AP United States History 2010 Free-Response Questions: The College Board

AP® United States History
2010 Free-Response Questions
The College Board

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2010 AP® UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
UNITED STATES HISTORY

SECTION II
Part A
(Suggested writing time—45 minutes)
Percent of Section II score—45
Directions: The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your
interpretation of Documents A-J and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question.
High scores will be earned only by essays that both cite key pieces of evidence from the
documents and draw on outside knowledge of the period.
1. The emergence of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s had profound social and political
effects. Discuss.
Use the documents and your knowledge of United States history from the 1980s to the
1990s to construct your answer.
Document A
Source: Marvine Howe. “For People With AIDS, Housing Is Hard to Find.” June 25,
1984.
There is a very serious vacuum in housing for persons with AIDS because of all the
prejudices and misconceptions connected with the disease,” said Don Morlan, housing
consultant for the American Baptist Churches of Metropolitan New York… Low-
income people with AIDS…are unable to return to their family homes when they
leave the hospital because their relatives fear contagion.
Hospitals discharge indigent patients to shelters only as a last resort... people with AIDS
were going to shelters for the homeless “on their own or when there is no alternative...
“shelters are rife with communicable diseases and people with AIDS have no immunity”...
discharging AIDS patients to public shelters is “as good as homicide.”
It is very difficult to find placement for AIDS patients because the resources don’t
exist. Nursing homes don’t want to accept them. Hotels in general refuse them. In fact,
no facility wants them…even the fact that they have AIDS must be hidden or they will
be turned away.
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Document B
Source: Texas Department of Health. “If You’ve Had Two Sex Partners.” Circa 1986.

Document C
Source: Glenn Collins. “Impact of AIDS: Patterns of Homosexual Life Changing.”

July 22, 1985.
Four years since the public first became aware of AIDS, the lethal viral disease has
brought profound changes to the lives of homosexual men in New York.
It has had a pervasive effect on homosexual life styles, relationships, sexual patterns
and self-images. Many believe the changes to be permanent, and some feel that the
disease has led to a redefinition of contemporary homosexual life…
Although sexual freedom was an important tenet of homosexual life before AIDS,
promiscuity no longer seems socially acceptable to many of those interviewed. “I
know people who live their lives as if AIDS doesn’t exist, and they scare me,” said a
36-year-old salesman…
Some feel that AIDS has provided a strong motive for a number of homosexuals to
disclose their sexual orientation publicly as a gesture of solidarity with other
homosexuals. But other say it is harder, after AIDS, to admit homosexuality.
“These days you’re not just coming out of the closet,” said a 42-year-old editor who
works in Manhattan, “but you’re dragging a skeleton out of the closet with you.
You’re not only asking friends and relatives to accept someone who is gay, but also to
accept someone who may be a carrier.”

Document D
Source: Gerald M. Boyd. “Reagan Urges Abstinence for Young to Avoid AIDS.”
April 2, 1987.
President Regan today urged schoolchildren to abstain from sexual relations as the
best method to avoid contracting AIDS… Mr. Regan said his advice was based on
both medical and moral consideration, since there is no cure or vaccine for the deadly
disease of the immune system.
“AIDS information cannot be what some call ‘value neutral’… After all, when it
comes to preventing AIDS, don’t medicine and morality teach the same lessons?” he
said. “I think that abstinence has been lacking in much of education,” he said. “One of
the things that’s been wrong with too much of our education is that no kind of values
right and wrong are being taught in the education process.”

Document E
Source: Dirk Johnson. “Fear of AIDS Stirs New Attacks on Homosexuals.” New York
Times, April 24, 1987.
CHICAGO, April 22—In the Bohemian neighborhood of New Town on this city’s
North Side, several shops and bars that are popular among homosexuals here have
recently been scrawled with obscene slurs and the imperative: “Die!” The graffiti
articulate, however crudely, what sociologists and homosexual rights advocates here
view as a growing intolerance in a time of widespread fear and anger over AIDS.
“Homophobia, which seemed to be falling for several years, appears to be on the rise
again,” said David McKirnan, a psychologist at the University of Illinois at Chicago…
In 1986, reported incidents of harassment against homosexuals in New York increased
by 83 percent… ”Fear of gays among straights has always been based on the sense
that they’re going to do something to you,” he said. “And AIDS does so in terms of a
threatening disorder that satisfies all the requirements of a biblical plague.”

Document F
Source: David S. Hilzenrath. “Government’s Response to AIDS Epidemic Hit.”

Washington Post, August 13, 1987.
Experts nationwide say the federal government’s response to the AIDS epidemic is
“uncoordinated and insufficient” and complain that AIDS prevention programs are
tangled in red tape, according to a congressional study released yesterday…The GAO
[General Accounting Office] found that “weak federal leadership and the lack of a
sense of urgency in the education area” are considered “at least as troublesome as
shortfalls in the budget.”
Some state officials are so frustrated by the procedures required to obtain federal funds
that “they would rather have less money than more money with federal strings
attached,” the report said.
“The experts…told us that the patchwork of federal and state funding available for
AIDS prevention programs and the lengthy and cumbersome application process for
grants have prevented a quick response to the AIDS epidemic in many instances,” said
the report.

Document G
Source: “If He Doesn’t Have a Condom.” 1989.


Document H
Source: “Politics of AIDS Shifts from Left Wing to the Mainstream.” Times
Publishing Company. May 20, 1990.
The politics of AIDS has fundamentally shifted in Congress, turning lawmakers who
once cringed at voting for money to combat the epidemic of assist its victims into
vocal supporters of more federal aid.
Like other political turnarounds, this one reflects a combination of forces: constituent
pressures, finely tuned lobbying efforts and a health-care crisis too overwhelming to
be ignored.
But lawmakers and AIDS lobbying groups say the most powerful factor has been the
personal experiences member of Congress have had with those who suffer from the
disease, experiences that have allowed them to see it and address it as a public-health
issue rather than one defined by morality and lifestyle…
Now, [Rep. John Lewis, D-Ga.] said, “there is no way we can go around anymore
saying this is an issue just affecting the gay community…”
END OF DOCUMENTS FOR QUESTION 1


Paragraph Analyses of Each Document
Document A:
This document, taken from “For People With AIDS, Housing Is
Hard to Find,” was written by Marvine Howe in 1984. The document exposes the
obstacles and injustices those living with AIDS in 1984 were forced to face.
Students could use this document as both an example of the political and social
effects of AIDS, as it shows public prejudices and misconceptions influencing
housing rules and regulations. This document reveals the social stigma
surrounding AIDS during this time period and the harmful consequences these
beliefs had on those affected with the immunodeficiency virus. Students using this
document should note that those living with AIDS were placed in dangerous and
unhealthy surroundings such as… due to these prejudices. Students could
additionally note that this document reveals the “misconceptions” associated with
the illness at this time. Housing facilities and even families refused to house those
with AIDS because they feared, incorrectly, that the virus could be contracted
simply through casual contact. It was because of these early misconceptions about
the illness that so many people struggling with AIDS were turned out and placed in
unhealthy environments.
Document B:
The image “If You’ve Had Two Sex Partners” illustrates the profound
social effect of the AIDS epidemic. The advertisement from the Texas Department
of Health raises awareness of the consequences of unprotected sex as well as
discourages sexual promiscuity. By 1986, when this image was first released,
scientists had already discovered that the AIDS virus was contracted virally, spread
extremely rapidly, and most frighteningly, did not immediately present symptoms
in its victims. This characteristic of the virus enabled an unprecedented chain of
exposure, revealed through the image. Though the AIDS virus was first
concentrated in the gay community, this advertisement reaches beyond the assumed
stereotype to encompass all people in order to combat the spread of AIDS.
Document C:
“Impact of AIDS: Patterns of Homosexual Life Changing,” written by
Glenn Collins in 1985, demonstrates the social impact of the deadly virus AIDS on
the gay community. The article expresses that sexual promiscuity became frowned
upon as not only “socially [un]acceptable” but also a dangerous activity, as
promiscuity implied unsafe sex and therefore an increased possibility of contracting
AIDS. Collins also discussed in his article the increased complexity of accepting
other’s sexual identities, as being gay was immediately associated with being
infected with AIDS, therefore greatly increasing the difficulty of coming out of the
closet because of the added “skeleton.” However, some men believed that openness
and acceptance of their sexuality increased, as the gay community became more
united in the fight for AIDS awareness and prevention.
Document D:
This document is taken from the newspaper article “Regan Urges
Abstinence for Young to Avoid AIDS,” written by Gerald M. Boyd. The article
responds to a speech given by President Ronald Regan in 1987 in which he advises
the young to abstain from sexual relations as a means of avoiding AIDS infection.
This document shows that the AIDS epidemic promoted a change in lifestyle and
sexual attitudes. Students should note when using this document that President
Regan’s speech reflected the general public’s growing fear of casual sex, and that
the best way to avoid contracting the virus that had no cure, was to abstain from
sexual relations (demonstrating President Reagan’s original conservative policy
toward the AIDS epidemic). This document also reveals President Regan blurring
the lines between morality and science. The President was able to promote
abstinence, which he also clearly supported for “moral” reasons, by stating its now
important “medical” considerations. Abstinence thus gained support because moral
reasons for abstaining now were also coupled with health and medical reasons, as
Regan said, “medicine and morality teach the same lessons.”
Document E:
This document first appeared as the newspaper article “Fear of AIDS Stirs
New Attacks on Homosexuals” in the New York Times written by journalist Dirk
Johnson. During the AIDS epidemic of the 1980’s, violent attacks on homosexuals
greatly increased as they were targeted because of the “widespread fear and anger
over AIDS.” Students using this document might note that homosexuals were
increasingly the targets of violence in 1987 because AIDS had begun widely
spreading to the heterosexual population in addition to the homosexual one. The
author refers to the AIDS epidemic as a “biblical plague” because of the fact that
there was no known cure and it was spreading and causing widespread panic. As a
result of this panic and fear, homosexuals were targeted and homophobia increased.
Students using this document may also note the cause of this increase as being the
fact the AIDS had now spread to the more general heterosexual public and the
possibility of contracting AIDS became more of a reality to the general public, and
thus fear was displayed as violence.
Document F:
This document originally appeared as a newspaper article in the Washington
Post written by journalist David S. Hilzenrath. By 1987 there were some
government efforts and programs to help those with AIDS and stop the spread of
the illness. However students should note when using this document that this
limited government aid was not sufficient to battle the growing epidemic. This
document can be used to show the political impact of AIDS as it deals with the
issue of governmental aid. Students may also highlight the government was not
only giving an insufficient amount of monetary aid but also that the money that was
given was difficult to access as a result of the fact that is was “tangled in red tape.”
Additionally, the student should mention that the government’s uncoordinated and
slow response to the AIDS epidemic was a contributing factor to the initial
widespread increase in AIDS.
Document G:
This advertisement advocates safe sex in order to prevent the spread of
AIDS. This image also attempts to change the stereotype of the victims of the
AIDS virus; in the early 1980s, people believed that the disease only affected the
gay community (leading to its preliminary name G.R.I.D. or Gay Related
Immunodeficiency), but soon spread well beyond such boundaries. The student
could note in his or her explanation that the model discussing the importance of
condoms in the picture is a woman, revealing the necessity of heterosexual men
and women to become educated in how to prevent the spread of AIDS. This image
is an example of the government’s attempts to increase awareness of the virus as
well as expel stereotypes.
Document H:
The article “Politics of AIDS Shifts from Left Wing to the Mainstream”
exemplifies the political impact of AIDS, as the combat against the virus became a
leading issue the government had to face by the end of the 1980s. Students should
mention that no longer did liberals alone fight for AIDS campaign, but by the
1990s, AIDS prevention and awareness developed in mainstream politics, as the
article expresses. Such change occurred due to the extremely high death tolls of the
AIDS virus, as almost everyone knew someone who was either infected or had died
from the disease, and many knew a great amount more due to its concentration in
certain communities. The government finally began to give money to support the
campaign because of successful lobbyers and the extent of the crisis. As Democrat
John Lewis said, “there is no way we can go around anymore saying this is an issue
just affecting the gay community.” Students could additionally mention that this
article also reveals the shift in perspective on AIDS from a moral issue to a public
health crisis.
AIDS DBQ Likely Outside Information—Expressed in the Form of a Timeline

1981
• “Gay Cancer” later called GRID (Gay Related Immuno Deficiency)—when the
virus causing AIDS first emerged, it was seen in predominately gay men.
• Centers for Disease Control published a report about the increased number of cases
of a rare lung infection (PCP)—begins AIDS awareness in the U.S.
• First AIDS patient at the National Institute of Health (NIH)
1982
• The term “AIDS” is used for the first time
• Voluntary organizations dedicated to combating AIDS are formed (e.g. San
Francisco AIDS Foundation, Gay Men’s Health Crisis)
1983
• HIV is identified as the virus that causes AIDS
• San Francisco patrol officers given gloves and masks to wear when in contact with
a “suspected AIDS patient”
1984
• President Ronald Regan had not mentioned the word “AIDS” in public yet.
• Research confirms that AIDS is transmittable
• San Francisco bath houses and sex clubs close
1985
• Congress allocated $70 million for AIDS research
• Four major risk groups emerged: gays, IV drug users, recipients of blood
transfusions, and recent Haitian immigrants.
• The first International Conference on AIDS is held in Atlanta, US.
• It becomes clear that AIDS can also be sexually transmitted through heterosexual
men and women.
1986
• The Committee on a National Strategy for AIDS is created.
• The US shuts its doors to HIV- Infected immigrants and travelers.
• By the end of the year, 85 different countries had reports of the virus
1987
• Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic
appointed by Reagan
• George H.W. Bush leads the AIDS Executive Committee of the NIH
• The FDA approves AZT, the first drug used to fight the AIDS virus
1988
• US bans discrimination against federal workers with HIV
• George H.W. Bush supports mandatory HIV testing for those applying for
marriage licenses and public identification of those with the virus as a part of his
Presidential election campaign
• First World AIDS Day
1990
• Ryan White, a hemophiliac who contracted AIDS from a blood transfusion, dies at
age 19, resulting in the Congressional Ryan White CARE Act (a health care
program with the greatest amount of federal funding besides Medicare and
Medicaid)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Boyd, Gerald M. “Reagan Urges Abstinence for Young to Avoid AIDS.” New
York Times 2 Apr. 1987: A17. SIRS Decades. Web. May 2010.
<http://decades.sirs.com/decadesweb/decades/do/article?urn=urn%3Asirs%3AUS
%3BARTICLE%3BART%3B0000238745>.
•
• Collins, Glenn. “Impact of AIDS: Patterns of Homosexual Life Changing.” New
York Times 22 July 1985: B4. SIRS Decades. Web. May 2010.
•
• Hilzenrath, David S. “Government’s Response to AIDS Epidemic Hit.”
Washington Post 13 Aug. 1987: A13. SIRS Decades. Web. May 2010.
•
• Howe, Marvine. “For People with AIDS, Housing is Hard to Find.” New York
Times 25 June 1984: B4. SIRS Decades. Web. May 2010.
•
• If He Doesn’t Have a Condom. Circa 1989. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
SIRS Decades. Photograph. May 2010.
•
• If You’ve Had Two Sex Partners. Circa 1986. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
SIRS Decades. Photograph. May 2010.
•
• Johnson, Dirk. “Fear of AIDS Stirs New Attacks on Homosexuals.” New York
Times 24 Apr. 1987: A12. SIRS Decades. Web. May 2010.
•
• “Politics of AIDS Shifts from Left Wing to the Mainstream.” St. Petersburg Times
20 May 1990: 17A. SIRS Decades. Web. May 2010.

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AP® United States History

2010 Free-Response Questions

The College Board

Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.

UNITED STATES HISTORY

© 2010 The College Board.

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Source: Glenn Collins. “Impact of AIDS: Patterns of Homosexual Life Changing.”

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

Source: David S. Hilzenrath. “Government’s Response to AIDS Epidemic Hit.”

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

Source: “If He Doesn’t Have a Condom.” 1989.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

END OF DOCUMENTS FOR QUESTION 1

© 2010 The College Board.

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AIDS DBQ Likely Outside Information—Expressed in the Form of a Timeline

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