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INTRODUCTION
In this Lesson, we shall review processes with the aim of pointing out few strange
ideas to pure substances undergoing a change of phase during its process. The energy
equations previously set up in ideal gas processes, the symbols W, Q, H, h, U, u, P and
K are still applicable; the pdv and -vdp have the same meanings, but it is only seldom
that they are easily integrated. We shall avoid using ideal-gas laws unless necessary.
Although the vapor and ideal gas have similarity in forms and in their processes,
not all of the equations that are based on the characteristics of an ideal gas are
generally applicable to vapors. The general energy equation that was based on this
characteristic is not applicable to processes of vapors.
P1 + K1 + U1 +Ef1 + Q = P2 + K2 + U2 + Ef2 + W
Since the general energy equation is not applicable to vapors, we therefore shall
use simple energy equations that are applicable to processes of vapors because they
are based on any limitations.
The Simple Energy Equations
Q = U2 U1 + W n (unit mass)
PROCESSES OF VAPORS
A. CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS: (Isobaric)
An isobaric process is an internally reversible process of a pure substance during
which the pressure remains constant.
1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes
p
2
1
2
Q =Cpdt
= h=h2-h1
Wn= pdV
v
2) The Work, W
If the process is nonflow and reversible,
Wn = pdv = p V= P(v2-v1)
3) Transferred Heat, Q
From the simple energy equation
Q = u2 u1 + W n
For Steady flow and Nonflow Process
Q = u2 u1 + W n
But
Wn = pdv = p V= p(v2-v1)
Q = u2 u1 + p(v2-v1)
Q = u2 u1 + p2v2 p1v1
But
h = u + pv
Q = (u2 + p2v2) (u1 + p1v1)
Q = h2 h1
where: h1 = hf1 + x hfg1
If the change in internal energy is desired
u2 u1 = (h2 p2v2) ( h1 p1v1)
T
1
1
p=c
b
2
Q = U2U1
v=c
2
v
2. A rigid vessel contains 7 kg of at 0.5 Mpa. After the addition of 9600 kJ of steam,
the pressure beci nternaomes 2.5 Mpa and the temperature of 700 oC. Determine
the initial internal energy and the specific volume of the steam
3. A 1-kg steam-water mixture at 1.5 MPa is contained in an inflexible tank. Heat is
added until the pressure rises to 4.0 Mpa and the temperature is 400 oC.
Determine the heat transferred.
4. Water vapor at 100 kPa and 150oC is contained in a rigid vessel. At what
temperature will the vapor start to condense when the container is cooled slowly?
How much heat wil; be removed per kg in this cooling process?
C. CONSTANT TEMPERATURE (ISOTHERMAL) PROCESS
1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes
a
P
b
2
T
Isotherm
Critical
Temperature
c
p=c
1
Q
m
T
1
P1
P1
2
P2
P2
2
T
1
P1
P1
P2
2
P2
v
1
2
P1
Reheat
2
P2
s
Irreversibility
x 100%
Ideal work h1 h 2
h2
h2 is known as internal reheat process
s2
s2 is the irreversibility of the process
b) Compression on h-s plane
e =
Reheat
P1
1
P2
s
Irreversibility
Ideal work h1 h 2
x 100%
Actual work h1 h 2 '
E. POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Internally reversible polytropic process is defined by the equation pv n = c.
a) The Process on the pv Plane
p
pvn = c
v
d
v
b) The Work of Non Flow
Process, Wn
Wn = pdv
c) The Heat Transferred, Q
Q = U + Wn
p v p v
Q = u 2 u1 2 2 1 1
1 n
d) The Steady Flow Work, Ws
np 2 v 2 p1v 1
nWn
Ws = - vdp =
1 n
PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES:
1. Steam at 7 Mpa and 450oC expands polytropically to 1.0 MPa according to PV1.3=C.
Determine the work of nonflow and steady flow, the heat transferred, change in
enthalpy, and change in entropy.
2. Determine the heat and the work of the polytropic expansion of steam from 2.8 MPa
at 340oC to 0.76 Mpa at 200oC.
3. Steam at 175oC and with specific enthalpy of 6 kJ/kgK undergoes a polytropic
process with n=1.18 until pressure becomes 2.0 Mpa. (a) What is the final
temperature of the steam? (b) What is the work and the quantity of heat of the
process?