OPERATION

&
MAINTENANCE

BSES YAMUNA POWER LTD.

O&M Department(LT Distribution)

NANDNAGIRI Division (NEW DELHI)

SUBMITTED BY:SHOBHIT ARORA

12-EEU-044
ITM UNIVERSITY

PREFACE
This project report is based on 8 weeks industrial training after 4th semester of B.tech.
It was very great learning experience, as it is full of observation and knowledge under
guidance of very co-operative and supportive staff. During this training period i
learned many things practically which we were studying theoretically. Most important
part is I got the exposure to the latest technologies which our power stations are using
but we not have sufficient knowledge about them through our syllabus.
With due respect I want to thank the whole Protection team for giving me the
opportunities to work on the latest technology and bring out the best in me and
developing my talents in the technical field. They taught me everything not only in a
practical manner but also answered my each queries perfectly. The most important
virtue that I gained here is how to work in a team. Co-operating and assisting each
other in the department helped me to explore my potential and performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Training on such a vast topic like power system cannot be realized without help from
numerous sources and people in the organization.
My primary obligation is to authorities of BSES (YAMUNA POWER LTD.) who
provided me the platform and opportunity to undergo summer training.
I am very thankful to Mr. Alok Sharma(DGM) for providing necessary facility to
carry out my training successfully.
I like to take this opportunity to show my gratitude towards Mr. Prem Kumar
Sharma(Engineer) helped me in bringing the project to its present form. They have
been a great source of inspiration for me to carry out the necessary proceedings for
the project to be completed successfully

INDEX
ABSTRACT
ABOUT BSES
SCADA
ABC and HVDS
C-R PANEL
MAINTENANCE
TESTING OF T/F
CONCLUSION
ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT
BSES Limited is Indias premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity. Formerly known as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply
Limited, it was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in
suburbs of Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted,
reliable, and quality power to customer and provide value added services for the
development of power and infrastructure sectors.
BSES caters to the needs of 2.07 million consumers over an area of 3.84 sq. km. With
a maximum system demand of approximately 1198 MVA. With 7 decades in the field
of power distribution, the electricity supply division of BSES has achieved the
distinction of operating its distribution network with 99.98% on-line reliability and
has a distribution loss of only 11.6%.

BSES was amongst the first utilities in India to adopt computerization in 1967 to meet
the increasing workload and to improve services to its customers.

As a part of its active support to the privatization process, BSES has recently acquired
an equity stake of 51% in two of the three distribution companies of Delhi after
unbundling and privatization of the erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board. The two
distribution companies, BSES Rajdhani Power Limited covering South & West area
and BSES Yamuna Power Limited covering Central & East regions provide electricity
to around 17 lakh consumers spread across an area of 900 sq kms (approx.).

This organisation is mainly divided in two parts :-

BSES Yamuna Power Limited

Covers East and Central regions
1. Yamuna Vihar
2. Krishna Nagar
3. Chandni Chowk
4. Paharganj

5. Nand Nagri

6. Mayur Vihar
7. Daryaganj
8. Jhilmi
9. Laxminagar
10. Shankar Road

10 Districts

8.49 lacs Consumer

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

Covers South and West regions

Nehru Place

RK Puram

Vikaspuri

11 Districts

Najafgarh

8.61 lacs Consumer

Alaknanda

Mehrauli

Palam

Nangloi

Nizamuddin

Janakpuri

Punjabi Bagh

BSES (RAJDHANI AND YAMUNA POWER LTD.)

BSES (Brihan-Mumbai sub-urban electricity supply) is an electricity
distribution company supported by Reliance Energy.

This company was established nearly 50 years back in Mumbai. Now it has been over
4 years since BSES took up the responsibility of distributing electricity in Delhi.
During this period BSES has invested over Rs.2000Crores on upgrading and
augmenting the infrastructure.

BSES is responsible for electricity distribution only. It can contribute no more than it
receives power from the generating stations in Delhi and the Northern Grid.

To provide reliable and quality power supply to its consumers, the company has been
divided into two branches that is BSES-YAMUNA and BSES-RAJDHANI.

BSES-RAJDHANI looks over the electricity distribution to West Delhi and South
Delhi. Whereas BSES-YAMUNA is responsible for electricity distribution in Central
Delhi and East Delhi .

DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DETAILS

The existing RELIANCE ENERGY distribution network in Delhi is being operated at

66 kV/33kV/11kV and 0.415 kV, with bulk supply at 66 KV/33kV/11kV voltage
levels available from TRANSCO.

Presently Delhi network is operated sub-optimally and is predominantly manual at a

local level based on instructions conveyed from the central location at Balaji Estate
through telephone / VHF radios. The decision making at the central location is based
on wall mounted static mimic diagrams of the primary network.

Globally distribution networks of similar sizes are operated using centralized data
acquisition and control with optimized operation of the network based on real time
information, improved availability and flexibility with reduced subjectiveness.

Delhi draws power from 400kV Northern Grid at 400/220kV stations. Delhis
transmission system at 220 kV consists of twenty-three 220 kV interconnected
sub-stations.

The powers from these 220/66 & 220/33 kV substations of Transco are fed to
RELIANCE ENERGY Delhi area through 20 injection points at 66 & 33 kV voltage
level; which are further distributed to 108 substations of BRPL/BYPL . There exist
some 11 KV feeds also from TRANSCO to BRPL/BYPL.There are presently 118-grid
substations of 66/11 kV, 33/11 kV & 66/33 kV, in addition to this grid stations are also
under construction / commissioning and in planning stage. The Primary distribution
network operates essentially at 11 kV emanating from the 66 kV and/or 33 kV substations. There are about 1300 numbers of such 11 kV feeders. These 11 kV feeders in
turn are feeding to about 8500-Distribution Transformer of 11/0.415 kV.

OVERVIEW OF DELHI NETWORK

DRAWBACKS OF OLD DELHI DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Existing distribution systems have certain inherent drawbacks.
The systems are monitored manually.
Maintenance taking place only during breakdowns.

 The present system also does not ensure reliable and complete power
system and usage information that can facilitate trend forecasting or help
in better analysis and planning.
The existing billing systems are still unreliable.
The present system has intensive manpower requirement and overdependence on experts
Inaccessible to reach remote locations.
Trouble-shooting in case of breakdowns is based on the conventional call
system through telephone answering machines.

SCADA
NEED FOR SCADA
Considering the current operational constraints, a need is felt for visibility of the
network

on

real time basis, flexibility of operational controls, and faster rest

o r a t i o n f r o m a c e n t r a l location leading to improved availability of the network.
Installation of a SCADA system lead to following benefits:
Real time, accurate and consistent information of the System
Faster Fault Identification, Fault Isolation and system restoration
Extensive reporting & Statistical data archiving
Central database and history of all system parameters
Improved Availability of System
Input for better network planning
Optimized operation of the network based on real time calculations.Implementation
of SCADA system will provide supervision and remote control of switchesand
reclosers such as pole-mounted switches and pole mounted switchgears on high
voltage distribution line. This can be remote controlled either automatically
or manually, so that it provides automatic isolation of faulty line sections, which

enables quick and accurate recovery of a stable power supply, and also minimizes the
out-of service areas by units of distribution sections.

WHAT IS SCADA????
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a major tool that
will be used for improving network operations. SCADA refers to a system that
enables an electric utility to remotely monitor, coordinate, control and operate
distribution components, equipment and devices in a real-time mode from
remote locations with acquisition of data for analysis, and planning from one
central location.
It puts us in a better position to undertake both active and reactive power management
and with better anticipation of trouble and greater trouble-shooting through remote
access. Predictive maintenance results in reduced cost of maintenance of power
system devices, thereby extending their life.

SCADA system can be classified as shown..

SCADA realisation..

BSES SCADA
SUBSTATION
CONTROL
ROOM

EAST OF
KAILASH

KALKAJI

BSES NEHRU
PLACE

BSES SCADA ROOM

Cont
rol
and
Information
is
received by the
server maintained
in
moni
a server
tor room
Then information is
manipulated in
control and
monitoring room
Information through Optical Fiber
Communication ( 2 Mbps leased line )
is terminated to Router Cisco 7603.
Through PCUs it transmitted further.

ADVANTAGES OF SCADA
After doing automation of grid basically we have increased the efficiency of
electricity distribution. There are some other methods which helps in identifying the
loss making zones and overall improving the efficiency of distribution:

1. Automation of substation grid This we have discussed earlier.

2. Automated meter reading (AMR)
3. Geographical information system (GIS)
4. Energy Audit and Accounting
5. LT-ABC
6. High voltage distribution system (HVDS)
Rest are explained below.

1. Automation of substation grid This we have discussed earlier.

2. Automated Meter Reading (AMR) - AMR is presently implemented for Key
Consumers having load of 45 kW and above.
Main Features includes
a)

linking of the consumer energy meter with the central control server. The
meter reading and load survey are downloaded on real time basis directly
through a MODEM with GSM/CDMA communication technology
connected to the meter or with MOXA and OFC communication
technology.

b) The energy bills are downloaded at the central server and energy bills of
consumer are prepared. Finally energy bills are uploaded to the web site of
the discoms for consumer to pay their respective energy bills well within
due time.

Major Benefits includes

a) substantial reduction of lead time from downloading of consumer meter

reading, bill preparation, bill distribution and finally payment by
consumer.
b) relevant information about consumer can be accessed through the web site.
Load survey, consumption pattern and history is also made available for
the benefit of consumer.

3. Geographical Information System (GIS) Main features of technology includes

mapping and indexing of all Grid station, Cables, Transformers, Poles, street lights &
consumers.

Major benefits include

a) reduction of lead time for fault location and thereby faster fault restoration.
b) Street light details being captured for efficient operation, route tracing of
cables for fast redressel of faults
c) route sequence for each house for efficient meter reading, new installation
& bill distribution.
d) Efficient updating of Assets & Facilities, more efficient retrieval of
information, efficient engineering design & construction planning,
elimination of redundant data entry, expended capabilities, management of
outage tracking, facility management & automated mapping, Right of way
& route management.
e) Network representation/visualization
f) Network reconfiguration/optimization
g) Network design/planning
h) Improved OMS and CMR system

i) Technical feasibility for new connection

j) Historical database to support various function such as commercial and
planning etc.
k) Consumer profiling / usage history for enforcement raids.
l) Asset installation, movement and retirement process
m) Flexible interface for enterprise wide access to various IT system
n) Central repository for asset management and business intelligence

4. Energy Audit and Accounting

DT metering and Energy Auditing - end-to-end linking of consumers i.e. from grid
substation to 11 KV feeder to distribution transformer to LT feeder and finally to
consumers.

INTRODUCTION:
Aerial Bunched Cables (ABC) is a very novel concept for Over Head Power
distribution. When compared to the conventional bare conductor over head
distribution system. ABC provides higher safety and reliability, lower power losses
and ultimate system economy by reducing installation, maintenance and operative
cost. This system is ideal for rural distribution and specially attractive for installation
in difficult terrains such as hilly areas, forest areas, coastal areas etc.Aerial Bunched
Cables is also considered to be the best choice for power distribution congested urban
areas with narrow lanes and by lanes. In developing urban complex, Aerial Bunched
Cables is the better choice because of flexibility for rerouting as demanded by

changes in urban development plan.

CONSTRUCTION OF ABC
XLPE/HDPE insulated power conductors of Aluminium (Neutral conductor and street
lighting conductor if and when necessary) are laid together (twisted) around a high
tensile standard and galvanized steel (Aluminium Alloy may be used) insulated or
bare messenger wire to form the Aerial Bunched Cable. This assembly is directly
strung on to distribution pole/towers by means of standard hardware available in the
market but care shall be taken to render the messenger wire completely insulated from
Earthing at any point of distribution in case of HT ABC.

3. TRANSFORMERS

This is an apparatus which works on AC

voltage to step up and step down the
voltage in a circuit but with a
corresponding decrease and increase in
current but without any change of power &
frequency.

It works on the principal of mutual

induction in the winding

WORKING PRINCIPLE

. Two inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked
with each other wound on the same core.

These coils have high mutual inductance.

If one of the coil is connected to an A.C. voltage source ,an alternating flux is
set up in the laminated core ,most of which is linked with the other coil in
which it produces mutually induced EMF.

If the second coil circuit is closed , a current flows in it & electrical energy is
transferred from first coil to second coil.

The coil in which the energy is fed from a.c. supply source is called primary
winding and the other from which energy is drawn out is called secondary
winding.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS

The Transformers can be of two types mainly,

(i)
Power Transformer
(ii)
Distribution Transformer

Transformer may be divided:

On the basis of voltage variation i.e. step up & step down

(i)
Step up Transformer: Increases the output voltage
(ii)
Step down Transformer: Decreases the output voltage

On bases of Connection of the windings primary & secondary (mainly in 3 Phase

system )
(i)

Star/ Star

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Delta/delta
Star/Delta
Delta/ Delta

Type of cooling Media used:

(i)
Oil type
(ii)
Dry type

Various Parts of the Transformers

Bushings (HV& LV).

Valves.

Radiators.

Conservator Tank.

OLTC.

Oil Temperature Indicator.

Winding Temperature Indicator.

Buchholz Relay.

Silica Gel Breather. S.P.R. relay.

Exhaust Bent

P.R.V.

Earthing Terminals.

Magnetic oil level gauge.

Tap changer mechanism box

Dehydrating Filter Breather

Conservator shall be fitted with dehydration filter breather. It shall be so designed that:a). Passage of air is through silica gel.
b). Silica gel is isolated from atmosphere by oil seal.
c). Moisture absorption indicated by change in colour.
Silica gel is replaced when half to two third of the silica gel as become saturated and
turned pink in colour. For its reuse, silica gel should be heated in a well ventilated oven
at a temp. Of 130 to 138 deg Celsius until the entire mass has achieved the bright
colour.

Silica gel breather of ICT1 and ICT2

CORE
Core is manufactured from lamination of cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel which
gives very low specific loss at operating flux densities. Joints of the laminations are
designed such that the electromagnetic flux is always in the direction of grain
orientation. The core is of 3 limbs, 3phases.

WINDINGS

Windings are made from paper insulated copper conductors. Parallel conductors are
transposed at regular intervals throughout the winding for ensuring equal flux linkage
and current distribution between strands. Insulation spacers in the windings are
arranged such that oil is directed through the weights for ensures proper cooling.

COOLING
For ONAN cooling, oil flows through the winding and external radiators units attached
to the tank by thermo phonic effect. Radiator cooler units consist of pressed steel sheet
radiators mounted directly on the tank. ONAF cooling is achieved by providing
adequate number of fans. OFAF cooling is achieved by providing adequate number of
in line oil pumps.

WINDING TEMPERTAURE INDICATORS

The winding temperature relay indicates the winding of the temperature of the
transformer and operates the alarm, trip and cooler control contacts. Winding
temp.thermometer bulb is in a separate thermometer well near the top of the tank. Wire
heater oil is either inserted into or wrapped around the thermometer well which
surround the temp.sensitive bulb. In some transformers a current transformer is around
is of the three winding leads & provides current directly to the heater coil in proportion
to winding current. In other transformer the current transformer supplies current to an
auto transformer that supplies currently to the heater coil. The heater warms s the bulb
& the dial indicates heat temp. But it is not the true hottest spot temp. the increase in
temp. of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb of the
instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer plus the winding temp. rise
above hot oil i.e. the hotspot temperature.

WINDINGTEMPRATURE INDICATOR

TAP CHANGER
Transformer is provided with on load tap changer. The tap changing can be designed for
changing the taps in the following modes:
a). manually from local motor drive unit.
b). manually from remote.
c). automatically from the supervisory system.
The on load tap changing will be self contained unit housed in the main transformer
tank. This consists of diverter unit & selector unit. In selector unit termination will be
made. Since some amount arcing take place during switching operation from one tap to
other. The oil inside the diverter unit will deteriorate faster. Hence this oil in diverter
chamber cannot be allowed to mix with the oil in the main transformer. Oil load tap
changer is provided with a separate conservator and oil surge relay.

GAS AND OIL ACTUATED (BUCHHOLZ) RELAY

Gas and oil actuated relay is fitted in the feed pipes from the expansion vessel to the
tank for collection of gas generated in the oil. A pre-set volume of gas collection in the
relay, or an oil surge toward the expansion vessel will cause the alarm or trip contacts to
operate respectively. In the event of serious oil loss from the transformer, both alarm
and trip elements operate. In the pipes connection between On Load Tap changer and its
oil expansion vessel an oil surge relay fitted. This relay operate on principle of oil surge
impinging on a flag causing operation of the mercury switch connect to the trip circuit.
Gas actuated alarm switch is eliminated because the gas generated during normal tap
changing operation will give unnecessary alarm.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY

BUSHING
Transformers are connected to HV lines, and therefore, care is to be taken to prevent
flash-over from the high voltage connections to earthed tank. Connections from cables
are made in cable boxes, but overhead connections are made to be brought through
bushings specially designed for different classes of voltages.
The winding connection passes from the windings to terminal bushings. Terminal
bushings up to 36 KV class, 3150 Amps, are normally of plain and porcelain and oil in
contact type. Bushings of 52 KV class and above are of oil impregnated condenser type.
The oil inside the condenser bushings will not be communicating with the oil inside the

transformer. Oil level gauge is provided on the expansion chambers of the condenser
bushings.

INSULATING OIL
In the Auto Transformer, we use mineral oil .It acts as an insulating fluid & heat transfer
medium to carry off excess heat generated by the losses of power transformers.
To ascertain the properties of oil for meeting certain requirements:
1

Kinematic viscosity

Pour point

Carbon type composition

Oxidative ageing

Density

Oxidation stability
It should be free from moisture
For testing of insulating oil it stand for 60 KV for up to flash time.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
It is a device which makes & breaks the circuit under no load, full load & fault
condition. It can be operated manually under normal conditions & automatically under
abnormal conditions.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
It consists of fixed & moving contacts called as electrodes under normal operating
conditions. These contacts remain closed & will not open automatically until the system
become faulty. When fault occurs the tripping coil of the circuit breaker gets energized
& the moving contacts are pulled apart. An arc is produced between them. The
production of arc delays the current production & generates heat which may damage the
system.

Sulphur-Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker

In this circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride gas is used for the extinguishing the arc.

SULPHURHEXAFLOURIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER

PRINCIPLE OF ARC EXTINCTION IN SF6

In SF6 circuit breaker, the SF6 gas is blown axially convection & dissipation. This
reduces the arc diameter during the decrease mode of current wave & an arc in
extinguished. In sf6 circuit breaker, the gas is made to flow from high pressure to low
pressure through a convergent divergent nozzle. When moving contact is struck from
the fixed contact, an arc is produced in between them. Gas nozzle is located such that
the flow of gas covers the arc reduce its diameter. Finally, arc reduces to zero at
current zero. Under normal conditions, the moving contact is connected with the fixed
contact. The outer cylinder is coupled with the moving contact whereas piston is
fixed. When fault occurs the moving contacts separated from the fixed contact.

ADVATANGES: There are some advantages of SF6 circuit breaker over the
conventional breakers given below:
(1) Due top outstanding arc quenching property of SF6, the arcing time is very small.
This reduces contact erosion

(2) Using SF6 gas at low pressure & low velocity, the current chopping can be
minimized.
(3)

During arcing of SF6 circuit breaker, no carbon dioxide is formed and hence no

reduction of dialectical strength.

(4) SF6 circuit breaker is salient in operation and moisture ingression into the gas cycle
is almost nil.
(5) SF6 breaker is performance is not affected due to variation in atmospheric
condition.
(6) SF6 breaker is compact in size and electrical clearance is directly reduced.

DISADVANTAGES: The only disadvantage is that SF6 is suffocating. In case of

leakage of breaker tank, this gas is heavier than air settled in the surrounding and may
lead to suffocation of the operating personals .However, It is non poisonous. It also
destroys our ozone layer.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
These are the instrument transformers which are basically step down transformers.
Current transformer is used to step down the a. c. from higher to lower value. The
primary winding of a having one or a few turns of thick wire is connected in series with
the line whose current is to be measured. The secondary having large number of carries
the instrument an ammeter directly connected across it. The current transformer works
under short circuit condition. The secondary of transformer is connected to the
instrument placed on panel boards. The current transformer is used with it primary
winding connected ion series with the line carrying the current to be recorded. The
current transformer burden values are very low i.e.15 VA for 1A.current transformer
ratios are so chosen such that they supply 1a or 5A at nominal primary current. For
measurement CTs may utilize low inductance cores or special core materials for high
accuracy measurement& protection. CTs may use air gapped cores to meet special
requirement

for

asymmetrical

fault

currents.

CTs

are

also

SERIESTRANSFORMER.
Current transformers are very accurate and long lasting reliable equipment.

known

as

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

TYPES OF CT
1). DEAD TANK CT
In the dead tank C.T, the primary winding is on the top where as the secondary
winding is placed on bottom as shown in figure.

1. Dome

2. Nitrogen filling valve

3. Primary terminal

4. Collar

5. Porcelain insulator

6. Primary conductor with insulation

7. Adaptor cylinder

8. Secondary cores

9. Base

10. Oil drain plug

2). LIVE DESIGN TYPE CT

In the live tank C.T., both primary &secondary windings are on the top. The
shown below:-

fig. is as

ISOLATOR
It is a device which opens and closes the contacts only under no load conditions. Its
main purpose is to isolate a portion of the circuit from the other. These are generally
placed on both sides of the circuit breaker in order to make repair and maintain the
circuit breaker without any danger. These are never opened until the circuit breaker in
the same circuit is opened and always closed before the circuit breaker is closed.

(Horizontal Double break type)

CAPACITIVE

VOLTAGE

TRANSFORMER
CVT is an instrument transformer which is
used

for

voltage

measurement

and

protection system and their high frequency

point is used for PLCC system. In EHV system
CVTs are used instead of VTs due to
economical reason.

1. Oil level indicator (optional)

2. Expansion device
3. Capacitor units
4. Insulating oil
5. Porcelain insulator
6. Sealing
7. Electromagnetic unit
8. Low voltage terminals box/HF terminal
9. Series inductance
10. Medium voltage transformer
11. Damping circuit against ferroresonance effects

There are 280 300 elements in C1 & C2

C1 will be about 260 to 280 elements

C2 will be 15 to 20 elements
Ratio of C1/ C2 is about 20
400/ 20 = 20kV (Tap Voltage)

LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
LA is used for protection of substation equipments( eg transformer), from Lightning
surges and over voltage. It behaves like a insulator in normal operating voltage and
gives a continuous path in case of high voltage surges. It is first equipment of the
substation which is placed at the line entrance to the substation to protect bay
equipments and is also placed on both sides of the transformer.

Concept of Leakage Current

The leakage current through the arrester is broadly classified as
1. Capacitive components current originated from permittivity of ZnO elements,
stray capacitance, grading capacitors.
2. Resistance component current originated from ZnO elements, Porcelain
surface current (Pollution).

MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE
1. Harmonic are created in leakage current on application of fundamental
frequency, due to non linear voltage- current characteristics of surge arresters.
2. 3rd Harmonic is the largest Harmonic component of the resistive current.

EFFECT OF 3RD HARMONICS IN SYSTEM VOLTAGE

1. 3rd Harmonic in system voltage creates capacitive harmonics currents which
affect the measured value.
2. Error in the measured values may be considerable.
3. As reported, 1% 3rd Harmonic in system voltage may introduce error upto 100% in
the measured value.

WAVE TRAP
It is PLCC equipment. It is highly inductive device which is used for PLCC purpose, it
block the high frequency PLCC signal to enter in the switchyard of the substation and
it allows the power frequency 50 Hz to pass through it and enter into switchyard. It is
connected in series with the EHV line.

( Wave Trap)

BUS COUPLER
Bus coupler is a device which is used to switch from one bus to the other without any
interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is achieved with

the help of circuit

breaker and isolators.
Usually there are 2 buses
in each substation so that
if one fails the supply can
be given to the second
bus using bus coupler.
The bus nearer to incomer is termed as bus 1 and the other one is termed as bus 2.

11.RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also
used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching.
Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric
power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called
"protective relays".
Major relays used in substation :
*Overcurrent Relay: Connected in any two phases
*Earth Fault Relay: Connected in neutral line
*Differential Relay: For backup protection
*Master Relay: Masters all the relays and trips the circuit breaker.

12.NEUTRAL CT
A CT is a current transformer, used to measure current flow in a conductor. Neutral is
power return, usually grounded at the distribution panel. A neutral CT, then, is a
device that measures the current flow in the neutral conductor. In a three phase star
system, each phase returns current to neutral, but the three phases cancel each other
out, resulting in effectively zero current in neutral. The neutral CT is used to detect an
imbalance in the system, perhaps caused by a ground fault or by some failure in one
of the phase loads. In a single phase, single ended system, there is current on neutral,
so the value of a neutral CT is not so great. If you also had a hot CT, you could
compare and detect imbalance between hot and neutral, which would be an indication
of a ground fault. (Actually, a ground fault current interrupting device, also called a
GFCI, usually compares current in hot and neutral simultaneously, because both
conductors are wound together as the sensing transformer primary - any perceived
current is a ground fault.)

Distribution equipment plays an important role in the safe distribution of electrical

power. The equipment needs to be operated in
a safe manner securing continuity of supply to consumers.
This requires the equipment to be:
Well designed, installed, commissioned
Operated, and maintained in a satisfactory manner
Within a management system
Effective in meeting the reliability goals and
Aware of the need of maintenance balanced against equipment downtime and cost
The seminar focuses mainly on the operation and maintenance of distribution
equipment, with reference to auxiliary equipment necessary for its operation.
The need and management for maintenance
Management and implementation of safe systems of work

Co-ordination of maintenance activities and maintaining system safety

Switchgear maintenance transformer maintenance
Cable installation and rating; condition monitoring using non intrusive technology
Routine inspections, properties of insulating oils

when to replace aging transformer-

Transformers play critical roles in delivering power to distribution

equipment for homes, commercial establishments and industrial

facilities. Sudden failure of a transformer can have many serious

repercussions leading to loss of power for a few minutes to

hours. There are instances an outage could last for weeks because of
system configuration, such as a simple radial system or the

transformer was the single point failure. In industrial complexes an outage

lasting a few minutes could lead to loss opportunities

as well as millions of dollars in lost production and start up costs. Many

older transformers have been in operation for more than

80 years without failure or major problems. Although there have been

recent failures of units producing fires and explosions

resulting in the release of toxic and combustible gases as well as smoke

into the atmosphere; also OSHA has levied fines because

of the type of incident. Many transformers in the petrochemical industry

now fall under OSHA 1910.119, Mechanical Integrity

regulations due to probability of catastrophic failure during power loss,

resulting in release of highly hazardous chemicals.

Transformers tanks containing more than 10,000 pounds of aggregates in

some cases fall underneath the 1910.119 as well as 1910.269

regulations. Mineral oil in transformers is used as a media for cooling and

insulating parts within close proximity. Mineral oil

has a NFPA flammability rating of 1, indicating it is slightly flammable with

a health rating of 1 as well, indicating a slight

health hazard. However, during fault conditions mineral oil can be

hazardous to your health and the environment. The purpose of

this paper is to provide information and insight related to repair or outright

replacement of aging transformers containing

mineral oil under fault conditions such as the production of combustible

gases. This paper will explain how oil sampling, gas

analyses, internal inspection and testing were used to determine which

required re- - placing or simple repairs. It will explain

the use of standards such as IEEE C57 guidelines, to determine loading,

hours of operation, degradation and other tests used to

evaluate conditions and suitability for future operation of transformers. It

will discuss the use of insulation power factor,

Furan and other tests to help predict remaining life in transformers. It will
discuss life cycles and vintage of transformer

produced in the 1950's versus those manufactured for our facility after
1990. There will be discussions about methods, local

repair shops employed to test and evaluate transformer incoming

condirutra;d.

Use a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) to keep

records of test results, maintenance procedures, and emergency

repairs. These records allow you to plan and budget for maintenance and
testing programs, as well as capital purchases that make sense for you.

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

TESTING OF TRANSFORMER:-

Capacitance and Tan measurement of bushings:Purpose:

Insulation power factor or dissipation factor (tan ) and capacitance measurement of
bushing provide an indication of the quality and soundness of the insulation in the
bushing.
In bushing, conducting layers are arranged within the insulating material for the
purpose of uniform distribution of the electric filed in bushing. Bushing test tap is a
connection to the lost of the conducting layers of a capacitance graded bushing to
ground with a disconnected for measurement of partial discharge, power factor and
capacitance values of bushings.

RATIO, POLARITY & PHASE RELATIONSHIP:The ratio should be checked on all taps & between all the windings & the results
should tally with the factory test results as well as the rating & diagram plate details.
Ratio shall be checked by applying a single phase 230-300 VOLTS supply on the HV
Side & measuring the voltage on LV Side at all tap positions.
Polarity & inter-phase connections are checked while measuring the ratio. This can be
checked but the Voltmeter method. The primary & secondary windings are connected
together at one point. A L.V 3 phase supply is then applied to the terminals. Voltage
measurements are then taken between various pairs of terminals & vector group is
verified.

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT OF WINDINGS:Kelvin Bridge Meter

should be used for the measurement of resistance at all windings. Tapped Winding
resistance shall be measured at all tap positions. Absolute steady reading should be
obtained for minimum 1 minute. The tap winding resistance trend shall be gradually
increasing/decreasing.

INSULATION RESISTANCE:The IR between windings & between earth should be measured with 2000/10000 volts
meggar & the values should be compared to the test report values. If there is much
variation, the same shall be intimated to the manufacturer. The Dielectric dissipation
factor (D.D.F)=IR at 60 sec/ IR at 10 sec should be >=1.3 . It is preferable to have a
motor operated meggar& the readings taken after one minute from starting. Before
measuring the IR, It should be made sure that the bushings are cleaned thoroughly
with clean cotton cloth. They should also read infinity before connecting up.

MAGNETISING CURRENT:-

A three-phase low voltage supply is given to HV winding of the 3-phase transformer

and simultaneous current readings of the three phases are taken using low range A.C
ammeters. Reading should be recorded for future reference.

AUXILLARY INSTRUMENT:
The settings & correct working of the alarm, trip & other contacts of all protective
instruments such as gas operated relays winding temperature indicators, magnetic oil
level gauge etc. should be verified.

OIL & GAS OPERATED RELAYS (BUCHHOLZ RELAY):

Check the operation of the alarm & trip contacts to the relay independently by
injecting air through the top cocks using a hand pump. The air should be released after
the tests.

OIL:
Test Oil sample for BDV & water content. Conduct dissolved gas analysis on Oil
samples before commissioning to serve as a record for future.

AUTOMATIC OIL TEST SET 100KV

INTRODUCTION TO EQUIPMENT:Oil test set is designed for testing the dielectric strength of insulation oils as per ISS:
335. The unit develops high voltage between electrodes immersed in oil under test as
per ISS:6792.
All the controls and indicators are fitted on front control panel to facilitate easy
operation of test set.

66

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:Input voltage

220/230 volts.

Frequency

50 Hz

Output voltage

0-100 kV

Capacity

1.0 KVA

Cooling

a) transformer air cooled.

b) Control panel air cooled.

Rating

testing duty only.

Rate of rise of voltage:

2.0kv/sec.

No. of operations

0-9

PRE COMMISSIONING TESTING OF CB:1. Circuit Breaker Operation Timing.

2. Contact Resistance Measurement.
3. Dynamic contact resistance.
4. SF6 Dew point measurement.

DEW POINT MEASUREMENT

If SF6 gas contains moisture, it is easily hydrated to produce highly reactive
H2SO3 and HF.
As these chemicals cause degradation of insulation and corrosion in the
interrupting chamber, monitoring of moisture content in SF6 gas is very
important.
Sources of moisture may be- permeation through sealed sections, exudation
of moisture contained in organic insulating materials, gas handling.
67

DYNAMIC CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT (DCRM)

Contact resistance measurement during close trip operation.
100 AMP current is injected through circuit breaker contacts.

 Voltage drop and current is measured to compute contact resistance.

Variation in finger print of DCRM indicates problem in arcing contacts.

NEED FOR DCRM : During normal contact resistance measurement, healthiness of main contacts
is indicated.
Req = R*r/(R+r)= r/(1+r/R), r = Main contact
R = Arcing contacts
DCRM signatures/finger prints indicate true condition of CB arcing
contacts.
DCRM along with contact travel measurement is helpful in computing the
arcing contact length.

PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS OF CT

1. Polarity tests
2. Primary injection tests
3. Insulation resistance test between primary to secondary & ground
4. Insulation resistance between secondary windings
5. Excitation tests ( knee point voltage tests )
6. Resistance measurement of secondary windings ( all cores to be demagnetised
after measurement)
7. Tan delta & capacitance measurement (ensure Tan delta terminal is grounded after
measurement)

PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS OF CVT

Tests:-

1. Voltage ratio tests

2. Secondary windings continuity check
3. Insulation resistance between secondary windings
4. Tan delta & capacitance measurement

C1 & C2 Tan Delta Measurement

For C1: Apply 10kV between HV and test tap on UST mode.
For C2: Apply 500V between Test tap and Ground with
HV Guarded on GSTg mode

Checks:

Oil leakages.
Transit damages
Expansion bellow levels
Ensure all secondary winding are not left in short circuit condition
Spare CVTs to be stored according to suppliers instructions (refer to

operation & instruction manual ) for storage on long term basis.

Ensure all dividers of spare CVTs are grounded.

CONCLUSION
I came to know the functioning of sub-station,various protections used for distribution
of electricity to consumers.
Through the logic of SCADA, implementation of various methods to improve the
energy distribution efficiency of BSES( DISCOMM) were closely monitored and
tested for their feasibility. Hence, the need and necessity for SUBSTATION
AUTOMATION in Delhi is realized.
Control and monitoring of substations is done by developing Single Line diagram
(SLD) of that particular substation through WS500 software purchased from ABB.

ABBREVIATIONS
BSES-Bombay Suburban Electric Supply
BRPL-BSES Rajdhani Power Limited
BYPL-BSES Ymuna Power Limted
KV-Kilo Volt
KVA-Kilo Volt Ampere
VHF-Very High Frequency
SCADA-Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
AMR-Automated Meter Reading
OMS-Outage Management System
GIS-Geographical Information System
HVDS-High Voltage Distribution System
ABC-Aerial Bunched Cables
MFM-Multi Function Meter
VSAT-Very Small Aperture Terminals
TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.electrical4u.com
www.eeweb.com
www.bsesdelhi.com
www.transformeronline.com
www.electricityforum.com