physics material

This is the new text page second year vsaq with answers.(some questions not pasted in this
formate )
1.
A.

RAY OPTICS
What are Fraunhoffer lines? Explain their origin.
The dark lines present in the solar spectrum are called Fraunhoffer lines.
Fraunhoffer lines gives the information regarding the nature of elements present in the
Suns atmosphere.

2.
A.

State and explain Huygens principle.

Huygens Principle:- each point on a primary wave front is acts as source of secondary
source that emits secondary wavelets. The disturbance travel with velocity of light

3.
A.

Can relative refractive index between two media be less than unity ?
Yes. When light ray is passing from denser medium (1) to rarer medium (2) Then

4.
A.

If the refractive index of a medium is 1.5, find the critical angle.

Then

5.
A.

Write the differences between microscope and telescope

Microscope
Telescope
1) It is used to see very small objects
1) It is used to see distant objects
2) Objective focal length is less than eye lense Objective focal length is greater than eye
lense
3) It produce linear magnification
It produce angular magnification

6.

Can we minimise Spherical and chromatic aberrations simultaneously ? If so,

How ?
Yes. In Huygens eyepiece. The focal length of field lens and eye lens is 3f and f
superated by a distance 2f. By this way we can eliminate both spherical and chromatic
aberration
simultaneously
On what factors does the critical angle depend?
Critical angle depends on 1) Refractive index of medium 2) Nature of the substance
media
3) Wavelength of light
4) Temperature
Why do diamonds sparkle?
Sparkling of diamonds is due to total internal reflection of light.

A.

7.
A.
8.
A.

*****
WAVE MOTION
1.

What happens to the fundamental frequency of a stretched stirng its linear density becomes
l /4th of its initial value?

A.

2.

frequency becomes double

The length of a wire vibrating with a frequency of 340 Hz is 1m. Its length is changed to
1.6m, find the frequency.

A.
3.
A.
4.
A.

5.
A.

6.
A.
7.
A.

Mention any two applications of beats

i) Beats are used to produce special effects in cinematography
ii) It is used to determine frequency of tunning fork
iii) It is used to detecting dangerous gasses in mines
What are "Focusing" and " Echelon effects"?
Sound is focussed at a point due to reflection of sound from the surfaces is called
focussing effect
Echelon effect:- The sharp sound produced by the person infront of stair may produce a
musical note . This is called echelon effect.
Define an echo. What is the minimum distance required to form an echo.
The reflection of sound by bonbording an absticle is called echo.
minimum distance to hear echo is
What happens to fundamental frequency of streched string when tension is quadrupled
frequency will double.
State sabines formula ?
Reverberation time is directly propotional to volume of the room and inversly propotional
to total absorption.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1.

What are basic blocks of communication system?

A.

Basic blocks are

2.

What is world wide web

A.

It gives message all arround the world of knowledge accessible to every one in twenty

1) Transmitter

2) Channel

3) Receiver

four hours throughout the year.

3.

Mention the range of speech signals?

A.

30 Hz to 3100 Hz

4.

What is Sky wave propagation?

A.

Communicaion b/w two points due to ionospheric reflection of radio waves is called
sky wave propagation

5.
A.

Mention various parts of ionosphere?

D, E, F1, F2
D,E in statosphere
F1 in mesosphere,
F2 in thermosphere.

6.

Define modulation why is it necessary?

A.

The process of combining audio frequency signal with high frequency signal is
called

7.

modulation . It is necessary to travel long distances

Mention basic methods of modulation

1) Amplitude modulation

2) Frequency modulation

3) Phase modulation

8.

Which type of communication is employed in mobile phones

A.

Wireless communication system

9.

What are the different modes of propagation of radio waves?

A.

1) Ground wave propagation

propagation

2) Space wave propagation 3) Sky wave

ATOMIC PHYSICS
10.

What is work function of a metal? What is threshold frequency

Workfunction:- The minimum energy required to eject a photo electron from the metal
surface is called workfunction
Threshold frequency :- The minimum frequency required to eject a photo electron
from the metal surface is called threshold frequency.

11.

What is compton effect?

When xrays are incident on a substance like carbon it scatters into two rays called
i) modified ray

12.
12.

ii) unmodified ray

This phenomina is called compton effect

> unmodified
modified
If a proton and an electron have same deBroglie wavelength which has more
momentum
If a proton and an electron have same deBroglie wavelength which has more
momentum and KE ?

A.

de Broglie wavelegth . According to given data is same so mometum is same and

Electron has more KE because me< mp

13.

Can x-rays produce photo electric effect? Calculate the work funcion of a metal
producing photo electrons with x-rays of wavelength 1A0

A.

Yes.

14.

Is photon a wave or a particle? What is its rest mass

A.

Photon is a particle in electromagnetic radiation its rest mass is zero

15.

What are de Broglie waves?

The waves associated with moving particles are called matter waves (or) deBroglie
waves
Wave length is

16.

What is the equation of wavelength associated with moving particle

A.

The wavelength is
Where h is Planks constant
P is momentum

17.

What is the ratio of velocities of a proton. A deutron and -particle when they
are

accelerated by same potential

A.
SEMI CONDUCTOR DEVICES
18.

Distinguish b/w ptype, ntype semiconductor

(or)
What is ptype, ntype semiconductors ? What are its majority, minority charge
carriers?

A.
P-type

ntype

trivalent impurity is added to pure

Pentavalent impurity is added with pure

semi conductor

semi-conductor

majority carriers are holes

majority carriers are electrons

minority carriers are electrons

Ex:- Al, Indium

minority carriers are holes

Ex:- Arsenic, Phosphorus

19.

What are intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors?

A.

Pure form of semi conductors are called intensic semiconductor impure from of
semi

conductors are called extensic semi conductor

20.

What is pn diode? Define depletion layer

20.

What is pn diode? Define depletion layer

A.

When half of a pure semi conductor is added with ptype material and remaining half is
added with pentavalent (ntype) material, then a junction is formed. It is called Pn
junction diode.
Depletion layer:- At the junction of the diode no charge carriers are formed due
to

recombination of holes and electrons. This is called depletion layer

21.

How the battery is connected to a junction diode in a) forward and b) reverse bias?

A.

a) In forwaord bias pside of diode is connected to positive terminal of cell and nside
of diode is connected to negetive terminal of cell.
b) In reverse bias pside of diode is connected to negetive terminal of cell and nside
of diode is connected to positive terminal of cell.

22.

23.
A.
24.
A.
25.
A.

26.
A.
27.
A.
28.
Ans:

29.
A.

30.
A.
31.
A.

What is the efficiency expression and persentage for halfwave and full wve rectifier
efficiency:- i) halfwave rectifier =
Percentage of half wave rectifier is : 40.6%
ii) efficiency of full wave rectifier =
Persentage of full wave rectifier = 81.2 %
What is zener voltage (V2) how will it connected in circuit?
The voltage at which current across zenardiode in reverse bias increases is called zenar
voltage .
In circuit it is connected in reverse bias
What happens to the width of deplection layer i) forword biased ii) reverse biased
In forword bias depletion layer width decreases
In reverse bias depletion layer width increases
What are majority charge carriers of PNP and NPN transistors? Draw circuit
symbols
Majority charge carriers in PNP transistors are holes
Majority charge carriers in NPN transistors are electrons
Circuit Symbols:Define Amplifier and Amplification factor?
A device increasing the strength of a weak signal is called Amplifier
Amplification factor =
ratio of out put voltage and in put voltage is called Amplification factor.
Which gates are called universal gates
NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates
What is truth table of NAND gate? How it differs from AND gate
It is the compliment of AND gate
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
What are isotopes isobars, isotones and isomers?
Nuclie has same atomic number but different atomic mass number are called isotopes
Ex:
Nuclie has same atomic mass number but different atomic number are called isobars
Ex:
Nuclie has same no.of neutrons but different atomic number and mass number are
called isotones
Ex:
Nuclie has same atomic number and mass number but different nuclear properties are
called isomers
Ex:
What will be the ratio of radii of two nuclic of mass number A1 and A2
What is ment by activity of radio active material? How is it related with decay
constant.
The number of nuclei that decay per unit time is called Activity of a sample.

32.
33.

34.
A.
35.
A.
36.
A.

37.

38.
A.
39.

40.
A.
41.
A.
42.
A.

Activity
Give four important characterstics of nuclear forces
i) attractive in nature
ii) independent of charge
iii) strongest of all
forces
iv) spin dependent
v) short range forces
State four properties of neutron?
1) High penetrating and low ionising power
2) uncharged particles
3) average life is 1000 sec.
4) When neutrons are passing through material like parafin. They are slow down, these
slow neutrons are called thermal neutrons
What is the role of moderator and controle rods in neuclear reactor?
Moderators are used to slow down fast moving neutrons controle rods are used to
stop
reaction by absorbing neutrons.
Distinguish b/w particle and antiparticle.
Particle and anti particle has same mass and spin but opposite magnetic moment and
charge.
MAGNETISM
Define magnetic moment of a magnet. What is it unit and direction?
The product of pole strength and length of the magnet is called magnetic moment.
( M = 2 l m)
Unit : Am2
Direction : South to North along the axis of magnet.
Distinguish b/w uniform and non uniform magnetic fields.
Uniform magnetic field:- If the direction and magnitude of magnetic induction is same
at all points. Then it is said to be uniform.
Ex: earths magnetic field
Non-uniform magnetic field:- If the direction and magnitude of magnetic induction is
different at all points then it is said to be non-uniform magnetic field.
ex: magnetic field due to bar magnet.
On what factors does the period of oscillation of a bar magnet depends?
1) Moment of inertia
2) Magnetic moment of magnet 3) Uniform magnetic
field
Give the expressions for the magnetic induction due to bar magent on i) axial line ii)
equitorial line
on axial line : for short magnet
on equitorial line for short magnet
Do you find two magnetic field lines. Intersecting? Why?
No.Because at the intersecting point the magnetic field will have two directions which
is not possible
When the couple acting on a bar magnet i) maximum
ii) minimum
If couple is maximum
If couple is minimum
How do you determine the magnetic nature of a material, given in the form of rod?
The given rod is placed near the magnet. If it is strongly attracted Ferro magnet
Feebly(lightly) attracted Para magnet
Freebly repelled Dia magnet

43.

44.

Classify the following substances in to Dia, Para and Ferro magnetic materials 1)
Manganese
2) Bismath
3) Cobalt 4) Oxygen 5) Copper
6) Aluminium
Manganese Para magnetic
Bismuth
Dia magnetic
Cobalt
Ferro magnetic
Oxygen
Para magnetic
Copper
Dia magnetic
Aluminium Para magnetic
The force b/w two magnetic poles separated by a distenced in air is F. At what
distance b/w them force become doubled

A.
45.

46.
47.

48.

49.

50.
51.
52.

53.
A.

What is the magnetic moment of semi circular magnet of radius r and pole strength
m
Magnetic moment M = (2l)m
M = (2r) m
In equal distance method of a D.M.M the deflections produced by two bar magnets are
300 and 600 what is the ratio of their magnetic moments
The magnetic moment of a bar magnet is M . It is cut into two pieces in the ratio 1 :
2 perpendicular to its length what is the ratio of magnetic moments
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Define drift velocity? and mobility give units. The speed with which electrons gets
drifted in a metalic conductor by the application of electric field is called drift velocity
Unit : m/s
mobility : - Average drift velocity per unit electric field strength is called mobility
Unit :
What are ohmic and non ohmic devices?
Devices which obey ohms law are called ohmic devices
Ex: Metals
Devices which does not obey ohms law are called nonohmic devices
Ex: semi conductors
On what factors resistance of a conductor depend?
1) Nature of conducor
2) Length
3) Area of cross section
4) Temp
The manganin wire is used in the preparation of standard resistance why?
For manganin wire co-efficient of resistance () is very less. so it is used.
What is temperature coefficient of resistivity? What is its units?
The ratio of change in resistivity per 10C rise in temperature to the resistivity at 00C is
called temperature coefficient of resistivity.
Unit / C0 (N.k1)
How many electrons flow through a wire when 1A current passes for 1 milli second.

54.
55.
56.
57.

58.
59.
60.
A.
61.
A.
62.
A.
63.

64.

65.
A.

electrons.
Is Ohms law a fundamental law?
No. It is not applicable for semi conductors, gases
What is an ideal cell?
A cell whose internal resistance is zero. and it gives constant current is called ideal
cell
What is terminal voltage of a cell? When it will be equal to emf of cell
The potential difference across terminals of cell in an open circuit is called terminal
voltage. In open circuit it is equal to emf.
Distinguish b/w emf and P.d.?
emf
p.d
1) emf is the cause
1) p.d is the effect
2) emf refers to the source
2) P.d refers to a part of circuit
3) emf is independent of
3) p.d is depends on
a) resistance
i) resistance
b) internal resistance of the cell
ii) internal resistance of a cell
c) current in the circuit
iii) current in the circuit
Which of the two namely voltmeter and potentiometer is preferable to measure the
emf of a battery why?
Potentio meter is preferable because it draws no current
Give the expressions for electric energy and power?
Electrical energy = vit
Electrical power = vi
Define kilo watt hour (or) S.T KWH = 36 x 105 J.
Electrical energy consumed at the rate of one kilo watt for an hour
1 kwh = 103 x 60 x 60 = 36 x105J
When is the series combination of a cell is advantageous? Why?
a) When internal resistance is small compare to external resistance.
b) When large emf is required
When is the parallel combination of a cell is advantageous why?
a) When internal resistance is more compare to external resistance
b) when large current is required.
What are the advantages and principle of potentio meter?
Principle :_ Potential difference across . The wire is proportional to length of the wire
Advantages: 1) To determine internal resistance of a cell
2) To compare emf of cells.
THERMO ELECTRICITY
What is thermo couple? Write its use ? Which is widely used?
The combination of two dissimilar metals selected to form two junctions is called
thermo couple
Uses :- i) measurement of current
ii) measurement of temperature
iii) measurement of intensity of heat radiation
Define i) neutral temp. ii) inversion temp. iii) Peltier effect iv) Thomson effect
v) Peltier coefficient
vi) Thomson coefficient
Refer SAQ

66.
A.

67.

The neutral temperature of thermo couple is 1800C. What is the temperature of

inversion when cold junction is at 200C
Tn = 1800, TC = 200C
Ti = 2 TnTC
=2 x 180 20
= 3400C
ELECTRO MAGNETISM
State Amperes law and Biot savarts law?
Amperes Law :- The line integral of magnetic field intensity arround any closed path
is equal to times of net current across the area bounded by this path
Biat Savarts law :- magnetic induction field strength at a point due to a current
carring element is directly propotional to the, current i, length the element dl and sine
of angle b/w current carrying element and the line joing of mid point of the element and
inversly propotional to square of distance b/w them

68.

69.
A.

State Amperes swimming rule?

Imagine a person swimming along the conductor. above it in the direction of current
facing magnetic needle then the north pole of magnetic needle delfects towards his left
hand.
A current of 10A passes through two wires infinetly long and seperated by a distance of
1M. What is the force b/w then per unit length
Given i1 = p2 = 10A, r1 = 1M
=

70.

What is the force on a conductor of length l carrying current i when it is situated in a

magnetic field of induction B.

A.

71.

F= Bil sin
It Fmax = Bil
What is the force on a charged particle of a charge q moving with velocity v in a
uniform magnetic field of induction B.

A.

72.
A.
73.

F = Bqv sin
If
Fmax = BqV
What is the principle of tangent galvanometer
Principle is tangent law
B = BH tan
State Fleming left hand, right hand rule.
Left hand :- Strech your hand such
that
Right hand:- Strech your hand such
that
thumb, fre finger, and middle fingers are Thumb, fre finger and middle fingers are
If forefinger magnetic field
center finger current

If fore finger gives magnetic field Thumb

gives direction of force

Then
Thumb direction of force

Then
center finger gives direciton of induced
current

74.

Distinguish b/w Ammeter and Voltmeter

Ammeter
Voltmeter
1) Device used to measure the current
1) Device used to measure potential difference
2) Internal resistance of ideal ammeter
2) Internal resistance of ideal Voltmeter
is zero
is infinity
3) We can convert MCG in to Ammeter
3) We can convert MCG in to voltmeter
by
by connection small resistance parallel to it
connecting a height resistance series to
it

75.
A.
76.
A.
77.
A.
.
78.

How do you convert MCG in to Ammeter

We can convert MCG in to Ammeter by connection small resistance parallel to it
How do you conver MCG in to voltmeter
We can convert MCG in to voltmeter by connecting a height resistance series to it
A MCG can measure 106 A. What is the resistance of shunt to measure 1A.

79.
A.
80.
A.
81.
A.
82.
A.
83.

84.
85.
A.

State the factors on which (i) self inductance ii) mutual inductance depends.
self inductance depends on
mutual inductance depends on
1) shape of coils
1) shape of coils
2) number of turns
2) number of turns
3) medium inside the coil
3) medium inside the coil
4) distance b/w coils
5) angle b/w axes of coils
Which type of transformer used in bed lamps
Sted down transformer because it require low voltage
What is the principle of transformer? What is transformer ratio.
Principle mutual induction
Transformer ratio =
A transformer converts 100 V A.C in to 1000 V A.C. Calculate number of turn
on
secondary if the primary has 10 turns
What is the rms value of the voltage inAn A.C circuit
Vrms = 0.707 V0 . Where VO is peak voltage.
What is the impedence in 1) inductor 2) capacitor 3) L and R 4) C and R
i) Induction : L
ii) Capacitor :
iii) L and R = iv) L and C =
ELECTRO STATICS
1C of charge is equal to charge of n number of electrons in magnitude. What is the
value of n.
electrons
What is meant by the statement that charge is quantized.
Charge equal to integral multiple of charge of electron

86.
87.
A.
88.
A.
89.
A.
90.
91.
92.
A.
93.
A.
94.
95.

96.

97.

98.

q = ne
What happens to force b/w two charges if distance b/w them is

a) halved

b) doubled

a)
b)
The electric lines of force do not intersect why?
No. because if they intersect the intersecting point has two directions which is
impossible.
Three capacitors are connected in parallel a) What is the ratio of charges b) What is
the ratio of potential differences
Q1 : Q2 : Q3 :4 : 6 : 8 = 2 : 3 : 4
V1
: V2 : V3 = 1 : 1 : 1
Three capacitors are connected in series a) What is the ratio of charges
b) What is the ratio of potential differences
Q1 : Q2 : Q3 = 1 : 1 : 1
An uncharged body if kept in contact for some time with a charged body it is repelled
Why?
By conduction uncharged body gets same charge so they are repelled.
Repulsion is sure test for electrification why?
Attraction is due to oppositely charged body (or) uncharged body . But repulsion is due
to same body ony so repulsion is sure test
Can there be electric potential at a point having zero electric intensity. Give one
example.
Yes. Inside the charged hallow spherical conductor
Can there be electric intensity at a point having zero electric potential? Give one
example.
Yes. a point on the equitorial line of an electric dipole.
The potential of earth is taken as zero. Explain?
Earth is a huge conductor. So electrical state of earth cant be changed even though we
are adding or removing charge to it. So it is considered to be zero.
Define permitivity & reletive permittivity?
Permittivity is the characterstic of medium surrounding the charges.
Relative permittivity is the ratio of permittivity of a medium to permittivity of free
space.
What are the difference b/w electric and magnetic lines of force.
Electric lines of force
MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE
1. These are Open lines
These are Closed lines
2.These are not passing through
These are passing through the magnetic
material
a conductor
State Gausss Law in electrostatics
The total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to times of net charge
enclosed by the surface.
PHYSICAL OPTICS
What are half period zones ? What is their other name ?

The wave front devided into no.of zones with path difference of and phase
difference of . are called as half period zones the other name is Fresnel zones.
99. Writer the characterstics of coherent sources ?
If the sources has constant phase difference or same phase and same amplitude. Then they
are said to be coherent sources.
100. Two waves of same frequency have amplitude 1 and 2. They interfere at a point where
their phase differnce is . What is the resultant amplitude.
=
=.
101. What change will occur in a youngs double slit experiment. If the whole appartus is
immersed in water rather then air ?
A.
Fringe width
fringe width decreases.
102. If a polarizer is placed infront of each slit. When changes be observed in the interference
fringes.
a) when polarizing axes are parall.
b) when polarzing axes are perpendicular.
A.
a) we can get dark and bright fringes with less intensity.
b) We can get two mutually perpendicular polarized light waves.