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temperatures
Abstract:
Aircraft and chemical processing equipment are now required to work at subzero
temperatures and the behavior of metals at temperatures down to -150C needs
consideration, especially from the point of view of welded design where changes in
section and undercutting at welds may occur.
A 4% Mn Ni (rest iron) is suitable for castings for use down to -196C. Care should be taken to
select plates without surface defects and to ensure freedom from notches in design and
fabrication. Fig. 3 shows tensile and impact strengths for various alloys.
The primary stage, when relatively rapid extension takes place but at a decreasing rate.
This is of interest to a designer since it forms part of the total extension reached in a given
time, and may affect clearances.
The secondary period during which creep occurs at a more or less constant rate,
sometimes referred to as the minimum creep rate. This is the important part of the curve for
most applications.
The tertiary creep stage when the rate of extension accelerates and finally leads to
rupture. The use of alloys in this stage should be avoided; but the change from the
secondary to the tertiary stage is not always easy to determine from creep curves for some
materials.
plant is likely to be. The permissible amounts of creep depend largely on the article and service
conditions. Examples for steel are:
10
Time, h
Maximum
Permissible
Strain, mm
100000
0,0025
10
100000
0,075
10
20000
0,5
-11
-9
-8
In designing missiles data are needed at higher temperatures and stresses and shorter time (560 min) than are determined for creep tests. This data is often plotted as isochronous stressstrain curves.
Creep tests
For long-time applications it is necessary to carry out lengthy tests to get the design data. It is
dangerous to extrapolate from short time tests, which may not produce all the structural changes,
e.g. spheroidation of carbide. For alloy development and production control short time tests are
used.