WI 31 PrEN 15251 Indoor Environment

EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPENNE
DRAFT
prEN 15251
EUROPISCHE NORM
May 2005
ICS
English version
Criteria for the Indoor Environment including thermal, indoor air

quality, light and noise
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 156.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
2005 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

worldwide for CEN national Members.
B-1050 Brussels
Ref. No. prEN 15251:2005: E
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
1
Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 6
Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 7
Symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 9
Interactions with other standards ..................................................................................................... 10
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.5.1
6.6
Design criteria for dimensioning of buildings and HVAC systems ............................................... 12

Thermal environment.......................................................................................................................... 12
Mechanical heated and cooled buildings ......................................................................................... 12
Buildings without mechanical cooling ............................................................................................. 13
Indoor air quality and ventilation rates............................................................................................. 13
Non-residential buildings ................................................................................................................... 13
Residential buildings .......................................................................................................................... 13
Filtration and air cleaning .................................................................................................................. 14
Humidity............................................................................................................................................... 15
Lighting ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Non residential buildings ................................................................................................................... 15
Noise..................................................................................................................................................... 16
7
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
Indoor environment parameters for energy calculation ................................................................. 16

Seasonal calculations (degree day method) .................................................................................... 16
Hourly calculations (dynamic simulation)........................................................................................ 16
Indoor air quality and ventilation ...................................................................................................... 17
Humidity............................................................................................................................................... 18
Lighting ................................................................................................................................................ 18
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.3
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
Evaluation of the indoor environment and long term indicators ................................................... 18

Design indicators ................................................................................................................................ 18
Measured indicators ........................................................................................................................... 19
Indoor air quality and ventilation ...................................................................................................... 20
Lighting ................................................................................................................................................ 20
Noise..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Draft ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Calculated indicators of indoor environment .................................................................................. 21
Simple indicator .................................................................................................................................. 21
Hourly criteria...................................................................................................................................... 21
Degree hours criteria .......................................................................................................................... 21
9
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
Inspections and measurement of the indoor environment in existing buildings ........................ 21

Inspections .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Indoor air quality ................................................................................................................................. 22
Lighting ................................................................................................................................................ 22
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
9.1.4
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
Noise..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Measurements ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Indoor air quality ................................................................................................................................. 23
Lighting ................................................................................................................................................ 24
Noise..................................................................................................................................................... 25
10
10.1
10.2
Classification and certification of the indoor environment ............................................................ 25

Detailed classification and certification ........................................................................................... 25
Recommended over all evaluation of the indoor environment and certification ......................... 25
Annex A (informative) Recommended criteria for the thermal environment ............................................. 26

A.1
Recommended indoor temperatures for design of buildings without mechanical
cooling systems .................................................................................................................................. 28
A.2
Recommended indoor temperatures for energy calculations........................................................ 29
Annex B (informative) Basis for the criteria for indoor air quality and ventilation rates .......................... 30
B.1
Recommended design ventilation rates in non-residential buildings........................................... 30
B.2
Recommended design ventilation rates in residential buildings .................................................. 31
B.3
Recommended values of CO2 for energy calculation ..................................................................... 32
Annex C (informative) Typical pollution loads and moisture generation in buildings.............................. 34
Annex D (informative) Recommended criteria for lighting........................................................................... 36
Annex E (informative) Criteria to evaluate draft and noise criteria of some spaces and
buildings .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Annex F (informative) Long term evaluation of the general thermal comfort conditions......................... 39
Annex G (informative) Example of the certification of indoor environment of an office
building ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Annex H (informative) Example how to define the low polluting building ................................................. 43
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 44
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 15251:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 156
"Ventilation for buildings", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Introduction
Energy consumption of buildings depends significantly on the used criteria for the indoor environment
(temperature, ventilation and lighting) and building (including systems) design and operation. Indoor
environment also affects health, productivity and comfort of the occupants. Recent studies have
shown that costs of the deteriorated indoor environment for the society, employer and building owner
are often higher than the cost of energy used in the same buildings. An energy declaration without a
declaration related to the indoor environment makes no sense. There is therefore a need for
specifying criteria for the indoor environment for design, energy calculations, performance and
operation.
There exist several international standards and guidelines, which specify criteria for thermal comfort
and air quality (EN ISO 7730, CR1752, and EN 13779). These standards do however specify different
classes, which may have a significant influence on the energy demand. For the thermal environment
criteria for the heating season (cold/winter) and cooling season (warm/summer) are listed. These
criteria are, however, mainly for dimensioning of HVAC systems. They can not directly be used for a
whole year evaluation of the indoor thermal environment. New results have shown that occupant
expectations in natural ventilated buildings may differ from conditioned buildings. This is not dealt with
in details in the above documents.
This standard specifies how design criteria shall be used for dimensioning of systems. It will also
define how to establish and define parameters of main impact or classes to be used as input to
building energy calculation methods and long term evaluation of the indoor environment.
Standard specifies the three categories of indoor environment which shall be selected for a space to
be conditioned. Category A corresponds to a high level of expectation (and leads to a highest
percentage of satisfied occupants in respect of indoor environment), category B a medium level of
expectation and category C to a moderate level of expectation. The designer may also select different
levels using the same principles. A different category may be selected for thermal environment, the
indoor air quality, acoustic environment and lighting for a space or a building. A different category may
be selected for summer and winter.
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Scope
This European Standard specifies the parameters of impact and/or criteria for indoor environment
and how they are used to meet the intent in the EPBD.
The standard specifies how to establish indoor environmental input parameters for the building
system design and energy performance calculations.
The standard also specifies methods for long term evaluation of the obtained indoor environment
as a result of calculations or measurements.
The standard includes a special section for buildings without mechanical cooling.
The standard specifies criteria for measurements to be used by inspection or monitoring of the
indoor environment in existing buildings.
This standard is applicable mainly in the non-industrial buildings where the criteria for indoor
environment are set by human occupancy and where the production or process does not have a
major impact on indoor environment. The standard is thus applicable to the following building
types: single family houses, apartment buildings, offices, educational buildings, hospitals, hotels
and restaurants, sports facilities, wholesale and retail trade service buildings.
The standard specifies how different categories of indoor environment can be used. But does not
does not require the certain criteria to be used. This is up to national or individual project
specifications.
The parameters and criteria are based on existing Standards and Guidelines (such as ISO CD16814,
EN ISO 7730, EN 13779, CR1752, and existing national standards).
Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any
of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or
revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
CR 1752 2001, Ventilation for buildings Design criteria for the indoor environment
EN 12792: 2004, Symbols, units and terminology
EN ISO 7726: 2003, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Instruments for measuring physical
quantities
ISO EN 7730: 2005, Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation
of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort
EN ISO 8996: 2004, Ergonomics Determination of metabolic heat production
ISO EN 9920: 2004, Ergonomics of the thermal environment estimation of the thermal insulation
and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble
EN13779: 2004, Ventilation for non-residential buildings performance requirements for ventilation
and room-conditioning systems
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
EN12831: 2003, Heating systems in buildings Calculation of the heating load

EN 12464: 2002, Light and lighting Lighting of work places Part 1: Indoor work places
EN 12665: 2002, Light and Lighting Basic terms and criteria for specifying data of lamps and
luminaries
EN 13032: 2004, Light and lighting Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps
and luminaries
ISO 15927-4: 2004, Hygrothermal performance of buildings Calculation and presentation of
climatic data Part 4: Data for assessing the annual energy for cooling and heating systems and
Part 5: Winter external temperatures and related wind data
PrEN14788: 2004, Ventilation for buildings Design and dimensioning of residential ventilation
systems
Terms and definitions
For the general purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 12792
shall apply.
3.1
adaptation
physiological, psychological or behavioural adjustment of building occupants to the interior thermal
environment, induced by outside weather conditions
3.2
active cooling
see mechanical cooling
3.3
average outdoor temperature
average daily outdoor temperature is the average of hourly average outdoor air temperatures
Average monthly outdoor temperature is the average of average daily outdoor air temperatures
3.4
brightness contrast
subjective assessment of the difference in colour between two or more surfaces seen simultaneously
or successively
3.5
buildings without mechanical cooling
buildings that rely on passive techniques to reduce high indoor temperature during the warm season
like not too large windows, adequate sun shielding, use of building mass, nigh time ventilation etc.
and not mechanical systems (e.g. air cooling, cooled surfaces) for preventing overheating
3.6
cold season
see heating season. In most regions (depending on length of the day, local solar radiation levels,
average monthly wind speed etc.) the cold season usually refers to periods with average outside
temperatures (average between maximum day temperature and minimum night temperature) below
1213 C
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
3.7
colour rendering
effect of an illuminant on the colour appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious comparison
with their colour appearance under a reference illuminant
3.8
colour rendering index (Ra)
mean of the CIE 1974 special colour rendering indices for a specific set of eight test colour samples
(IEC 50 (845)/CIE 17.4:1987; 845-02-59)
3.9
cooling season
part of the year during which (at least parts of the day) cooling appliances are used to keep the indoor
temperatures at agreed levels. The length of the cooling seasons differs substantially from country to
country (region to region)
3.10
daylight factor (D)
ratio of the luminance at a point on a given plane due to the light received directly or indirectly from
the sky of assumed or known luminance distribution, to the luminance on a horizontal plane due to an
unobstructed hemisphere of this sky. The contribution to direct sunlight to both luminances is
excluded
3.11
demand controlled ventilation
in demand controlled ventilation system the ventilation rate is controlled by air quality, moisture,
occupancy or some other indicator for the need of ventilation
3.12
glare
condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction in the ability to see details or objects,
caused by an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance, or to extreme contrasts
3.13
heating season
part of the year during which (at least parts of the day) heating appliances are used to keep the indoor
temperatures at agreed levels. The length of the heating seasons differs substantially from country to
country (region to region)
3.14
luminance (at a point or surface) (E)
quotient of the luminous d incident on an element of the surface containing the point, by the area dA
of that element
3.15
maintained (average) luminance (m)
value below which the average luminance on the specified area should not fall. It is the average
luminance at the time maintenance should be carried out
3.16
mechanical cooling
cooling of an environment or building by mechanical means like compressor cycle or similar using
central cooling of supply air, fan coil units, cooled surfaces, etc.
3.17
mechanical ventilation
see under ventilation system
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
3.18
natural ventilation
see under ventilation system
3.19
occupied hours/Unoccupied hours
the occupied hours of the building are those when the majority of the building is in its intended use.
The hours outside this period building is considered to be unoccupied
3.20
shielding angle
angle between the horizontal planes at the first line of sight at which the luminous parts of the lamps
in the luminaries are directly visible
3.21
ventilation rate
the magnitude of outdoor air flow to a room or building either through the ventilation system of
infiltration through building envelope
3.22
ventilation system
a combination of appliances designed to supply interior spaces with outdoor air and to extract polluted
indoor air. The system can consist of mechanical components (e.g. combination of air handling unit,
ducts and terminal units). Ventilation system can also refer to natural ventilation systems making use
of (wind dependant) facade shutters in combination with mechanical exhaust (e.g. in corridors, toilets
etc.). Both mechanical and natural ventilation can be combined with operable windows. A combination
of mechanical and non-mechanical components is possible (hybrid systems)
3.23
warm season
see cooling season. In most regions (depending on length of the day, local solar radiation levels,
average monthly wind speed etc.) the warm season usually refers to periods with average outside
temperatures above 1213 C
3.24
unified Glare Rating (UGR)
rating of discomfort glare directly forms the luminaries of an indoor lighting installation using the CIE
Unified Glare Rating tabular method (EN 12464-1:2002)
Symbols and abbreviations

o
T = temperature, C
o
To = indoor operative temperature, C

o
Te = external temperature, C
qtot= total ventilation rate, l/s
qB= ventilation rate for building materials,l/sm
qp= ventilation rate for persons, l/s,pers

n = number of persons, A= floor area, m
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Lp,A= A-weighed sound pressure level, dB(A)

Lp,eq,A=equivalent A-weighed sound pressure level, dB(A)
D = Daylight factor
m = Maintained (average) luminance
E = Luminance (at a point or surface)
Ra = Colour rendering index
UGR = Unified Glare Rating
Interactions with other standards
The present standard both give input to other standards and is using outputs from other standards.
The diagram shows an overview of the interaction with other standards related to the EPBD.
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Methodology for calculating energy performance

Article 3
Energy certification of buildings

Article 7 -- WI-1
New buildings
Article 5
Existing buildings
Article 6
Indoor Environment
WI 31
B
Energy use for space heating
and cooling -Simplified method
WI-14/15
Ways of expressing energy performance

Article 4 -- WI- 3
Energy use for space heating and cooling

General criteria and validation procedures
WI-17
Application of measured
energy (temperature) use
WI - 4
Temperature calculations
WI-27,28
Heating system energy requirements
WI-7/8/9/10 (26)
Cooling system energy requirements

WI-12 (26)
Ventilation system energy requirements

WI-18/19/20/21/25
Energy requirements for lighting

WI-13
Follow calculation method for new buildings
Overall energy use, primary energy,

CO2 emissions
WI-2
Building automation
WI-22
Heating systems (incl. boilers)

Article 8 -- WI-5
Inspections
Domestic hot water energy requirements

WI-11
Air conditioning (incl. ventilation)

Article 9 -- WI-6/30
Figure 1 Diagram showing the interaction with other standards related to the EPBD
The present standard will interact in the following way with other standards
A Indoor environmental criteria for design of building and HVAC systems. The thermal criteria
(design indoor temperature in winter, design indoor temperature in summer) are used as input for
heating (EN12831) and cooling load (EPBD-WI-16) calculations and sizing of the equipment.
Ventilation rates are used for sizing ventilation systems (Section 6), and lighting levels for design of
lighting system including the use of day lighting.
The design values for sizing the building services are needed to fulfil the requirements in the article 4
of EPBD referring to possible negative effect of indoor environment and to give advice in respect
improvement of the energy efficiency of existing buildings (article 6) as well as of the heating
(article 8) and cooling (article 9) of building.
B Criteria for the indoor environment (temperature, ventilation, lighting) as input to the calculation
of the energy demand (building energy demand), (EPBD WI-14, EPBD WI-15, EPBD WI-17)
(Section 7).
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Standardised input values for the energy calculations are needed for required calculations specified in
article 3 of EPBD.
C Output from measured environmental parameters in existing buildings (EPBD WI-4, temperature,
indoor air quality, ventilation rates) to evaluate overall yearly performance (Section 8). This
evaluation is necessary for the display of the climatic factors (indoor environment) in the energy
performance certificate (article 6 and 7 of EPBD).
D Output from room temperature calculations (EPBD WI-27, EPBD WI-28) to evaluate yearly
performance of buildings (chapter 8). This evaluation is necessary for the display of the climatic
factors (indoor environment) in the energy performance certificate (article 7 of EPBD) when the
evaluation is based on calculations (article 7 of EPBD)
E Provide methods for measurements of the indoor environment and for treating measured data
related to the inspection of HVAC systems (EPBD WI-5, EPBD WI-6, EPBD WI-30) (chapter 9). This
information is necessary to give advice related to the heating loads and system (article 8 of EPBD)
and air conditioning load and system (article 9 of EPBD) of a building.
F Provide method for certification and classification of indoor environment (EPBD WI-1, EPBD WI3) (Section 10). This certification method is necessary to integrate complex indoor environment
information to simple classification for the energy certificate (article 7 of EPBD).
Design criteria for dimensioning of buildings and HVAC systems
For design of building and dimensioning of HVAC systems the thermal comfort criteria (minimum
room temperature in winter, maximum room temperature in summer) shall be used as input for
heating load (EN12831) and cooling load (EPBD WI-16) calculations. This will guarantee that a
minimum-maximum room temperature can be obtained at design outdoor conditions and design
internal loads. Ventilation rates that are used for sizing the equipment have to be specified in design
(EPBD WI-18 to 21). This chapter presents values for the sizing and dimensioning of the systems and
well as for design of buildings without mechanical cooling.
In general national specified criteria for design and dimensioning of systems must be used, but the
present standard give in case of no national regulation recommended design values in informative
annexes. The recommended criteria are often given for three classes. Using a higher class with
stricter criteria will result in higher calculated design loads and then result in larger systems and
equipment.
Design criteria for the indoor environment shall be documented by the designer.
6.1
6.1.1
Thermal environment
Mechanical heated and cooled buildings
Design values for the indoor temperature for heating load and cooling load calculations shall be
specified at national level.
For establishing design criteria the following procedure is recommended.
Criteria for the thermal environment should be based on comfort conditions (predicted percentage of
dissatisfied) with typical levels of activity and thermal insulation for clothing (winter and summer) as
described in detail in EN ISO 7730, EN 13779 and CR 1752. The values for non-residential are
derived from comfort equation (EN ISO 7730) assuming typical activity for the space and thermal
insulation of clothing for summer and winter. The values for cooling are the upper values of the
comfort range and values for heating the lower comfort values of the range. Some examples
recommended design indoor temperatures, derived according to this principle, for heating and
cooling are presented in annex A Table A2.
12
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
The design values for sizing the building services are needed to fulfil the requirements in the article 4
of EPBD referring to possible negative effect of indoor environment and to give advice in respect
improvement of the energy efficiency of existing buildings (article 6) as well as of the heating (article
8) and cooling (article 9) of building.
Selection of the category is building specific, and the needs of special occupant groups such as
elderly people (low metabolic rate and impaired control of body temperature) shall be considered.
6.1.2
Buildings without mechanical cooling
For the dimensioning of the heating system the same criteria as for mechanically ventilated, cooled
and heated buildings shall be used (6.1.1).
The criteria for the thermal environment in buildings without mechanical cooling may be specified
different from those with mechanical cooling during the warm season due to the different expectations
of building occupants and adaptation. The level of adaptation and expectation is strongly related to
outdoor climatic conditions.
As there is no mechanical cooling system to dimension the criteria for the categories of summer
temperatures are mainly used for building design to prevent the over heating of the building by using
solar shading, thermal capacity of building, design, orientation and opening of windows etc.
Based on a mean outside temperature recommended criteria for the indoor temperature are given in
annex A.
For the buildings and spaces were the mechanical cooling capacity is not adequate not meet the
required temperature categories the design documents must state, using one of the methods in
annex F, how often the conditions are outside the required range.
6.2
6.2.1
Indoor air quality and ventilation rates

Non-residential buildings
For design of ventilation systems and calculation of heating and cooling loads the required ventilation
rate must be specified in the design documents based on national requirements or using the
recommended methods in this standard.
In the design and operation the main sources of pollutants should be identified and eliminated or
decreased by any feasible means. The remaining pollution is then dealt by local exhausts, and
ventilation. Air cleaning devices can also be used to remove the pollutants from the room air to
improve the air quality.
The ventilation rates for air quality are independent of season. They depend on occupancy, activities
indoors (i.e. smoking, cooking, cleaning, washing), processes (like copiers in offices, chemicals in
school buildings, etc) and emissions from building materials as well as furniture.
In this standard the recommended ventilation rates in non-residential buildings are derived according
to the recommended procedure in Annex B taking into account pollutant emission.
6.2.2
Residential buildings
Indoor air quality in residential buildings depends of many parameters and sources like number of
persons (time of occupation), emission from smoking, intensive cooking, emissions from furnishing,
flooring materials and cleaning products, hobbies etc. Several of these sources cannot be influenced
or controlled by the designer.
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Required ventilation rates shall be specified as an overall air change per hour, and/or outside air
supply and required exhaust rates ( bathroom, toilets, and kitchens) . Most national regulations and
codes give precise indications on detailed airflows per room and shall be followed.
This standard give in annex B recommended values based on overall air change rates in dwellings.
It is admitted that some factors in these regulations have generally an impact on achieved IAQ. For
instance :
Requiring a general ventilation (all rooms to be ventilated). This requirement is generally also
allowing some transfer from main living rooms (living and diner room, bedrooms..) via corridors to
wet rooms (kitchens, bathrooms, toilets).
Requiring exhaust in the wet rooms is necessary to remove local pollutions in these areas
(depression is also necessary).
Some regulations consider the overall ventilation rate in the building, others have added
emphasize on the minimum supply air per bed and living room. This addition allows for the same
overall level a better IAQ because systems have to adapt and deliver in the appropriate room
where the real occupation is.
The recommended ventilation rates in Annex B are based on average use of a residence. In operation
some residences may need more ventilation and some may manage with lower ventilation rates.
National regulations as well as international standards help the designer to determine assumptions
made on standard residential sources and the correct airflow to achieve. This standard doesnt repeat
here or impose some dimensioning rules and assumptions but as they impact on IAQ they shall be
reported correctly as indicated in prEN14788. Annex C gives some typical pollution and moisture
loads which can be used in design.
Design shall also check that supply ventilation rates in the house or apartment satisfy also the
national regulations calculated according to EN13465 and EPBD-WI 18.
If Demand Controlled systems or occupation and usage detection are used in these rooms, they must
achieve the chosen class of rate of the classification when occupation or demand is present. Yet it is
recommended that each country also check that minimum airflows and control mode chosen also lead
to a similar overall IAQ result in time as a permanent systems. Rules and criteria of this similarity have
to be assumed according to national regulations and at national levels.
As variable systems (DCV, natural ventilation with specific duct) may have variations of flow in time,
equivalence rules on any IAQ criteria may be chosen at national level to allow respecting this
requirement.
The values of pollution and moisture generation presented in Annex C may be used in design of the
demand controlled ventilation.
6.3
Filtration and air cleaning
Although filtration is used to be dimensioned for preserving equipment performance, it can be used in
other to achieve a better IAQ such as for example :
Treatment of outdoor air in very polluted area
Limitation of pollens
Odours treatment (gas phase air cleaning).
Some design guidelines on air cleaning and filtration are given in EN13779 and ISO DIS 14618.
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
6.4 Humidity
The humidification of indoor air is usually not needed. Humidity has only a small effect on thermal
sensation and perceived air quality in the rooms of sedentary occupancy, however, long term high
humidity indoors may cause microbial growth, and very low humidity may cause dryness and irritation
of eyes and air ways. Requirements for humidity influence the design of dehumidifying (cooling load)
and humidifying systems and may influence significantly on energy consumption. The criteria depend
partly on the requirements for thermal comfort and indoor air quality and partly on building physical
requirements (condensation, mould etc.) For special type of buildings (museums, historical buildings,
churches) additional requirements to humidity must be met. Humidification or dehumidification of room
air is usually not required but if they are used the use should be limited to minimum and excess
humidification and dehumidification avoided.
The values of indoor humidity in the air conditioned office buildings and other building for similar use
for dehumidification and humidification are given in the Table 6.4 in the design temperatures for
cooling, and in the design temperatures for heating, both in design weather conditions.
If humidification or dehumidification is used the values in the table is recommended as design values
under design conditions. Usually the control of humidity is needed only in special buildings like
museums, some health care facilities etc.)
Table 1 Recommended criteria for the humidity if humidification or dehumidification is
installed
Type of
building/space
Spaces where humidity
criteria are set by
human occupancy
6.5
6.5.1
Category
Design relative
humidity for
humidification, %
Design relative
humidity for
dehumidification, %
50
40
60
30
70
20
Lighting
Non residential buildings
To enable people to perform visual tasks efficiently and accurately, adequate lighting (without side
effects like glare and blinding) must be provided. Lighting levels for design must be established at
national level. Recommended values for design luminance levels that should be used when designing
lighting system are given in annex C Table C.1.
NOTE
Emergency lighting is beyond the scope of this document.
When it comes to luminance levels a distinction in class A, B and class C levels seems less
appropriate than e.g. for temperature and fresh air supply. However, for the more qualitative aspects
of lighting (light colour, shielding angles, uniformity, and etcetera) also a separation in class A, B en C
demands could be made. See annex C for a proposal based on common practice in e.g. Finland and
the Netherlands.
The design luminance levels can be secured by means of daylight, artificial light or a combination of
both. For reasons of health, comfort and energy in most cases the use of daylight (maybe with some
additional lighting) is preferred over the use of artificial light. Of course this depends on many factors
like standard occupancy hours, autonomy (portion of occupancy time during which there is enough
daylight), location of the building (latitude), amount of daylight hours summer and winter, etcetera.
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
To make sure that at least a reasonable amount of occupancy time daylight can be used, it is
recommended to set demands on the daylight penetration in the spaces meant for human occupancy.
And thereby indirectly set demands on window size and window orientation in relation to room size. In
annex C Table C2 recommended values for daylight penetration is given in terms of daylight factor in
the middle of the room, divided into a class A, class B and class C demand.
NOTE
Too little glass might be a problem (too little daylight, impaired well being), too much glass might be a
problem too in terms of overheating.
6.6 Noise
The noise from the energy systems of the building may disturb the occupants and prevent the
intended use of the space or building. The noise in a space can be evaluated using A-weighted
equivalent sound pressure level. Recommended A-weighted sound pressure levels for noise are listed
in annex E.
These criteria apply to the sources from the building as well as the noise level from outdoor sources.
The criteria should be used to limit the sound power level from the mechanical equipment and to set
sound insulation requirements for the noise from outdoors and adjacent rooms.
The values can be exceeded in the case when the occupant can control the operation of the
equipment or the windows. For example a room air conditioner may generate a higher sound pressure
level if its operation is controlled by the occupant, but even in this case the rise of the sound pressure
level over the values in the annex E should be limited to between 5 and 10 dB(A).
It is therefore noted that the ventilation should not rely on operable windows if the building is located
in an area with too high outdoor noise level considering the level the designer wishes to achieve in the
indoor zone.
Indoor environment parameters for energy calculation
Standardised input values for the energy calculations are needed for calculations specified in article 3
and in the annex of EPBD. To perform a yearly energy calculation (EPBD WI-14) criteria for the indoor
environment must be specified and documented.
7.1
Thermal environment
As the energy calculations may be performed on seasonal, monthly of hourly basis (dynamic
simulation) the indoor environment is specified accordingly. Indoor temperature criteria for heating
and for cooling shall be specified.
7.1.1
Seasonal calculations (degree day method)
For seasonal and monthly calculations the same values of indoor temperature as for design (sizing)
the heating and cooling systems should be used (Section 6.1) for each category of indoor
environment to calculate energy consumption for heating and cooling respectively.
7.1.2
Hourly calculations (dynamic simulation)
In dynamic simulation the energy consumption is calculated on a hourly basis. Recommended values
for the acceptable range of the indoor temperature for heating and cooling are presented in annex A.
The midpoint of the temperature range should be used as a target value but the indoor temperature
may fluctuate within the range due to the energy saving features or control algorithm.
NOTE
If the cooling power is limited (mixed mode buildings) the excess indoor temperatures must be
estimated using one of the methods in section 8. It may also be considered to allow the indoor temperature to
16
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increase above the recommended values in annex A, Table A3 by 1/3 of the difference between the actual
outdoor temperature and the upper end of the indoor temperature range for cooling ( Example: in category A,
office building the indoor temperature may be 27,5, when outdoor temperature is 31,5 C.
7.2
Indoor air quality and ventilation
7.2.1
The ventilation rates during the operation hours of the ventilation rates for energy calculations are
usually the same as specified in the chapter 6 for design load calculations and dimensioning of the
ventilation system. To guarantee good indoor air quality in the beginning of the occupancy the
ventilation shall start before the occupancy. The operation hours of ventilation shall also be longer
than the occupation hours to flush out the pollutants generated during operation of the building.
Outdoor air flow corresponding to 2 air volumes of ventilated space should be delivered to the space
before occupancy (e.g. if the ventilation rate is 2 ach the ventilation is started one hour before the
occupancy). Infiltration can be calculated as a part of the ventilation (leakage assumptions should be
described).
NOTE
It is recommended also to ventilate buildings during the unoccupied periods, usually with lower
ventilation rate than during the occupied period. The minimum ventilation rate shall be defined based on building
2
type and pollution load of the spaces. For instance, a value of 0,1 l/s,m is recommended if national assumptions
are not available.
In systems with variable air flow control and demand controlled ventilation the ventilation rate may
vary between maximum for full occupancy or demand and minimum for non occupied space. In the
CO2-controlled ventilation the CO2-concentration should not exceed the design values.
Recommended values for the maximum CO2 concentration above outdoor CO2 concentration are
listed in annex B, Table B.3 and B.4. The values of pollution generation presented in annex C can be
used in design of the demand controlled ventilation.
7.2.2
7.2.2.1
Mechanical ventilation
In residential buildings the ventilation rate for energy calculations is usually constant as specified in
the design ( section 6) during the occupied hours.
Residential buildings should be ventilated also during the unoccupied periods with lower ventilation
rate than during the occupied period. This minimum ventilation rate shall be defined based on
pollution load of the spaces. If no national regulation is available it is recommended to use a minimum
2
ventilation rate between 0,05 to 0,1 l/sm .
In systems with variable air flow controlled by any criteria representing demand, timer or occupancy
the ventilation rate may vary between maximum and minimum for non occupied space depending on
the occupancy and pollution load such as moisture generation.
7.2.2.2
Natural ventilation
Ventilation rates in naturally ventilated buildings are calculated based of building construction, location
and weather conditions. Recommended minimum ventilation rate during the occupied period is given
as overall air change rates in Annex B, table B2. be used if more accurate assumptions are not
available.
During the unoccupied periods minimum is ventilation for the buildings shall be provided. A value
2
between 0,05 and 0,1 l/s,m can be used if national regulations and codes are not available. National
codes may allow complementary ventilation by airing to achieve this requirement in mild season if
acoustic requirements can be achieved.
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7.3
Humidity
The criteria used for design and sizing the equipment (section 6.1.3) shall be used also in energy
calculations. Indoor air shall not be dehumidified to the lower relative humidity than the design value
and not humidified into higher relative humidity than the design values (Table 4 ). Unoccupied
buildings shall not be humidified (with some exception such museums) but may need to be
dehumidified to prevent long term moisture damages.
7.4
Lighting
7.4.1
The required lighting level is independent of season and the same criteria as for dimensioning of
lighting systems shall be used (see section 6.4) for energy calculations. The required lighting level can
be obtained by natural lighting, artificial lighting or a combination. This will have an impact on the
building energy demand. Energy for lighting is calculated only for the occupied hours based on the
agreed occupancy profile. It is essential to evaluate also the quality of lighting in the energy
calculations in respect of glare which may affect the use of controls and window screens.
Recommended quality criteria of lighting is described in detail in Table C.2 in annex C.
7.4.2
Energy consumption of lighting must be calculated by using accepted national values in kWh per m
or similar.
Evaluation of the indoor environment and long term indicators
As the loads of the building vary spatially and temporally the designed system may not be able to fulfil
the design intent in all rooms during all hours. There is a need to evaluate the long term performance
of building in respect of indoor environment. This evaluation is necessary for the display of the climatic
factors (indoor environment) in the energy performance certificate (article 6 and 7). This chapter
presents indicators for such evaluation and their use. The evaluation of indoor environment of a
building is done by evaluating the indoor environment of typical rooms representing different zones in
the building. Evaluation can be based on (1) design (2) measurements or (3) calculations
8.1
Design indicators
Evaluation of the category of indoor environment of a buildings is based on the categories of the
following indoor environmental factors:
a)
thermal criteria for winter: Specified design values for indoor temperature during heating
(Section 6.1.1)
b)
thermal criteria for summer: Specified design values for indoor temperatures during cooling
(Section 6.1.1 and 6.1.2)
c)
air quality and ventilation criteria: design values for ventilation are in section 6.2.1 for non
residential buildings, and for residential buildings in section 6,2,2
d)
lighting criteria: design values for lighting are in section 6,4
e)
acoustic criteria: design values for noise are given in section 6,5
f)
draft criteria: criteria of design values for air velocity and draft are given in the annex E
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The lowest category of any of the six factors above is the over all indoor environmental quality rating
of the building evaluated by design intent and documents.
8.2
Measured indicators
8.2.1
Thermal environment
The measurements shall be taken in representative rooms at different zones, orientations, with
different loads during representative operation periods. The evaluation of the category of indoor
environment is based on temporal and spatial distribution of the room temperature. Measurements
points and instruments must fulfil EN ISO 7726.
8.2.1.1
Buildings with mechanical cooling
Category A
Thermal environment of the building meets the criteria of category A when:
The room temperature in the rooms representing 95 % of the occupied space is not more than 3 % of
occupied hours a year outside the temperature limits of category A building (annex A.3).
The air velocity and noise in the rooms representing 95% of the occupied rooms does not exceed the
values of category A ( annex E).
Category B
Thermal environment of the building meets the criteria of category B when:
occupied hours a year outside the temperature limits of category B building (annex A.3).
The air velocity noise in the rooms representing 95 % of the occupied space does not exceed the
values of category B in the annex E.
Category C
Thermal environment of the building meets the criteria of category C when:
occupied hours a year outside the temperature limits of category C building (annex A.3).
The air velocity in the rooms representing 95 % of the occupied space does not exceed the values of
category C in the annex E.
Category D
Building belongs to the category D if it does not meet the criteria of category C.
Examples of methods to evaluate long term performance of building are given in annex F.
8.2.1.2
Buildings without mechanical cooling
Category A
Thermal environment of the building meets the criteria of category A when:
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occupied hours a year outside the temperature limits of category A building (annex A.2).
The air velocity and noise in the rooms representing 95% of the occupied rooms does not exceed the
values of category A in annex E.
Category B
Thermal environment of the building meets the criteria of category B when:
occupied hours a year outside the temperature limits of category B building (annex A.2).
The air velocity noise in the rooms representing 95 % of the occupied space does not exceed the
values of category B the annex E.
Category C
Thermal environment of the building meets the criteria of category C when:
occupied hours a year outside the temperature limits of category C building (annex A.2).
The air velocity in the rooms representing 95% of the occupied space does not exceed the values of
category C the annex E.
Category D
Building belongs to the category D if it does not meet the criteria of category C.
Examples of methods for long term evaluations are given in annex F.
8.2.2
Indoor air quality and ventilation
Indoor air quality and ventilation of building is evaluated with a representative samples taken from
different air handling units and zones of the building.
8.2.2.1
Ventilation method
Building meets the criteria of a specific category if 95 % of the rooms representing the floor area of
the building meet the specified ventilation criteria of the same category.
8.2.2.2
Air quality method
Air quality of building can be evaluated by measuring the average CO2 concentration in the building,
when building is fully occupied. This can be done either with representative samples of room air or by
measuring the concentration of the exhaust air. The building meets the criteria if the maximum
concentration of CO2 in the rooms or exhaust air flow from the rooms representing 95 % of occupied
area is below the values recommended in Annex B3
8.2.3
Lighting
Lighting quality of building is evaluated by measurement of the luminance levels. These

measurements should be taken in a representative sample of spaces (with different lighting
arrangements, window size and orientation, etc.
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In specific cases also more qualitative aspects (for example UGR and Ra values) can be evaluated by
using recommended values in annex D.
8.2.4
Noise
Noise is evaluated with a representative sample from different air handling systems, zones, windows,
and orientation. Normally the criteria of noise do not influence the energy performance of buildings. It
could, however, occur by natural ventilated buildings, that the required amount of outside air cannot
be obtained by opening of windows due to noise from outside would violate the criteria. Also by
mechanical ventilation and cooling the required amount of air would result in unacceptable noise from
fans.
If adequate ventilation depends on the opening of the windows the equivalent sound pressure level
(including the periods the windows are open and room is exposed to the outdoor noise) shall be use
to evaluated the noise category room. The criteria of noise is given in annex E
8.3
Draft
The draft is evaluated with a representative samples in areas for long term occupancy from different
air handling units and zones of the building. The criteria of draft is given in annex E
8.4
Calculated indicators of indoor environment
Building simulation is a cost effective way to analyse the performance of buildings. Various indicator
of indoor environment can be calculated for different purposes. In the following four methods are
presented for the thermal evaluation.
8.4.1
Simple indicator
To evaluate the performance of the whole building representative rooms or spaces have to be
simulated. The building meets the criteria of a specific category if the rooms representing 95 % of
building volume meet the criteria of the selected category.
8.4.2
Hourly criteria
Performance of the buildings or rooms with different mechanical or electrical systems can be
evaluated by calculating the number of actual hours when the criteria is met of not.
8.4.3
Degree hours criteria
In respect of the thermal environment the degree hours outside the upper or lower boundary can be
used as a performance indicator of building for warm or cold season.
This procedure is described with an example in the annex F.
8.4.3.1
Over all thermal comfort criteria (weighed PMV criteria)
This procedure is described with an example in the annex F.
9 Inspections and measurement of the indoor environment in existing

buildings
The data through the inspections and measurements of the indoor environment of the building are
necessary to give advice related to the heating loads and system (article 8 of EPBD) and air
conditioning load and system (article 9 of EPBD) of a building.
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9.1
Inspections
Inspection of indoor environment is mainly based on the design documentation and walk through
inspection of the building.
9.1.1
Thermal environment
To be checked:
temperature set points for heating and cooling (if applicable) both at central level and at room
level;
weather dependence of e.g. operation of heating system (water temperatures etc.);
set points of sun shielding (solar radiation, wind speed etc.) if automatic sun shielding is used;
overheating risk
(in buildings with suspected overheating problems without (adequate)
mechanical cooling.
9.1.2
Indoor air quality
To be checked:
set points for fresh air supply (building management system) during occupancy hours both at
central level and at room level (give special attention to variable air volume systems);
ventilation strategies embedded in the building managements program (e.g. for meeting rooms,
night ventilation, before and after occupancy time ventilation);
set points for recirculation systems and heat recovery equipment with a possible IAQ effect (e.g.
enthalpy wheels);
set points for (central) humidification systems (only in buildings with such a system);
under pressure / overpressure in toilets, smoking rooms, kitchen/pantries and other rooms with
other sources than people (equipment etc);
temperature set points of heating coils in air handling units (influencing perceived air quality, dust
baking);
temperature set points of radiators, convectors etc at room levels (influencing perceived air
quality, dust baking);
cleanliness of air handling units, ducts and ventilation ornaments.
9.1.3
Lighting
To be checked:
Age (aging) of lighting bulbs.
Age of luminaries.
Positioning of luminaries and windows in relation to location of workstations.
Glare from luminaries (taking into account shielding angles and UGR properties).
22
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Glare from windows (taking into account the type and use of blinds).
Lighting strategies embedded in the building managements program (e.g. automatic off after
work time).
Functioning of devices for daylight dependant adjustment of lighting fixtures.
Functioning of devices for automatic presence-detection.
Set points (solar radiation, wind speed) of sun shielding (if automatic sun shielding is
used)(affecting daylight levels and therefore amount of time that artificial light is on/off).
9.1.4
Noise
To be checked:
noise levels due to supply air devices and supply and exhaust air fans;
noise due to room air conditioning units (fan coils, split units etc);
noise from compressors and cooling towers;
noise from outdoor sources especially if adequate ventilation of building relies on operable
windows.
9.2
Measurements
In existing buildings measurements might be used to check whether the performance of the building
and its building service systems (ventilation system, heating and cooling devices, artificial lighting)
meets the design requirements. In the paragraphs below for each indoor environmental quality
parameter is indicated how such measurements can be conducted.
9.2.1
Thermal environment
The measurement instrumentation used for evaluation of the thermal environment shall meet the
requirements given in EN ISO 7726.
As far as the location of measurement instrumentation within the spaces investigated is concerned:
comply with the recommendations given in EN ISO 7726.
Measurements shall be made where occupants are known to spend most of their time and under
representative weather condition of cold and warm season. For example, the winter (heating season)
measurements at or below statistic average outside temperatures for the 3 coldest months of the year,
and the warm (cooling season) measurements at or above statistic average outside temperatures for
the 3 warmest months of the year with clear sky.
The measurement period of the temperature should be long enough to be representative, for example
10 days.
Air temperature in a room can be used in long term measurements and corrected for large hot or cold
surfaces to estimate operative temperature of the room.
9.2.2
Indoor air quality
Indoor air quality measurements are based on the indirect approach of measuring ventilation rates.
Only if specific complaints (e.g. smell, sick building symptoms) persist and ventilation measurements
show that the requirements for fresh air supply are met the measurement of specific pollutants (e.g.
23
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
formaldehyde, other Volatile Organic Compounds, fine dust (PM 10 or PM 2,5)) might be useful. How
this should be done is outside the scope of this document.
An exception is the measurement of CO2: In buildings where people are the main pollution sources
2
the ventilation rates (per person values or per m values) can be derived using CO2 measurement
outcomes. E.g. in schools, naturally ventilated offices, dwellings etc.
Measurements shall be made where occupants are known to spend most of their time, preferably at
head level during the typical high load conditions.
Preferably CO2 measurements are done under winter conditions, as normally fresh air supply is
lowest during the colder months (limited use of operable windows, partly closed facade shutters due
to draft risk). In some cases only momentary measurements under at worst case times (e.g. end of
the morning or end of the afternoon in for example an office or school) might be sufficient.
In larger buildings not all rooms need to be evaluated and measurements in only 5 or 10 % of the
rooms (random chosen) might be enough.
In mechanically ventilated buildings measurement of the amount of fresh air supply is often more
practical and precise than the measurement of CO2 concentrations.
The measurement instrumentation used for evaluation of the air supply shall meet the requirements
given in EN 12599.
First the total fresh air supply for the whole building should be measured and translated into an
2
average per m value. Also in a (randomly selected) sample of rooms (e.g. 5 or 10 % of the total) the
fresh air supply at room level should be measured. The latter should be translated in both a fresh air
2
supply per m and a fresh air supply per person value, taking into account actual occupancy levels
and design occupancy levels.
Measurements shall be made under 'semi-worst case weather conditions which normally are the
winter months. In many mechanically ventilated buildings in winter recirculation is used. Obviously the
air supply at room level values should be corrected for recirculation during periods that recirculation is
used
When constant volume mechanical ventilation systems are used only momentary measurements are
enough.
In buildings / spaces with variable volume systems both the air supply (at room level) should be
measured in minimum and maximum position.
9.2.3
Lighting
Light quality measurements are based on the simple approach of just measuring luminance levels. If
specific complaints (glare) persist and luminance measurements show that the requirements for
luminance levels are met measurements of specific qualities (UGR, Ra, light colour, etc) might be
useful. How this should be done is outside the scope of this document.
The measurement instrumentation for the evaluation of luminance levels shall meet the requirements
given in DIN 5032.
The measurements should be taken in a representative sample of spaces (with different lighting
arrangements, window size and orientation, etc). In larger buildings measurement in just 5 % of the
spaces (randomly selected) is enough.
Measurements of lighting levels are carried out without the presence of daylight. Preferably also
measurements are carried out during an average cloudy day.
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
The maintained luminance level shall be measured in the horizontal direction in the occupational zone
at approximately 0,8 m for regular occupied spaces and at 0,1 meter in circulation areas and sports
halls.
Measurement is carried in compliance with EN 13032
9.2.4
Noise
10 Classification and certification of the indoor environment

The information of indoor environment of the building can be included in the energy certificate of the
building (EPBD article 7) so that total performance of building can be evaluated. For this certificate the
classification of indoor environment is necessary. For the certification it may be necessary to integrate
complex indoor environment information to simple over all indicator of indoor environmental quality of
the building.
10.1 Detailed classification and certification

The evaluation of the indoor environment includes (1) thermal criteria for winter, (2) thermal criteria for
summer, (3) air quality and ventilation criteria, (4) lighting criteria, (5) acoustic criteria (6) draft criteria.
Evaluation of indoor environment can be based on design, calculations or measurements.The basis of
evaluation has to be specified in the classification and certification.
The categories and reference values of indoor environment should be given in the certification. The
values of this standard should be used as reference.
An example of a detailed certification of the indoor environment is given in the annex G.
10.2 Recommended over all evaluation of the indoor environment and certification
Over all evaluation of the indoor environment of a building is the same as the lowest of the category of
the following six factors which are evaluated separately (1) thermal criteria for winter, (2) thermal
criteria for summer, (3) air quality and ventilation criteria, (4) lighting criteria, (5) acoustic criteria (6)
draft criteria. The basis of the described shall be informed in the certificate. Recommended categories
of the over all evaluation of the building depending on the 6 factors:
A
6 factors all in class A
4 factors or more in class A and 2 factors or less in class B
2 factors or more in class A and 4 factors or less in class B
6 factors all in class A
4 factors or more in class B and 2 factors or less in class C
2 factors or more in class B and 4 factors or less in class C
6 factors all in class C
4 factors or more in class C and 2 factors or less outside class C
2 factors or more in class C and 4 factors or less outside class C
All 6 factors outside class C
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Annex A
(informative)
Recommended criteria for the thermal environment
The indoor temperatures are based on thermal comfort in heated and mechanically cooled buildings
(ISO 7730) assuming the different percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) at each category of the indoor
Category
Local thermal discomfort
Thermal state of the body as a

whole
PPD
%
Predicted
Mean Vote
Draught
Rate, DR
%
Vertical air
temperature
difference
%
Warm or
cool floor
%
Radiant
Temperature
Asymmetry
%
<6
-0.2 < PMV < + 0.2
<15
<3
< 10
<5
< 10 -0.5 < PMV < + 0.5
<20
<5
< 10
<5
< 15 0.7 < PMV < + 0.7
<25
< 10
< 15
< 10
environment. Assumed PPD values are in the table A1 below. The specified room temperature range
can takes into account the change of thermal insulation of clothing during the year depending on the
outdoor temperature and heating and cooling season. An example is shown the figure below.
Table A.1 Recommended indoor temperatures for design of mechanical heated and cooled
buildings
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Table A.2 Recommended design values of the indoor temperature for design of buildings
and HVAC systems
Type of building/ space
Category
Residential buildings: living spaces (bed

rooms, drawing room, kitchen etc)
Operative temperature oC
Heating
(winter
season), ~ 1,0 clo
Cooling (summer
season), ~ 0,5 clo
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
18,0
27,0
18,0
16,0
14,0
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

Residential buildings: other spaces:
storages, halls, etc)
Standing-walking ~ 1,6 met
Single office (cellular office)
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
Landscaped office (open plan office)
21,0
25,5
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
Auditorium
21,0
25,5
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
Classroom
21,0
25,0
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
Kindergarten
19,0
24,5
Standing/walking ~ 1,4 met
17,5
25,5
16,5
26,0
17,5
24,0
16,0
25,0
15,0
26,0
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
Conference
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
Cafeteria/Restaurant
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
Department store
Standing-walking ~ 1,6 met
room
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Assumed clothing level for winter and summer (clo-value) and activity level (met-value) are listed in
the table. The temperatures in the Table A.2 are operative temperatures with design loads at the
design weather conditions which are specified nationally according to the standard ISO 15927- 4 and
5. In most cases the average room air temperature can be used as the design temperature, but if
temperatures of large room surfaces differ significantly from the air temperature the operative
temperature should be used.
A.1 Recommended indoor temperatures for design of buildings without

mechanical cooling systems
The operative temperature (room temperatures) presented in figure A1 are valid for buildings used
mainly for human occupancy where:
activity levels lie most of the time in the range of 1,2 - 1,6 met
clothing insulation can be varied according to momentary preferences from 0,5 to 1,0 clo
access to operable windows
less than 4 persons per room
such as dwellings and office buildings.
Especially in residential buildings the (behavioural) adaptation range is relatively wide: one is
relatively free to adjust metabolism and the amount of clothing worn dependant of momentary outside
weather conditions and indoor temperatures.
Y
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
-5
CLASS C: Tmax 65%

CLASS B: Tmax 80%
CLASS A: Tmax 90%
CLASS A: Tmin 90%
CLASS B: Tmin 80%
CLASS C: Tmin 65%
-4
-3
-2
-1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Figure A.1 Design values for the indoor operative temperature for buildings without
mechanical cooling systems
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prEN 15251:2005 (E)
The formulas of the lines in Figure A.1 (right part) are :

upper limit (warm season): Ti max = 17,8+2,5+(0,31 To)
Class A:
(1a)
lower limit (warm season): Ti min = 17,8 -2,5+(0,31 To)
(1b)
Class B: upper limit (warm season): Ti max = 17,8+3,5+(0,31 To)
(1c)
lower limit (warm season): Ti min = 17,8-3,5+(0,31 To)
(1d)
Class C: upper limit (warm season): Ti max = 17,8+4,2+(0,31 To)

lower limit (warm season): Ti min = 17,8-4,2+(0,31 To)
where
(1e)
(1f)
Ti = acceptable indoor temperature,

o
To= mean monthly outdoor temperature, C

Heating (cold) season: Below an outdoor temperature of 10 C the upper limits are the same as for
e.g. mechanically cooled buildings (see 6.1.1).
Up till an outside temperature of 18 C the lower limits are the same as for e.g. mechanically cooled
buildings (see par. 6.1.1).
A.2 Recommended indoor temperatures for energy calculations

Table A.3 Temperature ranges for hourly calculation of cooling and heating energy in three
categories of indoor environment
Type of building or space
Residential buildings, living spaces (bed

rooms living rooms etc.)
Sedentary activity ~1,2 met
Residential buildings , other spaces

(kitchens, storages etc.)
Standing-walking activity ~1 5 met
Offices and spaces with similar activity
(single offices, open plan offices,
conference rooms, auditorium,
cafeteria, restaurants, class rooms,
Sedentary activity ~1,2 met
Kindergarten
Standing-walking activity ~1,4 met
Department store
Standing-walking activity ~1,6 met
Category
Temperature range
o
for heating, C
Clothing ~ 1,0 clo
Temperature range
o
for cooling, C
Clothing ~ 0,5 clo
21,0 -25,0
23,5 - 25,5
20,0-25,0
23,0 - 26,0
18,0- 25,0
22,0 - 27,0
A
B
C
A
18,0-25,0
16,0-25,0
14,0-25,0
21,0 23,0
23,5 - 25,5
20,0 24,0
23,0 - 26,0
19,0 25,0
22,0 - 27,0
A
B
C
A
B
C
19,0 21,0
17,5 22,5
16,5 23,5
17,5 20,5
16,0 22,0
15,0 23,0
22,5 - 24,5
21,5 25,5
21,0 - 26,0
22,0 - 24,0
21,0 25,0
20,0 - 26,0
29
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Basis for the criteria for indoor air quality and ventilation rates
B.1 Recommended design ventilation rates in non-residential buildings

The calculated design ventilation rate is from two components (a) ventilation for pollution from the
occupancy and (b) ventilation for the pollution from the building itself. The ventilation for each
category is the sum of these two components as illustrated with the equation (B1).
The ventilation rates for occupants (qp ) only are:
Category A: 10 l/s, pers
Category B: 7 l/s, pers
Category C: 4 l/s, pers
The ventilation rates (qB) for the building emissions are:
Low polluting building
Non low-polluting building
Category A:
1,0 l/s, m
2,0 l/s, m
Category B:
0,7 l/s, m
1,4 l/s, m
Category C:
0,4 l/s, m
0,8 l/s, m
Total ventilation rate for a room is calculated from the following formula
qtot = n q p + A q B
(B1)
where
qtot= total ventilation rate of the room, l/s
n = design value for the number of the persons in the room,qp = ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/s, pers
A= room floor area, m
qB = ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/s,m
Examples of the total ventilation rates for non-industrial, non-residential buildings based on these
values are calculated using the equation (B1) with default occupancy densities indicated in the table
B1. The values in the table are based on complete mixing in the room (concentration of pollutants is
equal in exhaust and in occupied zone). Ventilation rates can be adjusted according the ventilation
efficiency if the performance of air distribution differs from complete mixing, and can be reliably
proofed. The ventilation required for smoking is based on the assumption that 20 % of occupants are
smokers smoking and smoke1,2 cigarettes per hour. For higher rate of smoking the ventilation rates
30
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
should be increased proportionally. Ventilation rates for smoking are based on comfort, not on health
criteria.
Building is low polluting when the majority of building materials used for finishing the interior surfaces
meet the national or international criteria of low-polluting materials. An example how to define the low
polluting building materials in given in the annex F.
Table B.1 Recommended ventilation rates for non-residential buildings with default
occupant density for two categories of pollution from building (from CR 1752) itself. If smoking
is allowed the last column gives the additional required ventilation rate
Type of
building or
space
Single office
Landscaped
office
Cate
gory
Floor area
m2/person
l/s, m2 for
oc-cupancy
qB
l/s,m2 for
low
polluted
building
qA
l/s,m2 for
non-low
polluted
building
qtot
l/s,m2 total
for low poll
building
qtot
l/s,m2 total
for non-low
poll
building l
Add when
smoking
allowed
l/s,m2
10
1,0
1,0
2,0
2,0
3,0
0,7
10
0,7
0,7
1,4
1,4
2,1
0,5
10
0,4
0,4
0,8
0,8
1,2
0,3
15
0,7
1,0
2,0
1,7
2,7
0,7
15
0,5
0,7
1,4
1,2
1,9
0,5
15
0,3
0,4
0,8
0,7
1,1
0,3
Conference
room
5,0
1,0
2,0
6,0
7,0
5,0
3,5
0,7
1,4
4,2
4,9
3,6
2,0
0,4
0,8
2,4
2,8
2,0
Auditorium
0,75
15
1,0
2,0
16
17
0,75
10,5
0,7
1,4
11,2
11,9
0,75
6,0
0,4
0,8
6,4
6,8
1,5
7,0
1,0
2,0
8,0
9,0
1,5
4,9
0,7
1,4
5,6
6,3
5,0
1,5
2,8
0,4
0,8
3,2
3,6
2,8
2,0
5,0
1,0
2,0
6,0
7,0
2,0
3,5
0,7
1,4
4,2
4,9
2,0
2,0
0,4
0,8
2,4
2,8
Restaurant
Class room
Kindergarten
Department
store
2,0
6,0
1,0
2,0
7,0
8,0
2,0
4,2
0,7
1,4
4,9
5,8
2,0
2,4
0,4
0,8
2,8
3,2
2,1
2,0
3,0
4,1
5,1
1,5
1,4
2,1
2,9
3,6
0,9
0,8
1,2
1,7
2,1
B.2 Recommended design ventilation rates in residential buildings
31
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Table B.2 Air change rates for the residences. Values are given for permanent ventilation
during occupation hours of the house or flat. Complete mixing is assumed
Category
Overall dwelling air change rate, ach or

Vol/h
A
B
C
1
0.7
0.5
The design values of ventilation as presented in the Tables B2 assume continuous operation of the
ventilation systems (such as mechanical exhaust) during occupied hours of the house or apartment.
B.3 Recommended values of CO2 for energy calculation

If ventilation is controlled automatically (DCV) the maximum design ventilation rate has to correspond
to the calculated maximum generation of pollutant. The ventilation rate may vary between the
maximum and minimum ventilation rates specified, however, the specified minimum ventilation rate
shall be provided during occupancy.
Table B.3 Recommended values of CO2 for demand controlled ventilation (above the
outdoor concentration) in the CO2-controlled ventilation systems for energy calculations
Category
Maximum CO2
concentration above the
outdoor, ppm, for energy
calculation.
350
500
800
Table B.4 Recommended CO2 concentrations above outdoor concentration for energy
calculations and demand control. (EN 13779)
Category
32
CO2-level above level of outdoor air in ppm

Typical range
Default value
IDA 1
400
350
IDA 2
400 600
500
IDA 3
600 1,000
800
IDA 4
> 1,000
1,200
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Figure B. 1
33
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Annex C
(informative)
Typical pollution loads and moisture generation in buildings
Table C.1 Generation of pollution from occupants

Sensory pollution load
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide 1)
Water vapour 2)
olf/occupant
l/(h occupant)
l/(h occupant)
g/(h occupant)
Sedentary, 1-1.2 met

0 % smokers
19
20 % smokers 3)
19
1110-3
50
50
40 % smokers 3)
19
2110-3
50
Physical exercise
Low level, 3 met
50
200
Medium level, 6 met
10
100
430
high level (athletes), 10 met
20
170
750
Children
Kindergarten, 3-6 years, 2,7 met
1,2
18
90
School, 14-16 years, 1-1,2 met
1,3
19
50
1)
from tobacco smoking
2)
applies for persons close to thermal neutrality
3)
average smoking rate 1,2 cigarettes/hour per smoker, emission rate 44 ml CO/cigarette
This annex gives some examples of the pollution and moisture generation which can be used in
design of the demand controlled ventilation
Table C.2 Examples of moisture generating activities in residential building
Activity
Cooking with electrical range
Cooking with gas range
Hand washing
Bath and shower for personal hygiene
Manual washing of laundry
Non mechanical drying of laundry
34
Moisture generation, kg water per day

2,0
3,0
0,4
0,2
0,5
1,5
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Table C.3 Examples of moisture generation in residences depending on the number of

occupants and use of water
Number of
occupants in the
residence
Average moisture generation, kg water per day

Low generation
Typical generation
High generation
For example a well

educated family on
indoor air issues or
dwelling is often
unoccupied
For example a family

with children
For example family

with teenagers, or
frequent bathing or
laundry drying
indoors
3-4
11
12
10
14
11
15
12
16
35
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Annex D
(informative)
Recommended criteria for lighting
Table D1 Selected design illumination levels for some buildings and spaces from EN 12464.
For informational purposes also the UGR and Ra are presented.
Type of building
Office buildings
Educational
buildings
Hospitals
Space
Maintained
luminance, m, at
working areas, lx
UGR
Ra
Single offices
500
19
80
at 0,8 m
Open plan offices
500
19
80
at 0,8 m
Conference rooms
500
19
80
at 0,8 m
Classrooms
300
19
80
at 0,8 m
Classrooms
for
adult education
500
19
80
at 0,8 m
Lecture hall
500
19
80
at 0,8 m
100
19
80
at 0,8 m
300
19
80
at 0,8 m
1000
19
90
at 0,8 m
80
at 0,8 m
General
lighting
ward
Simple
examination
Examination
treatment
and
Remarks
Hotels and
restaurants
Restaurant, dining
room
Sport facilities
Sports halls
300
22
80
at 0,1 m
Wholesale
and
retail premises
Sales area
300
22
80
at 0,8 m
Till area
500
19
80
at 0,8 m
Corridor
100
28
40
at 0,1 m
Stairs
150
25
40
at 0,1 m
Circulation areas
Other buildings
36
See EN 12464-1
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Table D.1 Criteria to evaluate the lighting system

Illumination class
Category A
Category B
Category C
The work task is well-visible,

visual comfort is good, the
lighting can be personally
adjusted and gives a very good
representation of colours
The work task is wellvisible, the visual comfort

is good and the lighting
gives a good
representation of colours
The workdays is
visible, visual
comfort is
moderate
5%
3%
1%
See table 5 paragraph 6.4
See table 5 paragraph 6.4 Approx. 70 % of

values shown in
table 5
paragraph 6.4
Uniformity
In addition e.g. needs of

computer work are considered.
Balanced lighting. Luminance
ratios must be considered.
Uniformity > en 12464 states
0,7
Designed according to the No special

intended use of the space requirements
and working place.
Uniformity in working
areas > 0.6
Control and dimming
Scene-based control, manual

/automatic dimming
Automatic on/off, daylight- Manual on/off

dependant dimming
Uniform
(UGR)*
<16
<19
Ease of modification
Modification is easy and

flexible to do.
Entire system is easy to
replace. Rails and light points.
Easy to change the

No special
location of the luminaries. requirements
Modification needs are
considered
Light colour (colour

temperature)
Chosen according to the

properties of the task and the
properties of the space.
Daylight imitation
Warm or neutral
No special
requirements.
good, 80<Ra<90
Ra at least 80
Daylight factor (at

centre of room)
Luminance
glare
rating
Colour Rendering Index Very good, Ra >90

Ra **
<22
* Not applicable for circulation areas

* Colour rendering index Ra and Colour temperature are strongly related to type of activity and
preferred atmosphere
37
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Annex E
(informative)
Criteria to evaluate draft and noise criteria of some spaces and
buildings
Type of building/space
Maximum mean air velocity, m/s
Sound pressure dB(A)
Summer
(cooling season)
Winter
(heating season)
0,18
0,15
30
0,22
0,18
35
0,25
0,21
40
Landscaped office
0,18
0,15
35
(open plan office)
0,22
0,18
40
0,25
0,21
45
0 18
0 15
30
0,22
0,18
35
0,25
0,21
40
0 18
0 15
30
0,22
0,18
33
0,25
0,21
35
0,18
0,15
35
0,22
0,18
45
0,25
0,21
50
0 18
0 15
30
0,22
0,18
35
0,25
0,21
40
0 16
0 13
30
0,20
0,16
40
0,24
0,19
45
0,16
0,13
40
0,20
0,15
45
0,23
0,18
50
Single office (cellular office)
Conference room
Auditorium
Cafeteria/Restaurant
Classroom
Kindergarten
Department store
38
Category
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Annex F
(informative)
Long term evaluation of the general thermal comfort conditions
To evaluate the comfort conditions over time (season, year) a summation of parameters must be
made based on data measured in real buildings or dynamic computer simulations. This annex lists
five methods, which can be used for that purpose.
Method A:
Calculate the number or % of hours during the hours the building is occupied, the PMV or the
operative temperature is outside a specified range.
Method B:
The time during which the actual operative temperature exceeds the specified range during the
occupied hours is weighed with a factor which is a function of how many degrees, the range has been
exceeded.
1. The weighing factor, wf, equals 1 for
to = to,limit
o
where to,limit is the lower or upper limit of the comfort range specified (e.g. 23.5 C < to < 25.5 C
corresponding to 0.2 < PMV < 0.2 as specified in annex A for single offices, category A,
summer).
2. The weighing factor, wf, is calculated as
wf = 1 +
to to, limit
to, optimal to, limit
when |to| > |to,limit|

3. For a characteristic period during a year, the product of the weighing factor and time is
summed. The summation of the product has the unit hours.
Warm period:
wf time
for to > to,limit
Cold period:
wf time
for to < to,limit
Method C:
The time during which the actual PMV exceeds the comfort boundaries is weighed with a factor which
is a function of the PPD. Starting from a PMV-distribution on a yearly basis and the relation between
PMV and PPD (clause 6) the following is calculated:
39
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
4. The weighing factor, wf, equals 1 for

PMV = PMVlimit
where PMVlimit is determined by the comfort range specified according to clause 5-7 and
annex A.
5. The weighing factor, wf, is calculated as
wf =
PPD actualPMV
PPD PMVlimit
in which
PPDactualPMV = the PPD corresponding to the actual PMV
PPDPMVlimit = the PPD corresponding to PMVlimit
6. The product of the weighing factor and the time is summed for a characteristic working period
during a year. The summation of the product has the unit hours.
Warm period:
wf time
for PMV > PMVlimit
Cold period:
wf time
for PMV < PMVlimit
Method D:
Calculate the average PPD over time during the occupied hours.
Method E:
Summation of PPD over time during the occupied hours
Table B.3 illustrates this concept. The weighting factors are based on temperature difference wf (C)
and PPD; wf (PPD) is shown for a comfort range of 23-26 C, corresponding to sedentary work (1.2
met) and light summer clothing (0.5 clo). For temperatures above or below this interval, the number of
hours will be multiplied with these factors. It will be seen that using the PPD weighting factor will result
in a higher number of hours. The values may be used for the evaluation of long-term comfort
conditions.
40
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Table F.1 Weighting factors based on temperature difference or PPD

Temperature
C
Cool
Neutral
Warm
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
wf (C)
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
Weighting factors
wf (PPD)
4,7
3,1
1,9
0
0
0
0
1,9
3,1
4,7
41
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Annex G
(informative)
Example of the certification of indoor environment of an office
building
Criteria of
indoor
environment
Category of
this building
Reference values
This building
Values
Basis
Date
21,2-22,8
Measured
Winter 2003
24,0-25,7
Simulated
1999
780 ppm
outdoor 380 ppm
Long term
maximum
measured value
2003
2,3 l/sm
Design
1999
Em > 500 lx
Em = 370 lx
Measured
2000
UGR<19
UGR<22
From building
Thermal
conditions in
winter
21-23 C
Thermal
conditions in
summer
23-26 C
Air quality
indicator, CO2
350 ppm
outdoor
Ventilation rate
A (low
polluting
materials)
2 l/sm
Lighting
above
documentation
80<Ra
Ra=82
Based on
2004
specification of
light bulbs
Acoustic
environment
Indoor noise <35
34 dB(A)
Measured
2000
50 dB(A)
Measured
2000
dB(A)
Noise from
outdoors <55
dB(A)
42
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Annex H
(informative)
Example how to define the low polluting building
The building is low polluting if the majority of the materials are low polluting. Low polluting materials
are natural traditional materials, such as stone and glass, which are known to be safe with respect to
emissions, and materials which fulfil the following requirements:
The emission of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) is below 0.2 mg/mh.
The emission of formaldehyde is below 0.05 mg/m h.
The emission of ammonia is below 0.03 mg/m h.
The emission of carcinogenic compounds (IARC) is below 0.005 mg/m h.
The material is not odorous (dissatisfaction with the odour is below 15 %).
43
prEN 15251:2005 (E)
Bibliography
ASHRAE standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions fro Human Occupancy. American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE standard 62.1-2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
ASHRAE standard 62.2-2004, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential
Buildings.. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
DeDear (2004), Thermal Comfort in Practice. Indoor Air Journal. Vol 14. Supplement 7, pp 32-39.
DIN 5032: 1997, Lichtmessung
44

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EUROPEAN STANDARD

Criteria for the Indoor Environment including thermal, indoor air

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

Ref. No. prEN 15251:2005: E

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 6

Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 7

Symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 9

Interactions with other standards ..................................................................................................... 10

Design criteria for dimensioning of buildings and HVAC systems ............................................... 12

Indoor environment parameters for energy calculation ................................................................. 16

Evaluation of the indoor environment and long term indicators ................................................... 18

Inspections and measurement of the indoor environment in existing buildings ........................ 21

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Classification and certification of the indoor environment ............................................................ 25

Annex A (informative) Recommended criteria for the thermal environment ............................................. 26

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

EN12831: 2003, Heating systems in buildings Calculation of the heating load

Terms and definitions

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Symbols and abbreviations

To = indoor operative temperature, C

qp= ventilation rate for persons, l/s,pers

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Lp,A= A-weighed sound pressure level, dB(A)

Interactions with other standards

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Methodology for calculating energy performance

Energy certification of buildings

Ways of expressing energy performance

Energy use for space heating and cooling

Cooling system energy requirements

Ventilation system energy requirements

Energy requirements for lighting

Follow calculation method for new buildings

Overall energy use, primary energy,

Heating systems (incl. boilers)

Domestic hot water energy requirements

Air conditioning (incl. ventilation)

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Design criteria for dimensioning of buildings and HVAC systems

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Buildings without mechanical cooling

Indoor air quality and ventilation rates

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Filtration and air cleaning

Treatment of outdoor air in very polluted area

Odours treatment (gas phase air cleaning).

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Emergency lighting is beyond the scope of this document.

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Indoor environment parameters for energy calculation

Seasonal calculations (degree day method)

Hourly calculations (dynamic simulation)

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Indoor air quality and ventilation

prEN 15251:2005 (E)

Evaluation of the indoor environment and long term indicators