medak, Telangana, India

College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT
An experiment on the effect of bioregulators zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) @ 0.1%, potassium nitrate (KNO3) @ 1%,
phosphoric acid (H3PO4) @ 0.5%, potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (KH2PO4) @ 1%, their combinations
utilizing BBCH scale of mango was conducted on percent flowering , fruit set and yield of mango. KH2PO4, H3PO4 and
ZnSO4+KNO3+KH2PO4 have significantly increased the percent of flowering, panicle length and breadth when
compared to control. Significantly highest number of fruits.panicle1, fruits.tree1 and yield (19.9 % over control) were
recorded in ZnSO4+KNO3+KH2PO4 applied trees.

Received: Mar 27, 2016; Accepted: Apr 07, 2016; Published: Apr 15, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN20168

INTRODUCTION
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the premier fruit among the tropical fruits. India is the largest producer of

Original Article

KEYWORDS: BBCH Scale of Mango, Increased the Percent of Flowering, Panicle Length and Breadth

mango in the world. The fruits of mango are valued because of its excellent flavor, appealing aroma, delicious taste,
attractive shades of colour and nutritive value, which has attracted the world market. . In Telangana, mango
occupies an area of 2.10 lakh ha, with a production of 1,894.9 M.T with a productivity of 9.0 T. ha1 (Anon, 2013).
Although, India is the leading mango producing country, the development of mango orchards as an established
industry has remained a distant goal and per hectare yields (2.45 t ha-1) are low in spite of great potential (Anon,
2013). There are number of reasons for the poor productivity, of which alternate or biennial bearing habit of most of
the choicest commercial varieties of India is one of the important factors. The flowering phenomenon in mango
appears to be a complex one. Research workers engaged in the field have not appreciably established the critical
factors responsible for this phenomenon. Recommendations of horticultural scientists have not paved the way for a
satisfactory solution to this problem. However, on account of continued research, this problem is better understood
now than before. Since, most of the earlier studies were aimed at developing agro techniques to promote regular
cropping, enough knowledge on the physiology of flowering is lacking. However, the studies of Davenport (2007),
on the evidence of involvement of leaf generated floral stimulus have opened up new vistas in the direction of
research on physiology of flowering in mango.
Various chemicals and growth regulators application have been standardised for enhancing vegetative
growth and uniform flowering in mango. Application of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) @ 0.4% promoted vegetative
growth as indicated by plant height, girth, and spread of young plants (Banik and Sen 1997). Potassium di hydrogen

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Dheeraj. G, Bhagwan. A, Raj Kumar. M & Venkatlaxmi. A

orthophosphoric acid (KH2PO4) @ 1% and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) @ 0.5% were sprayed at the time of panicle initiation
was found to improve flowering in mango cv. Banganpalli (Kumar Raj et al., 2005). Spraying of Potassium di hydrogen
orthophosphoric acid KH2PO4 (1%) + Potassium nitrate KNO3 (1%) has increased perfect flower percentage, maximum
number of fruits per tree, maximum benefit cost ratio in mango cv. Banganpalli (Bhagwan et al., 2011).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted on ten years old well grown, uniform statured trees of mango cv. Banganpalli.
Trees are spaced with 8m and planted in square system . The statistical design adopted was Randomised block design with
8 treatments which were replicated thrice. To prepare 0.1% of zinc sulphate 0.1 gram of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) was
dissolved in 1 litres of water. Ten grams of potassium di hydrogen orthophosphoric acid (KH2PO4) was dissolved in 1 litre
of water to get 1% of KH2PO4. Five ml of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was dissolved in 1 litre of water to get 0.5% of H3PO4.
Ten grams of Potassium nitrate (KNO3) was dissolved in 1 litre of water to get 1% of KNO3. Data on percent flowering,
panicle length and breath, fruitset. panicle1 , fruits. Tree1 and yield were recorded. Twenty shoots were randomly tagged
(from North, South, East and West directions) and no of tagged shoots which had flowered was recorded and expressed as
percentage of flowering. The panicle length and breadth, fruit set of ten randomly selected shoots were recorded the mean
was calculated. The total number of fruits harvested.tree-1 was counted after harvest and expressed as number of fruits.tree1

.The average fruit weight was computed by dividing the total yield (kg per tree) and number of fruits per tree of the

respective treatment.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Flowering Parameters
The changes in percent flowering of mango cv. Banganpalli sprayed with different vegetative growth enhancing
bioregulators and flower bud break enhancing bioregulators are presented in the Table 1. Trees sprayed with zinc sulphate
+ potassium nitrate (59.78), phosphoric acid (57.96) and potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (55.74) have
significantly increased percent flowering which were on par with application of zinc sulphate + potassium di hydrogen
ortho phosphoric acid (49.98), zinc sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (47.86),
potassium nitrate (46.90) and zinc sulphate (45.90) compared to control (37.18). Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric
acid and phosphoric acid significantly have significantly increased per cent flowering. This is due to, phosphorus has been
reported to be an important component of energy transduction mechanisms (Rains, 1976) while potassium for the
translocation of sugars independent of photosynthetic build up (Hartt, 1970) and induction of nitrate reductase. The similar
increase in per cent of flowering was earlier obtained by Patil (1984) in mango, when the trees were treated with potassium
di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid. Udapudi (1985) also earlier reported similar increase in per cent of flowering in mango
cv. Alphonso, when the trees were treated with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid. Similar increase in per cent of
flowering was earlier reported by Ravishankar et al. (1989) in mango, when the trees were treated with potassium di
hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid. Kumar Raj et al. (2005) earlier reported increase in percent flowering in mango cv.
Banganpalli when the trees treated with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid.
Increase in per cent of flowering in trees treated with potassium nitrate might be due to increased zeatin or zeatin
riboside concentrations which are flower induction promoters present in it (Eric Guevara et al., 2012). The similar increase
in per cent of flowering was earlier obtained by Sergent et al. (1997), in mango cv. Haden, when the trees were sprayed
with potassium nitrate. Barros et al. (1998) reported similar increase in percent flowering, when the trees were sprayed
Impact Factor (JCC): 4.7987

NAAS Rating: 3.53

Studies on the Effect of Bioregulators on Flowering and

Yield of Mango (Mangifera indica L) Cv. Banganpalli

57

with potassium nitrate in mango cv. Tommy atkins. Increase in percent flowering in the trees sprayed with zinc sulphate
might be due to the increased zinc content, which is a growth promoting nutrient. The increase in percent flowering in the
present investigation might be because of increase in reproductive shoots in potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid,
phosphoric acid, zinc sulphate + potassium nitrate treated trees compared to control.
The results on panicle length after application of different bioregulators are presented in the table 2. The data
revealed that there is significant difference among different vegetative growth enhancing bioregulators and flower bud
break enhancing bioregulators with respect to panicle length of mango. Trees sprayed with zinc sulphate + potassium
nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (30.94), zinc sulphate (28.10) have significantly increased the
panicle length compared to control (19.30), which was on par with spraying of potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric
acid (21.91) and potassium nitrate (22.14).
Similar increase in panicle length was earlier reported by Kumar Raj et al. (2005) in mango cv. Banganpalli trees
treated with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid. Application of potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid has
increased the panicle length in Litchi trees. (Liang and Yu 1991)
Increase in panicle length with the application of potassium nitrate in mango was earlier reported by Shongwe et
al. (1997). Increase in panicle length with the application of potassium nitrate in the present investigation might be due to
the nitrate which can stimulate early flowering, increase the number of panicles per tree and increased zeatin or zeatin
riboside concentrations (Eric guevara et al. 2012). Increase in panicle length in the trees sprayed with zinc sulphate in
present investigation might be due to the increased zinc content, which is a growth promoting nutrient.
The results on panicle breadth after application of different bioregulators are presented in the table 3. The data
revealed that there were no significant differences in the panicle breadth among the vegetative growth enhancing
bioregulators and flower bud break enhancing bioregulators.
Fruit Set Parameters
The results on fruit set. panicle-1 after application of different bioregulators is presented in the table 4. The data
revealed that there is significant difference among vegetative growth enhancing bioregulators and flower bud break
enhancing bioregulators on fruit set.panicle-1 of mango. Maximum number of fruits per panicle was recorded in application
of zinc sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (12. 86) which was on par with
application of phosphoric acid (11.73), zinc Sulphate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (9.4) and untreated
control (10.86). Minimum number of fruit set per panicle was recorded in application of potassium Nitrate (4.5), which
was on par with application of zinc sulphate (6.27) and potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (5.46).
The trees sprayed with zinc sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid has
recorded significantly highest fruit set.panicle-1 when compare to other bioregulators.
The similar increase in fruit set. panicle-1 was earlier obtained by Patil (1984) in mango, when the trees sprayed
with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid. Udapudi (1985) also earlier also reported increase in fruit set.panicle-1
in mango cv. Alphonso in Maharashtra, when the trees were treated with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid.
Ravishankar et al. (1989) reported increase in fruit set with the use of potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid in
mango cv. Alphonso.

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Dheeraj. G, Bhagwan. A, Raj Kumar. M & Venkatlaxmi. A

Similar increase in fruit set panicle-1 in response to application of zinc sulphate, was recorded by Negi et al.
(2011) in mango cv. Dashehari. Balakrishnan et al. (2000) reported increase in fruit set per panicle when trees were treated
with zinc @0.25% in guava.
The increase in fruit set panicle-1 in response to application of potassium nitrate was also reported by Sharma et al.
(1990) in mango cv. Langra. Oosthuyse (1993) reported similar increase in fruit set panicle-1 in response to application of
potassium nitrate in mango cv. Tommy atkins. Reduction of the young fruit let abscission might have increased the fruit set
in the present investigation (Machado et al. (2000). The combined effect of the fruit set improving properties of potassium
nitrate, zinc and potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid was responsible for overall increase in fruit set when
compared with either control or individual spray.
Yield Parameters
The results on total number of fruits produced on a tree after application of different bioregulators are presented in
the table 5. The data revealed that there is significant difference among vegetative growth enhancing bioregulators and
flower bud break enhancing bioregulators with respect to number of fruits per tree of mango. Trees sprayed with zinc
sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (113.66) has significantly increased the
number of fruits per tree which was on par with application of potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (112.33).
However, application of zinc sulphate (101.33), phosphoric acid (102), zinc Sulphate + potassium nitrate (102.33) and
potassium nitrate (103.33) could not able to significantly increase the fruit number per tree compared to untreated control
(100).
Trees sprayed with zinc Sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (113.66)
have produced maximum number of fruits per tree. The application of phosphorous-potassium bioregulators in the present
investigation has increased the intensity of flowering, better fruit set (Table 4), better fruit retention, which might have
resulted in increase in the number of fruits per tree.
Srihari and Rao (1998) reported increase in fruit set and number of fruits tree-1 in mango cv. Alphonso, when the
trees were treated with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid at 1.0 per cent. Increase in fruit number in response to
application of zinc sulphate, was recorded by Negi et al. (2011) in mango cv. Dashehari. Increase in fruit number in
response to application of potassium nitrate was earlier recorded by Oosthuyse (1993) in mango cv. Tommy Atkins.
Oosthuyse (1996) also reported increase in fruit number in response to application of potassium nitrate in mango cv.
Tommy Atkins. Potassium nitrate application increased the number of fruits per tree in mango cv. Langra (Sharma et al.,
1990, Machado et al. 2000).
The changes in fruit weight (g) of mango cv. Banganpalli sprayed with different bioregulators are presented in the
table 6. There is significant difference among the vegetative growth enhancing bioregulators and flower bud break
enhancing bioregulators with respect to fruit weight. Trees sprayed with zinc sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di
hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (345.33) has significantly increased the fruit weight. However, spraying of zinc sulphate
(322.67) and phosphoric acid (319.67) could not able to significantly increase the fruit number per tree compared to
untreated control (323.33).
Increase in fruit weight was earlier reported by Razzaq et al. (2013) in kinnow mandarin when the trees were
treated with 0.6% zinc sulphate. Similar increase in fruit weight was earlier reported with the application of potassium
Impact Factor (JCC): 4.7987

NAAS Rating: 3.53

Studies on the Effect of Bioregulators on Flowering and

Yield of Mango (Mangifera indica L) Cv. Banganpalli

59

nitrate by Oosthuyse (1993) in mango cv. Tommy atkins. Burondkar et al. (2009) also reported increase in fruit weight,
when the trees were sprayed with potassium nitrate in mango cv. Alphonso.
The results on yield per tree after application of different bioregulators are presented in the table 7. The data
revealed that there is significant difference among different vegetative growth enhancing bioregulators and flower bud
break bioregulators with respect to yield per tree of mango. Maximum yield per tree was recorded in application of zinc
sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (38.79). Minimum yield per tree was recorded
in untreated control (32.33).
The trees sprayed with zinc sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid has
recorded maximum yield. Prolonged duration of flowering, fruit set, increase in fruit set per panicle (Table 4), prevention
of abscission of young fruit lets, increase in the number of fruits per tree (Table 5), better fruit retention and better
utilization of nutritional resources within the tree would have resulted in the increase in yield in the trees sprayed with the
above treatment in the present investigation.
Similar increase in yield in response to the application of zinc sulphate was reported by Lolaei et al. (2012) in
strawberry. Negi et al. (2011) also reported increase in yield in response to the application of zinc sulphate in mango cv.
Dashehari. Increase in yield in response to the application of zinc sulphate was earlier reported by Abdollahi et al. (2010)
in Strawberry cv. Selva. Singh et al. (2009) also reported increase in yield in response to the application of zinc sulphate in
mango.
Increase in yield in response to the application of potassium nitrate was earlier reported by Sharma et al. (1990) in
mango. Oosthuyse (1993) also earlier reported similar increase in yield in response to the application of potassium Nitrate
in mango cv. Tommy Atkins. Similar increase in yield in response to the application of potassium nitrate also was earlier
reported Oosthuyse (1996) in mango cv. Tommy Atkins. Sergnt et al. (1997) also earlier obtained similar increase in yield
in response to the application of potassium nitrate in mango. Barros et al. (1998) also earlier reported increase in yield in
the trees sprayed with potassium nitrate in mango cv. Tommy Atkins. Srihari and Rao (1998) earlier obtained similar
increase in yield in response to the spraying of trees with potassium nitrate in mango cv. Alphonso.
Increase in yield in response to the application of potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid was reported by
Srihari and Rao (1998) in mango cv. Alphonso. Ceylan et al (1999) earlier obtained similar increase in yield in response to
the spraying of trees with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid in grape. Similar increase in yield in response to
the application of potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid was reported by Suresh Kumar (2001) in mango.
Table 1: Effect of Different Bioregulators on Percent Flowering of Mango Cv. Banganpalli
Treatment
T1: Zinc sulphate
T2: Potassium nitrate
T3 : Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T4:Phosphoric acid
T5:Zinc sulphate + Potassium nitrate
T6:Zinc Sulphate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T7 :Zinc Sulphate + Potassium nitrate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T8: Control
F- test
S.Em
CD at (5%)
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MEAN
45.90ab
46.90ab
55.74a
57.96a
59.78a
49.98ab
47.86ab
37.19b
*
5.66
17.34
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Dheeraj. G, Bhagwan. A, Raj Kumar. M & Venkatlaxmi. A

Figures with same alphabets did not differ significantly.

** Significant at (p= 0.01 LOS), *Significant at (p= 0.05 LOS), NS- Non Significant.
Values were compared with respective C.D values
Table 2: Effect of Bioregulators on Panicle Length of Mango Cv. Banganpalli
Treatment
T1: Zinc sulphate
T2: Potassium nitrate
T3 : Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T4:Phosphoric acid
T5:Zinc sulphate + Potassium nitrate
T6:Zinc Sulphate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T7 :Zinc Sulphate + Potassium nitrate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T8: Control
F- test
S.Em
CD at (5%)

Mean
28.10ab
22.14bc
21.91bc
23.65b
25.04ab
25.41ab
30.94a
19.30c
*
1.36
4.18

Figures with same alphabets did not differ significantly.

** Significant at (p= 0.01 LOS), *Significant at (p= 0.05 LOS), NS- Non Significant.
Values were compared with respective C.D values
Table 3: Effect of Different Bioregulators on Panicle Breadth of Mango Cv. Banganpalli
Treatment
T1: Zinc sulphate
T2: Potassium nitrate
T3 : Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T4:Phosphoric acid
T5:Zinc sulphate + Potassium nitrate
T6:Zinc Sulphate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T7 :Zinc Sulphate + Potassium nitrate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T8: Control
F- test
S.Em
CD at (5%)

Mean
17.01
13.01
13.46
12.81
10.86
15.45
16.24
8.33
*
1.78
N.S

Figures with same alphabets did not differ significantly.

** Significant at (p= 0.01 LOS), *Significant at (p= 0.05 LOS), NS- Non Significant.
Values were compared with respective C.D values
Table 4: Effect of Different Bioregulators on Fruit Set Per Panicle of Mango Cv. Banganpalli
Treatment
T1: Zinc sulphate
T2: Potassium nitrate
T3 : Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T4:Phosphoric acid
T5:Zinc sulphate + Potassium nitrate
T6:Zinc Sulphate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T7 :Zinc Sulphate + Potassium nitrate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T8: Control
Impact Factor (JCC): 4.7987

MEAN
6.26bc
4.50c
5.47bc
11.73ab
8.23b
9.40ab
12.87a
10.87ab
NAAS Rating: 3.53

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61

Table 4: Contd.,
*
1.21
3.67

F- test
S.Em
CD at (5%)
Figures with same alphabets did not differ significantly.
** Significant at (p= 0.01 LOS), *Significant at (p= 0.05 LOS), NS- Non Significant.
Values were compared with respective C.D value

Table 5: Effect of Different Bioregulators on Fruit Number of Mango cv. Banganpalli

Treatment
T1: Zinc sulphate
T2: Potassium nitrate
T3 : Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T4:Phosphoric acid
T5:Zinc sulphate + Potassium nitrate
T6:Zinc Sulphate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T7 :Zinc Sulphate + Potassium nitrate + Potassium di hydrogen phosphoric acid
T8: Control
F- test
S.Em
CD at (5%)

Mean
101.33c
103.33c
112.33ab
102c
102.33c
108.66b
113.66a
100.00c
*
1.58
4.79

Figures with same alphabets did not differ significantly.

** Significant at (p= 0.01 LOS), *Significant at (p= 0.05 LOS), NS- Non Significant.
Values were compared with respective C.D values
Table 6: Effect of Different Bioregulators on Fruit Weight of Mango Cv. Banganpalli
Treatment
T1: Zinc sulphate
T2: Potassium nitrate
T3 : Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T4:Phosphoric acid
T5:Zinc sulphate + Potassium nitrate
T6:Zinc Sulphate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T7 :Zinc Sulphate + Potassium nitrate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T8: Control
F- test
S.Em
CD at (5%)

Mean
322.67ef
328.33d
332.67c
319.67f
330.00cd
339.67b
345.33a
323.33e
*
1.16
3.54

Figures with same alphabets did not differ significantly.

** Significant at (p= 0.01 LOS), *Significant at (p= 0.05 LOS), NS- Non Significant.
Values were compared with respective C.D values

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Dheeraj. G, Bhagwan. A, Raj Kumar. M & Venkatlaxmi. A

Table 7: Effect of Different Bioregulators on Yield (Kg per Tree) of Mango Cv. Banganpalli
Treatment

Mean

T1: Zinc sulphate

T2: Potassium nitrate
T3 : Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T4:Phosphoric acid
T5:Zinc sulphate + Potassium nitrate
T6:Zinc Sulphate + Potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid
T7 :Zinc Sulphate + Potassium nitrate + Potassium di hydrogen
ortho phosphoric acid
T8: Control
F- test
S.Em
CD at (5%)

32.69e
33.92d
37.71b
32.60e
33.76d
36.90c

Percentage (%)
Increase in Yield
Over Control
1.11
4.91
16.64
0.83
4.42
14.13

38.79a

19.99

32.33
*
0.12
0.37

Figures with same alphabets did not differ significantly.

** Significant at (p= 0.01 LOS), *Significant at (p= 0.05 LOS), NS- Non Significant.
Values were compared with respective C.D values

CONCLUSIONS
Among the bioregulators, significantly highest yield was recorded in the trees sprayed with application of zinc
sulphate + potassium nitrate + potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphoric acid (19.9% over control) applied trees compare to
control. Hence, combination of the bioregulators was more effective in improving the yield when compared to
bioregulators sprayed alone.
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