Information Memorandum For The Akkas Gas Field, Western Desert, Iraq

Akkas Field Information Memorandum
INFORMATION MEMORANDUM FOR THE

AKKAS GAS FIELD,
WESTERN DESERT, IRAQ
OCTOBER 2008
Oil Ministry of the Republic of Iraq
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................
1.
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................
1.1
1.2
1.3
General Information.........................................................................
History of the Field...........................................................................
Production Summary .......................................................................
2
2
2
GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS .................................................................
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.
4.
Regional Geology ............................................................................

Field Structure .................................................................................
Geophysical Evaluation ...................................................................
Petroleum System ...........................................................................
Reservoir Properties........................................................................
Volumetric Estimates.......................................................................
5
5
5
12
12
12
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING ....................................................................
16
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Hydrocarbon Properties...................................................................
Rock Properties (SCAL) ..................................................................
Production Test Results ..................................................................
Current Status of Wells....................................................................
16
16
16
16
FACILITIES .................................................................................................
25
Akkas Field, Major Historical Events ...........................................................

Akkas Field, Seismic lines included in data package ..................................
Akkas Field, Changes to Volume Estimates ...............................................
Akkas Field, Hydrocarbon Properties..........................................................
Akkas Field, Production test results, well Akkas-1 ......................................
Akkas Field, Formation test results, well Akkas-1 .......................................
Akkas Field, DST results, well Akkas-3.......................................................
Akkas Field, Producing reservoirs by well...................................................
4
10
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Tables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Figures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Akkas Field, Location Map ..........................................................................

Akkas Field, Stratigraphic Cross-Section through Wells 1 to 6 ...................
Akkas Field, Structure Map of Top Akkas ...................................................
Akkas Field, Structure Map of Top Khabour ...............................................
Akkas Field, Regional Cross-Section ..........................................................
Akkas Field, Map of 2D Seismic Lines ........................................................
Akkas Field, Generalised Lithostratigraphic Column...................................
Akkas Field, Stratigraphy of Rhuddanian Hot Shale.................................
3
6
7
8
9
11
13
14
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

Page No.
Appendices
I.
II.
III.
Glossary
Inventory Summary of Akkas Field Data Package
References on The Regional Geology of Iraq
INTRODUCTION
The Oil Ministry of the Republic of Iraq has invited bids from a number of
companies to develop or redevelop selected oil and gas fields in Iraq. The Akkas
Field in the western desert of Iraq is one of the selected fields. This Information
Memorandum aims to provide an overview of the geology, production and facilities of
the field to assist interested companies in prioritizing and accelerating their
evaluation of the field. Further details on the timetable and the terms and conditions
that apply to the offering are contained in the Initial Tender Protocol.
An inventory summary of the data package of the Akkas Field is shown in
Appendix II of this document.
1.
SUMMARY
1.1
General Information
The Akkas (previously called Salah Al Dine) gas field is situated in the far
west of Iraq, within the Western Desert, in the Al-Anbar Governorate, 25 km south of
Al Qaim city by the Syrian border (Figure 1). It comprises an oval anticlinal structure,
with a NW-SE axial trend, bound to the north by the Anah Graben and to the east by
the Abo Jear fault system. The structure is around 50 km long and 18 km wide.
1.2
History of the Field
The area bordering Syria to the north of Euphrates was considered to have
little hydrocarbon potential until the discovery of Akkas gas field in 1992. The
Akkas-1 well was drilled in August, 1992 to a total depth of 4,238m on the apex of the
structure. The structure was found from the 1982 Ana-Ghadda seismic survey as a
large faulted anticline.
Akkas-1 discovered light oil to condensates in the sandstones of the Lower
Silurian Akkas formation at around 2,400m and gas was tested within the Ordovician
Khabour formation.
To date, six wells have been drilled on the main structure. Of these, the first
four wells tested gas from the Khabour Formation (Akkas-1, Akkas-2, Akkas-3 and
Akkas-4), and one well in the northern part was dry and has been plugged and
abandoned (Akkas-5). No data is yet available on the most recent well drilled in the
south of the field (Akkas-6), which is currently suspended.
Table 1 gives a brief timeline of major events in the life of the Akkas Field.
Oil was tested at low rates from the Qaim Member of the Akkas Formation in Akkas1. All subsequent wells have failed to encounter oil in the Akkas Formation. The gasbearing Khabour Formation is the primary target in Akkas Field. The production
tests in Akkas-1 to Akkas-4 were short and the documented production rates
varied from 2.5 to 34 MMscf/d. The production rates for the wells located in
the northern part of the field were much higher than those for the well in the
southern part of the field. No long term well tests have been performed in the
Khabour reservoir.
The Akkas Field GIIP in the Khabour Formation (Upper Sandstone Reservoir)
only is estimated to be in excess of 5.6 Tscf. The STOIIP of the Akkas Formation
could be as large as 84 MMBbl of oil but this is highly uncertain as only one of the six
wells encountered oil pay.
1.3
Production Summary
Akkas Field has not been produced yet and is being currently assessed for
development.
TURKEY
Mosul
Arbil
Kirkuk
SYRIA
Al Anfal
Baiji
IRAN
Khanaquin
Al Hadithah
Balad
Akkas
JORDAN
Baghdad
IRAQ
Ar Rutbah
Al Mussayib
Karbala
Al Kut
Al Hayy
Al Amarah
Samawah
Nasiryah
Basra
Fao
SAUDI ARABIA
KUWAIT
0
50
100
150
200 Km
LEGEND
Gas Field
Oil Field
Gas Pipeline
Oil Pipeline
City / town
Akkas Field, Location Map
Fig. 1

3
TABLE 1
AKKAS FIELD, MAJOR HISTORICAL EVENTS
Date
Event
November, 1993
Discovery well, Akkas -1
February, 2002
Well Akkas-2 completed
October, 2002
Well Akkas-3 completed
February, 2003
Wells Akkas - 3 and - 5 completed
2008
Plans to build pipeline from Akkas to Syria
2.
GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
2.1
Regional Geology
The petroleum systems of Iraq are part of the prolific Arabian Plate region,
which accounts for upwards of 60% of the worlds recoverable oil reserves. Most oil
fields in Iraq exploit Cretaceous and Cenozoic carbonates, representing fairly
consistent sedimentation in warm lagoonal to basinal environments.
The
Akkas Field, however, situated in the far west of the country exploits sediments much
older. This area of Iraq has been uplifted in the past, which brought Palaeozoic
targets nearer the surface, to lie uncomfortably beneath much younger sediments
(Figure 2). The primary reservoirs in Akkas are Silurian and Ordovician in age.
Details on the regional petroleum geology of Iraq that covers the tectonic history,
sedimentary basins and petroleum system elements of the country are available in
many published documents. Appendix III provides a list of references on the regional
geology of Iraq.
2.2
Field Structure
The Akkas Field is a wide, faulted anticline with an areal extent of around
360 km. It is bound to the north by the Anah graben, and to the east by a series of
faults and smaller grabens (Figure 3). Positioned in the far west of Iraq, the field has
been little affected by the tectonic activity that created the Zagros Mountains in the
northeast. Therefore, the structure and faulting to the east is attributed to vertical
movement of the crystalline basement below and non-compressional faulting.
Two reservoirs are identified for development, the Silurian Akkas and
Ordovician Khabour formations. Of these, the Khabour is more significant. The
closure of the top Khabour horizon is 29.5 km long and 12 km wide, with 90 m of
closure. The crest of the reservoir is found at around 2,000 m TVDss (Figure 4).
The Western Desert area was originally believed to be an area of poor
exploration potential in Iraq. Hydrocarbon accumulation in the Akkas Field is most
likely related to folding and faulting of the Silurian and Ordovician sediments, and in a
regional sense this has caused more prospects with similar features to be identified
further to the NE (Figure 5).
2.3
Geophysical Evaluation
2D seismic data was acquired over the Akkas Field in two programs. The
first, the Ana-Ghadda (AG) program, conducted from 1980-82. This was sourced
using vibroseis and 4 ms sampling rate. The second acquisition, the Akkas (AS)
program, performed during 1998-99. This was also sourced using vibrosies and
4 ms sampling rate.
Thirty three seismic lines are provided both as SEGY format and tif section
images. A further seven lines are SEGY format only, and a single line is represented
by a section image only (Table 2). The positions of these lines give very satisfactory
coverage over the area (Figure 6), though five of the lines are not marked on the
map.
Akkas-5
+ 500
GROUND 13 3/8
LEVEL 20
0
Akkas-1
Akkas-2
Akkas-3
350
371
287
348
13 3/8
20
9 5/8
+142 m EUPHRATES
SEA
LEVEL
9 5/8
20
(414) -13
(402) -21
(394) -44
242 m
SHIRANISH
393 m
402 m
500
432 m
287 m
9 5/8
141 m
25 m
(drill.)
314 m
247 m
(drill.)
514 m
492 m
(drill.)
422 m
JUDEA
658 m
Akkas-6
144 m
(drill.)
121 m
+87 m
276 m
13 3/8
20
13 3/8
9 5/8
JADDALA
(450) -102
Akkas-4
389
637
(1003) -658
(1102) -713
616 m
1000
(1270) -922
RUTBA
817 m
(1153) -772
948 m
888 m
MARKADA
988 m
1082 m
1177 m
1200 m
1500
AKKAS
(1936) -1538
(2099) -1700
2000
(2147) -1899
1984 m
(2296) -1925
1938 m
2039 m
2054 m
2159 m
T.D = -2252
T.D = -2128
KHABOUR
2500
T.D = -3981
T.D = -2750
T.D = -2869
Cenozoic sediments
Cretaceous sediments
Carboniferous sediments
Silurian / Ordovician (primary reservoirs)
Akkas Field, Stratigraphic

Cross-Section through
Wells 1-6
Fig. 2

6
UTM Zone 37N
3,790,000
3,780,000
3,770,000
20 Km
15
3,760,000
10
3,750,000
710,000
700,000
690,000
680,000
670,000
660,000
3,740,000
Akkas Contract Area
Akkas Field, Contract Area
Fig. 3

7
UTM Zone 37N
Anah Graben
3,790,000
Faulted area to east

Akk-5
Akk-1
3,780,000
Akk-2
Akk-3
3,770,000
20 Km
Akk-4
15
3,760,000
Akk-6
10
3,750,000
700,000
690,000
680,000
670,000
660,000
Depth (m TVDss)
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
Akkas Field, Structure map of

Top Akkas Formation
Fig. 4

8
Jabiriya
Prospect
SW
Akkas-1
Alsafa
Prospect
Rayo
prospect
NE
Depth in metres
Post-Silurian
Silurian
20
Ordovician
40
Prospects
20 km
Akkas Field, Regional CrossSection
Fig. 5

9
TABLE 2
AKKAS FIELD, SEISMIC LINES INCLUDED IN DATA PACKAGE
Stacked SEGY and image
SEGY only
ag28
ag15
as11
ag17
as11c
ag34b
ag19
as13
ag36 1
ag21
as14
ag36b 1
ag21c
as15 1
ag344 1
ag23
as17
as16
ag25
as20
as18
ag27
as21
ag29
as21c
ag30
as22
ag31
as23
ag32
as24p2
ag34
as26
ag34a
as28
ag38
as30
ag308
as32
Image only
as24p1
as34
Note:
1.
Seismic line not displayed on base map.
10
UTM Zone 37N
10
15
20 Km
3,800,000
3,790,000
3,780,000
3,770,000
3,760,000
700,000
690,000
680,000
670,000
660,000
3,750,000
Segy file and TIF image profile available

TIF image profile available
Segy file available
Akk-4
Key well locations
Akkas Field, Map of 2D Seismic

Lines
Akkas Contract Area
Fig. 6

11
2.4
Petroleum System
The petroleum system of the Akkas Field is much older than in most Iraqi
fields.
Rather than the carbonates that dominate the Cretaceous-Cenozoic
sequences, this field is predominantly clastic in origin (Figure 7). It seems to be
based around highly organic shale found at the base of the Akkas Formation, in the
Rhuddanian Stage of the Silurian (Figure 8). This shale is extremely widespread,
over the Arabian Plate and much of North Africa. Its extremely high TOC means it is
a significant source rock in many petroleum systems across this wide area. In the
Akkas Field, it appears to have been the source for both the Akkas and Khabour
reservoirs, charging the latter from above with a significant amount of gas.
2.5
Reservoir Properties
The two reservoirs are sandstone layers within thick shale sequences. They are
generally homogenous, fine grained sandstones of a relatively constant thickness.
Porosity is heavily affected by diagenesis, specifically pervasive silica cement. The
presence of fractures within the formation enhances effective porosity. Average
porosity is around 7.6%.
Matrix permeability is generally poor. Average
permeabilities for the Khabour and Akkas sandstones in Akkas-1 cores are 0.1 mD
and 0.2 mD respectively. Average permeability of 4 mD from well test infers the
presence of natural fractures in the well trajectory.
2.6
Volumetric Estimates
Oil in the Akkas Formation has only been encountered by a single well, hence
it is very difficult to come up with a sensible estimate of STOIIP. Estimates between
50 and 100 MMBbl seem most likely. The gas in the Khabour Formation is more
significant as it has been penetrated by more wells, and as more wells have been
drilled the estimate has been refined (Table 3).
According to the results obtained from well Akkas-1 in 1992, the gas initially in
place (GIIP) was estimated to be of 2.660 Tscf (in the Upper Sandstone Reservoir
only). The initial development plan suggested this could be produced at up to
200 MMscfd.
After the wells Akkas 2, 3, 4 and 5 were drilled during 2002 to 2003, the
estimate of the GIIP increased to 4.362 Tscf (in the Upper Sandstone Reservoir
only). This suggested a production plateau of 400 to 500 MMscfd could be reached.
More recent estimates involving seismic re-interpretation increase the GIIP to
5.68 Tscf (in the Upper Sandstone Reservoir).
12
Akkas Field, Generalised

Lithostratigraphic Column
Fig. 7

13
Source: from Lning et al, 2000
Akkas Field, Stratigraphy of

Rhuddanian Hot Shale
Fig. 8
14
TABLE 3
AKKAS FIELD, CHANGES TO VOLUME ESTIMATES
Year
Estimated
Estimated
GIIP
(Tscf)
Production
Plateau
Forecast
(MMcfd)
Akkas Field
1992
2.660
200
Akkas Field
2003
4.362
400-500
Akkas Field
2008
5.6
400-500
15
3.
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
3.1
Hydrocarbon Properties
The composition of the free gas and some gas properties of well Akkas-1 are
shown in Table 4.
3.2
Rock Properties (SCAL)

No SCAL measurements have been taken to date.
3.3
Production Test Results
The existence of a gas accumulation was proved in the Khabour formation

at 2,332 to 2,341m and 2,350 to 2,360m depths in well Akass-1 when gas and
condensates were produced. Specific gravity of the gas was 0.726 and specific
gravity of the condensate was 0.779. Results of well tests are given in Table 5.
3.4
Current Status of Wells
Six wells have been drilled. Five have been completed in the Khabour
formation and the most recent well is currently suspended. See Table 6.
16
TABLE 4
AKKAS FIELD, HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES AKKAS RESERVOIR
Date
12 September, 1993
Interval
2332-2360 metres sub-surface
Component
Mol%
N2
1.54
C1
80.49
C2
8.92
CO2
2.2
H2S
Zero
C3
3.54
i-C4
0.4
n-C4
1.0
i-C5
0.35
n-C5
0.41
C6
0.54
C7
0.39
C8
0.22
Specific gravity
0.726
Density 15.5,1AT-G/L
0.89
Molecular weight
21.02
Heating value Kcal/m3

Gross
10,702
Net
9,700
17
TABLE 5
AKKAS FIELD, PRODUCTION TEST RESULTS
Well
Formation
Chocke
size
(inch)
Akkas-1
Akkas-2
Akkas-3
Akkas-4
Khabour
Khabour
Khabour
Khabour
48\64
40\64
48\64
16\64
Testing
Time
(hours)
Average
Gas
Production
(MMscfd)
Average
Condensate
Production
(bopd)
5
4
2
3
34.6
10.4
27.2
2.5
232
195
540
not measured
Note:
1.
Akkas wells are horizontal.
18
TABLE 6
AKKAS FIELD, COMPLETED RESERVOIRS BY WELL
Well
Khabour
Formation
1
2
3
4
5
To be recompleted
for
evaluation
suspended
19
4.
FACILITIES
No facilities at present other than protected well heads.
20
APPENDIX I
Glossary
GLOSSARY
List of key abbreviations used in this report.
o
API
B
Bbl
Bcf
Bscf
bpd
bopd
bwpd
BHP
BS&W
Cp
DS
Deg C
Deg F
DST
Ft
Gal
GIIP
GOR
H2S
k
km
km2
m
m3
mD
MD
M
MM
ms
NGL
OWC
PI
ppm
psi
psia
psig
PVT
RT
SCAL
scf
scfd
ss
stb
STOIIP
SW
rb
T
TD
Tpd
TVD
Degrees API (American Petroleum Institute)

Billion (109)
Barrels
Billion cubic feet
Billion standard cubic feet
Barrels per day
Barrels oil per day
Barrels water per day
Bottom Hole Pressure
Basic sediment and water
Centipoises (a measure of viscosity)
Degassing Station
Degree Celsius
Degree Fahrenheit
Drill Stem Test
Foot/feet
gallon
Gas initially in place
Gas Oil Ratio
Hydrogen Sulphide
Permeability
Kilometers
Square kilometers
Metres
Cubic metres
Permeability in millidarcies
Measured Depth
Thousand
Million
milliseconds
Natural Gas Liquids
Oil Water Contact
Productivity Index
Part Per Million
Pounds per square inch
Pounds per square inch absolute
Pounds per square inch gauge
Pressure volume temperature
Rotary Table
Special Core Analysis
Standard Cubic Feet
Standard Cubic Feet per day
Subsea
Stock tank barrel
Stock tank oil initially in place
Water Saturation
Reservoir barrel
Trillion
Total Depth
Tonnes per day
Total Vertical Depth
GLOSSARY (Contd)
2D
3D
WC
WHFP
wt
UTM
%
Two dimensional
Three dimensional
Water cut
Well head flowing pressure
Weight
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
Percentage
APPENDIX II
Inventory Summary of Akkas Field Data Package
Akkas Data Inventory Summary

Number of Files
Facilities
Log, Core, Fluid Tests
Maps
Seismic Data
Production Data
Final Well Reports
Total Size
KB
40
186,181
1,285
667
16,936,730
15
126,541
APPENDIX III
References on The Regional Geology of Iraq
REFERENCES ON THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF IRAQ

Al-Ameri, T. & Batten, D., 1997. Palynomorph and Palynofacies Indications of Age,
Depositional Environments and Source Potential for Hydrocarbons: Lower
Cretaceous Zubair Formation, Southern Iraq. Cretaceous Research, vol 18, pgs
789-797.
Al-Chalabi, I., 2003. Iraqi Oil Policy: Present and Future Perspectives. Oil & Gas
Journal, vol. 101, issue 12.
Al-Fares, A., Bouman, M. & Jeans, P., 1998. A New Look at the Middle to Lower
Cretaceous Stratigraphy, Offshore Kuwait. Presented at 3rd Middle East
Geosciences Conference and Exhibition, Geo98, Bahrain 20-22 April 1998.
Al-Gailani, M., 1996. Iraqs significant hydrocarbon potential remains relatively
undeveloped. Oil & Gas Journal, vol 94, issue 31.
Al Shdidi, S., Thomas, G. & Delfaud, J., 1995. Sedimentology, Diagenesis, and oil
Habitat of Lower Cretaceous Qamchuqa Group, Northern Iraq. AAPG Bulletin,
vol 79, no. 5, pgs 763-779.
Alsharhan, A. & Nairn, A., 1997. Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Geology of the
Middle East. Elsevier Publishing, Netherlands, 843 pgs.
Aqrawi, A., Thehni, G., Sherwani, G. & Kareem, B., 1998. Mind-Cretaceous Rudistbearing Carbonates of the Mishrif Formation: an Important Reservoir Sequence
in the Mesopotamian Basin, Iraq. Journal of Petroleum Geology, vol 21, no. 1,
pgs 57-82.
Beydoun, Z., 1998. Arabian Plate oil and gas: Why so rich and so prolific?. Episodes,
vol 21, no. 2, pgs74-81.
BP, 2007. Statistical Review of World Energy.
Buday, T. & Jassim, S., 1983. Tectonic Map of Iraq. State Organization for Minerals,
one sheet, scale 1:1,000,000.
Fox, J. & Ahlbrandt, T., 2002. Petroleum Geology and Total Petroleum Systems of
the Widyan Basin and Interior Platform of Saudi Arabia and Iraq. U.S.
Geological Survey Bulletin 2202-E, 26pp.
Ibrahim, M., 2007. Missed, Bypassed, and Underestimated Hydrocarbon Traps:
Analysis of BHT Records Reveals Undiscovery Wells in North Arabia. SPE
105333 presented at SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference,
Bahrain, 11-14 March 2007.
Jassim, S. & Goff, J. (ed.), 2006. Geology of Iraq. Dolin, Prague and Moravian
Museum, Brno, 341 pgs.
Kashfi, M., 1980. Stratigraphy and Environmental Sedimentology of Lower Fars
Group (Miocene), South-Southwest Iran. AAPG Bulletin, vol 64, no. 12, pgs
2095-2107.
Lning, S., Craig, J., Loydell, D.K., torch, P. and Fitches, B., 2000. Lower Silurian
hot shales in North Africa and Arabia: regional distribution and depositional
model. Earth-Science Reviews 49, pgs 121-200.
Majid, A. & Veizer, J., 1986. Deposition and Chemical Diagenesis of Tertiary
Carbonates, Kirkuk Oil Field, Iraq. AAPG Bulletin, vol 70, no. 7, pgs 898-913.
Murris, R., 1980. Middle East: Stratigraphic Evolution and Oil Habitat. AAPG Bulletin,
vol 64, no. 5, pgs 597-618.
Pollastro, R., 2000. Total Petroleum Systems of the Palaeozoic and Jurassic, Greater
Ghawar Uplift and Adjoining Provinces of Central Saudi Arabia and Northern
Arabian-Persian Gulf. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2202-H, 47 pgs.
Pollastro, R., Karshbaum, A. & Viger, R., 1998. Map Showing Geology, Oil and Gas
Fields, and Geologic Provinces of the Arabian Peninsula. World Energy
Assessment, USGS Open File Report 97 470B.
Sadooni, F., 1993. Stratigraphic Sequence, Microfacies, and Petroleum Prospects of
the Yamama Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Southern Iraq. AAPG Bulletin, vol
77, no. 11, pgs 1971-1988.
Sadooni, F. & Alsharha, A., 2003. Stratigraphy, microfacies, and petroleum potential
of the Mauddud Formation (Albian-Cenomanian) in the Arabian Gulf basin.
AAPG Bulletin, vol 87, no. 10, pgs 1653-1680.
Thode, H. & Monster, J., 1970. Sulfur isoptope abundance and genetic relations of oil
accumulations in the Middle East Basin. AAPG Bulletin, vol 54, no. 4, pgs 647637.

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