International Journal of Agricultural

Science and Research (IJASR)

ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E): 2321-0087
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 349-358
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A STUDY THE EFFECT OF SALT PRIMING (KNO3, NA2HPO4, PEG) ON

SEED QUALITY PARAMETERS OF SOLANACEOUS VEGETABLES
SOUBHAGYA BEHERA
Research Scholar, Department of SST, OUAT Bhubaneswar cum AAO, Thuamulrampur, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
The present experiment was conducted in a CRD with three replications to study the effect of different
priming agents in improving the seed quality parameters of solanaceous vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal and chilli.
Fresh seeds of four tomato, four brinjal and two chilli varieties were treated with GA3 (1 ppm), KNO3 (5%), Na2HPO4
(2%), PEG (10%), ZnSO4 (1%), Ascorbic Acid (50 ppm) and Deionised H2O for 24 hours and then dried to original
moisture content under shade. Dried seeds were taken as control. Observations were recorded on germination/field
emergence, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index-I & II in both lab and
field tests.The above work was done at SST Laboratory,OUAT Bhubaneswar in the year 2014.As this is a student
project paper as per objectives papers may be developed.In this paper 2nd objective was discussed properly.

Received: Apr 21, 2016; Accepted: May 13, 2016; Published: May 23, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN2016042

INTRODUCTION
To meet the potential challenge of catering to the food need of 1.4 billion people of our country by 2025,

Original Article

KEYWORDS: Solanaceous Vegetable Crops, Shoot Length, Seedling Length

a quantum increase in agricultural productivity is very much essential, hence production and distribution of high
quality seeds of improved varieties of cereals, pulses, oil seeds and vegetables to the farming community is
becoming increasingly important. Vegetables constitute a major part in Indian agriculture in terms of providing
food and nutritional security. In recent past, Indian agriculture has witnessed a tremendous progress in vegetable
production, due to the advent of high yielding varieties and new technologies. Vegetables are important sources of
minerals, vitamins and other nutrients of medicinal and therapeutic value. Regular consumption of vegetables is a
must for the nutritional security of the household. The production and productivity of different vegetable crops
have been increased significantly in the past twenty years as a result of research and development pursuits
undertaken by agricultural institutions as well as private sectors. Modern strategic approaches are however
necessary for sustainable development of these crops so as to meet increasing requirement in both domestic and
export market.
Among vegetable crops solanaceous vegetables like tomato, brinjal and chilli have high demand in our
state as well as in the country. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important edible and
nutritious vegetable crop in the world. It ranks next to potato and sweet potato with respect to world vegetable
production. It ranks third in terms of world vegetable production. The demand for the crop is year round, owing to
the versatility of its usages both in fresh and processed food preparation. It gains more popularity due to its
antioxidant property. It is a very good source of vitamin A and C.

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Soubhagya Behera

REVIEW OF LITERATURES USED FOR STUDY

Priming Effect of KNO3
Nerson (1986) suggested that salt priming pre-treatments is an attempt to improve the germinability of
watermelon seeds at sub-optimal temperatures. Priming in 23% solutions of KNO3 for 15 days significantly increased
the germination rate, and synchronization percentage. Enhancement of these effects was greatest at 10 11C for the water
melon variety Persia 202 and at 1516C for Noy Yizre'el. Dehydration of seeds following treatments resulted in
partial reversion of the positive effects of priming if incubation took place at the lower temperatures.
Demir et al. (1994) studied the effects of KNO3 on germination of two and five year old eggplant seeds. They
showed that KNO3 significantly influenced germination percentage and germination rate, FEP, seedling length, seedling
dry matter in comparison with control.
Trigo and Trigo (1999) observed that the priming in KNO3 is efficient to improve germination of eggplant seeds.
Warley (1999) suggested that muskmelon seeds primed for 6 days in darkness at 25 C in an aerated solution of KNO3
(0.35 M) affected both seed coat adherence and seedling development, and interaction between priming and orientation
was significant for seed coat adherence. It indicates that seed priming can minimize seed coat adherence during emergence
of muskmelon seeds.
Demir and Oztokat (2003) observed the effect of seed priming with KNO3 on watermelon seeds and reported that
salt priming is a useful technique for improving germination, seedling growth and uniformity of heterogeneously matured
watermelon.
Yogananda et al. (2004) noticed that bell pepper seeds invigorated with KNO3 (1%) recorded higher germination,
root and shoot length seedling dry weight, rate of germination and seedling vigour index over control.
Farooq et al.(2005) studied the effect of priming on fresh seeds of four tomato cultivars and reported that
KNO3(3%) had lower T50 and mean germination time; maximum germination percent, germination index, radicle length,
plumule length; highest FEP, root length and shoot length as compared to control.
Nascimento and Lima (2008) that priming of eggplant seeds in PEG decreased germination, while the use of
KNO3 provided the best result.
Shim et al. (2008) reported that priming with KNO3 solution for 48 to 72 hours in paspalum improved
germination percentage, and uniformity. The increased duration of priming with KNO3 was positively correlated with an
improved germination percentage. The effect of increasing concentration was the most apparent at a constant temperature
(300C) regime with the treatment of 0.2% KNO3 priming. Germination percentage was increased from 34.3% to 68.0%
two weeks after imbibition (WAI) as the priming duration was increased from 24 to 72 hours. Therefore, priming with
0.2% or 0.5% solution of KNO3 for 72 hours is a recommended method that can be practically applied for increasing
germination of paspalum under an alternating temperature (25/350C) condition.
Hassanpouraghdam et al. (2009) evaluated the effects of osmo-priming with KNO3 on the germination traits and
seedling growth of two Brassica napus L. cultivars under salinity conditions. Seeds of two spring rapeseed
('Heros' and 'Eagle') were primed with KNO3 (-1.0 MPa) for 24 hrs at 30C. Primed and un-primed seeds were cultured in
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Seed Quality Parameters of Solanaceous Vegetables

351

medium grade perlite and placed in greenhouse for 40 days. Pots were daily irrigated with nutrient solutions containing
different levels of salinity (0.2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dSm-1). Results showed that germination percentage of primed seeds was
greater than that of un-primed seeds. Radicle length, seedling height and dry weight and leaf number of plants derived from
primed seeds were higher compared with un-primed seeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present investigation has been planned to study the effect of priming agents on different seed quality
parameters. Priming is a technique to improve germination and seedling emergence in a number of vegetable crops in
general by reducing the time required for the seeds to emerge and produce seedlings. It is the process of controlled
hydration of seeds to a level that allows pre-germination activities but does not permit primary root protrusion.
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, college of Agriculture, Orissa
University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The details of materials used and methods adopted are described
in this chapter.
Seed Material
Fresh seeds of tomato, brinjal and chilli varieties used for the experiment were collected from All India
Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, Bhubaneswar. The list of the varieties used for the investigation were
given below:
Tomato
TV1 = UtkalPragyan TV2 = UtkalKumari TV3 = Utkal Raja TV4 = UtkalDeepti Brinjal
BV1 = UtkalJyoti BV2 = UtkalKeshari BV3 = UtkalMadhuri
BV4 = UtkalAnushree
Chilli
CV1 = Utkal Ava CV2 = UtkalRashmi
Priming treatment
T1 = GA3 (1 ppm) T2 = KNO3(5%)
T3 = Na2HPO4 (2%) T4 = PEG- 6000 (10%) T5 = ZnSO4(1%)
T6 = Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm) T7 = Deionised H2O
T8 = Dry seed(Control)
Seed Priming Procedure
Fresh seeds of different varieties of tomato, brinjal and chilli were taken in specimen tube. Prepared solution ofGA3 (1 ppm),
KNO3(5%), Na2HPO4 (2%), PEG- 6000 (10%), ZnSO4(1%), and Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm) were poured in to the specimen tube such
that all the seeds can equally be soaked. In case of hydropriming the seeds were soaked in Deionised H2O. Seeds were soaked in
solutions at ambient temperature for 24 hours.
Post Priming Operation
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After priming for 24 hours the soaked seeds were removed and rinsed with distilled water for three times and re-dried
to original moisture content under shade. These seeds were then sealed in polythene bags and stored in refrigerator for further
use.
Laboratory Germination Test and Seedling Vigour
For germination test three hundred seeds were randomly taken from each treatment of each variety of tomato,
brinjal and chilli. Three replicates of 100 seeds were germinated between double layered rolled germination paper along
with control (dry seeds) and moistened with sterile distilled water, in an amount equivalent to 2.5 times the mass of dry
substrate, made into rolls, and placed into a seed germinator at 25C. Germination was considered to have occurred when
the radicles were 3 mm long. The seedlings with short, thick and spiral form hypocotyls and stunted roots were considered
as abnormally germinated. Germination percentage was recorded on fourteenth day (final count). Observations were
recorded on germination percent, root length, shoot length, and seedling dry weight.

Root and shoot length was

measured on 14th days. At the end of germination test (14 days), the seedlings were dried in an oven at 100 C for 24
hours. The dried seedlings were weighted to the nearest milligram and then the mean seedling dry weight was determined.
Vigour index I (seedling length x germination percentage) and vigour index II (seedling dry weight x germination
percentage) were then calculated.
Field Emergence
For field emergence (%) test three hundred seeds were randomly taken from each treatment and each variety of
tomato, brinjal and chilli. Three replicates of 100 seeds were sown in aluminium trays (100 cm x 90 cm size) having sandy loam
soil and coconut coir pith. Field emergence (%) count was done on 14th days. Observations were recorded on field emergence
percent, root length, shoot length, and seedling dry weight.

Root and shoot length of field emerged seedlings of tomato,

brinjal and chilli were measured on 14th days. At the end of field emergence count (14 days), the seedlings were dried in
an oven at 100 C for 24 hours. The dried seedlings were weighted to the nearest milligram and then the mean seedling dry
weight was determined. Vigour index I (seedling length x field emergence percentage) and vigour index II (seedling dry
weight x field emergence percentage) were then calculated.
Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
Laboratory as well as field tests were carried out in a completely randomised design with three replications.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of laboratory and field data were calculated using SAS 9.3 version.
Estimation of Cumulative Germination Index, Cumulative Seedling Vigour Index and Seed Quality Index (SQI) of
Priming Treatments
The efficacy of different priming treatments was judged in terms of cumulative germination index, cumulative
seedling vigour index and seed quality index (SQI).These indices are calculated as follows. Using suitable class intervals,
the range of variability with regard to a character is classified into three groups such as low, medium and high. Each
character is scored as 0 for low value, 1 for medium value and 2 for high value. The cumulative germination index is
calculated by adding the scored values of lab germination percent and field emergence percent; cumulative seedling vigour
index is calculated by adding the scored values of lab SV-I & SV-II and field SV-I & SV-II.
Seed quality index is calculated by adding the scored values of the characters such as germination percentage,
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A Study the Effect of Salt Priming (KNO3, NA2HPO4, Peg) on

Seed Quality Parameters of Solanaceous Vegetables

353

vigour index I and II of lab emerged seedlings, field emergence (%) vigour index I and II of field emerged seedlings.
Higher SQI value produced by a priming treatment indicates its higher efficacy.
Here procedure is same as per paper entitled for study the first objective.

Figure 1: Photos of Brinjal Variety

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RESULT S AND DISCUSSIONS

The present investigation was aimed to study the efficacy of different priming chemicals in improving seed
quality parameters of tomato, brinjal and chilli. The lab-test and field emergence test both were carried out in a completely
randomised design with three replications. Statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.3 version software. The result was
presented under following sub-heads.
Effect of priming agents on seed quality parameters of tomato
Effect of priming agents on seed quality parameters of brinjal
Effect of priming agents on seed quality parameters of chilli
Evaluating the efficacy of priming treatments
Effect of Priming Agents on Seed Quality Parameters of Brinjal
Germination
Analysis of variance for germination indicated significant differences among the priming treatments for all the
brinjal varieties (Table 1). Germination response of the cultivars to priming treatments was found to follow a similar
trend (Table 2). In general all the treatments gave significantly higher germination than unprimed seeds Variety
Utkal Jyoti (BV1) recorded the highest germination percent when primed with GA3(92.33) followed by KNO3 (88.0)
but GA3 gave significantly higher germination than KNO3 and all the treatments gave significantly higher
germination than unprimed seeds. In Utkal Keshari (BV2) germination percentage varied from 71.66% to 91.00%
with an average of 83.04% and the highest being observed in GA3 which was at par with KNO3. In Utkal Madhuri
(BV3) both GA3 (90.66%) and KNO3 (90.00%) were at par in improving germination as compared to others and rest
of the priming treatments positevely and significantly produced higher germination than control. In Utkal Anushree
(BV4) KNO3 recorded the highest germination (92.00%) followed by GA3(90.33%) and ZnSO4 (90.00%) but they all
were at par with each other. Rest of the treatments also gave significantly higher germination than unprimed seeds.
From the mean effect of the treatments it was observed that GA3, KNO3, Na2 HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid
and deionised water produced higher germination by 24.07%, 22.6% , 16.8% , 12.7%, 16.7% , 12.7% and 8.75%
respectively than control (Figure 2). This result indicated that GA3 and KNO3 had better impact in improving germination
of fresh brinjal seeds.
Table 1: ANOVA for Seed Priming Effect on Germination of Different Brinjal Varieties
Mean sum of squares (germination)
Sources of Variation df BV1
BV2
BV3
BV4
Treatments
7 62.27** 66.78** 51.16** 72.24**
Error
16 2.12
1.36
4.60
5.18
Table 2: Effect of Priming Treatments on Germination Percent of Brinjal Varieties
Priming Treatment
GA3 (1 ppm)
KNO3(5%)
Na2HPO4 (2%)
PEG (10%)
ZnSO4(1%)
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Utkal Jyoti
92.33(73.98)
88.00(70.06)
84.00(66.42)
81.66(64.68)
83.66(66.20)

Utkal Keshari
91.00(72.60)
90.00(71.57)
85.66(67.76)
81.33(64.43)
83.00(65.67)

Utkal Madhuri
90.66(72.24)
90.00(71.81)
86.00(68.03)
83.00(66.48)
86.00(69.53)

Utkal Anushree
90.33(71.88)
92.00(73.57)
87.33(69.15)
85.00(67.21)
90.00(71.57)

Mean
91.08
90.00
85.75
82.75
85.67
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Table 2: Contd.,
Ascorbic Acid (50 ppm)
Deionised H2O
Dry seed(Control)
CD(1%)
CV %

82.66(65.43)
78.00(62.03)
73.66(58.27)
3.47
2.21

82.00(64.90)
79.66(63.21)
71.66(57.84)
2.78
1.77

83.33(65.96)
82.66(65.41)
74.00(59.35)
4.78
2.98

83.00(65.65)
79.00(62.73)
74.33(59.56)
3.98
2.47

82.75
79.83
73.41

* Number inside the parenthesis indicates arcsine transformed value

Figure 2: Effect of Priming Treatments in Increasing Germination Per Cent of Brinjal as Compared to Control
Root Length
Root length of brinjal varieties in response to different priming treatments is presented in Table 3. In Utkal Jyoti
root length was varied from 3.26 cm to 5.06 cm. Priming with Ascorbic Acid recorded the highest root length (5.06 cm)
followed by hydro priming (4.44 cm) and GA3 (3.90 cm). In Utkal Keshari Na2HPO4 recorded the highest root length
(5.20 cm) followed by hydro priming (5.00 cm) as compared to other treatments. In Utkal Madhuri Ascorbic Acid recorded
the maximum root length (5.82 cm) followed by PEG (5.78 cm). Ascorbic Acid and PEG both gave significantly higher
root length than control (5.14 cm) and GA3, KNO3, ZnSO4, and deionised water had produced lower root length than
control. Na2HPO4 produced the highest root length (5.95 cm) in Utkal Anushree followed by ZnSO4 (5.90 cm). GA3,
Na2HPO4, and ZnSO4 gave significantly higher root length than control. The mean effect of priming treatments showed
that Na2HPO4 was the best in increasing root length of brinjal.
Table 3: Effect of Priming Treatments on Root Length (cm) of Brinjal Varieties
Priming treatment Utkal Jyoti Utkal Keshari Utkal Madhuri Utkal Anushree
GA3 (1 ppm)
3.90
4.55
4.65
4.56
KNO3(5%)
3.42
4.66
4.38
4.09
Na2HPO4 (2%)
3.89
5.20
5.15
5.95
PEG (10%)
3.26
4.70
5.78
4.14
ZnSO4(1%)
3.74
3.83
4.00
5.90
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
5.06
3.71
5.82
3.70
Deionised H2O
4.44
5.00
4.46
3.62
Dry seed(Control)
4.34
4.39
5.14
3.80
CD(1%)
0.22
0.50
0.38
0.46
CV %
2.28
4.66
3.23
4.28
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Mean
4.42
4.14
5.05
4.47
4.37
4.57
4.38
4.42

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Shoot Length
The effect of different priming agents on shoot length of different brinjal varieties is presented in Table 4. In
Utkal Jyoti shoot length was varied from 5.22 cm to 7.38 cm. Priming with Ascorbic Acid and Na2HPO4 recorded the
highest shoot length (7.38 cm) followed by KNO3 (7.01 cm). In Utkal Keshari the highest shoot length (8.18 cm) was
obtained with KNO3 followed by Na2HPO4 (7.17 cm) and the lowest was being recorded in Ascorbic Acid. In Utkal
Madhuri hydropriming recorded the highest shoot length (7.90 cm) followed by GA3 (7.52 cm) and PEG (7.46 cm). In
Utkal Anushree KNO3 recorded the highest shoot length (7.62 cm) followed by hydropriming (7.31 cm) and the lowest
was being recorded in PEG (4.96 cm). The mean effect of treatments revealed that KNO3 was the best treatment followed
by GA3 in increasing shoot length of brinjal.
Table 4: Effect of Priming Treatments on Shoot Length (cm) of Brinjal Varieties
Priming Treatment Utkal Jyoti Utkal Keshari Utkal Madhuri Utkal Anushree
GA3 (1 ppm)
6.87
6.73
7.52
6.93
KNO3(5%)
7.06
8.18
5.91
7.62
Na2HPO4 (2%)
7.38
7.17
6.33
6.43
PEG (10%)
5.22
6.34
7.46
4.96
ZnSO4(1%)
6.78
6.24
6.66
6.96
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
7.38
6.15
7.41
6.28
Deionised H2O
5.56
6.25
7.90
7.31
Dry seed(Control)
6.48
6.20
7.45
6.26
CD(1%)
0.97
0.68
0.76
0.44
CV %
3.27
4.31
4.48
2.79

Mean
7.01
7.19
6.83
6.00
6.66
6.81
6.78
6.60

Brinjal

Figure 3

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of different priming agents in improving the seed
quality parameters of important solanaceous vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal and chilli. Fresh seeds of four tomato,
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Seed Quality Parameters of Solanaceous Vegetables

357

four brinjal and two chilli varieties were treated with GA3 (1 ppm), KNO3 (5%), Na2HPO4 (2%), PEG (10%), ZnSO4
(1%), Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm) and Deionised H2O for 24 hours and then dried to original moisture content under shade.
Lab germination test was done following between paper method. For field emergence test primed seeds of different
vegetable varieties were sown in aluminium trays containing sandy loam soil mixed with coconut coir pith.
Observations were recorded on germination/field emergence, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling dry
weight, seedling vigour index-I & II in both lab and field tests. The experiments were done in a completely randomised
design with three replications. The classification of priming treatments was done through scatter plot of cumulative
germination index and cumulative seedling vigour index and the efficacy of priming treatments was expressed in term
of seed quality index (SQI). Results obtained in tomato, brinjal and chilli were presented below.
Brinjal
The mean effect of the treatments on germination of fresh brinjal seeds indicated that GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4,
PEG, ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid and deionised water produced higher germination by 24.07%, 22.6%, 16.8%,
12.7%, 16.7%, 12.7% and 8.75% respectively than control. This result revealed that GA3 and KNO3 had better
impact in improving germination of fresh brinjal seeds.

The mean effect of priming treatments showed that Na2HPO4 was the best treatment in increasing root length of
brinjal as compared to control and other treatments.

The mean effect of treatments on shoot length revealed that KNO3 was the best treatment followed by GA3 in
increasing shoot length of brinjal as compared to control and other treatments.

The mean effect of treatments indicated that GA3, KNO3 and hydrpriming had positive effect in increasing
seedling length as compared to control and other priming treatments.

Priming with KNO3 showed the maximum positive effect in increasing seedling dry weight of fresh brinjal seeds.

From the mean effect of the treatments it is observed that priming with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4,
Ascorbic Acid and deionised water produced higher germination by 26.5%, 24.3% , 24.0% , 3.91%, 16.3% ,
14.8% and 10.5% respectively than control. The mean effect of priming treatments revealed that GA3 was more
potential in increasing SV-I value of fresh brinjal seeds.

From the mean effect it is evident that KNO3 was more efficient than GA3 and other treatments in increasing
SV-II value of fresh brinjal seeds..

Comparing the mean effect of all the treatments on FEP it was found that FEP increased by 25.8%, 23.1%, 17.5%,
14.1%, 17.3%, 13.08% and 9.03% when seeds were primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, Ascorbic
Acid and deionised water respectively as compared to unprimed seeds (Figure 3). This result indicated that GA3,
KNO3 and Na2HPO4 were efficient priming agents in increasing FEP as compared to others.

The mean effect of priming treatments on SV-I revealed that KNO3 has better impact on SV-I of FES in brinjal.

The mean effect of priming treatments on SV-II reflected the efficiency of ZnSO4 in increasing SV-II of FES
followed by PEG.

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