100 Gbit/s Line Side - Impairments, Dispersion and OSNR

100G
TECHNICAL POSTER

Constellation Diagram

A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a

digital modulation scheme (phase and/or amplitude). In other words, it
shows the possible symbols that can be selected by a given modulation
format as points in the complex plane.
Example of a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) constellation diagram
I = In-phase axis or real part of the signal
Q = Quadrature axis or imaginary part of the signal

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

OSNR Measurement of Coherent 40G/100G Signals

Coherent systems promise to compensate for PMD, but do they actually

deliver?

Why the IEC Method Fails in Coherent Networks

PMD compensation is performed by the digital signal processor located

in the receiver

Case 1: Network Operating at 40 Gbit/s or 100 Gbit/s

PMD changes as a function of time due to changes in temperature,

mechanical stresses on the fiber (wind, vibrations, poor installation), etc.

The IEC interpolation method leads to an overestimation of the noise level

Properties of an Ideal PMD Compensator

PMD Characteristic

Ideal PMD Compensator Feature

PMD range

PMDC must compensate for a wide

range of PMD values

PMD/SOP is time variant

PMD/SOP fast rate of
change
PMD equation expansion

Common QPSK Impairments

Ideal QPSK Constellation

Poor Signal-To-Noise Ratio Transmitter

Coherent 40G and 100G signals are closely spaced and therefore overlap

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The Solution: Pol-Mux OSNR Measurements with EXFOs

Commissioning Assistant
The Pol-Mux OSNR measurement was made according to the IEC in-band method (recommendation
IEC 61282-12), as representetd by the IECi in the noise column below

This in turn creates a false impression of a problem

Also available in the commissioning assistant: Pol-Mux OSNR measurement according to the China
Communications Standards Association (CCSA) YD/T 2147-2010 method

Case 2: ROADM Present in the Network

EXFOs Commissioning Assistant

A ROADM contains filters that reduce interchannel noise

Involves taking traces during commissioning (by turning off channels)

The traditional interpolation method leads to an underestimation of the noise

Requires n+1 traces (n= number of channels)

This creates a false sense of security

The commissionning assistant then automatically

calculates Pol-Mux OSNR

PMDC must be dynamic (compensate

in real time)
PMDC must have a fast, reset-free
tracking algorithm/circuitry
PMDC must at least compensate for 1st
order and 2nd order PMD

Probability distribution curve of differential group delay

(DGD) values. PMD is the average of DGD for all
wavelengths.

Consequences of PMD Compensation Failures

Bursts of error increasing the bit error rate (BER)
Loss of tracking and long recovery time, sometimes up to 20 seconds

7 Reasons Why PMD Compensation

in Coherent Systems Can Fail:

I phase

Fast SOP changes

An abrupt SOP change
Loss of SOP orthogonality
Fast PMD changes

Q phase

A sudden PMD change

WDM Investigator user interface.

Large PMD values

Presence of PDL
Constellation diagram

Eye diagram

Chirp

Clouded constellation and eye diagrams are typically of

poor SNR due to an instrument limitation.

I/Q Gain Imbalance

How to Reduce the Risk of PMD Compensation

Failures in the Fiber

Saves time and money, and reduces the risk of human error with respect to manual calculations with
channels turned off

PMDC compensation failures can be reduced by measuring the PMD

of each fiber and by not using the fibers with high PMD, because all
seven risk factors for PMD compensation failure increase when fiber
PMD is high.

PMD Measurement on Live Signals

(with WDM Investigator)
Identifies PMD issues on active noncoherent channels
Ideal for PMD assessment prior to an upgrade to 100G

FTB-5500B Polarization Mode Dispersion Analyzer

The S-shape transitions of the chirp impairment can stem

from data modulation or from residual fiber dispersion.

I/Q Quadrature Error

This impairment, shown as a rectangular constellation, is

due to a gain that is different in the I port with respect to
the Q port, i.e. the power of RF drive signals (RF3 and
RF4) is not optimized.

I/Q Modulator Bias Error

The Challenge: Reducing OPEX Amid Increasing

Network Complexity
Why In-Band OSNR Fails in Coherent Networks

Challenge

EXFO HEADQUARTERS
400 Godin Avenue, Quebec City (Quebec) G1M 2K2 CANADA
T: +1 418 683-0211 F: +1 418 683-2170
Toll-free (USA and Canada)

info@EXFO.com

+1 800 663-3936

www.EXFO.com

Network Complexity

Result: New Impairments

ROADMs

PMD pulse spreading

Polarization-based in-band OSNR does not work, because the signal

appears unpolarized (two orthogonal polarizations).

Coherent

Crosstalk

WDM-Aware does not work

Various modulation formats

Nonlinear effects (NLE)

Polarization-nulling does not work

Various bandwidths

Carrier leakage (CL)

Less dark fiber testing

A rhombic constellation appears when the I and Q phases

do not show a perfect 90 phase shift, which occurs when
bias B5 is not optimized.

This impairment, caused by an incorrect bias in the

I-branch of the I/Q modulator (bias B1), results in an
overshoot in the I direction and an undershoot in the Q
direction.

Many sources of noise to identify and mitigate.

Fiber Type

10G Networks
ASE

ASE, instantaneous PMD, NLE, crosstalk and CL

Amplifiers, fiber properties, neighboring channels, filters and transmitters

Easier

More complex, time consuming and expensive

Check amplifier-noise figure

Check amplifiers, channel power (NLE), channel spacing

(crosstalk + NLE), transmitter CL, chromatic dispersion and
PMD values (NLE), and filtering (OSNR)

Optical spectrum analyzer

WDM Investigator

Noise Sources
2015 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada

15/08

20110794v4

SAP1068446

I/Q Data Skew

Deterministic Data-Dependent Jitter

Troubleshooting
Noise Issues
Troubleshooting Procedure
for Noise Issues
Required Test Tools

The Solution: WDM Investigator

Identifies new sources of noise, such as interchannel crosstalk, nonlinear effects and carrier leakage.
Measures PMD on live signals (dark fiber is no longer a requirement for PMD measurement)

Advantages
Enables you to diagnose your network
Helps you identify more probable causes of noise
Speeds up troubleshooting
The opening in the center of the constellation is caused by
a constant time delay between the I and Q RF drive signals
(RF3 and RF4).

Random Data Clock Jitter

An equal delay in the I and Q phases due to clock jitter

(RF3 and RF4 drive signals) leads to an impairment that is
only visible in the eye diagram.

The I and Q RF drive signals (RF3 and RF4) may contain

deterministic jitter originating from driver circuits or
SERDES that leads to a delay in the transitions.

Reduces truck rolls

Helps you regain control of your OPEX

Data rate

ROADM

Modulation format

OSNR method

10 Gbit/s

No

OOK

IEC

10 Gbit/s

Yes

OOK

In-band

40 Gbit/s noncoherent

Yes or No

DQPSK or other

In-band

40 Gbit/s coherent

Yes or No

DP-QPSK, DP-BPSK

Pol-Mux

100 Gbit/s coherent

Yes or No

DP-QPSK

Pol-Mux

40G and 100G Networs

Optical amplifiers

Noise Types

Summary of OSNR Methods

FTB-5240S/BP Spectrum Analyzer

EXFOs PSO-200 Modulation Analyzer

First third-party 40G/100G Pol-Mux OSNR option on the market

Supports data rates of 40 Gbit/s, 100 Gbit/s, 400 Gbit/s,

1 Tbit/s and beyond

Intelligent in-band OSNR measurement for 40 Gbit/s and ROADM

deployments

For NRZ, RZ, DPSK, DQPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM

Automatic impairment identification for faster troubleshooting

Single- or dual-polarization transmission

Fast and cost-effective in-service PMD analysis option

Distortion-free signal recovery

100 GigE Packet Transmission

Packetization
MAC

Simplified 802.3 stack

Packetization
Symbols > Lanes
MAC
PCS

Media Access Control (MAC)

IEEE 802.3ba Highlights

Symbols > Lanes

PCS PMA
20:10

Reconciliation Sublayer
100G Media Independent Interface (CGMII)

IEEE 802.3
S
Preamble O
F
7
1

Destination
Address

Source
Address

Length

46-1500

802.2
Header

PCS Lane Skew

 Skew is the difference in time it takes the
signals traveling down one lane compared
to the others
 Each element along the data path will
contribute to the overall skew (i.e., CFP,
fiber, etc.)

Ethernet Interface

DATA

Line Rate

100G Ethernet

103.125 Gbit/s

40G Ethernet

41.25 Gbit/s

FCS

46-1500

Skew
Points

 Provide appropriate support for OTN

FCS

40 km over SMF

100GBASE-ER4

10 km over SMF

100GBASE-LR4

40GBASE-LR4

100 m over OM3 MMF

100GBASE-SR10

40GBASE-SR4

10 m over copper cable

100GBASE-CR10

40GBASE-CR4

1 m over backplane

Maximum
Skew (ns)

40G Ethernet

Maximum
Skew for
40GBASE-R
PCS Lane (UI)

Maximum
Skew for
100GBASE-R
PCS Lane (UI)

SP1

29

299

150

SP2

43

443

222

SP3

54

557

278

SP4

134

1382

691

SP5

145

1495

748

SP6

160

1649

824

At PCS
receive

180

1856

928

CAUI
CGMII
FEC
MAC
MDI
PCS
PMA
PMD
XLAUI
XLGMII
n

100 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface

100 Gbit/s Media Independent Interface
Forward Error Correction
Media Access Control
Medium Dependent Interface
Physical Coding Sublayer
Physical Medium Attachment
Physical Medium Dependent
40 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface
40 Gbit/s Media Independent Interface
4 or 10

In the receive direction, the skew

points are defined in the following
locations:

 SP1 on the XLAUI/CAUI interface,

at the input of the PMA closest to
the PMD;

 SP4 at the MDI, at the input of

the PMD;

 SP3 at the output of the PMD, at

the MDI.

CFP

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

 Transmit 4 PMD lanes

on SMF using LAN WDM

CGMII

CAUI

100GBASE-R PCS
MAC and
higher
layers

 SP5 on the PMD service interface,

at the output of the PMD;

PMA (20:10)

FEC1

PMA (20:10)

PMA (4:4)

FEC1

PMA (4:4)

XLAUI

XLGMII

OPU
OH
ODU
OH
OTU
OH

GMP
ODU4
104.794G

OCh Payload Unit (OPU) Payload

FEC

OTLk.n

ODU3
40.319G

104.355G
1x
OTU4

40.117G

OPU4

OPU4 (L)

OPU4

OPU4 (H)

or OTU4

0Ch

111.809G

OH

40.15052G

1st 513B block

OTL Type

Bit Rate

OTL3.4

10.7 Gbit/s

OTL4.4

27.95 Gbit/s

OTL4.10

11.18 Gbit/s

F
1

F
2

512 block payload

P F F
1 2

512 block payload

P = Odd parity over the

two block flag bits

x16

1x
OTU3

x8

2nd 513B block

512 block payload

OPU1
Client

1024B / 1027B block

CFP optical transceiver

Reach

100 GE, 10 x 10G, WDM

40 km
over SMF

100 GE, 4 x 25G, WDM

40G Ethernet

Client

x4

OPU2

OPU2 (L)

OPU2

OPU2 (H)
10.037G

CXP

Optical

Dimensions: 82 x 154 x 14 mm

100 GE, 10 x 10G,

parallel optics/electrical

100 m over
OM3 MMF1

40 GE, 4 x 10G, parallel optics/electrical

Dimensions: 18.4 x 72 x 8.5 mm

Electrical

Dimensions: 20 x 54 x 11 mm

QSFP

10 km
over SMF

100G Ethernet

Interface

Attributes

Interface

Attributes

CFP

100GBASE-ER4
4 x 25G WDM, 1305 nm, NRZ
G.694.1, 800GHz spacing (~4.5nm)
Data rate: 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane

CFP

QSFP

40GBASE-LR4
4 x 10G, CWDM, G.694.2, NRZ
1305 nm, 20 nm spacing
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

CFP

40GBASE-SR4
4 x 10G, NRZ
Parallel optics, 850 nm
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

CXP

OPU3

OPU3 (H)

or OTU3

OPU0

x2

or OTU2

0Ch

0Ch

0Ch

15
16

ODUk (H) = High-Order ODU

31
32
63

Lane

Center
Frequency

Center
Wavelength

Wavelength
Range

L0

231.4 THz

1295.56 nm

1294.53 to 1296.59 nm

L1

230.6 THz

1300.05 nm

1299.02 to 1301.09 nm

L2

229.8 THz

1304.58 nm

1303.54 to 1305.63 nm

L3

229 THz

1309.14 nm

1308.09 to 1310.19 nm

40 GigE/OTU3

100GBASE-LR4
4 x 25G WDM, 1305 nm, NRZ
G.694.1, 800GHz spacing, (~4.5nm)
Data rate: 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane

Lane

Center
Wavelength

Wavelength
Range

L0

1271 nm

1264.5 to 1277.5 nm

100GBASE-SR10
10 x 10G, NRZ,
Parallel optics, 850 nm
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

L1

1291 nm

1284.5 to 1297.5 nm

L2

1311 nm

1304.5 to 1317.5 nm

L3

1331 nm

1324.5 to 1337.5 nm

10 m over
copper cable

QSFP

40GBASE-CR4
4 x 10G electrical, NRZ
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

CXP

100GBASE-CR10
10 x 10G electrical, NRZ
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

1 m over
backplane

40GBASE-KR4
4 x 10G electrical, NRZ
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

4 5

6 7 8

M2

33 34

BIP3

41 42
M4

9
BIP-8

10

2 3 4
BEI/BIAE

DAPI
OperatorSpecific

7 8
RES

9 10 11 12 13 14
SM

GCCO

Wavelength

Symbol

Min

Typ

Max

Unit

Conditions

L1

1520

1523

1526

nm

Channel 1

L2

1528

1531

1534

nm

Channel 2

L3

1536

1539

1542

nm

Channel 3

L4

1544

1547

1550

nm

Channel 4

L5

1552

1555

1558

nm

Channel 5

L6

1560

1563

1566

nm

Channel 6

L7

1568

1571

1574

nm

Channel 7

L8

1576

1579

1582

nm

Channel 8

L9

1584

1587

1590

nm

Channel 9

L10

1592

1595

1598

nm

Channel 10

* This approach is still not ratified by IEEE 802.3ba.

2:1

49 50
M5

57 58
M6

65
BIP7

ODU OH

PM 1

TCMi 1

Alignment markers are inserted every 16383 66b blocks

on each PCS lanes or 210 sec

 The lane number is coded in the M1

byte field

Alignment marker

 A BIP field is used for calculation of the

BER per PCS lane

PCS Lane 0

 Markers are not scrambled in order to

allow the receiver to search and find the
markers

PCS Lane 1
PCS Lane 2

 Bandwidth for the alignment markers is

created by periodically deleting IPG
 Skew tolerance is 180 nsec maximum
for both the 40G and 100G

PCS Lane n-1

3824-3825
OPU Payload
(Client Signal)

4080

Line Rate

Corresponding
Service

OTU3

43.018 Gbit/s

OC-768/STM-256
40 GigE

OTU3e1

44.57 Gbit/s

4 x ODU2e
(uses 2.5 Gig TS;
total of 16)

OTU3e2

44.58 Gbit/s

4 x ODU2e
(uses 1.25 Gig
(ODU0) TS;
total of 32)

OTU FEC
(4 x 256 bytes)

OTU4
15
1
2
3
4

0
1

16

PSI

2 3 4
BEI

5 6

Forward

7 8
STAT
Byte 3

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BEI/BIAE
STAT

FIF
128 129

Backward

ODU0

ODU1

ODU0

100 GigE

Newly defined OTN container in G.709 of 1.25 Gig

Virtual container with no physical instance

9-10
Operator
Identifier
137-138

Operator
Identifier
FIF = Fault Identification Field

FIF

GbE

Size

3
1

111.81 Gbit/s

GbE

PT

255

OTNODU0

OTN
Interface

OperatorSpecific

OperatorSpecific

127

Client

Perfectly fits GigE, OC-3/STM-1 and OC-12/STM-4 services

Benefits

Removes dependency on SONET/SDH for carrying GigE services

Provides OTN OAM capabilities

255

FTFL

Optical Specifications: WDM Channel Definition

Parameter

2:1

RES

14-15-16-17

TCM
RES
TCM6
TCM5
TCM4
FTFL
ACT
TCM3
TCM2
TCM1
PM
EXP
APS/PCC
RES
GCC1 GCC2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

SAPI

5 6

CFP2 Adapter

10x10 MSA* Optical

Wavelengths

SMF Fiber

2:1

Frame Rates

OTU OH

FAS OH

1
2
3
4

PM and TCMi (i= 1 to 6)

1
2
TTI
BIP-8

ODUk (L) = Low-Order ODU

4. The 4 optical lanes

are transmitted over
singlemode fiber

M4-M6 are bit-wise inversion of M0-M2

BIP7 is the bit-wise inversion of BIP3

10.709G

Multiplexing

M1

25 26

Byte 10

FAS

2.666G

(optical mux)

2:1

16383 blocks between alignment markers

8
TTI

43.018G

2
3
4

OPU1 (H)

OPU0 (L)

M0

17 18

LAN
WDM

10:4

2:1

#39 #19 M19 PCS Lane #19

9 10

40GBASE-R

OperatorSpecific

OTU
Frame

or OTU1

Mapping

Medium

OPU1 (L)

ODTUG1

0 1 2
10

DAPI

1 2

x4

CFP MSA Optical Wavelengths

40 GE, 4 x 10G, WDM

OPU3 (L)

1.244G

100G/40G Interfaces and Reach

Interface

OPU3

ODTUG3

100 GigE/OTU4

Pluggable Modules

63

2.499G

512 block payload

100G/40G Interfaces

31
32

x4

ODTUG2

Client
OPU1

Bit Position

SAPI

15
16

TTI

2:1

3. The PMD converts each

PMD lane into optical NRZ
and multiplexes them

... #22 #2 M2 PCS Lane #2

#41 #21 #1 M1 PCS Lane #1
...
...
...
... #22 #2 M2 PCS Lane #2
#39 #19 M19 PCS Lane #19
...
...
...

Round robin
distribution

2:1

MDI

40.319G
x32

1024B/1027B block construction

Optical Channel Transport Layer (OTL)

OTLk.n

41.25G

GMP

OH

OCh Data Unit (ODU) Payload

OCh Transport Unit (OTU) Payload

OTLk.n

40GE

103.125G

100GE

Client

Client

#0

SP3

PMD
Service
Interface

ODTUG4

x10

#0

OTN Frame Structure

Client

x40

#1

SP4

SP2

XLAUI

M0 PCS Lane #0

The marker has the form of a specially defined 66b block (to maintain 1s density)
and its format is as follows:

100GBASE-R

SP3

PMD

SP1

104.794G

40 GigE with 64B/66B

Transcoding
Using 1024B/1027B

Medium

SP2

PMA (4:4)

#0

2:1

2. The PMA next to the PMD

multiplexes 10 CAUI lanes
into 4 PMD lanes

PCS lane marker is the mechanism used to reorder and realign the PCS lanes

PMD

SP5

PMA (4:4)

1. The PMA next to the PCS

multiplexes 20 PCS lanes
into 10 CAUI lanes

PCS Lane Markers

SP4

PMA (10:n)

SP6

100/40 GigE Mapping

into ODU Multiplexing

100/40 GigE Mapping

into OTU4/OTU3

#1

MDI
SP5

PMA (20:10)

FCS

Round robin
Add PCS lane markers periodically to ensure reordering and
realignment
distribution

PMD
Service
Interface

CAUI

Note 1: Optional or omitted depending on PHY type.

OTU4/OTU3 Over Parallel Optics

... #41 #40 #39 ... #22 #21 #20 #19 ... #2

PMD

Reconciliation
40GBASE-R PCS

x80

... #41 #40 #39 ... #22 #21 #20 #19 ... #2

PMD

SP1

 SP6 on the XLAUI/CAUI interface,

at the output of the PMA closest
to the PCS.

OTU4/OTU3 (ITU-T G.709)

PMA
10:4

CFP

SP6

In the transmit direction, the skew

points are defined in the following
locations:

 SP2 on the PMD service interface,

at the input of the PMD;

PMA
10:4

100G Attachment Unit Interface (CAUI)

40GBASE-KR4

The maximum skew and skew variation at physically instantiated interfaces

is specified at skew points SP1, SP2, and SP3 for the transmit direction
and SP4, SP5 and SP6 for the receive direction.

Legend

Mux 20:10 (PCS lanes

into CAUI lanes)

 Mux 10:4 (CAUI lanes

into PMD lanes)

Payload (46 - 1500 bytes)

PMD Lanes

2:1

Idle
Symbol

Mapping

DATA

100G Ethernet

Mapping

Length

802.2
Header

EtherType

CAUI/Physical
Lanes
2:1

Idle
Symbol

#41 #21 #1 M1 PCS Lane #1

#40 #20 #0 M0 PCS Lane #0

OPU OH

Source
Address

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

Source
MAC Address

Payload (46 - 1500 bytes)

FCS
AA 55 2D 9B 9B 3C 7A F1

#40 #20

MFAS

Preamble

Destination
Address

 Provide a BER < 10-12 at the MAC layer

Destination
MAC Address

AA 55 2D 9B 9B 3C 7A F1

PMA
20:10

 Convert packets into 20 parallel

streams of 64b/66b symbols

Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS)

Provide physical-layer specifications which support:

80 03 01 7C 9F 3E 80 03 01 20 FB 1D 08 00 45 58
PreDestination
Source
amble
EtherType
Address
MAC
80 03 01 7CMAC
9F 3E
80 03 01 20
FB Address
1D 08 00 45 58

Converted to 64b/66b symbols, and send to PCS lanes

BDI

 Support a MAC data rate of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s

Ethernet

Preamble

BDI

Ethernet Frame Format and Rates

PCS/Logical
Lanes

Packetize Data

BDI
IAE

100G/40G Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ba)

The CFP2 module is a hot-pluggable form factor designed for optical networking applications. The
module size has been chosen to accommodate a wide range of power dissipations and applications,
and the CFP2 module is half the size of a CFP module. The modules electrical interface has been
generically specified to allow support of 4 x 25 Gbit/s, 10 x 10 Gbit/s, and subsequently 8 x 50
Gbit/s. To reduce the size, the gearbox IC is now part of the host interface. EXFOs CFP2 adapter
allows support of both 4 x 25G and 10 x 10G high-speed link interfaces, with a latch bypassing the
gearbox interface to support both the 4 x 25G and the 10 x 10G CFP2 module.